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Stephens GS, Park J, Eagle A, You J, Silva-Pérez M, Fu CH, Choi S, Romain CPS, Sugimoto C, Buffington SA, Zheng Y, Costa-Mattioli M, Liu Y, Robison AJ, Chin J. Persistent ∆FosB expression limits recurrent seizure activity and provides neuroprotection in the dentate gyrus of APP mice. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 237:102612. [PMID: 38642602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent seizures lead to accumulation of the activity-dependent transcription factor ∆FosB in hippocampal dentate granule cells in both mouse models of epilepsy and mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is also associated with increased incidence of seizures. In patients with AD and related mouse models, the degree of ∆FosB accumulation corresponds with increasing severity of cognitive deficits. We previously found that ∆FosB impairs spatial memory in mice by epigenetically regulating expression of target genes such as calbindin that are involved in synaptic plasticity. However, the suppression of calbindin in conditions of neuronal hyperexcitability has been demonstrated to provide neuroprotection to dentate granule cells, indicating that ∆FosB may act over long timescales to coordinate neuroprotective pathways. To test this hypothesis, we used viral-mediated expression of ∆JunD to interfere with ∆FosB signaling over the course of several months in transgenic mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP), which exhibit spontaneous seizures and develop AD-related neuropathology and cognitive deficits. Our results demonstrate that persistent ∆FosB activity acts through discrete modes of hippocampal target gene regulation to modulate neuronal excitability, limit recurrent seizure activity, and provide neuroprotection to hippocampal dentate granule cells in APP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrew Eagle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Jason You
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Chia-Hsuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Sumin Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Shelly A Buffington
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, USA
| | - A J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Jeannie Chin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.
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2
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Sun X, Dou K, Xue L, Xie Y, Yang Y, Xie A. Comprehensive analysis of clinical and biological features in Parkinson's disease associated with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation: Data from the PPMI study. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13720. [PMID: 38266062 PMCID: PMC10804919 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) aims to identify biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, onset, and progression. This study focuses on the G2019S missense mutation in the LRRK2 gene, which is associated with hereditary and sporadic PD. Utilizing data from the PPMI database, we conducted an analysis of baseline clinical characteristics, as well as serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels in two groups: patients with PD with the G2019S mutation (PD + G2019S) and patients with PD without the mutation (PD-G2019S). Multiple linear regression and longitudinal analysis were performed, controlling for confounding factors. Compared to the PD-G2019S group, the PD + G2019S group showed more obvious initial motor dysfunction-higher baseline Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) scores (false discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted p < 0.001), but progressed more slowly. Mechanism of Coordinated Access and activities of daily living (ADL) scores were lower at baseline (FDR-adjusted p < 0.001), whereas Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA)-Thermoregulatory (FDR-adjusted p = 0.015) scores were higher, emphasizing the increase of non-motor symptoms associated with LRRK2-G2019S mutation. During the follow-up period, the motor and non-motor symptoms changed dynamically with time, and there were longitudinal differences in the scores of MDS-UPDRS (FDR-adjusted PI = 0.013, PII = 0.008, PIV < 0.001), Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (FDR-adjusted p = 0.027), SCOPA-Thermoregulatory (FDR-adjusted p = 0.021), and ADL (FDR-adjusted p = 0.027) scale scores. PD associated with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation demonstrated more severe symptoms at baseline but slower progression. Motor complications and thermoregulatory disorders were more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Sun
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Kaixin Dou
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Li Xue
- Recording RoomThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yijie Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital)QingdaoChina
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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Rajendran R, Ragavan RP, Al-Sehemi AG, Uddin MS, Aleya L, Mathew B. Current understandings and perspectives of petroleum hydrocarbons in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: a global concern. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10928-10949. [PMID: 35000177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the global prevalence of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative illnesses has risen rapidly. Although the aetiology remains unclear, evidence is mounting that exposure to persistent hydrocarbon pollutants is a substantial risk factor, predisposing a person to neurological diseases later in life. Epidemiological studies correlate environmental hydrocarbon exposure to brain disorders including neuropathies, cognitive, motor and sensory impairments; neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD); and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Particulate matter, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and endocrine-disrupting chemicals have all been linked to neurodevelopmental problems in all class of people. There is mounting evidence that supports the prevalence of petroleum hydrocarbon becoming neurotoxic and being involved in the pathogenesis of AD and PD. More study is needed to fully comprehend the scope of these problems in the context of unconventional oil and natural gas. This review summarises in vitro, animal and epidemiological research on the genesis of neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting evidence that supports inexorable role of hazardous hydrocarbon exposure in the pathophysiology of AD and PD. In this review, we offer a summary of the existing evidence gathered through a Medline literature search of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the most important epidemiological studies published so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Roshni Pushpa Ragavan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, CNRS6249, Universite de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besancon, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, India.
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4
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Aasly JO. Inflammatory Diseases Among Norwegian LRRK2 Mutation Carriers. A 15-Years Follow-Up of a Cohort. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:634666. [PMID: 33584195 PMCID: PMC7876287 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.634666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first families with LRRK2 related Parkinson’s disease (PD) were presented around 15 years ago and numerous papers have described the characteristics of the LRRK2 phenotype. The prevalence of autosomal dominant PD varies around the world mainly depending on local founder effects. The highest prevalence of LRRK2 G2019S PD in Norway is located to the central part of the country and most families could be traced back to common ancestors. The typical Norwegian LRRK2 phenotype is not different from classical PD and similar to that seen in most other LRRK2 families. The discovery of LRRK2 PD has allowed us to follow-up multi-incident families and to study their phenotype longitudinally. In the Norwegian LRRK2 families there has been a significantly higher incidence of inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis that seen in other PD populations. Recent studies in LRRK2 mechanisms have indicated that this protein may be crucial in initiating disease processes. In this short survey of 100 Norwegian mutation carriers followed through more than 15 years are presented. The prevalence of inflammatory diseases among these cases is highlighted. The role of LRRK2 in the conversion process from carrier status to PD phenotype is still unknown and disease generating mechanisms important for initiating LRRK2 PD are still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Loeffler DA, Aasly JO, LeWitt PA, Coffey MP. What Have We Learned from Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies about Biomarkers for Detecting LRRK2 Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Subjects with Parkinson's-Associated LRRK2 Mutations? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:467-488. [PMID: 31322581 PMCID: PMC6700639 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common known cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) and sporadic PD (sPD). The clinical presentation of LRRK2 PD is similar to sPD, and except for genetic testing, no biochemical or imaging markers can differentiate LRRK2 PD from sPD. Discovery of such biomarkers could indicate neuropathological mechanisms that are unique to or increased in LRRK2 PD. This review discusses findings in 17 LRRK2 - related CSF studies found on PubMed. Most of these studies compared analyte concentrations between four diagnostic groups: LRRK2 PD patients, sPD patients, asymptomatic control subjects carrying PD-associated LRRK2 mutations (LRRK2 CTL), and healthy control subjects lacking LRRK2 mutations (CTL). Analytes examined in these studies included Aβ1-42, tau, α-synuclein, oxidative stress markers, autophagy-related proteins, pteridines, neurotransmitter metabolites, exosomal LRRK2 protein, RNA species, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and intermediary metabolites. FINDINGS: Pteridines, α-synuclein, mtDNA, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, β-D-glucose, lamp2, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor were suggested to differentiate LRRK2 PD from sPD patients; 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-isoprostane (8-ISO), 2-hydroxybutyrate, mtDNA, lamp2, and neopterin may differentiate between LRRK2 CTL and LRRK2 PD subjects; and soluble oligomeric α-synuclein, 8-OHdG, and 8-ISO might differentiate LRRK2 CTL from CTL subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The low numbers of investigations of each analyte, small sample sizes, and methodological differences limit conclusions that can be drawn from these studies. Further investigations are indicated to determine the validity of the analytes identified in these studies as possible biomarkers for LRRK2 PD patients and/or LRRK2 CTL subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mary P Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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6
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Aasly JO. Long-Term Outcomes of Genetic Parkinson's Disease. J Mov Disord 2020; 13:81-96. [PMID: 32498494 PMCID: PMC7280945 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.19080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1–2% of people by the age of 70 years. Age is the most important risk factor, and most cases are sporadic without any known environmental or genetic causes. Since the late 1990s, mutations in the genes SNCA, PRKN, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1, VPS35, and GBA have been shown to be important risk factors for PD. In addition, common variants with small effect sizes are now recognized to modulate the risk for PD. Most studies in genetic PD have focused on finding new genes, but few have studied the long-term outcome of patients with the specific genetic PD forms. Patients with known genetic PD have now been followed for more than 20 years, and we see that they may have distinct and different prognoses. New therapeutic possibilities are emerging based on the genetic cause underlying the disease. Future medication may be based on the pathophysiology individualized to the patient’s genetic background. The challenge is to find the biological consequences of different genetic variants. In this review, the clinical patterns and long-term prognoses of the most common genetic PD variants are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Giau VV, Bagyinszky E, Yang YS, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim SY. Genetic analyses of early-onset Alzheimer's disease using next generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8368. [PMID: 31182772 PMCID: PMC6557896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia, but the cause of AD remained poorly understood. Many mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) have been reported as the pathogenic causes of early-onset AD (EOAD), which accounts for up to 5% of all AD cases. In this study, we screened familiar/de novo EOAD (n = 67) samples by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a 50-gene panel, which included causative and possible pathogenic variants linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Remarkably, three missense mutations in PSEN1 (T119I, G209A, and G417A) and one known variant in PSEN2 (H169N) were discovered in 6% of the cases. Additionally, 67 missense mutations in susceptibility genes for late-onset AD were identified, which may be involved in cholesterol transport, inflammatory response, and β-amyloid modulation. We identified 70 additional novel and missense variants in other genes, such as MAPT, GRN, CSF1R, and PRNP, related to neurodegenerative diseases, which may represent overlapping clinical and neuropathological features with AD. Extensive genetic screening of Korean patients with EOAD identified multiple rare variants with potential roles in AD pathogenesis. This study suggests that individuals diagnosed with AD should be screened for other neurodegenerative disease-associated genes. Our findings expand the classic set of genes involved in neurodegenerative pathogenesis, which should be screened for in clinical trials. Main limitation of this study was the absence of functional assessment for possibly and probably pathogenic variants. Additional issues were that we could not perform studies on copy number variants, and we could not verify the segregation of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Young Soon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, 06973, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea.
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, South Korea.
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Marek K, Chowdhury S, Siderowf A, Lasch S, Coffey CS, Caspell‐Garcia C, Simuni T, Jennings D, Tanner CM, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Seibyl J, Schuff N, Singleton A, Kieburtz K, Toga AW, Mollenhauer B, Galasko D, Chahine LM, Weintraub D, Foroud T, Tosun‐Turgut D, Poston K, Arnedo V, Frasier M, Sherer T. The Parkinson's progression markers initiative (PPMI) - establishing a PD biomarker cohort. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1460-1477. [PMID: 30564614 PMCID: PMC6292383 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is an observational, international study designed to establish biomarker-defined cohorts and identify clinical, imaging, genetic, and biospecimen Parkinson's disease (PD) progression markers to accelerate disease-modifying therapeutic trials. METHODS A total of 423 untreated PD, 196 Healthy Control (HC) and 64 SWEDD (scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit) subjects were enrolled at 24 sites. To enroll PD subjects as early as possible following diagnosis, subjects were eligible with only asymmetric bradykinesia or tremor plus a dopamine transporter (DAT) binding deficit on SPECT imaging. Acquisition of data was standardized as detailed at www.ppmi-info.org. RESULTS Approximately 9% of enrolled subjects had a single PD sign at baseline. DAT imaging excluded 16% of potential PD subjects with SWEDD. The total MDS-UPDRS for PD was 32.4 compared to 4.6 for HC and 28.2 for SWEDD. On average, PD subjects demonstrated 45% and 68% reduction in mean striatal and contralateral putamen Specific Binding Ratios (SBR), respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was acquired from >97% of all subjects. CSF (PD/HC/SWEDD pg/mL) α-synuclein (1845/2204/2141) was reduced in PD vs HC or SWEDD (P < 0.03). Similarly, t-tau (45/53) and p-tau (16/18) were reduced in PD versus HC (P < 0.01). INTERPRETATION PPMI has detailed the biomarker signature for an early PD cohort defined by clinical features and imaging biomarkers. This strategy provides the framework to establish biomarker cohorts and to define longitudinal progression biomarkers to support future PD treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Marek
- Institute for Neurodegenerative DisordersNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Sohini Chowdhury
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's ResearchNew YorkNew York
| | | | - Shirley Lasch
- Institute for Neurodegenerative DisordersNew HavenConnecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative DisordersNew HavenConnecticut
| | | | | | - Karl Kieburtz
- Clinical Trials Coordination CenterUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Arnedo
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's ResearchNew YorkNew York
| | - Mark Frasier
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's ResearchNew YorkNew York
| | - Todd Sherer
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's ResearchNew YorkNew York
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T. dos Santos MC, Scheller D, Schulte C, Mesa IR, Colman P, Bujac SR, Bell R, Berteau C, Perez LT, Lachmann I, Berg D, Maetzler W, Nogueira da Costa A. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid proteins as potential biomarkers for early stage Parkinson's disease diagnosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206536. [PMID: 30383831 PMCID: PMC6211693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has often been used as the source of choice for biomarker discovery with the goal to support the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. For this study, we selected 15 CSF protein markers which were identified in previously published clinical investigations and proposed as potential biomarkers for PD diagnosis. We aimed at investigating and confirming their suitability for early stage diagnosis of the disease. The current study was performed in a two-fold confirmatory approach. Firstly, the CSF protein markers were analysed in confirmatory cohort I comprising 80 controls and 80 early clinical PD patients. Through univariate analysis we found significant changes of six potential biomarkers (α-syn, DJ-1, Aβ42, S100β, p-Tau and t-Tau). In order to increase robustness of the observations for potential patient differentiation, we developed-based on a machine learning approach-an algorithm which enabled identifying a panel of markers which would improve clinical diagnosis. Based on that model, a panel comprised of α-syn, S100β and UCHL1 were suggested as promising candidates. Secondly, we aimed at replicating our observations in an independent cohort (confirmatory cohort II) comprising 30 controls and 30 PD patients. The univariate analysis demonstrated Aβ42 as the only reproducible potential biomarker. Taking into account both technical and clinical aspects, these observations suggest that the large majority of the investigated CSF proteins currently proposed as potential biomarkers lack robustness and reproducibility in supporting diagnosis in the early clinical stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Schulte
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tuebingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Irene R. Mesa
- Exploratory Statistics, Global Exploratory Development, UCB Pharma SA, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Colman
- Exploratory Statistics, Global Exploratory Development, UCB Pharma SA, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R. Bujac
- Exploratory Statistics, Global Exploratory Development, UCB Pharma SA, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Bell
- Translational Medicine, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Caroline Berteau
- Translational Medicine, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Luis Tosar Perez
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Non Clinical Development, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Daniela Berg
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tuebingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tuebingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Li L, Liu MS, Li GQ, Tang J, Liao Y, Zheng Y, Guo TL, Kang X, Yuan MT. Relationship between Apolipoprotein Superfamily and Parkinson's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2616-2623. [PMID: 29067960 PMCID: PMC5678263 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.217092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is featured with motor disorder and nonmotor manifestations including psychological symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and paresthesia, which results in great inconvenience to the patients’ life. The apolipoprotein (Apo) superfamily, as a group of potentially modifiable biomarkers in clinical practice, is of increasing significance in the diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis of PD. The present review summarized the current understanding and emerging findings of the relationship between Apo superfamily and PD. Data Sources: All literatures were identified by systematically searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases with terms “Parkinson disease,” “apolipoprotein,” and their synonyms until May 2017. Study Selection: We have thoroughly examined titles and abstracts of all the literatures that met our search strategy and the full text if the research is identified or not so definite. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also scrutinized for additional relevant studies. Results: The levels of plasma ApoA1 are inversely correlated with the risk of PD and the lower levels of ApoA1 trend toward association with poorer motor performance. Higher ApoD expression in neurons represents more puissant protection against PD, which is critical in delaying the neurodegeneration process of PD. It is suggested that APOE alleles are related to development and progression of cognitive decline and age of PD onset, but conclusions are not completely identical, which may be attributed to different ApoE isoforms. APOJ gene expressions are upregulated in PD patients and it is possible that high ApoJ level is an indicator of PD dementia and correlates with specific phenotypic variations in PD. Conclusions: The Apo superfamily has been proved to be closely involved in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of PD. Apos and their genes are of great value in predicting the susceptibility of PD and hopeful to become the target of medical intervention to prevent the onset of PD or slow down the progress. Therefore, further large-scale studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of Apos in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ming-Su Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guang-Qin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tong-Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mao-Ting Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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11
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Yu Z, Stewart T, Aasly J, Shi M, Zhang J. Combining clinical and biofluid markers for early Parkinson's disease detection. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 5:109-114. [PMID: 29376098 PMCID: PMC5771326 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is essential. Using data available from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative study, we identified a multivariate logistic regression model including cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein, olfactory function, age, and gender that achieved a high degree of discrimination between patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy control or scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit participants. Additionally, the model could predict the conversion of scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit to Parkinson's disease, as well as discriminate between normal and impaired subjects with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations. Although further validation is needed, this model may serve as an alternative method to neuroimaging screening in Parkinson's disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yu
- Department of Pathology School of Basic Medical Sciences and Third Hospital Peking University Health Science Center Beijing China.,Department of Pathology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology St. Olav's Hospital Trondheim Norway
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology School of Basic Medical Sciences and Third Hospital Peking University Health Science Center Beijing China.,Department of Pathology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington
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12
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Ng ASL, Ng EYL, Tan YJ, Kandiah N, Zhou J, Hameed S, Ting SKS, Tan EK. Case-control analysis of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 protective variants in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 64:157.e7-157.e9. [PMID: 29241968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid is the main pathological substrate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been described in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) carriers with Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 has been linked with amyloid precursor protein pathways in neurodegeneration. Two common LRRK2 variants, R1398H and N551K, have been shown to be protective in multiple Parkinson's disease cohorts. We hypothesized that R1398H and N551K may be protective in AD. In a case-control study involving 1390 subjects (719 controls and 671 AD cases), R1398H was demonstrated in 16.8% of AD cases compared to 16.7% in controls (odds ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval = 0.76-1.34, p = 0.94), whereas N551K was demonstrated in 17.3% of AD cases compared to 17.2% of controls (odds ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval = 0.76-1.32, p = 0.98). Overall, these results suggest that LRRK2 R1398H or N551K variants do not appear to modulate the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline S L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Ebonne Y L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yi Jayne Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Juan Zhou
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shahul Hameed
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Simon K S Ting
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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13
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Wang S, Liu Z, Ye T, Mabrouk OS, Maltbie T, Aasly J, West AB. Elevated LRRK2 autophosphorylation in brain-derived and peripheral exosomes in LRRK2 mutation carriers. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:86. [PMID: 29166931 PMCID: PMC5700679 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene can cause late-onset Parkinson disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activities that may increase levels of LRRK2 autophosphorylation at serine 1292 (pS1292) and neurotoxicity in model systems. pS1292-LRRK2 protein can be packaged into exosomes and measured in biobanked urine. Herein we provide evidence that pS1292-LRRK2 protein is robustly expressed in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) exosomes. In a novel cohort of Norwegian subjects with and without the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation, with and without PD, we quantified levels of pS1292-LRRK2, total LRRK2, and other exosome proteins in urine from 132 subjects and in CSF from 82 subjects. CSF and urine were collected from the same morning clinic visit in 55 of the participants. We found that total LRRK2 protein concentration was similar in exosomes purified from either CSF or urine but the levels did not correlate. pS1292-LRRK2 levels were higher in urinary exosomes from male and female subjects with a LRRK2 mutation. Male LRRK2 mutation carriers without PD had intermediate pS1292-LRRK2 levels compared to male carriers with PD and controls. However, female LRRK2 mutation carriers without PD had the same pS1292-LRRK2 levels compared to female carriers with PD. pS1292-LRRK2 levels in CSF exosomes were near saturated in most subjects, ten-fold higher on average than pS1292-LRRK2 levels in urinary exosomes, irrespective of LRRK2 mutation status or PD diagnosis. These results provide insights into the effects of LRRK2 mutations in both the periphery and brain in a well-characterized clinical population and show that LRRK2 protein in brain exosomes may be much more active than in the periphery in most subjects.
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14
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Chen ZC, Zhang W, Chua LL, Chai C, Li R, Lin L, Cao Z, Angeles DC, Stanton LW, Peng JH, Zhou ZD, Lim KL, Zeng L, Tan EK. Phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein by mutant LRRK2 promotes AICD activity and neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/488/eaam6790. [PMID: 28720718 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam6790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2, which encodes leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, are the most common genetic cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that causes impaired motor function and, in advanced stages, dementia. Dementia is a common symptom of another neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, and research suggests that there may be pathophysiological and genetic links between the two diseases. Aggregates of β amyloid [a protein produced through cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP)] are seen in both diseases and in PD patients carrying G2019S-mutant LRRK2. Using patient-derived cells, brain tissue, and PD model mice, we found that LRRK2 interacted with and phosphorylated APP at Thr668 within its intracellular domain (AICD). Phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 promoted AICD transcriptional activity and correlated with increased nuclear abundance of AICD and decreased abundance of a dopaminergic neuron marker in cultures and brain tissue. The AICD regulates the transcription of genes involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and apoptosis. Overexpression of AICD, but not a phosphodeficient mutant (AICDT668A), increased the loss of dopaminergic neurons in older mice expressing LRRK2G2019S Moreover, the amount of Thr668-phosphorylated APP was substantially greater in postmortem brain tissue and dopaminergic neurons (generated by reprogramming skin cells) from LRRK2G2019S patients than in those from healthy individuals. LRRK2 inhibitors reduced the phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 in the patient-derived dopaminergic neurons and in the midbrains of LRRK2G2019S mice. Thus, APP is a substrate of LRRK2, and its phosphorylation promotes AICD function and neurotoxicity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Can Chen
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Ling-Ling Chua
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Rong Li
- Analytical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Lin Lin
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhen Cao
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Dario C Angeles
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jian-He Peng
- Analytical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhou
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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15
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Petkova R, Chelenkova P, Tournev I, Chakarov S. The minus of a plus is a minus. Mass death of selected neuron populations in sporadic late-onset neurodegenerative disease may be due to a combination of subtly decreased capacity to repair oxidative DNA damage and increased propensity for damage-related apoptosis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1179593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rumena Petkova
- Scientific Technological Service (STS) Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Chelenkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Tournev
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Chakarov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
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16
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Vilas D, Shaw LM, Taylor P, Berg D, Brockmann K, Aasly J, Marras C, Pont-Sunyer C, Ríos J, Marek K, Tolosa E. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and clinical features in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation carriers. Mov Disord 2016; 31:906-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Vilas
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona; Catalonia Spain
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neuroscience; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Neurology; St. Olav's Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Connie Marras
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Claustre Pont-Sunyer
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona; Catalonia Spain
| | - José Ríos
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core Facility, IDIBAPS (Hospital Clinic); Barcelona Spain
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Catalonia Spain
| | - Ken Marek
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders; New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona; Catalonia Spain
- Centro en Red para la Investigación de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas CIBERNED; Spain
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17
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Algarni MA, Stoessl AJ. The role of biomarkers and imaging in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:187-203. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1135056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Brockmann K, Schulte C, Deuschle C, Hauser AK, Heger T, Gasser T, Maetzler W, Berg D. Neurodegenerative CSF markers in genetic and sporadic PD: Classification and prediction in a longitudinal study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1427-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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CSF Nrf2 and HSPA8 in Parkinson's disease patients with and without LRRK2 gene mutations. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:179-87. [PMID: 26526034 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutations are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). CSF specimens from LRRK2 + PD patients and healthy LRRK2 mutation carriers are, therefore, useful for biomarker studies. This study examined the hypothesis that differences are present between subjects with sporadic PD (sPD), PD carriers of LRRK2 mutations (LRRK2 + PD), healthy control subjects lacking LRRK2 mutations (CTL), and LRRK2 mutation-carrying healthy controls (LRRK2 + CTL) for CSF concentrations of six potential PD biomarkers. Two of these proteins, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 ("Nrf2") and heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 ("HSPA8"), were detected in preliminary ELISAs, then measured in a larger cohort (60 sPD, 10 LRRK2 + PD, 23 CTL, 31 LRRK2 + CTL). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups (Nrf2 p = 0.13, HSPA8 p = 0.21). Nrf2 concentrations in LRRK2 + PD subjects were strongly positively associated with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total and motor scores [Spearman rho = 0.77 (p = 0.012) and 0.83 (p = 0.005)] and negatively associated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores (rho = -0.57; p = 0.11). Partial correlation coefficient calculations indicated that disease duration contributed to the associations of Nrf2 levels with UPDRS scores and with MoCA scores in this group. While CSF Nrf2 and HSPA8 do not appear to offer diagnostic biomarkers for PD, the associations between Nrf2 levels and UPDRS scores in LRRK2 + PD patients merit further investigation.
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20
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Huot P, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 2015:609428. [PMID: 25810948 PMCID: PMC4355567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/609428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are secondary to a dopamine deficiency in the striatum. However, the degenerative process in PD is not limited to the dopaminergic system and also affects serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Because they can increase monoamine levels throughout the brain, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAUIs) represent potential therapeutic agents in PD. However, they are seldom used in clinical practice other than as antidepressants and wake-promoting agents. This review article summarises all of the available literature on use of 50 MAUIs in PD. The compounds are divided according to their relative potency for each of the monoamine transporters. Despite wide discrepancy in the methodology of the studies reviewed, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) selective serotonin transporter (SERT), selective noradrenaline transporter (NET), and dual SERT/NET inhibitors are effective against PD depression; (2) selective dopamine transporter (DAT) and dual DAT/NET inhibitors exert an anti-Parkinsonian effect when administered as monotherapy but do not enhance the anti-Parkinsonian actions of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); (3) dual DAT/SERT inhibitors might enhance the anti-Parkinsonian actions of L-DOPA without worsening dyskinesia; (4) triple DAT/NET/SERT inhibitors might exert an anti-Parkinsonian action as monotherapy and might enhance the anti-Parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA, though at the expense of worsening dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huot
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan H. Fox
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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21
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Guo YB, Chen J, Zhang XD, Xu SB, Liu HY. Molecular dynamics simulations to understand LRKK2 mutations in Parkinson. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1008471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Stewart T, Sossi V, Aasly JO, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Hasegawa K, Yokoyama T, Zabetian CP, Leverenz JB, Stoessl AJ, Wang Y, Ginghina C, Liu C, Cain KC, Auinger P, Kang UJ, Jensen PH, Shi M, Zhang J. Phosphorylated α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: correlation depends on disease severity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 25637461 PMCID: PMC4362824 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a key protein in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and one of its phosphorylated forms, pS129, is higher in PD patients than healthy controls. However, few studies have examined its levels in longitudinally collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or in preclinical cases. In this study, CSF and clinical data were contributed by >300 subjects from three cohorts (the longitudinal DATATOP cohort, a large cross-sectional cohort, and a cohort of LRRK2 mutation carriers). Results Consistent with our previous observation that CSF pS129 positively correlated with Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores, CSF pS129 in the DATATOP cohort increased over approximately two years of disease progression (mean change 5.60 pg/ml, p = 0.050). Intriguingly, in the DATATOP cohort, pS129 negatively correlated with UPDRS scores at the baseline (R = −0.244, p = 0.017), but not final point, suggesting that this association may depend on disease stage. Reanalysis of our previous cohort with stratification by PD stage, and addition of a cohort of LRRK2 mutation carriers with very early/preclinical PD, supported the idea that the relationship between CSF pS129 and disease severity over a wider range of PD stages might be represented with a U-shaped curve, in which lower pS129 levels correlated with worse clinical condition at early stages, but better condition at later stages. Conclusion The observation of a negative-to-positive transition of correlation of pS129 to disease severity as PD progresses could have profound impact on how pS129 is used as a biomarker clinically as well as in modeling PD experimentally.
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Lin X, Shi M, Masilamoni JG, Dator R, Movius J, Aro P, Smith Y, Zhang J. Proteomic profiling in MPTP monkey model for early Parkinson disease biomarker discovery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:779-87. [PMID: 25617661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Identification of reliable and robust biomarkers is crucial to enable early diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) and monitoring disease progression. While imperfect, the slow, chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced non-human primate animal model system of parkinsonism is an abundant source of pre-motor or early stage PD biomarker discovery. Here, we present a study of a MPTP rhesus monkey model of PD that utilizes complementary quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic, glycoproteomics and phosphoproteomics approaches. We compared the glycoprotein, non-glycoprotein, and phosphoprotein profiles in the putamen of asymptomatic and symptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys as well as saline injected controls. We identified 86 glycoproteins, 163 non-glycoproteins, and 71 phosphoproteins differentially expressed in the MPTP-treated groups. Functional analysis of the data sets inferred the biological processes and pathways that link to neurodegeneration in PD and related disorders. Several potential biomarkers identified in this study have already been translated for their usefulness in PD diagnosis in human subjects and further validation investigations are currently under way. In addition to providing potential early PD biomarkers, this comprehensive quantitative proteomic study may also shed insights regarding the mechanisms underlying early PD development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in neuroscience and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Romel Dator
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Movius
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick Aro
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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CSF tau and tau/Aβ42 predict cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:271-6. [PMID: 25596881 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A substantial proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have concomitant cognitive dysfunction. Identification of biomarker profiles that predict which PD patients have a greater likelihood for progression of cognitive symptoms is pressingly needed for future treatment and prevention approaches. METHODS Subjects were drawn from the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism (DATATOP) study, a large clinical trial that enrolled initially untreated PD patients. For the current study, Phase One encompassed trial baseline until just prior to levodopa administration (n = 403), and Phase Two spanned the initiation of levodopa treatment until the end of cognitive follow-up (n = 305). Correlations and linear mixed models were performed to determine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between baseline amyloid β1-42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and measures of memory and executive function. Analyses also considered APOE genotype and tremor- vs. rigidity-dominant phenotype. RESULTS No association was found between baseline CSF biomarkers and cognitive test performance during Phase One. However, once levodopa treatment was initiated, higher p-tau and p-tau/Aβ42 predicted subsequent decline on cognitive tasks involving both memory and executive functions. The interactions between biomarkers and cognition decline did not appear to be influenced by levodopa dosage, APOE genotype or motor phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The current study has, for the first time, demonstrated the possible involvement of tau species, whose gene (MAPT) has been consistently linked to the risk of PD by genome-wide association studies, in the progression of cognitive symptoms in PD.
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Changes to Intermediary Metabolites in Sporadic and LRRK2Parkinson’s Disease Demonstrated by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 2015:264896. [PMID: 26357583 PMCID: PMC4556333 DOI: 10.1155/2015/264896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Parkinson's disease (PD) remains a clinical diagnosis and biomarkers are needed to detect the disease as early as possible. Genetically determined PD provides an opportunity for studying metabolic differences in connection with disease development. Objectives. To study the levels of intermediary metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with PD, either of sporadic type or in carriers of the LRRK2 p.G2019S mutation. Methods. Results from patients with sporadic PD or LRRK2-PD were compared with asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers and healthy control individuals. CSF was analysed by proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) giving reliable results for 16 intermediary metabolites. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to study group differences. Results. PLS-DA distinguished PD patients from healthy individuals based on the metabolites identified in CSF, with 2-hydroxybutyrate, glutamine, and dimethyl sulphone largely contributing to the separations. Conclusion. Speculatively, all three metabolites could alter concentration in response to metabolic changes connected with neurodegeneration; glutamine as a means of removing excess nitrogen from brain, dimethyl sulphone as an anti-inflammatory agent, and 2-hydroxybutyrate in connection with altered glutathione metabolism. Potentially, 1H-MRS is a promising tool for identifying novel biomarkers for PD.
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Guo C, Sun L, Chen X, Zhang D. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2003-14. [PMID: 25206509 PMCID: PMC4145906 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.21.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidative stress is characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which can induce mitochondrial DNA mutations, damage the mitochondrial respiratory chain, alter membrane permeability, and influence Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial defense systems. All these changes are implicated in the development of these neurodegenerative diseases, mediating or amplifying neuronal dysfunction and triggering neurodegeneration. This paper summarizes the contribution of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage to the onset of neurodegenerative eases and discusses strategies to modify mitochondrial dysfunction that may be attractive therapeutic interventions for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li Sun
- Life Science Research Center, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Danshen Zhang
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, Hebei Province, China
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van Dijk KD, Jongbloed W, Heijst JA, Teunissen CE, Groenewegen HJ, Berendse HW, van de Berg WD, Veerhuis R. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma clusterin levels in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:1079-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chan SL, Angeles DC, Tan EK. Targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1471-82. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.842978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Zhang J, Mattison HA, Liu C, Ginghina C, Auinger P, McDermott MP, Stewart T, Kang UJ, Cain KC, Shi M. Longitudinal assessment of tau and amyloid beta in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson disease. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:671-82. [PMID: 23644819 PMCID: PMC3796193 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tau gene has been consistently associated with the risk of Parkinson disease in recent genome wide association studies. In addition, alterations of the levels of total tau, phosphorylated tau [181P], and amyloid beta 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid have been reported in patients with sporadic Parkinson disease and asymptomatic carriers of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations, in patterns that clearly differ from those typically described for patients with Alzheimer disease. To further determine the potential roles of these molecules in Parkinson disease pathogenesis and/or in tracking the disease progression, especially at early stages, the current study assessed all three proteins in 403 Parkinson disease patients enrolled in the DATATOP (Deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism) placebo-controlled clinical trial, the largest cohort to date with cerebrospinal fluid samples collected longitudinally. These initially drug-naive patients at early disease stages were clinically evaluated, and cerebrospinal fluid was collected at baseline and then at endpoint, defined as the time at which symptomatic anti-Parkinson disease medications were determined to be required. General linear models were used to test for associations between baseline cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels or their rates of change and changes in the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (total or part III motor score) over time. Robust associations among candidate markers are readily noted. Baseline levels of amyloid beta were weakly but negatively correlated with baseline Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale total scores. Baseline phosphorylated tau/total tau and phosphorylated tau/amyloid beta were significantly and negatively correlated with the rates of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale change. While medications (deprenyl and/or tocopherol) did not appear to alter biomarkers appreciably, a weak but significant positive correlation between the rate of change in total tau or total tau/amyloid beta levels and the change of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale was observed. Notably, these correlations did not appear to be influenced by APOE genotype. These results are one of the very first pieces of evidence suggesting that tau and amyloid beta are critically involved in early Parkinson disease progression, potentially by a different mechanism than that in Alzheimer disease, although their applications as Parkinson disease progression markers will likely require the addition of other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hayley A. Mattison
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Carmen Ginghina
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. McDermott
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - the Parkinson Study Group DATATOP Investigators
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin C. Cain
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wang J, Hoekstra JG, Zuo C, Cook TJ, Zhang J. Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: current status and future perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2012; 18:155-62. [PMID: 22982303 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major advances in biomarker discovery for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), with emphasis on neuroimaging and biochemical markers. Potential strategies to develop biomarkers capable of predicting PD in the prodromal stage before the appearance of motor symptoms or correlating with nonmotor symptoms, an active area of research, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Agarwal PA, Stoessl AJ. Biomarkers for trials of neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 28:71-85. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj A. Agarwal
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada
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32
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Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Grünblatt E, Riederer P, Jacob C, Aharon-Peretz J, Bashenko Y, Youdim MBH, Mandel SA. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:26. [PMID: 22651796 PMCID: PMC3424147 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The search for biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is crucial to identify the disease early and monitor the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapies. We aim to assess whether a gene signature could be detected in blood from early/mild PD patients that could support the diagnosis of early PD, focusing on genes found particularly altered in the substantia nigra of sporadic PD. Results The transcriptional expression of seven selected genes was examined in blood samples from 62 early stage PD patients and 64 healthy age-matched controls. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis identified five genes as optimal predictors of PD: p19 S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A (odds ratio [OR] 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60–0.90), huntingtin interacting protein-2 (OR 1.32; CI 1.08–1.61), aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 subfamily A1 (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75–0.99), 19 S proteasomal protein PSMC4 (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.60–0.89) and heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.14–1.70). At a 0.5 cut-off the gene panel yielded a sensitivity and specificity in detecting PD of 90.3 and 89.1 respectively and the area under the receiving operating curve (ROC AUC) was 0.96. The performance of the five-gene classifier on the de novo PD individuals alone composing the early PD cohort (n = 38), resulted in a similar ROC with an AUC of 0.95, indicating the stability of the model and also, that patient medication had no significant effect on the predictive probability (PP) of the classifier for PD risk. The predictive ability of the model was validated in an independent cohort of 30 patients at advanced stage of PD, classifying correctly all cases as PD (100% sensitivity). Notably, the nominal average value of the PP for PD (0.95 (SD = 0.09)) in this cohort was higher than that of the early PD group (0.83 (SD = 0.22)), suggesting a potential for the model to assess disease severity. Lastly, the gene panel fully discriminated between PD and Alzheimer’s disease (n = 29). Conclusions The findings provide evidence on the ability of a five-gene panel to diagnose early/mild PD, with a possible diagnostic value for detection of asymptomatic PD before overt expression of the disorder.
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Haas BR, Stewart TH, Zhang J. Premotor biomarkers for Parkinson's disease - a promising direction of research. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:11. [PMID: 23211054 PMCID: PMC3514104 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most serious neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Over the past several decades, a strong body of evidence suggests that PD can begin years before the hallmark clinical motor symptoms appear. Biomarkers for PD are urgently needed to differentiate between neurodegenerative disorders, screen novel therapeutics, and predict eventual clinical PD before the onset of symptoms. Some clinical evaluations and neuroimaging techniques have been developed in the last several years with some success in this area. Moreover, other strategies have been utilized to identify biochemical and genetic markers associated with PD leading to the examination of PD progression and pathogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or saliva. Finally, interesting results are surfacing from preliminary studies using known PD-associated genetic mutations to assess potential premotor PD biomarkers. The current review highlights recent advances and underscores areas of potential advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Haas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, HMC Box 359635, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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CSF and clinical hallmarks of subcortical dementias: focus on DLB and PDD. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:861-75. [PMID: 22622365 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dementia has become a relevant problem associated with the elderly in our countries. Increased interest in the field has yielded a copious literature, so far mostly centered on Alzheimer's dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis combined with neuropsychology, even in absence of neuroimaging, represents the gold standard to reach a diagnosis when cortical cognitive impairment prevails. In view of this, low levels of CSF amyloid peptides β (Aβ) and high tau/Aβ protein ratio, despite prominent impairment of executive functions or concomitant vascular burden, facilitate the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, an early cognitive impairment occurring in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) or Lewy body disorders (LBDs), both diagnoses posed on pure clinical grounds, remains quite elusive in term of biomarkers or neuropsychological assessment. Whether PD with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent further steps along with a continuum of the same progressive degeneration due to Lewy bodies deposition, rather then the association of Lewy bodies and Aβ pathology, remains a challenging issue. Aim of this work is to set a state-of-the-art on the neuropsychological profiles of both or DLB. Then, we will focus on the ongoing controversies about the specificity of the standard CSF biomarkers if applied to extrapyramidal disorders. Our conclusions are that the CSF pattern, in PDD and DLB, can certainly be distinct from that in AD, though mechanisms leading to dementia could be shared among them. It is possible that, by combining imaging tracers, neuropsychologically careful assessment and renewed CSF biomarkers, DLB can be better distinguished in subgroups, depending on the presence or absence of a relevant amyloid burden. However, more complete data, possibly collected in fieri during the progressive derangement of cognitive abilities, are needed to improve our ability to decipher and treat these entities.
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Compta Y, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Pereira JB, Junqué C, Bargalló N, Tolosa E, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, Camara A, Buongiorno M, Martí MJ. Grey matter volume correlates of cerebrospinal markers of Alzheimer-pathology in Parkinson's disease and related dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:941-7. [PMID: 22595621 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regional brain grey matter volume (GMV) reductions and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of τ and Aβ, extensively studied as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), have also been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD) and related dementia (PDD). However, the relationship between these CSF and MRI biomarkers in PD and PDD remains unexplored. We studied these associations in 33 PD patients (18 with no dementia [PDND]; 15 fulfilling PDD criteria) and 12 neurologically unimpaired controls, with neuropsychological assessment, CSF ELISA studies, and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of high-field brain MRI. Neuropsychological assessment showed a gradation in cognitive performance from controls to PDND (significantly worse on visuospatial performance) and then to PDD (more impaired on memory, naming, fluency and visuospatial functions). No CSF-VBM correlations were found in controls or PDND patients. In contrast, in the analysis of both the PDD subgroup and the entire PD (PDND + PDD) sample, we found significant negative CSF-GMV correlations for τ and phospho-τ and significant positive CSF-GMV correlations for Aβ in mostly frontal and temporal structures. The correlations in the entire PD sample fitted with a linear model and were thus unlikely to have been driven solely by the PDD subgroup. Additionally, an association between both the CSF markers and the CSF-associated GMV reductions with several neuropsychological functions was found. We interpret that CSF markers of AD pathology are associated with VBM-measures of brain atrophy in PD-related dementia and within the PD cognitive continuum, and deserve further attention as putative biomarkers of cognitive impairment and dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències/IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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