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Nasir NN, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Gan SH, Rani NNIM, Ravi S, Begum MY, Chidambaram K, Sathasivam KV, Jeyabalan S, Dhiravidamani A, Thangavelu L, Lum PT, Subramaniyan V, Wu YS, Azad AK, Fuloria NK. Kirenol: A Potential Natural Lead Molecule for a New Drug Design, Development, and Therapy for Inflammation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030734. [PMID: 35163999 PMCID: PMC8839644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Kirenol, a potential natural diterpenoid molecule, is mainly found in Sigesbeckia species. Kirenol has received a lot of interest in recent years due to its wide range of pharmacological actions. In particular, it has a significant ability to interact with a wide range of molecular targets associated with inflammation. In this review, we summarise the efficacy and safety of kirenol in reducing inflammation, as well as its potential mechanisms of action and opportunities in future drug development. Based on the preclinical studies reported earlier, kirenol has a good therapeutic potential against inflammation involved in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disorders, diabetic wounds, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, bone damage, and joint disorders. We also address the physicochemical and drug-like features of kirenol, as well as the structurally modified kirenol-derived molecules. The inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduction in the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), attenuation of antioxidant enzymes, stimulation of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation are among the molecular mechanisms contributing to kirenol's anti-inflammatory actions. Furthermore, this review also highlights the challenges and opportunities to improve the drug delivery of kirenol for treating inflammation. According to the findings of this review, kirenol is an active molecule against inflammation in numerous preclinical models, indicating a path to using it for new drug discovery and development in the treatment of a wide range of inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naurah Nabihah Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - M. Yasmin Begum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Arulmozhi Dhiravidamani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
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Hua H, Dong X, Zhang Y, Fang F, Zhang B, Li X, Yu Q, Zheng K, Yan C. [rCsHscB derived from Clonorchis sinensis has therapeutic effect on dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic ulcerative colitis in mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:664-670. [PMID: 34134952 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect of rCsHscB derived from Clonorchis sinensis on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced chronic ulcerative colitis in mice. OBJECTIVE C57BL/6 mice were randomized into negative control (NC) group (n= 10), rCsHscB group (n=10), DSS group (n=15), and DSS+rCsHscB group (n=15), and in the latter two groups, chronic ulcerative colitis was induced in the mice using 2% DSS. In rCsHscB and DSS+ rCsHscB groups, the mice received intraperitoneal injections of 125 μg/mL rCsHscB on the 4th and 7th day following DSS administration, and PBS was injected in the other two groups. The mice were euthanized on the 84th day, and pathological changes of the colon were evaluated by HE and Masson staining. The levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lamina propria gastric lymphocytes (LPL) were analyzed by flow cytometer; the levels of IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-10 in colon homogenate were determined using ELISA, and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and P38 was detected with Western blotting. OBJECTIVE Compared with those in NC group, the mice in rCsHscB group exhibited no adverse responses to the treatment. The mice in DSS group had severe pathologies in the colon with significantly increased ratios of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and LPL, increased levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 but no obvious changes in IL-10 in colon homogenate, and significantly augmented phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, JNK and P38. Compared with those in DSS group, the mice in DSS+ rCsHscB group showed ameliorated colon pathologies with decreased CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio in the peripheral blood and LPL, significantly decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 levels and increased IL-10 in colon homogenate, and lowered phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, JNK and P38. OBJECTIVE rCsHscB can produce therapeutic effect on DSS-induced chronic ulcerative colitis in mice possibly by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors and regulating the balance of CD4+/CD8+T cells through the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - X Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - F Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - B Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - X Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Q Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - K Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - C Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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