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Nasir NN, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Gan SH, Rani NNIM, Ravi S, Begum MY, Chidambaram K, Sathasivam KV, Jeyabalan S, Dhiravidamani A, Thangavelu L, Lum PT, Subramaniyan V, Wu YS, Azad AK, Fuloria NK. Kirenol: A Potential Natural Lead Molecule for a New Drug Design, Development, and Therapy for Inflammation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030734. [PMID: 35163999 PMCID: PMC8839644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Kirenol, a potential natural diterpenoid molecule, is mainly found in Sigesbeckia species. Kirenol has received a lot of interest in recent years due to its wide range of pharmacological actions. In particular, it has a significant ability to interact with a wide range of molecular targets associated with inflammation. In this review, we summarise the efficacy and safety of kirenol in reducing inflammation, as well as its potential mechanisms of action and opportunities in future drug development. Based on the preclinical studies reported earlier, kirenol has a good therapeutic potential against inflammation involved in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disorders, diabetic wounds, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, bone damage, and joint disorders. We also address the physicochemical and drug-like features of kirenol, as well as the structurally modified kirenol-derived molecules. The inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduction in the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), attenuation of antioxidant enzymes, stimulation of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation are among the molecular mechanisms contributing to kirenol's anti-inflammatory actions. Furthermore, this review also highlights the challenges and opportunities to improve the drug delivery of kirenol for treating inflammation. According to the findings of this review, kirenol is an active molecule against inflammation in numerous preclinical models, indicating a path to using it for new drug discovery and development in the treatment of a wide range of inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naurah Nabihah Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - M. Yasmin Begum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Arulmozhi Dhiravidamani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
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Wang Y, Xu J, Alarifi S, Wang H. Kirenol inhibited the cell survival and induced apoptosis in human thyroid cancer cells by altering PI3K/AKT and MAP kinase signaling pathways. Environ Toxicol 2021; 36:811-820. [PMID: 33331091 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid cancer, especially papillary thyroid cancers are very common among population with high intake of iodine or iodine uptake. Even though several treatment options are available, there is still complication and side effects are still persistent. The role of signaling molecules in cancer signaling is very vast and their significance in progression of disease was increasing which leads to mortality of the patient. The major key players are PI3K, AKT and MAP kinase, involves in cell survival, proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis and are the promising candidate for cancer treatment target, several researchers focuses these molecule to treat various acute and chronic diseases like cancer. On the other side, various literatures propose that natural compounds derived from plant source are shown potent anticancer property against several cancers. In our study we are looking in to one such active principle obtained from plant source, a diterpenoid compound kirenol, and its role thyroid cancer. Here, we report that kirenol role on various cellular mechanisms like induction of apoptosis, enhancing ROS indirectly by inhibiting antioxidants, altering the signaling mechanism of cell survival and apoptosis. Our study proposes that kirenol involved in the cancer cell cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell survival. Thus, targeting this signaling molecule with kirenol definitely favors and may lead to a therapeutic modality for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huanjun Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Sun D, Li Y, Cao H, Guo H, Alahmadi TA, Alharbi SA, Yu J. Hepatoprotective potential of kirenol on ethanol-induced liver toxicity in albino rats and acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatic HepG2 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22786. [PMID: 33844371 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases are a major health issue in both men and women and cause significant mortality worldwide. The hepatoprotective effects of kirenol were evaluated in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and ethanol (EtOH)- induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The cytotoxicity of kirenol (IC50 , 25 µM/ml) and APAP (20 µg/ml) with sylimarin (IC50 , 15 µg/ml) was observed in HepG2 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species formation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance, suproxide dismutase, and catalase were assayed. Rats were administered a different dose (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg/day) for a period of 4 weeks before a single dose of EtOH (40% vol/vol) 3 g/kg/day. EtOH administered rats appeared to have lower body weight gain, severe hepatic and kidney damage as proved by elevated aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, increased malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory markers, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Results showed that the kirenol treatment enhanced the GSH and reduced MDA in the liver and renal tissues and restored TNF-α and IL-6. Histoanalysis proved the protective effects of kirenol. In conclusion, it was proved that the kirenol demonstrated a hepato-protective effect in APAP- and EtOH-induced liver toxicity in HepG2 cells and rats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Emergency, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tahani Awad Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University [Medical City], King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Shim SY, Lee YE, Lee M. Antioxidant Compounds, Kirenol and Methyl ent-16α, 17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oate Bioactivity-Guided Isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens Attenuates MITF-Mediated Melanogenesis via Inhibition of Intracellular ROS Production. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071940. [PMID: 33808322 PMCID: PMC8036764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Siegesbeckia glabrescens (Compositae), an annual herb indigenous to Korean mountainous regions and has been eaten as a food in Korea. This study investigated ABTS, DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) radical-scavenging activities, and melanin production and TYR inhibitory effects-guided fractionation to identify therapeutic phytochemicals from S. glabrescens that can attenuate oxidation and melanogenesis in murine melanoma B16F10 cells. Nine compounds with inhibitory effects on melanin production, and TYR activity, and ABTS, DPPH, and NO radical scavenging activity were isolated from the 100% ethanol fraction from S. glabrescens. Among the nine compounds, kirenol (K), methyl ent-16α, 17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oate (MDK) had strong inhibitory effects on melanin production and TYR activity with antioxidant effects. Western blot analysis revealed that K and MDK suppressed tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP)-1, TYRP-2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression. Moreover, these two compounds inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-treated B16F10 cells. Our results suggest that S. glabrescens containing active compounds such as K and MDK, which has antioxidant and antimelanogenesis effects, is the potent therapeutic and functional material for the prevention of oxidation-induced hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yup Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Korea;
| | - Ye Eun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Korea;
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, 41 Hongsamhanbang-Ro, Jinan-Eup, Jinan-Gun 55442, Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Alzahrani AM, Rajendran P, Veeraraghavan VP, Hanieh H. Cardiac Protective Effect of Kirenol against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in H9c2 Cells through Nrf2 Signaling via PI3K/AKT Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063269. [PMID: 33806909 PMCID: PMC8004766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirenol (KRL) is a biologically active substance extracted from Herba Siegesbeckiae. This natural type of diterpenoid has been widely adopted for its important anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic properties. Despite several studies claiming the benefits of KRL, its cardiac effects have not yet been clarified. Cardiotoxicity remains a key concern associated with the long-term administration of doxorubicin (DOX). The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative stress, significantly contributing to DOX-induced cardiac damage. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the cardio-protective effects of KRL against apoptosis in H9c2 cells induced by DOX. The analysis of cellular apoptosis was performed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining assay and measuring the modulation in the expression levels of proteins involved in apoptosis and Nrf2 signaling, the oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, Western blotting was used to determine cell survival. KRL treatment, with Nrf2 upregulation and activation, accompanied by activation of PI3K/AKT, could prevent the administration of DOX to induce cardiac oxidative stress, remodeling, and other effects. Additionally, the diterpenoid enhanced the activation of Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, while suppressing apoptosis marker proteins. As a result, KRL is considered a potential agent against hypertrophy resulting from cardiac deterioration. The study results show that KRL not only activates the IGF-IR-dependent p-PI3K/p-AKT and Nrf2 signaling pathway, but also suppresses caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-0135899543
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India;
| | - Hamza Hanieh
- Department of Medical Analysis, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an 71111, Jordan;
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Deng Y, Ma M, Guo G, Tang Z. Kirenol regulates the cell proliferative and inflammatory markers in DMBA-induced oral squamous cell carcinogenesis in hamster. Environ Toxicol 2021; 36:328-338. [PMID: 33044773 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This present findings hypothesized the modulatory effects of kirenol on expression pattern of cell proliferative and inflammatory markers during DMBA induced HBP carcinogenesis. The machinery pathways for chemomodulatory effect of kirenol was investigated by analyzing the levels of antioxidants histological changes, lipid peroxidation and molecular expression pathway of PCNA, NF-κB in the DMBA only painted HBPC. Oral cancer was developed in the HBP model by DMBA (0.5%) three times a week for 14th weeks. We analyzed body weight with deregulated molecular expressions pattern of PCNA and NF-κB was noticed in the DMBA induced hamsters compared to control hamsters. Oral administration of kirenol 30 mg/kg bw, to DMBA induced hamster models reverted the activity of the biochemical markers in Group 4. Besides, tumor tissues of hamsters receive antioxidant capability from kirenol exclaimed significant modifications in DMBA induced causes: inhibits cell proliferation (inhibits PCNA expression) and suppresses inflammation (decreased NF-κB expression) of markers. Taken together, the protective effect of that kirenol an augmenting inflammation of the started cells and exhibited antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antilipid peroxidative and restores the xenobiotic enzymes levels (phase I and II) system and enhances antioxidant properties in oral carcinoma hamsters, in which turn, is reflected diminished tumor burden, volume, and multiplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Talent Highland, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
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Lin FC, Lee SS, Li YC, Ho YC, Chen WY, Chen CJ, Lee MW, Yeh KL, Tsai SC, Kuan YH. Protective Effects of Kirenol against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury through the Modulation of the Proinflammatory NFκB Pathway and the AMPK2-/Nrf2-Mediated HO-1/AOE Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:204. [PMID: 33572510 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute and life-threatening inflammatory disease of the lung parenchyma that is associated with high mortality worldwide. No therapeutic strategies have been developed for the mitigation of the proinflammatory response that characterizes ALI. Kirenol has anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, and immunoregulatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of kirenol against lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Kirenol reduced the LPS-induced histopathology changes involving edema and thickening of the interstitial or alveolar walls, infiltration of leukocytes, formation of hyaline membrane. Pretreatment with kirenol reduced leukocytes infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and lipid peroxidation in lung tissues induced by LPS. Kirenol significantly inhibited the secretion of cytokines, IL-1β, IL6, and TNFα, into the BALF of the mice with LPS-induced ALI through NFκB activation. Moreover, kirenol attenuated the downregulation of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase that was induced by LPS. HO-1 expression and the phosphorylation of Nrf2 and AMPK2 were also induced by kirenol. The results indicate that kirenol can be developed as a treatment strategy for ALI, and its effects are induced through the inhibition of the NF-κB proinflammatory pathway and promotion of AMPK2/Nrf2-mediated HO-1 and antioxidant enzymes (AOE) activation.
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Xiuhong L, Yajun DU, Guoxing L, Guomei D, Xin T, Juan X. [ Kirenol relieves dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and inducing CD4 + T lymphocyte apoptosis]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2020; 39:1387-1392. [PMID: 31907162 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether kirenol, the major pharmacologically active compound of the Chinese medicinal herb Herba Siegesbeckiae, can protect mice from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS C57BL/6 mice with or without kirenol pretreatment were treated with DSS in drinking water for 7 days to induce UC. The symptoms of UC including weight loss, diarrhea and bloody stool were observed daily and graded using the disease activity index (DAI). Colon injury of the mice was assessed by measuring the length of the colon and HE staining of the colon tissue. The levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) lymphocytes were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the apoptosis of the lymphocytes and CD4+ T cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS The mice receiving pretreatment with kirenol showed obviously ameliorated symptoms of UC and milder pathological changes in the colon as compared with the control mice. Kirenol treatment significantly down-regulated the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6 and TNF-α by the MLNs lymphocytes and increased the apoptosis of lymphocytes, especially CD4+ T cells in the DSS-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Kirenol can protect against T cell-mediated colon injury in DSS-treated mice possibly by suppressing the secretion of inflammatory mediators and inducing apoptosis of the inflammatory lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xiuhong
- Zaoyang First People's Hospital (Affiliated Zaoyang Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science), Xiangyang 441200, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - D U Yajun
- Zaoyang First People's Hospital (Affiliated Zaoyang Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science), Xiangyang 441200, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Liu Guoxing
- Zaoyang First People's Hospital (Affiliated Zaoyang Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science), Xiangyang 441200, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Dan Guomei
- Zaoyang First People's Hospital (Affiliated Zaoyang Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science), Xiangyang 441200, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Tong Xin
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Xiao Juan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
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Wu J, Li Q, Jin L, Qu Y, Liang BB, Zhu XT, Du HY, Jie LG, Yu QH. Kirenol Inhibits the Function and Inflammation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1304. [PMID: 31244849 PMCID: PMC6563775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirenol is a diterpenoid extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Siegesbeckiae. Siegesbeckiae has been used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China for several centuries. RA is characterized by the proliferation of synoviocytes in inflamed synovia, as well as by their expression of inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we found that Kirenol inhibited the migration, invasion, and proinflammatory of IL-6 secretion of RA-associated synovial fibroblasts (FLS) at a concentration of 100–200 μg/ml in vitro. Proinflammatory cytokines production and synovium hyperplasia and cartilage erosion were also inhibited in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model upon Kirenol treatment. Together, our results thus confirm that Kirenol has potent therapeutic efficacy in RA owing to its ability to suppress negative FLS activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Jin
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Bo Liang
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhu
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Du
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Gang Jie
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hong Yu
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang JP, Zhou YM, Zhang YH. Kirenol production in hairy root culture of Siegesbeckea orientalis and its antimicrobial activity. Pharmacogn Mag 2012; 8:149-55. [PMID: 22701289 PMCID: PMC3371437 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.96569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic efficacy associated with kirenol generation, the content of kirenol in Siegesbeckea orientalis is quite low. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to establish a reliable kirenol production protocol by transformed root cultures of S. orientalis and to investigate the antimicrobial activities of kirenol, hairy root, and S. orientalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transformed root cultures of S. orientalis were established by the transformation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. Transgenic status of the roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB specific primers. The biomass and kirenol accumulation of hairy root clones were assessed using four different culture media: MS, MS/2, B5, and white. The antimicrobial activities of kirenol, hairy root, and S. orientalis were evaluated by the disc diffusion method. RESULTS The optimum media for kirenol synthesis was MS. The content of kirenol in transformed hairy roots made up about 80% of that observed in natural leaves of S. orientalis (1.6 mg/g dry weight). All tested samples displayed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii, with MIC ranging from 78 to 625 μg/mL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The high level of kirenol contents was obtained from hairy roots of S. orientalis. Kirenol was effective against gram-positive bacteria. Interestingly, the extract from hairy roots showed a diverse antimicrobial effect from that of kirenol and S. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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