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Niu B, Yin Z, Qiu N, Yu Y, Huang Q, Zhu Q, Zhuang X, Chen Y. Effective management of acute postoperative pain using intravenous emulsions of novel ketorolac prodrugs: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 149:105344. [PMID: 32311454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to prepare intravenous fat emulsions (IFEs) of ketorolac (KTL) ester prodrugs and to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these formulations. Three prodrugs of KTL (KTL-IS, KTL-AX and KTL-BT) were synthesized as a means to increase the lipid solubility of KTL. All KTL prodrugs with higher Log P values presented increased tendency to partition into a blank IFE using extemporaneous addition method - the encapsulation efficiency of KTL-IS IFE and KTL-BT IFE was more than 97%. The particle sizes and zeta potentials of these two formulations were comparable to that of the blank IFE. PK studies in rabbits showed significant larger AUC0-8h (646.969 ± 154.326 mg/L•h-1 for KTL-IS IFE and 559.426 ± 103.057 mg/L•h-1 for KTL-BT IFE) than that of ketorolac tromethamine (KTL-T) injectable (286.968 ± 63.045 mg/L•h-1) and approximately 2-fold increases in the elimination t1/2 over KTL-T. In a rat postoperative pain model, the paw withdrawal thresholds and the paw withdrawal latency after I.V. KTL prodrug IFEs were significantly higher than that after I.V. KTL-T at 3~4 h. Effective controlling of acute postoperative pain in a longer duration can be achieved by using non-addictive ketorolac derivatives intraveneous emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China; Laboratory for Drug Delivery & Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Nanqing Qiu
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery & Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yuting Yu
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery & Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery & Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery & Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhuang
- Formulation Division, Suzhou Salupurus Pharmaceutical Technology, 1 Zhaoyan Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215421, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery & Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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Zia-Ul-Haq M, Riaz M, De Feo V, Jaafar HZE, Moga M. Rubus fruticosus L.: constituents, biological activities and health related uses. Molecules 2014; 19:10998-1029. [PMID: 25072202 PMCID: PMC6271759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190810998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubus fruticosus L. is a shrub famous for its fruit called blackberry fruit or more commonly blackberry. The fruit has medicinal, cosmetic and nutritive value. It is a concentrated source of valuable nutrients, as well as bioactive constituents of therapeutic interest highlighting its importance as a functional food. Besides use as a fresh fruit, it is also used as ingredient in cooked dishes, salads and bakery products like jams, snacks, desserts, and fruit preserves. R. fruticosus contains vitamins, steroids and lipids in seed oil and minerals, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes, acids and tannins in aerial parts that possess diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, and antiviral. Various agrogeoclimatological factors like cultivar, environmental conditions of the area, agronomic practices employed, harvest time, post-harvest storage and processing techniques all influence the nutritional composition of blackberry fruit. This review focuses on the nutrients and chemical constituents as well as medicinal properties of different parts of R. fruticosus. Various cultivars and their physicochemical characteristics, polyphenolic content and ascorbic acid content are also discussed. The information in the present work will serve as baseline data and may lead to new biomedical applications of R. fruticosus as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
- The Patent Office, Kandawala Building, M.A. Jinnah Road, Karachi-74400, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper-2500, Pakistan.
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno 84100, Italy.
| | - Hawa Z E Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Marius Moga
- Department of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov 500036 Romania.
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Liu KS, Hsieh PW, Aljuffali IA, Lin YK, Chang SH, Wang JJ, Fang JY. Impact of ester promoieties on transdermal delivery of ketorolac. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:974-86. [PMID: 24481782 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different types of ketorolac ester prodrugs incorporating tert-butyl (KT), benzyl (KB), heptyl (KH), and diketorolac heptyl (DKH) promoieties were synthesized for the comparison of percutaneous penetration. The prodrugs were characterized according to their melting point, capacity factor, lipophilicity, solubility in 30% ethanol/buffer, enzymatic hydrolysis, in vitro skin permeation, hair follicle accumulation, and in vivo skin tolerance. Interactions between the prodrugs and esterases were predicted by molecular docking. Both equimolar suspensions and saturated solutions in 30% ethanol/pH 7.4 buffer were employed as the applied dose. All of the prodrugs exhibited a lower melting point than ketorolac. The lipophilicity increased in the following order: ketorolac < KT < KB < KH < DKH. The prodrugs were rapidly hydrolyzed to the parent drug in esterase medium, skin homogenate, and plasma, with KT and KB exhibiting higher degradation rates. KT exhibited the highest skin permeation, followed by KB. The flux of KT and KB exceeded that of ketorolac by 2.5-fold and twofold, respectively. KH and DKH did not improve ketorolac permeation but exhibited a sustained release behavior. KT and KH revealed selective absorption into follicles and a threefold greater follicular uptake compared with ketorolac. KB, KH, and DKH slightly but significantly increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after consecutive administration for 7 days, whereas ketorolac and KT exhibited no influence on TEWL. According to the experimental results, it can be concluded that an optimal balance between lipophilicity and aqueous solubility is important in the design of a successful prodrug. The acceptable skin tolerance for safe application is also an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Huang KL, Shieh JP, Chu CC, Cheng KI, Wang JJ, Lin MT, Yeh MY. Prolonged analgesic effect of amitriptyline base on thermal hyperalgesia in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Uchino T, Lefeber F, Gooris G, Bouwstra J. Physicochemical characterization of drug-loaded rigid and elastic vesicles. Int J Pharm 2011; 412:142-7. [PMID: 21540095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketorolac loaded rigid and elastic vesicles were prepared by sonication and the physicochemical properties of the drug loaded-vesicle formulations were examined. Rigid and elastic vesicles were prepared from the double chain surfactant sucrose-ester laurate (L-595) and the single chain surfactant octaoxyethylene-laurate ester (PEG-8-L). Sulfosuccinate (TR-70) was used as a negative charge inducer. Evaluation of the prepared vesicle was performed by dynamic light scattering, extrusion and by (1)H NMR (T(2) relaxation studies). The vesicles mean size varied between 90 and 150 nm. The elasticity of the vesicles was enhanced with increasing PEG-8-L/L-595 ratio, while an increase in loading of ketorolac resulted in a reduction in vesicle elasticity. (1)H NMR measurements showed that the molecular mobility of ketorolac was restricted, which indicates that ketorolac molecules were entrapped within the vesicle bilayers. The T(2) values of the aromatic protons of ketorolac increased gradually at higher PEG-8-L levels, indicating that ketorolac mobility increased in the vesicle bilayer. The chemical stability of ketorolac was dramatically improved in the vesicle formulation compared to a buffer solution. The strong interactions of ketorolac with the bilayers of the vesicles might be the explanation for this increased stability of ketorolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Uchino
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Magoulas GE, Krokidis M, Papaioannou D. Syntheses and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of acitretin analogs with amide bond(s) in the polyene spacer. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:298-310. [PMID: 19939514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ester analogs of the antipsoriatic drug acitretin were synthesized by coupling either anilines with N-protected indole-3-carboxylic acid, followed by deprotection and coupling with O-monoprotected dicarboxylic acids or Wittig reaction of indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 3-acetyl-1-tosylpyrrole and 4-amino-9-fluorenone with Ph3P=CHCO2tBu, followed by N-deprotection, where necessary, and finally coupling with cinnamoyl fluorides. Corresponding free acids were obtained through TFA-mediated carboxyl group deprotection. Although these analogs and acitretin showed very low reducing abilities, analogs 5, 6, 8 and 12 strongly inhibited LOX with IC50 values ranging from 35-65 microM. Acitretin and its analogs 5-7, 10, 11 and 15 inhibited lipid peroxidation more strongly than trolox whereas acitretin and analog 4 were in vivo more potent anti-inflammatory agents on rat paw oedema induced by Carrageenan than indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Tzeng JI, Su WL, Chu KS, Cheng KI, Chu CC, Shieh JP, Wang JJ. Pharmacokinetics of Ketorolac Pentyl Ester, a Novel Ester Derivative of Ketorolac, in Rabbits. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2005; 21:365-70. [PMID: 16158879 DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketorolac is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Recently, a novel ester of ketorolac, ketorolac pentyl ester, was synthesized. When prepared in injectable oil, the new agent demonstrated a long duration of action. Ketorolac pentyl ester was synthesized using a prodrug design by esterification of ketorolac, and appeared to be a prodrug of ketorolac in vivo, which needed to be confirmed. The aim of the present study was to establish the prodrug's pharmacokinetics in vivo, and to confirm whether or not ketorolac pentyl ester was a prodrug of ketorolac. Pharmacokinetic profiles of intravenous ketorolac and its pentyl ester on an equal-molar basis in six rabbits were evaluated. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was used to determine the plasma concentrations of ketorolac and its pentyl ester. We found that the plasma concentrations of ketorolac pentyl ester declined rapidly after injection and so did the conversion of ketorolac pentyl ester to ketorolac. Also, the conversion of ketorolac was proved complete when compared with intravenous ketorolac under an equi-molar basis. In conclusion, this in vivo pharmacokinetic study confirmed that keterolac pentyl ester was a prodrug of keterolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janil-Inn Tzeng
- Department of Medical Research and Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yung-Kang City, Tainan, Taiwan
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