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Moaiyeri Z, Mustafa J, Lamperti M, Lobo FA. Intraoperative use of processed electroencephalogram in a quaternary center: a quality improvement audit. J Clin Monit Comput 2024:10.1007/s10877-024-01189-4. [PMID: 38900394 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-024-01189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Although intraoperative electroencephalography (EEG) is not consensual among anesthesiologists, growing evidence supports its use to titrate anesthetic drugs, assess the level of arousal/consciousness, and detect ischemic cerebrovascular events; in addition, intraoperative EEG monitoring may decrease the incidence of postoperative neurocognitive disorders. Based on the known and potential benefits of intraoperative EEG monitoring, an educational program dedicated to staff anesthesiologists, residents of Anesthesiology and anesthesia technicians was started at Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi in May 2022 and completed in June 2022, aiming to have all patients undergoing general anesthesia with adequate brain monitoring and following international initiatives promoting perioperative brain health. All the surgical cases performed under General Anesthesia at 24 daily locations were prospectively inspected during 15 consecutive working days in March 2023. The use or absence of a processed EEG monitor was registered. Of 379 surgical cases distributed by 24 locations under General Anesthesia, 233 cases (61%) had processed EEG monitoring. The specialty with the highest use of EEG monitoring was Cardiothoracic Surgery, with 100% of cases, followed by interventional Cardiology (90%) and Vascular Surgery (75%). Otorhinolaryngology (29%), Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (25%), and Interventional Pulmonology (20%) were the areas with the lowest use of EEG monitoring. Of note, in the Neuroradiology suite, no processed EEG monitor was used in cases under General Anesthesia. We identified a reasonable use of EEG monitoring during general anesthesia, unfortunately not reaching our target of 100%. The educational and support program previously implemented within the Anesthesiology Institute needs to be continued and improved, including workshops, online discussions, and journal club sessions, to increase the use of EEG monitoring in underused areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Moaiyeri
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jumana Mustafa
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Massimo Lamperti
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Francisco A Lobo
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Qin Y, Zhang W, Tao X. TBEEG: A Two-Branch Manifold Domain Enhanced Transformer Algorithm for Learning EEG Decoding. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2024; 32:1466-1476. [PMID: 38526885 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2024.3380595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The electroencephalogram-based (EEG) brain-computer interface (BCI) has garnered significant attention in recent research. However, the practicality of EEG remains constrained by the lack of efficient EEG decoding technology. The challenge lies in effectively translating intricate EEG into meaningful, generalizable information. EEG signal decoding primarily relies on either time domain or frequency domain information. There lacks a method capable of simultaneously and effectively extracting both time and frequency domain features, as well as efficiently fuse these features. Addressing these limitations, a two-branch Manifold Domain enhanced transformer algorithm is designed to holistically capture EEG's spatio-temporal information. Our method projects the time-domain information of EEG signals into the Riemannian spaces to fully decode the time dependence of EEG signals. Using wavelet transform, the time domain information is converted into frequency domain information, and the spatial information contained in the frequency domain information of EEG signal is mined through the spectrogram. The effectiveness of the proposed TBEEG algorithm is validated on BCIC-IV-2a dataset and MAMEM-SSVEP-II datasets.
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Bowman EML, Sweeney AM, McAuley DF, Cardwell C, Kane J, Badawi N, Jahan N, Iqbal HK, Mitchell C, Ballantyne JA, Cunningham EL. Assessment and report of individual symptoms in studies of delirium in postoperative populations: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae077. [PMID: 38640126 PMCID: PMC11028403 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Delirium is most often reported as present or absent. Patients with symptoms falling short of the diagnostic criteria for delirium fall into 'no delirium' or 'control' groups. This binary classification neglects individual symptoms and may be hindering identification of the pathophysiology underlying delirium. This systematic review investigates which individual symptoms of delirium are reported by studies of postoperative delirium in adults. METHODS Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched on 03 June 2021 and 06 April 2023. Two reviewers independently examined titles and abstracts. Each paper was screened in duplicate and conflicting decisions settled by consensus discussion. Data were extracted, qualitatively synthesised and narratively reported. All included studies were quality assessed. RESULTS These searches yielded 4,367 results. After title and abstract screening, 694 full-text studies were reviewed, and 62 deemed eligible for inclusion. This review details 11,377 patients including 2,049 patients with delirium. In total, 78 differently described delirium symptoms were reported. The most reported symptoms were inattention (N = 29), disorientation (N = 27), psychomotor agitation/retardation (N = 22), hallucination (N = 22) and memory impairment (N = 18). Notably, psychomotor agitation and hallucinations are not listed in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5-Text Revision delirium definition. CONCLUSIONS The 78 symptoms reported in this systematic review cover domains of attention, awareness, disorientation and other cognitive changes. There is a lack of standardisation of terms, and many recorded symptoms are synonyms of each other. This systematic review provides a library of individual delirium symptoms, which may be used to inform future reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M L Bowman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Aoife M Sweeney
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Danny F McAuley
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Chris Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Joseph Kane
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Nadine Badawi
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Halla Kiyan Iqbal
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Callum Mitchell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Jessica A Ballantyne
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
| | - Emma L Cunningham
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland
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Wang Y, Zhu H, Xu F, Ding Y, Zhao S, Chen X. The effect of anesthetic depth on postoperative delirium in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:719. [PMID: 37932677 PMCID: PMC10629190 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative delirium (POD) is an important complication for older patients and recent randomised controlled trials have showed a conflicting result of the effect of deep and light anesthesia. METHODS We included randomised controlled trials including older adults that evaluated the effect of anesthetic depth on postoperative delirium from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. We considered deep anesthesia as observer's assessment of the alertness/ sedation scale (OAA/S) of 0-2 or targeted bispectral (BIS) < 45 and the light anesthesia was considered OAA/S 3-5 or targeted BIS > 50. The primary outcome was incidence of POD within 7 days after surgery. And the secondary outcomes were mortality and cognitive function 3 months or more after surgery. The quality of evidence was assessed via the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach. RESULTS We included 6 studies represented 7736 patients aged 60 years and older. We observed that the deep anesthesia would not increase incidence of POD when compared with the light anesthesia when 4 related studies were pooled (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.63-3.08, P = 0.41, I2 = 82%, low certainty). And no significant was found in mortality (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.93-1.35, P = 0.23, I2 = 0%, high certainty) and cognitive function (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.67-1.91, P = 0.64, I2 = 13%, high certainty) 3 months or more after surgery between deep anesthesia and light anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Low-quality evidence suggests that light general anesthesia was not associated with lower POD incidence than deep general anesthesia. And High-quality evidence showed that anesthetic depth did not affect the long-term mortality and cognitive function. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION CRD42022300829 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linhe District People's Hospital, Bayannur City, 015000, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
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Dulko E, Jedrusiak M, Osuru HP, Atluri N, Illendula M, Davis EM, Beenhakker MP, Lunardi N. Sleep Fragmentation, Electroencephalographic Slowing, and Circadian Disarray in a Mouse Model for Intensive Care Unit Delirium. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:209-220. [PMID: 37192134 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to further validate our previously published animal model for delirium by testing the hypothesis that in aged mice, Anesthesia, Surgery and simulated ICU conditions (ASI) induce sleep fragmentation, electroencephalographic (EEG) slowing, and circadian disarray consistent with intensive care unit (ICU) patients with delirium. METHODS A total of 41 mice were used. Mice were implanted with EEG electrodes and randomized to ASI or control groups. ASI mice received laparotomy, anesthesia, and simulated ICU conditions. Controls did not receive ASI. Sleep was recorded at the end of ICU conditions, and hippocampal tissue was collected on EEG recording. Arousals, EEG dynamics, and circadian gene expression were compared with t tests. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) was used to assess sleep according to light. RESULTS ASI mice experienced frequent arousals (36.6 ± 3.2 vs 26.5 ± 3.4; P = .044; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-19.79; difference in mean ± SEM, 10.04 ± 4.62) and EEG slowing (frontal theta ratio, 0.223 ± 0.010 vs 0.272 ± 0.019; P = .026; 95% CI, -0.091 to -0.007; difference in mean ± SEM, -0.05 ± 0.02) relative to controls. In ASI mice with low theta ratio, EEG slowing was associated with a higher percentage of quiet wakefulness (38.2 ± 3.6 vs 13.4 ± 3.8; P = .0002; 95% CI, -35.87 to -13.84; difference in mean ± SEM, -24.86 ± 5.19). ASI mice slept longer during the dark phases of the circadian cycle (nonrapid eye movement [NREM], dark phase 1 [D1]: 138.9 ± 8.1 minutes vs 79.6 ± 9.6 minutes, P = .0003, 95% CI, -95.87 to -22.69, predicted mean difference ± SE: -59.28 ± 13.89; NREM, dark phase 2 (D2): 159.3 ± 7.3 minutes vs 112.6 ± 15.5 minutes, P = .006, 95% CI, -83.25 to -10.07, mean difference ± SE, -46.66 ± 13.89; rapid eye movement (REM), D1: 20.5 ± 2.1 minutes vs 5.8 ± 0.8 minutes, P = .001, 95% CI, -24.60 to -4.71, mean difference ± SE, -14. 65 ± 3.77; REM, D2: 21.0 ± 2.2 minutes vs 10.3 ± 1.4 minutes, P = .029, 95% CI, -20.64 to -0.76, mean difference ± SE, -10.70 ± 3.77). The expression of essential circadian genes was also lower in ASI mice (basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like [BMAL1] : -1.3 fold change; circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput [CLOCK] : -1.2). CONCLUSIONS ASI mice experienced EEG and circadian changes mimicking those of delirious ICU patients. These findings support further exploration of this mouse approach to characterize the neurobiology of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark P Beenhakker
- Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Guay CS, Bean CD, Kwon O, Brown EN. Recovery From Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Is Associated With Increasing Alpha Power in the Frontal Electroencephalogram During Propofol Sedation: A Case Report. A A Pract 2023; 17:e01698. [PMID: 37409746 PMCID: PMC11198912 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of critical illness on electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures of sedatives have not been described, limiting the use of EEG-guided sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU). We report the case of a 36-year-old man recovering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Severe ARDS was characterized by slow-delta (0.1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations but lacked the alpha (8-14 Hz) power expected during propofol sedation in a patient of this age. The alpha power emerged as ARDS resolved. This case raises the question of whether inflammatory states can alter EEG signatures during sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S. Guay
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Bean
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ohyoon Kwon
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Emery N. Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Niño MC, Guerra JD. Postoperative Delirium Severity and Recovery Correlate With Electroencephalogram Spectral Features: Where Do We Start From? Anesth Analg 2023; 136:e36-e37. [PMID: 37205820 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María C Niño
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Carrera 7 No. 117, Bogotá, Colombia,
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Palanca BJA, Kafashan M, Guay CS. In Response. Anesth Analg 2023; 136:e37-e38. [PMID: 37205821 PMCID: PMC10721118 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Julian A Palanca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri,
| | - MohammadMehdi Kafashan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christian S Guay
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Baron Shahaf D, Hight D, Kaiser H, Shahaf G. Association Between Risk of Stroke and Delirium After Cardiac Surgery and a New Electroencephalogram Index of Interhemispheric Similarity. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2023:S1053-0770(23)00341-5. [PMID: 37321874 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurologic complications after surgery (stroke, delirium) remain a major concern despite advancements in surgical and anesthetic techniques. The authors aimed to evaluate whether a novel index of interhemispheric similarity, the lateral interconnection ratio (LIR), between 2 prefrontal electroencephalogram (EEG) channels could be associated with stroke and delirium following cardiac surgery. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING Single university hospital. PARTICIPANTS A total of 803 adult patients without documentation of a previous stroke, who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) between July 2016 and January 2018. INTERVENTIONS The LIR index was calculated retrospectively from the patients' EEG database. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS LIR was analyzed intraoperatively every 10 seconds and compared among patients with postoperative stroke, patients with delirium, and patients without documented neurologic complications, during 5 key periods, each lasting10 minutes: (1) surgery start, (2) before CPB, (3) on CPB, (4) after CPB, and (5) surgery end. After cardiac surgery, 31 patients suffered from stroke; 48 patients were diagnosed with delirium; and 724 had no documented neurologic complications. Patients with stroke demonstrated a decrease in LIR index between the start of surgery and the postbypass period of 0.08 (0.01, 0.36 [21]; median and [interquartile range {IQR}]; valid EEG samples); whereas there was no similar decrease in the no-dysfunction group (-0.04 [-0.13, 0.04; {551}], p < 0.0001). Patients with delirium showed a decrease in LIR index between the start of surgery and the end of the surgery by 0.15 (0.02, 0.30 [12]), compared with no such decrease in the no-dysfunction group (-0.02 [-0.12, 0.08 {376}], p ≈ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS After improvement of SNR, it might be of value to further study the index decrease as an indication for risk for brain injury after surgery. The timing of decrease (after CPB or end of surgery) may provide hints regarding the injury pathophysiology and its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren Hight
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Kaiser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Goded Shahaf
- The Applied Neurophysiology Lab, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Contribution of intraoperative electroencephalogram suppression to frailty-associated postoperative delirium: mediation analysis of a prospective surgical cohort. Br J Anaesth 2023; 130:e263-e271. [PMID: 36503826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is a risk factor for postoperative delirium (POD), and has led to preoperative interventions that have reduced, but not eliminated, the risk. We hypothesised that EEG suppression, another risk factor for POD, mediates some of the frailty risk for POD. METHODS A prospective cohort study enrolled patients aged 65 yr or older, scheduled for noncardiac surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia. Frailty was assessed using the FRAIL scale. Cumulative duration of EEG suppression, defined as an amplitude between -5 and 5 μV for >0.5 s during anaesthesia, was measured. POD was diagnosed by either confusion assessment method (CAM), CAM-ICU, or medical records. The severity of POD was assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale - Revised-98 (DRS). Mediation analysis was used to estimate the relationships between frailty, EEG suppression, and severity of POD. RESULTS Among 252 enrolled patients, 51 were robust, 129 were prefrail, and 72 were frail. Patients classified as frail had higher duration of EEG suppression than either the robust (19 vs 0.57 s, P<0.001) or prefrail groups (19 vs 3.22 s, P<0.001). Peak delirium score was higher in the frail group than either the robust (17 vs 15, P<0.001) or prefrail groups (17 vs 16, P=0.007). EEG suppression time mediated 24.2% of the frailty-DRS scores association. CONCLUSION EEG suppression time mediated a statistically significant portion of the frailty-POD association in older noncardiac surgery patients. Trials directed at reducing EEG suppression time could result in intraoperative interventions to reduce POD in frail patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR2000041092 (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry).
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