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Wirtshafter HS, Disterhoft JF. In Vivo Multi-Day Calcium Imaging of CA1 Hippocampus in Freely Moving Rats Reveals a High Preponderance of Place Cells with Consistent Place Fields. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4538-4554. [PMID: 35501152 PMCID: PMC9172072 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1750-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium imaging using GCaMP indicators and miniature microscopes has been used to image cellular populations during long timescales and in different task phases, as well as to determine neuronal circuit topology and organization. Because the hippocampus (HPC) is essential for tasks of memory, spatial navigation, and learning, calcium imaging of large populations of HPC neurons can provide new insight on cell changes over time during these tasks. All reported HPC in vivo calcium imaging experiments have been done in mouse. However, rats have many behavioral and physiological experimental advantages over mice. In this paper, we present the first (to our knowledge) in vivo calcium imaging from CA1 HPC in freely moving male rats. Using the UCLA Miniscope, we demonstrate that, in rat, hundreds of cells can be visualized and held across weeks. We show that calcium events in these cells are highly correlated with periods of movement, with few calcium events occurring during periods without movement. We additionally show that an extremely large percent of cells recorded during a navigational task are place cells (77.3 ± 5.0%, surpassing the percent seen during mouse calcium imaging), and that these cells enable accurate decoding of animal position and can be held over days with consistent place fields in a consistent spatial map. A detailed protocol is included, and implications of these advancements on in vivo imaging and place field literature are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In vivo calcium imaging in freely moving animals allows the visualization of cellular activity across days. In this paper, we present the first in vivo Ca2+ recording from CA1 hippocampus (HPC) in freely moving rats. We demonstrate that hundreds of cells can be visualized and held across weeks, and that calcium activity corresponds to periods of movement. We show that a high percentage (77.3 ± 5.0%) of imaged cells are place cells, and that these place cells enable accurate decoding and can be held stably over days with little change in field location. Because the HPC is essential for many tasks involving memory, navigation, and learning, imaging of large populations of HPC neurons can shed new insight on cellular activity changes and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Wirtshafter
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Zhu J, Lee MJ, Chang HJ, Ju X, Cui J, Lee YL, Go D, Chung W, Oh E, Heo JY. Reactive microglia and mitochondrial unfolded protein response following ventriculomegaly and behavior defects in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 34903317 PMCID: PMC9058473 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.4.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventriculomegaly induced by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leads to hydrocephalus, which is accompanied by neuroinflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. The mitochondrial stress activates mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is essential for mitochondrial protein homeostasis. However, the association of inflammatory response and UPRmt in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus is still unclear. To assess their relevance in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, we established a kaolin-induced hydrocephalus model in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice and evaluated it over time. We found that kaolin-injected mice showed prominent ventricular dilation, motor behavior defects at the 3-day, followed by the activation of microglia and UPRmt in the motor cortex at the 5-day. In addition, PARP-1/NF-κB signaling and apoptotic cell death appeared at the 5-day. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that activation of microglia and UPRmt occurs after hydrocephalic ventricular expansion and behavioral abnormal-ities which could be lead to apoptotic neuronal cell death, providing a new perspective on the pathogenic mechanism of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebo Zhu
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Min Joung Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chang
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Xianshu Ju
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jianchen Cui
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Yu Lim Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Dahyun Go
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Woosuk Chung
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jun Young Heo
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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Louçano M, Oliveira J, Martins I, Vaz R, Tavares I. Pain Modulation from the Locus Coeruleus in a Model of Hydrocephalus: Searching for Oxidative Stress-Induced Noradrenergic Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073970. [PMID: 35409327 PMCID: PMC8999514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain transmission at the spinal cord is modulated by noradrenaline (NA)-mediated actions that arise from supraspinal areas. We studied the locus coeruleus (LC) to evaluate the expression of the cathecolamine-synthetizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and search for local oxidative stress and possible consequences in descending pain modulation in a model of hydrocephalus, a disease characterized by enlargement of the cerebral ventricular system usually due to the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Four weeks after kaolin injection into the cisterna magna, immunodetection of the catecholamine-synthetizing enzymes TH and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) was performed in the LC and spinal cord. Colocalization of the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG (8-hydroxyguanosine; 8-OHdG), with TH in the LC was performed. Formalin was injected in the hindpaw both for behavioral nociceptive evaluation and the immunodetection of Fos expression in the spinal cord. Hydrocephalic rats presented with a higher expression of TH at the LC, of TH and DBH at the spinal dorsal horn along with decreased nociceptive behavioral responses in the second (inflammatory) phase of the formalin test, and formalin-evoked Fos expression at the spinal dorsal horn. The expression of 8-OHdG was increased in the LC neurons, with higher co-localization in TH-immunoreactive neurons. Collectively, the results indicate increased noradrenergic expression at the LC during hydrocephalus. The strong oxidative stress damage at the LC neurons may lead to local neuroprotective-mediated increases in NA levels. The increased expression of catecholamine-synthetizing enzymes along with the decreased nociception-induced neuronal activation of dorsal horn neurons and behavioral pain signs may indicate that hydrocephalus is associated with alterations in descending pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Louçano
- Unit of Experimental Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.L.); (I.M.)
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Chemical and Biomolecule Sciences, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- International Doctoral School, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Joana Oliveira
- Neurosurgery Service of Centro Hospital São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Martins
- Unit of Experimental Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.L.); (I.M.)
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vaz
- Chemical and Biomolecule Sciences, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Unit of Experimental Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.L.); (I.M.)
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-12-2551-3654
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Reversal of prenatal heroin-induced alterations in hippocampal gene expression via transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells during adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 90:107063. [PMID: 34999215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral teratology is the study of typically subtle neurobehavioral birth defects. Our previously described mouse model demonstrated septohippocampal cholinergic innervation-related molecular and behavioral deficits after prenatal exposure to heroin. Since the alterations are below malformation level, they are likely to represent consequences of regulatory processes, feasibly gene expression. Consequently, in the present study pregnant mice were injected with heroin on gestation days 9-18 and were transplanted with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on postnatal day (PD) 105. The hippocampi of the offspring were analyzed on PD120 for the expression of the pertinent genes. Heroin induced global gender-dependent statistically significant changes in the expression of several genes. Significant Treatment X Sex interaction occurred in D1 and SOX2 genes (p < 0.01). Transplantation of MSC reversed the prenatal heroin-induced alterations in approximately 80% of the genes. The reversal index (RI), shifting the score of the heroin-exposed offspring by transplantation back toward the control level, was 0.61 ± 0.10 for the difference from RI = 0 (p < 0.001), confirming the validity of the effect of the neuroteratogens across variations among different genes. The present study suggests that neurobehavioral defects induced by prenatal heroin exposure are likely to be a consequence of regulatory changes. This study on prenatal exposure to insults with subsequent MSC therapy provides a model for elucidating the mechanisms of both the neuroteratogenicity and the therapy, steps that are critical for progress toward therapeutic applications.
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Shim HS, Park HJ, Lee MS, Ye M, Shim I. The role of the supramammillary area of the hypothalamus in cognitive functions. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1427627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Azab WA, Mijalcic RM, Nakhi SB, Mohammad MH. Ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: is shunting a better option? A review. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:775-80. [PMID: 26861009 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shunts are generally associated with a smaller post-treatment ventricular size in comparison to endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). METHODS To determine whether such a difference in ventricular size has neurocognitive implications, we reviewed the current literature pertaining to the (1) neurocognitive sequelae of hydrocephalus, (2) neurocognitive outcome after ETV, (3) extent of reversal of neurocognitive changes associated with hydrocephalus after shunting, and (4) data on correlation between post-treatment ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome after ETV. RESULTS Collectively, the results of the available studies should call into question the correlation between the residual postoperative ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome. CONCLUSION The available literature is so far in support of ETV as a valid and effective treatment modality in hydrocephalic patients. No sufficient evidence is available to justify resorting to shunting on the premise that it is associated with a better neurocognitive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A Azab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, P. O Box 25427, Safat, 13115, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Radovan M Mijalcic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, P. O Box 25427, Safat, 13115, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Medical School, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saleh Ben Nakhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, P. O Box 25427, Safat, 13115, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad H Mohammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, P. O Box 25427, Safat, 13115, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Del Bigio MR, Di Curzio DL. Nonsurgical therapy for hydrocephalus: a comprehensive and critical review. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:3. [PMID: 26846184 PMCID: PMC4743412 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological interventions have been tested experimentally and clinically to prevent hydrocephalus and avoid the need for shunting beginning in the 1950s. Clinical trials of varied quality have not demonstrated lasting and convincing protective effects through manipulation of cerebrospinal fluid production, diuresis, blood clot fibrinolysis, or manipulation of fibrosis in the subarachnoid compartment, although there remains some promise in the latter areas. Acetazolamide bolus seems to be useful for predicting shunt response in adults with hydrocephalus. Neuroprotection in the situation of established hydrocephalus has been tested experimentally beginning more recently. Therapies designed to modify blood flow or pulsation, reduce inflammation, reduce oxidative damage, or protect neurons are so far of limited success; more experimental work is needed in these areas. As has been recommended for preclinical studies in stroke and brain trauma, stringent conditions should be met for preclinical studies in hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, 401 Brodie Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P5, Canada.
| | - Domenico L Di Curzio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Jiménez AJ, Rodríguez-Pérez LM, Domínguez-Pinos MD, Gómez-Roldán MC, García-Bonilla M, Ho-Plagaro A, Roales-Buján R, Jiménez S, Roquero-Mañueco MC, Martínez-León MI, García-Martín ML, Cifuentes M, Ros B, Arráez MÁ, Vitorica J, Gutiérrez A, Pérez-Fígares JM. Increased levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) but not transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) are associated with the severity of congenital hydrocephalus in the hyh mouse. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:911-32. [PMID: 24707814 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Here, we tested the hypothesis that glial responses via the production of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases, are correlated with the severity of congenital hydrocephalus in the hyh mouse model. We also searched for evidence of this association in human cases of primary hydrocephalus. METHODS Hyh mice, which exhibit either severe or compensated long-lasting forms of hydrocephalus, were examined and compared with wild-type mice. TGFβ1, TNFα and TNFαR1 mRNA levels were quantified using real-time PCR. TNFα and TNFαR1 were immunolocalized in the brain tissues of hyh mice and four hydrocephalic human foetuses relative to astroglial and microglial reactions. RESULTS The TGFβ1 mRNA levels were not significantly different between hyh mice exhibiting severe or compensated hydrocephalus and normal mice. In contrast, severely hydrocephalic mice exhibited four- and two-fold increases in the mean levels of TNFα and TNFαR1, respectively, compared with normal mice. In the hyh mouse, TNFα and TNFαR1 immunoreactivity was preferentially detected in astrocytes that form a particular periventricular reaction characteristic of hydrocephalus. However, these proteins were rarely detected in microglia, which did not appear to be activated. TNFα immunoreactivity was also detected in the glial reaction in the small group of human foetuses exhibiting hydrocephalus that were examined. CONCLUSIONS In the hyh mouse model of congenital hydrocephalus, TNFα and TNFαR1 appear to be associated with the severity of the disease, probably mediating the astrocyte reaction, neurodegenerative processes and ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio-Jesús Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Barreda-Gómez G, Lombardero L, Giralt MT, Manuel I, Rodríguez-Puertas R. Effects of galanin subchronic treatment on memory and muscarinic receptors. Neuroscience 2015; 293:23-34. [PMID: 25732139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic pathways, which originate in the basal forebrain and are responsible for the control of different cognitive processes including learning and memory, are also regulated by some neuropeptides. One of these neuropeptides, galanin (GAL), is involved in both neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions. The present study has evaluated in rats the effects on cognition induced by a subchronic treatment with GAL by analyzing the passive avoidance response, and the modulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor densities and activities. [(3)H]-N-methyl-scopolamine, [(3)H]-oxotremorine, and [(3)H]-pirenzepine were used to quantify the density of muscarinic receptors (MRs) and the stimulation of the binding of guanosine 5'-(γ-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate by the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, to determine their functionality. Some cognitive deficits that were induced by the administration of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (i.c.v. aCSF 2 μl/min, once a day for 6 days) were not observed in the animals also treated with GAL (i.c.v. 1.5 mmol in aCSF, 2 μl/min, once a day for 6 days). GAL modulates the changes in M1 and M2 MR densities observed in the rats treated with aCSF, and also increased their activity mediated by G(i/o) proteins in specific areas of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. The subchronic administration of the vehicle was also accompanied by an increased number of positive fibers and cells for GAL around the cortical tract of the cannula used, but that was not the case in GAL-treated rats. In addition, the increase of GAL receptor density in the ventral hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in the aCSF group was avoided when GAL was administered. The number of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive neurons was decreased in the nucleus basalis of Meynert of both GAL- and aCSF-treated animals. In summary, GAL improves memory-related abilities probably through the modulation of MR density and/or efficacy in hippocampal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barreda-Gómez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - L Lombardero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - M T Giralt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - I Manuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
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Kim SJ, Chung ES, Lee JH, Lee CH, Kim SK, Lee HJ, Bae H. Electroacupuncture Analgesia Is Improved by Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase into the Hypothalamus of Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:505-10. [PMID: 24381499 PMCID: PMC3874437 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.6.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is a modified form of acupuncture that utilizes electrical stimulation. We previously showed that EA stimulated rats were divided into responders that were sensitive to EA and non-responders that were insensitive to EA based on the tail flick latency (TFL) test. The dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene was more abundantly expressed in the hypothalamus of responder rats than non-responder rats. To determine whether overexpression of DBH gene expression in the hypothalamus modulate EA analgesia, we constructed a DBH encoding adenovirus and which was then injected into the hypothalamus of SD rats. Microinjection of DBH or control GFP virus into the hypothalamus had no changes on the basal pain threshold measured by a TFL test without EA treatment. However, the analgesic effect of EA was significantly enhanced from seven days after microinjection of the DBH virus, but not after injection of the control GFP virus. DBH expression was significantly higher in the hypothalamus of DBH virus injected rat than control GFP virus or PBS injected rats. Moreover, expression of the DBH gene did not affect the body core temperature, body weight, motor function or learning and memory ability. Although the functional role of DBH in the hypothalamus in the analgesic effect of EA remains unclear, our findings suggest that expression of the DBH gene in the hypothalamus promotes EA analgesia without obvious side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Olopade FE, Shokunbi MT, Sirén AL. The relationship between ventricular dilatation, neuropathological and neurobehavioural changes in hydrocephalic rats. Fluids Barriers CNS 2012; 9:19. [PMID: 22938200 PMCID: PMC3464139 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The motor and cognitive deficits observed in hydrocephalus are thought to be due to axonal damage within the periventricular white matter. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between ventricular size, cellular changes in brain, and neurobehavioural deficits in rats with experimental hydrocephalus. Methods Hydrocephalus was induced in three-week old rats by intracisternal injection of kaolin. Behavioural and motor function were tested four weeks after hydrocephalus induction and correlated to ventricular enlargement which was classified into mild, moderate or severe. Gross brain morphology, routine histology and immunohistochemistry for oligodendrocytes (CNPase), microglia (Iba-1) and astrocytes (GFAP) were performed to assess the cellular changes. Results Decreases in open field activity and forelimb grip strength in hydrocephalus correlated with the degree of ventriculomegaly. Learning in Morris water maze was significantly impaired in hydrocephalic rats. Gradual stretching of the ependymal layer, thinning of the corpus callosum, extracellular oedema and reduced cortical thickness were observed as the degree of ventriculomegaly increased. A gradual loss of oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex was most marked in the severely-hydrocephalic brains, whereas the widespread astrogliosis especially in the subependymal layer was most marked in the brains with mild hydrocephalus. Retraction of microglial processes and increase in Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the white matter was associated ventriculomegaly. Conclusions In hydrocephalic rats, oligodendrocyte loss, microglia activation, astrogliosis in cortical areas and thinning of the corpus callosum were associated with ventriculomegaly. The degree of ventriculomegaly correlated with motor and cognitive deficits.
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Turgeman G, Pinkas A, Slotkin TA, Tfilin M, Langford R, Yanai J. Reversal of chlorpyrifos neurobehavioral teratogenicity in mice by allographic transplantation of adult subventricular zone-derived neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1185-93. [PMID: 21520219 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral teratogenicity can be reversed with transplantation of neural stem cells. However, the usefulness of this therapy would be greatly enhanced by employing adult stem cells. In pursuit of this this goal, we developed a model that uses subventricular zone (SVZ) cells. HS/Ibg mice were exposed prenatally to chlorpyrifos on gestational days 9-18 (3 mg/kg/day, SC) in order to induce deficits in their performance in the Morris water maze test. Both the control and the exposed offspring were transplanted with SVZ cells (or vehicle) on postnatal day 35; this actually represents an allogenic transplantation, because the HS/Ibg strain is a heterogeneous stock. The transplanted cells were later observed in the host brain by DiI tracing, and their initial differentiation to cholinergic neurons and astrocytes was ascertained. On postnatal day 80, animals that had been exposed prenatally to chlorpyrifos displayed impaired Morris water maze performance, requiring more time to reach the platform. Transplantation of adult SVZ-derived neural stem cells (NSC) reversed the deficits. Applying autologous transplantation provides an important demonstration that the methodological obstacles of immunological rejection and the ethical concerns related to using embryonic stem cells may be successfully bypassed in developing stem cell therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Turgeman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel
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Encinas JL, García-Cabezas MÁ, Barkovich J, Fontecha CG, Peiró JL, Soto GMC, Borrell V, Reillo I, López-Santamaría M, Tovar JA, Farmer DL. Maldevelopment of the cerebral cortex in the surgically induced model of myelomeningocele: implications for fetal neurosurgery. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:713-722. [PMID: 21496543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to describe the malformations of cortical development detected in a model of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and the influence of surgical closure technique on developmental outcome. METHODS Using a surgically induced model of myelomeningocele (MMC) in sheep, we studied the effects of different repair methods upon the development of hydrocephalus, the presence of the Arnold-Chiari II (AC-II) hindbrain malformation, and cerebral cortex developmental anomalies using gross and histologic (hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining) study techniques. RESULTS A malformed cerebral cortex, including 2 anomalous cortical folding patterns, and lower brain weights were observed in the untreated animals. Hydrocephalus and AC-II malformations were also found in this group. These malformations were mostly prevented with prenatal 2-layer closure. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral cortical malformations and hydrocephalus, in addition to the AC-II hindbrain malformation, are disorders caused by fetal CSF leakage. These malformations were prevented with the technique of MMC closure currently used in humans. Both observations magnify the importance of the second hit associated with chronic CSF leakage, in addition to the primary defect causing the MMC, in the development of the malformation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Encinas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario "La Paz," Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - James Barkovich
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - César G Fontecha
- Pediatric Orthopedic Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario "Vall D'Hebron," Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose L Peiró
- Fetal and Neonatal Surgery Unit, Pediatric Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario "Vall D'Hebron," Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Reillo
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Juan A Tovar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario "La Paz," Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana L Farmer
- Pediatric Surgery Department and Fetal Treatment Laboratory, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
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Hwang YS, Shim I, Chang JW. Anxiety responses and neurochemical changes in a kaolin-induced rat model of hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 7:401-7. [PMID: 21456913 DOI: 10.3171/2011.1.peds10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Hydrocephalus is a pathological enlargement of the ventricles of the brain, which can result from various diseases of the central nervous system. Patients with hydrocephalus frequently show motor abnormalities, such as abnormal gait and posture, as well as intellectual and emotional impairment. The present study was designed to investigate anxiety responses in rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. METHODS A total of 26 Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Hydrocephalus was induced in 14 Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting 0.1 ml of 20% kaolin solution into the cisterna magna; 12 rats were administered the same volume of saline in the same fashion and served as controls. Seven of the rats that were injected with kaolin and 6 of the rats injected with saline were killed 3 days after injection (Group 1); the remaining rats were killed 4 weeks after injection (Group 2) to evaluate effects related to acute and chronic hydrocephalus. The rats were tested in an elevated plus maze after induction of hydrocephalus by kaolin injection. After the animals were killed, brain sections were immunostained for cholecystokinin and neuropeptide Y. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area was evaluated by immunohistological staining. RESULTS The rats with acute hydrocephalus showed decreased entry into and spent less time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze as compared with the control rats. The hydrocephalic rats had significantly more cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons and fewer neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in their brains. In addition, hydrocephalus progress in this model was positively correlated with the anxiety response. The numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons were decreased significantly in the hydrocephalic rats as compared with the control rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the rat model of hydrocephalus is characterized by increased anxiety response and is associated with the functional impairment of the central dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sup Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Abstract
In the context of spina bifida, hydrocephalus is usually caused by crowding of the posterior fossa with obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow from the forth ventricle, and less often by malformation of the cerebral aqueduct. Enlargement of the cerebral ventricles causes gradual destruction of periventricular white matter axons. Motor, sensory, visual, and memory systems may be disturbed through involvement of the long projection axons, periventricular structures including the corpus callosum, and the fimbria-fornix pathway. Secondary changes occur in neuronal cell bodies and synapses, but there is minimal death of neurons. The clinical syndrome of hydrocephalic brain dysfunction is thus due to subcortical disconnection. Some of the brain dysfunction is reversible by shunting, probably through restoration of cerebral blood flow and normalization of the extracellular environment. However, destroyed axons cannot be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Dotan S, Pinkas A, Slotkin TA, Yanai J. An avian model for the reversal of neurobehavioral teratogenicity with neural stem cells. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:481-8. [PMID: 20211723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple model which uses lower animals on the evolutionary scale is beneficial for developing procedures for the reversal of neurobehavioral teratogenicity with neural stem cells. Here, we established a procedure for the derivation of chick neural stem cells, establishing embryonic day (E) 10 as optimal for progression to neuronal phenotypes. Cells were obtained from the embryonic cerebral hemispheres and incubated for 5-7 days in enriched medium containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) according to a procedure originally developed for mice. A small percentage of the cells survived, proliferated and formed nestin-positive neurospheres. After removal of the growth factors to allow differentiation (5 days), 74% of the cells differentiated into all major lineages of the nervous system, including neurons (Beta III tubulin-positive, 54% of the total number of differentiated cells), astrocytes (GFAP-positive, 26%), and oligodendrocytes (O4-positive, 20%). These findings demonstrate that the cells were indeed neural stem cells. Next, the cells were transplanted in two allograft chick models; (1) direct cerebral transplantation to 24-h-old chicks, followed by post-transplantation cell tracking at 24 h, 6 days and 14 days, and (2) intravenous transplantation to chick embryos on E13, followed by cell tracking on E19. With both methods, transplanted cells were found in the brain. The chick embryo provides a convenient, precisely-timed and unlimited supply of neural progenitors for therapy by transplantation, as well as constituting a fast and simple model in which to evaluate the ability of neural stem cell transplantation to repair neural damage, steps that are critical for progress toward therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Dotan
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Box 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Silverberg GD, Miller MC, Machan JT, Johanson CE, Caralopoulos IN, Pascale CL, Heile A, Klinge PM. Amyloid and Tau accumulate in the brains of aged hydrocephalic rats. Brain Res 2010; 1317:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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The behavioral change of locomotor activity in a kaolin-induced hydrocephalus rat model: Evaluation of the effect on the dopaminergic system with progressive ventricle dilatation. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yanai J, Brick-Turin Y, Dotan S, Langford R, Pinkas A, Slotkin TA. A mechanism-based complementary screening approach for the amelioration and reversal of neurobehavioral teratogenicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:109-13. [PMID: 19217940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of mechanisms and outcomes for neurobehavioral teratogenesis is critical to our ability to develop therapies to ameliorate or reverse the deleterious effects of exposure to developmental neurotoxicants. We established mechanistically-based complementary models for the study of cholinergic systems in the mouse and the chick, using both environmental neurotoxicants (chlorpyrifos, perfluoroalkyls) and drugs of abuse (heroin, nicotine, PCP). Behavioral evaluations were made using the Morris maze in the mouse, evaluating visuospatial memory related to hippocampal cholinergic systems, and imprinting in the chick, examining behavior dependent on cholinergic innervation of the IMHV. In both models we demonstrated the dependence of neurobehavioral deficits on impairment of cholinergic receptor-induced expression, and translocation of specific PKC isoforms. Understanding this mechanism, we were able to reverse both the synaptic and behavioral deficits with administration of neural progenitors. We discuss the prospects for clinical application of neural progenitor therapy, emphasizing protocols for reducing or eliminating immunologic rejection, as well as minimizing invasiveness of procedures through development of intravenous administration protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yanai
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Box 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
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Kim SK, Park JY, Koo BH, Lee JH, Kim HS, Choi WK, Shim I, Lee H, Hong MC, Shin MK, Min BI, Bae H. Adenoviral gene transfer of acetylcholinesterase T subunit in the hypothalamus potentiates electroacupuncture analgesia in rats. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 8:174-80. [PMID: 19077179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies, using cDNA microarray and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, showed that acetylcholinesterase T subunit (AChET) gene was more abundantly expressed in the hypothalamus of the responder rats that were sensitive to electroacupuncture (EA) in the tail flick latency (TFL) test than in that of the non-responder rats that were insensitive to EA. In this study, we hypothesized that the expression of the AChET gene in the hypothalamus modulates EA analgesia in rats. To explore the hypothesis, we constructed an AChET-encoding adenovirus and a control virus expressing only green fluorescence protein, either of which was then injected into the hypothalamus of Sprague-Dawley rats. The hypothalamic activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly higher in rats that were injected with the AChET virus than in rats that were injected with the control virus. The basal pain threshold measured by a TFL test was not changed by microinjection of AChET or control virus into the hypothalamus when EA treatment was not conducted. However, the analgesic effect of EA was significantly enhanced from 7 days after microinjection of the AChET virus into the hypothalamus but not after injection of the control virus. Furthermore, expression of the AChET in the hypothalamus did not affect body core temperature, body weight, motor function or learning and memory ability. Taken together, these results suggest that adenoviral expression of the AChET gene in the hypothalamus potentiates EA analgesia in rats without apparent side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Encinas Hernández JL, Soto C, García-Cabezas MA, Pederiva F, Garriboli M, Rodríguez R, Peiró JL, Carceller F, López-Santamaría M, Tovar JA. Brain malformations in the sheep model of myelomeningocele are similar to those found in human disease: preliminary report. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24:1335-40. [PMID: 18989683 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-008-2276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if brain malformations, similar to those which account for cognitive disorders seen in human disease, are present in an ovine model of myelomeningocele (MMC). METHODS An MMC-like lesion was surgically created in 16 fetal lambs between 60 and 80 days of gestation. Ten did not undergo fetal repair (group A), 2 were repaired with an open two-layer closure (group B), 2 with open bioglue coverage (group C) and 2 with fetoscopic coverage (group D). Lambs were killed and their brains were examined. Two brains from normal unoperated lambs served as controls. RESULTS Thirteen lambs died in utero (81%). Two lambs in group A and 1 in group B were delivered at term. Group A brains showed hydrocephalus and extensive areas of polymicrogyria. There was also an extensive denudation of the ependymal lining under the polymicrogyric areas and the corpus callosum was thinner than normal. No hindbrain herniation was observed. Brains from group B and the control did not show any of these abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Some of the central nervous system abnormalities associated to MMC in human patients are also found in the uncorrected fetal lamb model of MMC but not in the only survivor to intrauterine coverage. Further studies are necessary to ascertain if these abnormalities can be prevented by coverage of the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Encinas Hernández
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging to develop an improved morphological understanding of the abnormalities of the forebrain in Chiari II malformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-four patients with Chiari II malformations investigated between 1999 and 2007 were enrolled. Imaging was retrospectively reviewed by two pediatric neuroradiologists, with special attention given to diencephalon, midline commissures, hemispheric white matter, and cortex. RESULTS An abnormal gray matter structure that we called hypothalamic adhesion across the anterior-inferior portion of the third ventricle was noted in 48.6%. The anterior commissure was in a low position in the lamina terminalis in 38%. Gross abnormalities of the corpus callosum/hippocampal commissure were found in 57%; they were, however, different from the abnormalities seen in classical commissural agenesis. An abnormal bundle of white matter forming a callosal ridge was noted on the dorsal callosal surface in 60%; it is believed to represent the aberrant cingular bundle recently identified using diffusion tensor imaging. Hemispheric white matter could be considered as normal in 48%, deficient posteriorly in 55%, and globally in 10%. Cortical posterior medial stenogyria was observed in 72%. Gray matter heterotopias were found in 19%. The posterior limbic cortex was thin and dysplastic in 46%. Hippocampi were commonly abnormal (85%), with atypical sulcation of the adjacent temporo-mesial cortex (93%). CONCLUSION Major structural abnormalities were common in Chiari II malformation and were probably not related to hydrocephalus. Important anatomical structures involved in neurocognitive function should be considered as factors in the prognostic assessment of Chiari II patients.
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Tada T, Zhan H, Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. Intraventricular administration of hepatocyte growth factor treats mouse communicating hydrocephalus induced by transforming growth factor beta1. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 21:576-86. [PMID: 16352434 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communicating hydrocephalus may occur spontaneously in elderly patients or occur as a complication of meningitis or intracranial hemorrhage, typically as a result of fibrosis along the route of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has anti-fibrotic properties and is a promising candidate for the treatment of various fibrotic diseases. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous HGF (30 microg of human recombinant (hr) HGF intraventricularly for 7 or 14 days) in a model of hr transforming growth factor beta1-induced communicating hydrocephalus in C57BL/6 mice. HGF treatment resulted in a reduction of ventriculomegaly, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging, and improved spatial memory. Further, ink passage test demonstrated improvement of normalized CSF in flow in mice receiving HGF treatment as opposed to delayed CSF flow in the hydrocephalic mice at baseline. Finally, histological examination in hydrocephalic mice undergoing HGF treatment revealed reduction of collagen fibers in the meninges and normalization of their structures. These results indicate that exogenous HGF may be of utility in the treatment of hydrocephalus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Marinou K, Tsakiris S, Tsopanakis C, Schulpis KH, Behrakis P. Suckling rat brain regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity in galactosaemia in vitro. Metab Brain Dis 2005; 20:227-36. [PMID: 16167200 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-005-7210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of in vitro galactosaemia on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in different suckling rat brain regions. Various concentrations of galactose (Gal), galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and/or galactitol (Galtol) were preincubated for 1 h with homogenates from frontal cortex, hippocampus and for 1-3 h with hypothalamus homogenates at 37( composite function)C. AChE activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Mixture A (Gal-1-P (2 mM), Galtol (2 mM), and Gal (4 mM) (=brain concentrations in classical galactosaemia)) or mixture B (Galtol (2 mM) and Gal (1 mM) (=brain concentrations in galactokinase deficiency galactosaemia)) inhibited by 18-20% (P < 0.01) AChE activity in frontal cortex or hippocampus homogenates. Gal-1-P (2-8 mM) reduced AChE activity by 20% (P < 0.01) on frontal cortex and hippocampus homogenates. Galtol (2-8 mM) resulted in an AChE inhibition (20-22% (P < 0.01)) in hippocampus, 2 mM of the substance had the same effect (20%, P < 0.01) on frontal cortex, whereas higher concentrations (4-8 mM) failed to decrease the enzyme activity anymore. Gal (1-8 mM) did not change AChE activity in the studied areas. Additionally, the hypothalamus enzyme activity was measured considerably high and remained unaltered in the presence of the above compounds. In conclusion, AChE activity was significantly higher in hypothalamus compared with those in frontal cortex and hippocampus. Frontal cortex and hippocampus AChE was significantly inhibited by Gal derivatives, whereas hypothalamus AChE activity remained unaltered possibly due to the histologically different innervation of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakoula Marinou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Beer A, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Aldridge JE, Yanai J. Nicotine therapy in adulthood reverses the synaptic and behavioral deficits elicited by prenatal exposure to phenobarbital. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:156-65. [PMID: 15496940 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major objective in identifying the mechanisms underlying neurobehavioral teratogenicity is the possibility of designing therapies that reverse or offset drug- or toxicant-induced neural damage. In our previous studies, we identified deficits in hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptor-induced membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)gamma as the likely mechanism responsible for adverse behavioral effects of prenatal phenobarbital exposure. We therefore explored whether behavioral and synaptic defects could be reversed in adulthood by nicotine administration. Pregnant mice were given milled food containing phenobarbital to achieve a daily dose of 0.5-0.6 g/kg from gestational days 9-18. In adulthood, offspring showed deficits in the Morris maze, a behavior dependent on the integrity of septohippocampal cholinergic synaptic function, along with the loss of the PKCgamma response. Phenobarbital-exposed and control mice then received nicotine (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days via osmotic minipumps. Nicotine reversed the behavioral deficits and restored the normal response of hippocampal PKCgamma to cholinergic receptor stimulation. The effects were regionally specific, as PKCgamma in the cerebellum was unaffected by either phenobarbital or nicotine; furthermore, in the hippocampus, PKC isoforms unrelated to the behavioral deficits showed no changes. Nicotine administration thus offers a potential therapy for reversing neurobehavioral deficits originating in septohippocampal cholinergic defects elicited by prenatal drug or toxicant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Beer
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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