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Yeon JY, Hwang JY, Lee HW, Pyeon HJ, Won JS, Noh YJ, Nam H, Joo KM. Optimized Clump Culture Methods for Adult Human Multipotent Neural Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113380. [PMID: 30380605 PMCID: PMC6274905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human multipotent neural cell (ahMNC) is a candidate for regeneration therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we developed a primary clump culture method for ahMNCs to increase the efficiency of isolation and in vitro expansion. The same amount of human temporal lobe (1 g) was partially digested and then filtered through strainers with various pore sizes, resulting in four types of clumps: Clump I > 100 µm, 70 µm < Clump II < 100 µm, 40 µm < Clump III < 70 µm, and Clump IV < 40 µm. At 3 and 6 days after culture, Clump II showed significantly higher number of colonies than the other Clumps. Moreover, ahMNCs derived from Clump II (ahMNCs-Clump II) showed stable proliferation, and shortened the time to first passage from 19 to 15 days, and the time to 1 × 109 cells from 42 to 34 days compared with the previous single-cell method. ahMNCs-Clump II had neural differentiation and pro-angiogenic potentials, which are the characteristics of ahMNCs. In conclusion, the novel clump culture method for ahMNCs has significantly higher efficiency than previous techniques. Considering the small amount of available human brain tissue, the clump culture method would promote further clinical applications of ahMNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Young Yeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Hee-Jang Pyeon
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Seob Won
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Yoo-Jung Noh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Hyun Nam
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.
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2
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Brain tissue banking for stem cells for our future. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39394. [PMID: 27991551 PMCID: PMC5171803 DOI: 10.1038/srep39394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In our lab we study neurogenesis and the development of brain tumors. We work towards treatment strategies for glioblastoma and towards using autologous neural stem cells for tissue regeneration strategies for brain damage and neurodegenerative disorders. It has been our policy to try to establish living cell cultures from all human biopsy material that we obtain. We hypothesized that small pieces of brain tissue could be cryopreserved and that live neural stem cells could be recovered at a later time. DMSO has been shown to possess a remarkable ability to diffuse through cell membranes and pass into cell interiors. Its chemical properties prevent the formation of damaging ice crystals thus allowing cell storage at or below −180 C. We report here a protocol for successful freezing of small pieces of tissue derived from human brain and human brain tumours. Virtually all specimens could be successfully revived. Assays of phenotype and behaviour show that the cell cultures derived were equivalent to those cultures previously derived from fresh tissue.
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3
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Stangeland B, Mughal AA, Grieg Z, Sandberg CJ, Joel M, Nygård S, Meling T, Murrell W, Vik Mo EO, Langmoen IA. Combined expressional analysis, bioinformatics and targeted proteomics identify new potential therapeutic targets in glioblastoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26192-215. [PMID: 26295306 PMCID: PMC4694895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is both the most common and the most lethal primary brain tumor. It is thought that GBM stem cells (GSCs) are critically important in resistance to therapy. Therefore, there is a strong rationale to target these cells in order to develop new molecular therapies. To identify molecular targets in GSCs, we compared gene expression in GSCs to that in neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult human brain, using microarrays. Bioinformatic filtering identified 20 genes (PBK/TOPK, CENPA, KIF15, DEPDC1, CDC6, DLG7/DLGAP5/HURP, KIF18A, EZH2, HMMR/RHAMM/CD168, NOL4, MPP6, MDM1, RAPGEF4, RHBDD1, FNDC3B, FILIP1L, MCC, ATXN7L4/ATXN7L1, P2RY5/LPAR6 and FAM118A) that were consistently expressed in GSC cultures and consistently not expressed in NSC cultures. The expression of these genes was confirmed in clinical samples (TCGA and REMBRANDT). The first nine genes were highly co-expressed in all GBM subtypes and were part of the same protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, their combined up-regulation correlated negatively with patient survival in the mesenchymal GBM subtype. Using targeted proteomics and the COGNOSCENTE database we linked these genes to GBM signalling pathways. Nine genes: PBK, CENPA, KIF15, DEPDC1, CDC6, DLG7, KIF18A, EZH2 and HMMR should be further explored as targets for treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Stangeland
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Awais A Mughal
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zanina Grieg
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Jonsgar Sandberg
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mrinal Joel
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Nygård
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Meling
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wayne Murrell
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar O Vik Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Nam H, Lee KH, Nam DH, Joo KM. Adult human neural stem cell therapeutics: Current developmental status and prospect. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:126-136. [PMID: 25621112 PMCID: PMC4300923 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, regenerative therapies using stem cell technologies have been developed for various neurological diseases. Although stem cell therapy is an attractive option to reverse neural tissue damage and to recover neurological deficits, it is still under development so as not to show significant treatment effects in clinical settings. In this review, we discuss the scientific and clinical basics of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), and their current developmental status as cell therapeutics for neurological disease. Compared with other types of stem cells, aNSCs have clinical advantages, such as limited proliferation, inborn differentiation potential into functional neural cells, and no ethical issues. In spite of the merits of aNSCs, difficulties in the isolation from the normal brain, and in the in vitro expansion, have blocked preclinical and clinical study using aNSCs. However, several groups have recently developed novel techniques to isolate and expand aNSCs from normal adult brains, and showed successful applications of aNSCs to neurological diseases. With new technologies for aNSCs and their clinical strengths, previous hurdles in stem cell therapies for neurological diseases could be overcome, to realize clinically efficacious regenerative stem cell therapeutics.
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Marei HES, Farag A, Althani A, Afifi N, Abd-Elmaksoud A, Lashen S, Rezk S, Pallini R, Casalbore P, Cenciarelli C. Human olfactory bulb neural stem cells expressing hNGF restore cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease rat model. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:116-30. [PMID: 24911171 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to demonstrate the fate of allogenic adult human olfactory bulb neural stem/progenitor cells (OBNSC/NPCs) transplanted into the rat hippocampus treated with ibotenic acid (IBO), a neurotoxicant specific to hippocampal cholinergic neurons that are lost in Alzheimer's disease. We assessed their possible ability to survive, integrate, proliferate, and differentiate into different neuronal and glial elements: we also evaluate their possible therapeutic potential, and the mechanism(s) relevant to neuroprotection following their engraftment into the CNS milieu. OBNSC/NPCs were isolated from adult human olfactory bulb patients, genetically engineered to express GFP and human nerve growth factor (hNGF) by lentivirus-mediated infection, and stereotaxically transplanted into the hippocampus of IBO-treated animals and controls. Stereological analysis of engrafted OBNSCs eight weeks post transplantation revealed a 1.89 fold increase with respect to the initial cell population, indicating a marked ability for survival and proliferation. In addition, 54.71 ± 11.38%, 30.18 ± 6.00%, and 15.09 ± 5.38% of engrafted OBNSCs were identified by morphological criteria suggestive of mature neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes respectively. Taken together, this work demonstrated that human OBNSCs expressing NGF ameliorate the cognitive deficiencies associated with IBO-induced lesions in AD model rats, and the improvement can probably be attributed primarily to neuronal and glial cell replacement as well as the trophic influence exerted by the secreted NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E S Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Sandberg CJ, Vik-Mo EO, Behnan J, Helseth E, Langmoen IA. Transcriptional profiling of adult neural stem-like cells from the human brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114739. [PMID: 25514637 PMCID: PMC4267785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great potential for the development of new cell replacement strategies based on adult human neural stem-like cells. However, little is known about the hierarchy of cells and the unique molecular properties of stem- and progenitor cells of the nervous system. Stem cells from the adult human brain can be propagated and expanded in vitro as free floating neurospheres that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all three cell types of the central nervous system. Here we report the first global gene expression study of adult human neural stem-like cells originating from five human subventricular zone biopsies (mean age 42, range 33–60). Compared to adult human brain tissue, we identified 1,189 genes that were significantly up- and down-regulated in adult human neural stem-like cells (1% false discovery rate). We found that adult human neural stem-like cells express stem cell markers and have reduced levels of markers that are typical of the mature cells in the nervous system. We report that the genes being highly expressed in adult human neural stem-like cells are associated with developmental processes and the extracellular region of the cell. The calcium signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions are enriched among the most differentially regulated genes between adult human neural stem-like cells and adult human brain tissue. We confirmed the expression of 10 of the most up-regulated genes in adult human neural stem-like cells in an additional sample set that included adult human neural stem-like cells (n = 6), foetal human neural stem cells (n = 1) and human brain tissues (n = 12). The NGFR, SLITRK6 and KCNS3 receptors were further investigated by immunofluorescence and shown to be heterogeneously expressed in spheres. These receptors could potentially serve as new markers for the identification and characterisation of neural stem- and progenitor cells or as targets for manipulation of cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Jonsgar Sandberg
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Einar O. Vik-Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jinan Behnan
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Helseth
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A. Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (CAST), Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Stem Cell Center, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Lojewski X, Hermann A, Wegner F, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Hallmeyer-Elgner S, Kirsch M, Schwarz J, Schöler HR, Storch A. Human adult white matter progenitor cells are multipotent neuroprogenitors similar to adult hippocampal progenitors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:458-69. [PMID: 24558163 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural progenitor cells (aNPC) are a potential autologous cell source for cell replacement in neurologic diseases or for cell-based gene therapy of neurometabolic diseases. Easy accessibility, long-term expandability, and detailed characterization of neural progenitor cell (NPC) properties are important requisites for their future translational/clinical applications. aNPC can be isolated from different regions of the adult human brain, including the accessible subcortical white matter (aNPCWM), but systematic studies comparing long-term expanded aNPCWM with aNPC from neurogenic brain regions are not available. Freshly isolated cells from subcortical white matter and hippocampus expressed oligodendrocyte progenitor cell markers such as A2B5, neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) in ∼20% of cells but no neural stem cell (NSC) markers such as CD133 (Prominin1), Nestin, SOX2, or PAX6. The epidermal growth factor receptor protein was expressed in 18% of aNPCWM and 7% of hippocampal aNPC (aNPCHIP), but only a small fraction of cells, 1 of 694 cells from white matter and 1 of 1,331 hippocampal cells, was able to generate neurospheres. Studies comparing subcortical aNPCWM with their hippocampal counterparts showed that both NPC types expressed mainly markers of glial origin such as NG2, A2B5, and OLIG2, and the NSC/NPC marker Nestin, but no pericyte markers. Both NPC types were able to produce neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in amounts comparable to fetal NSC. Whole transcriptome analyses confirmed the strong similarity of aNPCWM to aNPCHIP. Our data show that aNPCWM are multipotent NPC with long-term expandability similar to NPC from hippocampus, making them a more easily accessible source for possible autologous NPC-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Lojewski
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
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Expansion of multipotent stem cells from the adult human brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71334. [PMID: 23967194 PMCID: PMC3743777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of stem cells in the adult human brain has revealed new possible scenarios for treatment of the sick or injured brain. Both clinical use of and preclinical research on human adult neural stem cells have, however, been seriously hampered by the fact that it has been impossible to passage these cells more than a very few times and with little expansion of cell numbers. Having explored a number of alternative culturing conditions we here present an efficient method for the establishment and propagation of human brain stem cells from whatever brain tissue samples we have tried. We describe virtually unlimited expansion of an authentic stem cell phenotype. Pluripotency proteins Sox2 and Oct4 are expressed without artificial induction. For the first time multipotency of adult human brain-derived stem cells is demonstrated beyond tissue boundaries. We characterize these cells in detail in vitro including microarray and proteomic approaches. Whilst clarification of these cells' behavior is ongoing, results so far portend well for the future repair of tissues by transplantation of an adult patient's own-derived stem cells.
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Sandberg CJ, Altschuler G, Jeong J, Strømme KK, Stangeland B, Murrell W, Grasmo-Wendler UH, Myklebost O, Helseth E, Vik-Mo EO, Hide W, Langmoen IA. Comparison of glioma stem cells to neural stem cells from the adult human brain identifies dysregulated Wnt- signaling and a fingerprint associated with clinical outcome. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2230-43. [PMID: 23791939 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumor. Median survival in unselected patients is <10 months. The tumor harbors stem-like cells that self-renew and propagate upon serial transplantation in mice, although the clinical relevance of these cells has not been well documented. We have performed the first genome-wide analysis that directly relates the gene expression profile of nine enriched populations of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) to five identically isolated and cultivated populations of stem cells from the normal adult human brain. Although the two cell types share common stem- and lineage-related markers, GSCs show a more heterogeneous gene expression. We identified a number of pathways that are dysregulated in GSCs. A subset of these pathways has previously been identified in leukemic stem cells, suggesting that cancer stem cells of different origin may have common features. Genes upregulated in GSCs were also highly expressed in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. We found that canonical Wnt-signaling plays an important role in GSCs, but not in adult human neural stem cells. As well we identified a 30-gene signature highly overexpressed in GSCs. The expression of these signature genes correlates with clinical outcome and demonstrates the clinical relevance of GSCs.
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Joo KM, Kang BG, Yeon JY, Cho YJ, An JY, Song HS, Won JH, Kim SJ, Hong SC, Nam DH. Experimental and clinical factors influencing long-term stable in vitro expansion of multipotent neural cells from human adult temporal lobes. Exp Neurol 2012. [PMID: 23201097 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autologous adult human neural stem cells may be used for regenerative cell therapies bypass potential ethical problems. However, stable in vitro expansion protocols and experimental/clinical factors influencing primary cultures need to be further elucidated for clinically applicable techniques. To address these issues, we obtained biopsy specimens from 23 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and adult human multipotent neural cells (ahMNCs) were primarily cultured in a defined attachment culture condition. When the success of primary cultures was defined as stable expansion of cells (>ten in vitro passages) and expression of NSC markers, success rate of the primary culture was 39% (nine of 23 temporal lobes). During the long-term expansion, expressions of NSC markers and differentiation potentials into astrocytes and neurons were maintained. After the 18th sub-culture, spontaneous senescence and differentiation were observed, and the cultivated ahMNCs ceased their proliferation. The culture results were not affected by seizure characteristics; however, an older age (>40 years) and a smaller sample volume (<2 ml) were found to exert negative influences on the primary culture results. Furthermore therapeutic effects of ahMNCs against stroke were analyzed in an animal model. Transplantation of ahMNCs cells reduced infarction volumes and enhanced motor activity, significantly. The results here would provide promising experimental and clinical strategy of using patient-specific autologous ahMNCs in regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, #300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
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12
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Park TIH, Monzo H, Mee EW, Bergin PS, Teoh HH, Montgomery JM, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Dragunow M. Adult human brain neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and fibroblast-like cells have similar properties in vitro but only NPCs differentiate into neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37742. [PMID: 22675489 PMCID: PMC3366988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to culture neural progenitor cells from the adult human brain has provided an exciting opportunity to develop and test potential therapies on adult human brain cells. To achieve a reliable and reproducible adult human neural progenitor cell (AhNPC) culture system for this purpose, this study fully characterized the cellular composition of the AhNPC cultures, as well as the possible changes to this in vitro system over prolonged culture periods. We isolated cells from the neurogenic subventricular zone/hippocampus (SVZ/HP) of the adult human brain and found a heterogeneous culture population comprised of several types of post-mitotic brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and more importantly, two distinct mitotic cell populations; the AhNPCs, and the fibroblast-like cells (FbCs). These two populations can easily be mistaken for a single population of AhNPCs, as they both proliferate under AhNPC culture conditions, form spheres and express neural progenitor cell and early neuronal markers, all of which are characteristics of AhNPCs in vitro. However, despite these similarities under proliferating conditions, under neuronal differentiation conditions, only the AhNPCs differentiated into functional neurons and glia. Furthermore, AhNPCs showed limited proliferative capacity that resulted in their depletion from culture by 5–6 passages, while the FbCs, which appear to be from a neurovascular origin, displayed a greater proliferative capacity and dominated the long-term cultures. This gradual change in cellular composition resulted in a progressive decline in neurogenic potential without the apparent loss of self-renewal in our cultures. These results demonstrate that while AhNPCs and FbCs behave similarly under proliferative conditions, they are two different cell populations. This information is vital for the interpretation and reproducibility of AhNPC experiments and suggests an ideal time frame for conducting AhNPC-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas In-Hyeup Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hector Monzo
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward W. Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Bergin
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Gene expression profile of adult human olfactory bulb and embryonic neural stem cell suggests distinct signaling pathways and epigenetic control. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33542. [PMID: 22485144 PMCID: PMC3317670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling was performed using RNA from human embryonic neural stem cells (hENSC), and adult human olfactory bulb-derived neural stem cells (OBNSCs), to define a gene expression pattern and signaling pathways that are specific for each cell lineage. We have demonstrated large differences in the gene expression profile of human embryonic NSC, and adult human OBNSCs, but less variability between parallel cultures. Transcripts of genes involved in neural tube development and patterning (ALDH1A2, FOXA2), progenitor marker genes (LMX1a, ALDH1A1, SOX10), proliferation of neural progenitors (WNT1 and WNT3a), neuroplastin (NPTN), POU3F1 (OCT6), neuroligin (NLGN4X), MEIS2, and NPAS1 were up-regulated in both cell populations. By Gene Ontology, 325 out of 3875 investigated gene sets were scientifically different. 41 out of the 307 investigated Cellular Component (CC) categories, 45 out of the 620 investigated Molecular Function (MF) categories, and 239 out of the 2948 investigated Biological Process (BP) categories were significant. KEGG Pathway Class Comparison had revealed that 75 out of 171 investigated gene sets passed the 0.005 significance threshold. Levels of gene expression were explored in three signaling pathways, Notch, Wnt, and mTOR that are known to be involved in NS cell fates determination. The transcriptional signature also deciphers the role of genes involved in epigenetic modifications. SWI/SNF DNA chromatin remodeling complex family, including SMARCC1 and SMARCE1, were found specifically up-regulated in our OBNSC but not in hENSC. Differences in gene expression profile of transcripts controlling epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways might indicate differences in the therapeutic potential of our examined two cell populations in relation to in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation following engraftments in different CNS insults.
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Neuroprotective effects of human mesenchymal stem cells on neural cultures exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine: implications for reparative therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Apoptosis 2011; 17:289-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Azevedo-Pereira RL, Medei E, Mendez-Otero R, Souza JPBMD, Alves-Leon SV. Isolation of neurosphere-like bodies from an adult patient with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2011; 68:956-8. [PMID: 21243259 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2010000600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vik-Mo EO, Reinlie S, Helseth E, Langmoen IA. Neurosurgery in Oslo. World Neurosurg 2011; 74:402-6. [PMID: 21492578 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurosurgery in Oslo, Norway, was founded by the pioneer Vilhelm Magnus in the beginning of the 20th century. Through the contributions of important surgeons such as Arne Torkildsen, Kristian Kristiansen, and Helge Nornes, Norwegian neurosurgery has developed into an active clinical and technologically oriented surgical specialty. Since the unification of neurosurgical procedures in Oslo in January 2010 into one department, it is one of the largest neurosurgical departments in Europe with more than 4500 surgeries performed per year covering all aspects of neurosurgery. The department's scientific focus is on clinical studies, in close collaboration with supportive clinical departments; through interaction with basic science stem cell groups, an increasing effort is being made in translational cellular and molecular medicine.
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Olstorn H, Varghese M, Murrell W, Moe MC, Langmoen IA. Predifferentiated brain-derived adult human progenitor cells migrate toward ischemia after transplantation to the adult rat brain. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:213-22; discussion 222. [PMID: 21099718 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3181fd2c11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adult human brain contains neural stem/progenitor cells (AHNPCs) that can survive transplantation into the adult rat brain, migrate toward a lesion, and display limited neuronal differentiation in vivo. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of manipulating AHNPCs before grafting by predifferentiation, ie, initiating neuronal differentiation before transplantation, and to determine whether this cell priming would affect their ability to migrate in vivo. METHODS AHNPCs were prepared from temporal lobe resections for epilepsy. Seven days after global brain ischemia, predifferentiated AHNPCs (exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor, heparin, and laminin) were transplanted to the left hippocampus. Four and 10 weeks after transplantation, brain sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Transplanted primed cells expressed committed neuronal markers at a much earlier stage compared with nonprimed AHNPCs and were found colabeled with human markers within the damaged CA1 region 4 weeks after grafting. Furthermore, predifferentiated AHNPCs migrated preferentially into an ischemic lesion, similar to their undifferentiated counterparts. The chemoattractant effect from the expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) in ischemic CA1 on AHNPCs expressing CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) may explain this preference in migration in vivo. CONCLUSION The plasticity of neural progenitors derived from the adult human brain may be greater than previously assumed in that manipulation before grafting may influence the phenotypes seen in vivo. The SDF-1α-CXCR4 axis is involved in the targeted migration toward an ischemic lesion in the adult rat brain, similar to previous reports on endogenous progenitors in rats and grafted fetal human neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havard Olstorn
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Fox LE, Shen J, Ma K, Liu Q, Shi G, Pappas GD, Qu T, Cheng J. Membrane properties of neuron-like cells generated from adult human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1831-41. [PMID: 20394468 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MeSCs) isolated from human bone marrow are capable of generating neural stem cell (NSC)-like cells that can be subsequently differentiated into cells expressing molecular markers for neurons. Here we report that these neuron-like cells had functional properties similar to those of brain-derived neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging experiments were performed on neuron-like cells differentiated from bone-marrow-derived NSC-like cells. The neuron-like cells were subjected to current pulses to determine if they were capable of generating depolarization-induced action potentials. We found that nearly all of the cells with neuron-like morphology exhibited active membrane properties in response to the depolarizing pulses. The most common response was a single spike-like event with an overshoot and brief afterhyperpolarization. Cells that did not generate overshooting spike-like events usually displayed rectifying current-voltage relationships. The prevalence of these active membrane properties in response to the depolarizing current pulses suggested that the human MeSCs (hMeSCs) were capable of converting to a neural lineage under defined culture conditions. The spike-like events were blocked by the voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor lidocaine, but unaffected by another sodium channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX). In calcium imaging experiments, the neuron-like cells responded to potassium chloride depolarization and l-glutamate application with increases in the cytoplasmic calcium levels. Thus, the neuron-like cells appeared to express TTX-resistant voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, and functional l-glutamate receptors. These results demonstrate that hMeSCs were capable of generating cells with characteristics typical of functional neurons that may prove useful for neuroreplacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle E Fox
- Department of Pain Management, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Annenkov A. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor type 1 (IGF1R) as an essential component of the signalling network regulating neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:195-215. [PMID: 19714501 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1 (IGF1R) signalling pathway is activated in the mammalian nervous system from early developmental stages. Its major effect on developing neural cells is to promote their growth and survival. This pathway can integrate its action with signalling pathways of growth and morphogenetic factors that induce cell fate specification and selective expansion of specified neural cell subsets. This suggests that during developmental and adult neurogenesis cellular responses to many signalling factors, including ligands of Notch, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor family members, ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor, bone morphogenetic proteins and Wingless and Int-1, may be modified by co-activation of the IGF1R. Modulation of cell migration is another possible role that IGF1R activation may play in neurogenesis. Here, I briefly overview neurogenesis and discuss a role for IGF1R-mediated signalling in the developing and mature nervous system with emphasis on crosstalk between the signalling pathways of the IGF1R and other factors regulating neural cell development and migration. Studies on neural as well as on non-neural cells are highlighted because it may be interesting to test in neurogenic paradigms some of the models based on the information obtained in studies on non-neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, UK.
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Leonard BW, Mastroeni D, Grover A, Liu Q, Yang K, Gao M, Wu J, Pootrakul D, van den Berge SA, Hol EM, Rogers J. Subventricular zone neural progenitors from rapid brain autopsies of elderly subjects with and without neurodegenerative disease. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:269-94. [PMID: 19425077 PMCID: PMC2757160 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In mice and in young adult humans, the subventricular zone (SVZ) contains multipotent, dividing astrocytes, some of which, when cultured, produce neurospheres that differentiate into neurons and glia. It is unknown whether the SVZ of very old humans has this capacity. Here, we report that neural stem/progenitor cells can also be cultured from rapid autopsy samples of SVZ from elderly human subjects, including patients with age-related neurologic disorders. Histological sections of SVZ from these cases showed a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive ribbon of astrocytes similar to the astrocyte ribbon in human periventricular white matter biopsies that is reported to be a rich source of neural progenitors. Cultures of the SVZ contained 1) neurospheres with a core of Musashi-1-, nestin-, and nucleostemin-immunopositive cells as well as more differentiated GFAP-positive astrocytes; 2) SMI-311-, MAP2a/b-, and beta-tubulin(III)-positive neurons; and 3) galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes. Neurospheres continued to generate differentiated progeny for months after primary culturing, in some cases nearly 2 years postinitial plating. Patch clamp studies of differentiated SVZ cells expressing neuron-specific antigens revealed voltage-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive, inward Na+ currents and voltage-dependent, delayed, slowly inactivating K+ currents, electrophysiologic characteristics of neurons. A subpopulation of these cells also exhibited responses consistent with the kinetics and pharmacology of the h-current. However, although these cells displayed some aspects of neuronal function, they remained immature, insofar as they did not fire action potentials. These studies suggest that human neural progenitor activity may remain viable throughout much of the life span, even in the face of severe neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Grover
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, U.S.A
| | - Qiang Liu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | - Kechun Yang
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | - Ming Gao
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | - Jie Wu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | | | - Simone A. van den Berge
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the NetherlandsRoyal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BAAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the NetherlandsRoyal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BAAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Rogers
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, U.S.A
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Varghese M, Olstorn H, Berg-Johnsen J, Moe MC, Murrell W, Langmoen IA. Isolation of human multipotent neural progenitors from adult filum terminale. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:603-13. [PMID: 18652547 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been isolated from several CNS regions, including the spinal cord. However, the terminal end of the spinal cord, filum terminale, has been referred to as a fibrovascular tag without neurogenic potential and of no clinical significance. Recently, we were fortunate to acquire some samples of this tissue. We show for the first time that progenitor cells exhibiting the hallmarks of stem cells can be isolated from adult human filum terminale (FTNPs). More specifically, FTNPs self-renew and proliferate to form neurospheres, and exhibit tripotent differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Equally important, FTNPs develop the electrophysiological profile of neurons and glia. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings show beta-III-tubulin(+) neurons exhibiting overshooting action potentials, displaying both the fast inactivating TTX-sensitive sodium current as well as 4-AP and TEA sensitive potassium currents. To assess potency in vivo, FTNPs were transplanted into the posterior periventricular region of control or ischemic rat brains. Despite a vigorous immune response against the xenograft, FTNPs survived and were found not only in the graft area but had also migrated to the lesioned CA1 region. Notwithstanding the immune response, FTNPs differentiated into astrocytes, but no neuronal differentiation was observed in the transplant milieu tested. However, neuronal differentiation in vivo cannot be ruled out and assessment of the conditions necessary to promote neurogenesis in vivo requires more research. Significantly, no tumor formation or aberrant cell morphology was seen in or adjacent to the graft area. Thus, filum terminale provides a novel source of adult human neural progenitor cells that develop into functional neurons with possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Varghese
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Varghese M, Olstorn H, Sandberg C, Vik-Mo EO, Noordhuis P, Nistér M, Berg-Johnsen J, Moe MC, Langmoen IA. A comparison between stem cells from the adult human brain and from brain tumors. Neurosurgery 2009; 63:1022-33; discussion 1033-4. [PMID: 19057315 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000335792.85142.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To directly compare stem cells from the normal adult human brain (adult human neural stem cells [AHNSC]), Grade II astrocytomas (AC II), and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with respect to proliferative and tumor-forming capacity and differentiation potential. METHODS Cells were isolated from tissue obtained during epilepsy surgery (AHNSCs) or tumor surgery (glioma stem cells [GSC]). They were cultured and investigated in vitro or after transplantation in immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Under identical experimental conditions, the following were found: 1) GBM stem cells formed tumors after orthotopic transplantation; AHNSCs showed no sign of tumor formation; 2) GSCs showed a significantly higher growth rate and self-renewal capacity; 3) both the growth rate and telomerase expression were high in GSCs and correlated with malignancy grade (GBM higher than AC II); AHNSCs had low telomerase expression; 4) GSCs invaded normal neurospheres, not vice versa; 5) both AHNSCs and stem cells from AC II and GBM responded to differentiation cues with a dramatic decrease in the proliferation index (Ki-67); 6) GSCs differentiated faster than AHNSCs; 7) upon differentiation, AHNSCs produced normal glia and neurons; GSCs produced morphologically aberrant cells often expressing both glial and neuronal antigens; and 8) differentiation of AHNSCs resulted in 2 typical functional phenotypes: neurons (high electrical membrane resistance, ability to generate action potentials) and glial cells (low membrane resistance, no action potentials). In contrast, GSCs resulted in only 1 functional phenotype: cells with high electrical resistance and active membrane properties capable of generating action potentials. CONCLUSION AHNSCs and stem cells from AC II and GBM differ with respect to proliferation, tumor-forming capacity, and rate and pattern of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Varghese
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Lim CG, Kim SS, Suh-Kim H, Lee YD, Ahn SC. Characterization of ionic currents in human neural stem cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 12:131-5. [PMID: 19967046 PMCID: PMC2788626 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.4.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The profile of membrane currents was investigated in differentiated neuronal cells derived from human neural stem cells (hNSCs) that were obtained from aborted fetal cortex. Whole-cell voltage clamp recording revealed at least 4 different currents: a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na(+) current, a hyperpolarization-activated inward current, and A-type and delayed rectifier-type K(+) outward currents. Both types of K(+) outward currents were blocked by either 5 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). The hyperpolarization-activated current resembled the classical K(+) inward current in that it exhibited a voltage-dependent block in the presence of external Ba(2+) (30microM) or Cs(+) (3microM). However, the reversal potentials did not match well with the predicted K(+) equilibrium potentials, suggesting that it was not a classical K(+) inward rectifier current. The other Na(+) inward current resembled the classical Na(+) current observed in pharmacological studies. The expression of these channels may contribute to generation and repolarization of action potential and might be regarded as functional markers for hNSCs-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Gil Lim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science Zucheon 406-799, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Young-Don Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Ahn
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Elder JB, Hoh DJ, Oh BC, Heller AC, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML. THE FUTURE OF CEREBRAL SURGERY. Neurosurgery 2008; 62:1555-79; discussion 1579-82. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000333820.33143.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Greenfield JP, Ayuso-Sacido A, Schwartz TH, Pannullo S, Souweidane M, Stieg PE, Boockvar JA. Use of human neural tissue for the generation of progenitors. Neurosurgery 2008; 62:21-37; discussion 27-30. [PMID: 18300889 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000311059.87873.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that a better understanding of normal human brain stem cells and tumor stem cells (TSCs) will have profound implications for treating central nervous system disease during the next decade. Neurosurgeons routinely resect excess surgical tissue containing either normal brain stem cells or TSCs. These cells are immediately available for expansion and use in basic biological assays, animal implantation, and comparative analysis studies. Although normal stem cells have much slower kinetics of expansion than TSCs, they are easily expandable and can be frozen for future use in stem cell banks. This nearly limitless resource holds promise for understanding the basic biology of normal brain stem cells and TSCs, which will likely direct the next major shift in therapeutics for brain tumors, brain and spinal cord injury, and neurodegenerative disease. This report reviews the progress that has been made in harvesting and expanding both normal and tumor-derived stem cells and emphasizes the integral role neurosurgeons will play in moving the neural stem cell field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Greenfield
- Laboratory for Translational Stem Cell Research, Weill Cornell Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Ayuso-Sacido A, Roy NS, Schwartz TH, Greenfield JP, Boockvar JA. Long-term expansion of adult human brain subventricular zone precursors. Neurosurgery 2008; 62:223-9; discussion 229-31. [PMID: 18300911 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000311081.50648.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many common neurosurgical procedures, including anterior temporal lobectomy and endoscopic ventricular puncture, allow neurosurgeons to retrieve portions of the germinal subventricular zone (SVZ). Isolation and maintenance of precursor cells from this zone can be used for hypothesis-driven experiments with a goal of improving our understanding of the basic mechanisms of central nervous system injury or disease and the potential of cell-based therapies to treat them. This article details our ability to reliably harvest, isolate, characterize, and maintain normal adult human brain SVZ precursor cells. METHODS Normal SVZ specimens were retrieved as part of anterior temporal lobe resections during planned epilepsy surgery. Dissociated SVZ specimens were plated and incubated in epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor for more than 1 year to select for and expand normal neural precursor cells. RESULTS Self-renewal and immunocytochemical experiments proved the feasibility of long-term expansion of a slowly dividing nestin+, vimentin+, and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocyte capable of generating new neurons and glia. These mitotically active bipotent human precursors generated a large number of progeny and possessed significant self-renewal capacity, demonstrated by their ability to generate neurospheres. Cryopreservation was reliable with no loss of the precursor phenotype. CONCLUSION We have adapted techniques to allow for the isolation and long-term propagation of human adult neural precursors that are capable of generating both neurons and astrocytes in vitro. We have exploited the cell's self-renewal capacity to significantly and consistently expand human neural precursor cells for as long as 20 months. These findings suggest that cells derived from the SVZ during routine surgery may provide a renewable source of human neural precursor cells to study the biological mechanism of central nervous system disease or for application in cell-based human transplantation paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Laboratory for Translational Stem Cell Research, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Yeo GW, Xu X, Liang TY, Muotri AR, Carson CT, Coufal NG, Gage FH. Alternative splicing events identified in human embryonic stem cells and neural progenitors. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3:1951-67. [PMID: 17967047 PMCID: PMC2041973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and neural progenitor (NP) cells are excellent models for recapitulating early neuronal development in vitro, and are key to establishing strategies for the treatment of degenerative disorders. While much effort had been undertaken to analyze transcriptional and epigenetic differences during the transition of hESC to NP, very little work has been performed to understand post-transcriptional changes during neuronal differentiation. Alternative RNA splicing (AS), a major form of post-transcriptional gene regulation, is important in mammalian development and neuronal function. Human ESC, hESC-derived NP, and human central nervous system stem cells were compared using Affymetrix exon arrays. We introduced an outlier detection approach, REAP (Regression-based Exon Array Protocol), to identify 1,737 internal exons that are predicted to undergo AS in NP compared to hESC. Experimental validation of REAP-predicted AS events indicated a threshold-dependent sensitivity ranging from 56% to 69%, at a specificity of 77% to 96%. REAP predictions significantly overlapped sets of alternative events identified using expressed sequence tags and evolutionarily conserved AS events. Our results also reveal that focusing on differentially expressed genes between hESC and NP will overlook 14% of potential AS genes. In addition, we found that REAP predictions are enriched in genes encoding serine/threonine kinase and helicase activities. An example is a REAP-predicted alternative exon in the SLK (serine/threonine kinase 2) gene that is differentially included in hESC, but skipped in NP as well as in other differentiated tissues. Lastly, comparative sequence analysis revealed conserved intronic cis-regulatory elements such as the FOX1/2 binding site GCAUG as being proximal to candidate AS exons, suggesting that FOX1/2 may participate in the regulation of AS in NP and hESC. In summary, a new methodology for exon array analysis was introduced, leading to new insights into the complexity of AS in human embryonic stem cells and their transition to neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene W Yeo
- Crick-Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (GWY); (FHG)
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Y Liang
- Crick-Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christian T Carson
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (GWY); (FHG)
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Olstorn H, Moe MC, Røste GK, Bueters T, Langmoen IA. Transplantation of stem cells from the adult human brain to the adult rat brain. Neurosurgery 2007; 60:1089-98; discussion 1098-9. [PMID: 17538384 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000255461.91892.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from the adult human brain after transplantation into adult rodent brains. METHODS Adult human NPCs were obtained from temporal lobe specimens removed because of medical intractable epilepsy. The cells were transplanted into the posterior periventricular region above the hippocampus in the brains of either healthy adult rats (control) or rats with selective injury of the hippocampal CA1 region (global ischemia). RESULTS In the control animals, grafted cells were mainly distributed from the site of transplantation toward the midline along white matter tracts. The density of transplanted cells elsewhere, including the hippocampus, was low and apparently random. In animals with CA1 damage, NPCs showed targeted migration into the injured area. Cell survival at 10 weeks was 4.7 +/- 0.3% (control, n = 3) and 3.7 +/- 1.1% (ischemia, n = 3); at 16 weeks, cell survival was 3.4 +/- 0.6% (control, n = 2) and 7.2 +/- 1.5% (ischemia, n = 2), i.e., comparable to what has been observed earlier when transplanting embryonic tissue into the human brain or progenitor cells between inbred rats. The number of dividing cells decreased with time. Sixteen weeks after transplantation, 4 +/- 1% (n = 4) of the cells showed proliferative activity. We did not observe signs of tumor formation or aberrant cell morphology. Neuronal differentiation was much slower than what has been observed earlier in vitro or after transplantation to the developing nervous system, and 16 weeks after transplantation many surviving cells were still in maturation. CONCLUSION The present study shows that adult human NPCs survive, show targeted migration, proliferate, and differentiate after grafting into the adult rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havard Olstorn
- Vilhelm Magnus Center, Institute for Surgical Research, and Department of Neurosurgery, Ullevål University Hospital and Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Parr AM, Tator CH. Intrathecal epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 exacerbate meningeal proliferative lesions associated with intrathecal catheters. Neurosurgery 2007; 60:926-33; discussion 926-33. [PMID: 17460529 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000255441.59612.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that promoting the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in the spinal cord could be an effective strategy in the treatment of spinal cord injury. We studied this proliferation in a minimal injury rat model in the presence of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2. METHODS Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were minimally injured at T8 and received the growth factors intrathecally by osmotic pump for either 3, 7, or 14 days beginning immediately after spinal cord injury. The infusions were made through a subarachnoid catheter connected to an osmotic minipump. Beginning at the time of injury, the rats received daily bromodeoxyuridine to label proliferating cells for determination of the labeling index. RESULTS Significant differences were found in the labeling index between injured and non-injured rats. We concluded that minimal spinal cord injury from the stab injury and from the catheter itself increased the proliferation of ependymal region stem/progenitor cells. A minority (23.3%) of the rats developed proliferative lesions in association with the catheters alone, but the lesions were significantly larger and occurred in almost all (93.8%) rats receiving the mitogens, resulting in marked spinal cord compression. CONCLUSION The large proliferative growths in the epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2-treated rats were unexpected and are indicative of the major effects of these mitogens. This suggests that considerable caution is required in devising therapeutic strategies directed toward mitogenic stimulation by growth factors delivered into the subarachnoid space. Further study is required to determine the appropriate and safe dosage of mitogens for potential use in spinal cord repair.
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Maisel M, Herr A, Milosevic J, Hermann A, Habisch HJ, Schwarz S, Kirsch M, Antoniadis G, Brenner R, Hallmeyer-Elgner S, Lerche H, Schwarz J, Storch A. Transcription profiling of adult and fetal human neuroprogenitors identifies divergent paths to maintain the neuroprogenitor cell state. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1231-40. [PMID: 17218394 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling was performed using RNA from adult human hippocampus-derived neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and multipotent frontal cortical fetal NPCs compared with adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as a multipotent adult stem cell control, and adult human hippocampal tissue, to define a gene expression pattern that is specific for human NPCs. The results were compared with data from various databases. Hierarchical cluster analysis of all neuroectodermal cell/tissue types revealed a strong relationship of adult hippocampal NPCs with various white matter tissues, whereas fetal NPCs strongly correlate with fetal brain tissue. However, adult and fetal NPCs share the expression of a variety of genes known to be related to signal transduction, cell metabolism and neuroectodermal tissue. In contrast, adult NPCs and hMSCs overlap in the expression of genes mainly involved in extracellular matrix biology. We present for the first time a detailed transcriptome analysis of human adult NPCs suggesting a relationship between hippocampal NPCs and white matter-derived precursor cells. We further provide a framework for standardized comparative gene expression analysis of human brain-derived NPCs with other stem cell populations or differentiated tissues. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Maisel
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Hermann A, Maisel M, Storch A. Epigenetic conversion of human adult bone mesodermal stromal cells into neuroectodermal cell types for replacement therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:653-70. [PMID: 16805706 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.7.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells, such as bone marrow-derived mesodermal stromal cells (MSCs), are thought to be lineage restricted and, therefore, could only be differentiated into cell types of the tissue of origin. Several recent studies, however, suggest that these types of stem cells might be able to break barriers of germ layer commitment and differentiate in vitro and/or in vivo into cells of different tissues, such as neuroectodermal cell types. Recently, protocols for high-yield generation of undifferentiated neural stem cell (NSC)-like cells from MSCs of primate and human origin were reported. Undifferentiated NSCs are commonly used and are more suitable for neurotransplantation compared with fully differentiated neural cells, as differentiated neural cells are well known to poorly survive detachment and subsequent transplantation procedures. These human MSC-derived NSC-like cells (MSC-NSCs) grow in neurosphere-like structures and express high levels of early neuroectodermal markers, but lose characteristics of MSCs. In the presence of selected growth factors, human MSC-NSCs can be differentiated into the three main neural phenotypes: astroglia, oligodendroglia and neurons. Compared with direct differentiation of human MSCs into mature neural cells, the conversion step seems to be essential to generate mature functional neuroectodermal cells. This review describes the techniques for the conversion of human MSCs into NSCs and summarises the data on epigenetic conversion of human MSCs into immature neuroectodermal cells. These cells provide a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of neural differentiation, and might serve as an autologous cell source to treat acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hermann
- Technical University of Dresden, Department of Neurology, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Hermann A, Maisel M, Liebau S, Gerlach M, Kleger A, Schwarz J, Kim KS, Antoniadis G, Lerche H, Storch A. Mesodermal cell types induce neurogenesis from adult human hippocampal progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2006; 98:629-40. [PMID: 16771838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult human brain occurs within two principle neurogenic regions, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. Recent reports demonstrated the isolation of human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) from these regions, but due to limited tissue availability the knowledge of their phenotype and differentiation behavior is restricted. Here we characterize the phenotype and differentiation capacity of human adult hippocampal NPCs (hNPCs), derived from patients who underwent epilepsy surgery, on various feeder cells including fetal mixed cortical cultures, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and PA6 stromal cells. Isolated hNPCs were cultured in clonal density by transferring the cells to serum-free media supplemented with FGF-2 and EGF in 3% atmospheric oxygen. These hNPCs showed neurosphere formation, expressed high levels of early neuroectodermal markers, such as the proneural genes NeuroD1 and Olig2, the NSC markers Nestin and Musashi1, the proliferation marker Ki67 and significant activity of telomerase. The phenotype was CD15low/-, CD34-, CD45- and CD133-. After removal of mitogens and plating them on poly D-lysine, they spontaneously differentiated into a neuronal (MAP2ab+), astroglial (GFAP+), and oligodendroglial (GalC+) phenotype. Differentiated hNPCs showed functional properties of neurons, such as sodium channels, action potentials and production of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Co-culture of hNPCs with fetal cortical cultures, MEFs and PA6 cells increased neurogenesis of hNPCs in vitro, while only MEFs and PA6 cells also led to a morphological and functional neurogenic maturation. Together we provide a first detailed characterization of the phenotype and differentiation potential of human adult hNPCs in vitro. Our findings reinforce the emerging view that the differentiation capacity of adult hNPCs is critically influenced by non-neuronal mesodermal feeder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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