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Loo JK, Hu YS, Kao WL, Yang HC, Lee CC, Wu HM, Luo CB, Guo WY, Liu KD, Chung WY, Lin CJ. Shortened Cerebral Circulation Time Predicts Resistance to Obliteration in High-Flow Brain Arteriovenous Malformations After Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01220. [PMID: 38899888 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000003036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Treatment selection for brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) is complicated by BAVM size, location, and hemodynamics. Quantitative digital subtraction angiography is used to quantify the hemodynamic impact of BAVMs on cerebral circulation. This study investigated the association between cerebral circulation time and the complete obliteration (CO) rate of BAVMs after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). METHODS We analyzed the data of 143 patients who underwent SRS for BAVMs between January 2011 and December 2019 in our institute. Their pre-SRS magnetic resonance imaging and angiography images were analyzed to acquire BAVM characteristics and quantitative digital subtraction angiography parameters. Modified cerebral circulation time (mCCT) was defined as the time difference between the bolus arrival time of the ipsilateral cavernous internal carotid artery and that of the parietal vein, as determined from the lateral view of images obtained using digital subtraction angiography. Cox regression with hazard ratios and Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the parameters and BAVM CO after SRS. RESULTS Of the 143 patients, 101 (70.6%) achieved BAVM CO. According to the multivariate analyses, an increased mCCT (hazard ratio: 1.24, P = .041) was the independent factor associated with BAVM CO after adjustment for age, sex, hemorrhagic presentation, a BAVM volume of >5 cm3, and a margin dose of >18 Gy. Individuals with an mCCT of ≤2.32 s had a lower 36-month probability of BAVM CO than did those with an mCCT of >2.32 s (44.1% ± 6.8% vs 63.3% ± 5.6%, P = .034). CONCLUSION The hemodynamic impact of high-flow BAVM demonstrated by a shortened mCCT is associated with a lower BAVM CO rate after SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kai Loo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Sin Hu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Kao
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Bao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yuo Guo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Du Liu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuh Chung
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Zhu H, Cao T, Zhang L, Chang Y, Liang S, Ma C, Liang F, Song Y, Zhang J, Li C, Jiang C. Rupture-Related Features of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations and Their Utility in Predicting Hemorrhage. Stroke 2024; 55:1339-1348. [PMID: 38511314 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating rupture risk in cerebral arteriovenous malformations currently lacks quantitative hemodynamic and angioarchitectural features necessary for predicting subsequent hemorrhage. We aimed to derive rupture-related hemodynamic and angioarchitectural features of arteriovenous malformations and construct an ensemble model for predicting subsequent hemorrhage. METHODS This retrospective study included 3 data sets, as follows: training and test data sets comprising consecutive patients with untreated cerebral arteriovenous malformations who were admitted from January 2015 to June 2022 and a validation data set comprising patients with unruptured arteriovenous malformations who received conservative treatment between January 2009 and December 2014. We extracted rupture-related features and developed logistic regression (clinical features), decision tree (hemodynamic features), and support vector machine (angioarchitectural features) models. These 3 models were combined into an ensemble model using a weighted soft-voting strategy. The performance of the models in discriminating ruptured arteriovenous malformations and predicting subsequent hemorrhage was evaluated with confusion matrix-related metrics in the test and validation data sets. RESULTS A total of 896 patients (mean±SD age, 28±14 years; 404 women) were evaluated, with 632, 158, and 106 patients in the training, test, and validation data sets, respectively. From the training set, 9 clinical, 10 hemodynamic, and 2912 pixel-based angioarchitectural features were extracted. A logistic regression model was built using 4 selected clinical features (age, nidus size, location, and venous aneurysm), whereas a decision-tree model was constructed from 4 hemodynamic features (outflow time, stasis index, cerebral blood flow, and outflow volume ratio). A support vector machine model was designed using 5 pixel-based angioarchitectural features. In the validation data set, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the ensemble model for predicting subsequent hemorrhages were 0.840, 0.889, 0.823, and 0.911, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ensemble model incorporating clinical, hemodynamic, and angioarchitectural features showed favorable performance in predicting subsequent hemorrhage of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
| | - Tingliang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Henan, China (T.C.)
| | - Longhui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (L.Z.), Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yuzhou Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
| | - Shikai Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, China (S.L., C.M.)
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, China (S.L., C.M.)
| | - Fei Liang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (F.L.)
| | - Yuqi Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
| | - Changxuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China (C.L.)
| | - Chuhan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Y.Z., H.Z., Y.C., Y.S., J.Z., C.J.), Capital Medical University, China
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Brunozzi D, McGuire LS, Turchan WT, Hossa J, Charbel F, Koshy M, Alaraj A. Brain arteriovenous malformation flow after stereotactic radiosurgery: Role of quantitative MRA. Interv Neuroradiol 2024; 30:242-249. [PMID: 36262095 PMCID: PMC11095360 DOI: 10.1177/15910199221133174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a current therapeutic option for treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) located in deep or eloquent brain regions. Obliteration usually occurs in a delayed fashion, with an expected latency of 3-5 years. Here, we assess how AVM flow correlates with volume before and after SRS treatment. METHODS Patients with supratentorial AVM treated with SRS at our institution between 2012-2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included if Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Angiography (QMRA) study was performed at baseline and at least at the first follow-up. Correlation between AVM flow and volume before and after treatment was evaluated. AVM flow and volume were additionally assessed for obliteration using the non-parametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Twelve patients with radiologic follow-up imaging were included. Eight patients presented AVM rupture, one of which occurred after radiosurgical treatment. Three patients underwent embolization prior SRS. Mean AVM initial volume was 3.8 cc (0.1-12.4 cc), mean initial flow 174 ml/min (11-604 ml/min), both variables showed progressive reduction at follow-up (range 3-57 months); and flow decreased with volume reduction (p < 0.001). Area under the ROC was 0.914 for both AVM flow and volume with obliteration (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS AVM flow significantly decreased after SRS treatment, reflecting volume reduction. Baseline AVM flow and volume both predicted obliteration. QMRA provides additional non-invasive information to monitor patients after radiosurgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Brunozzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura Stone McGuire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William Tyler Turchan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Hossa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fady Charbel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Koshy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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De Simone M, Fontanella MM, Choucha A, Schaller K, Machi P, Lanzino G, Bijlenga P, Kurz FT, Lövblad KO, De Maria L. Current and Future Applications of Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. Biomedicines 2024; 12:753. [PMID: 38672109 PMCID: PMC11048131 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for the evaluation of both pediatric and adult arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This paper reviews the advantages and challenges associated with the use of ASL in AVM assessment. An assessment of the diagnostic workup of AVMs and their variants in both adult and pediatric populations is proposed. Evaluation after treatments, whether endovascular or microsurgical, was similarly examined. ASL, with its endogenous tracer and favorable safety profile, offers functional assessment and arterial feeder identification. ASL has demonstrated strong performance in identifying feeder arteries and detecting arteriovenous shunting, although some studies report inferior performance compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in delineating venous drainage. Challenges include uncertainties in sensitivity for specific AVM features. Detecting AVMs in challenging locations, such as the apical cranial convexity, is further complicated, demanding careful consideration due to the risk of underestimating total blood flow. Navigating these challenges, ASL provides a noninvasive avenue with undeniable merits, but a balanced approach considering its limitations is crucial. Larger-scale prospective studies are needed to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic performance of ASL in AVM assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Simone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.F.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Anis Choucha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aix Marseille University, APHM, UH Timone, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Application, UMRT24, Gustave Eiffel University, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Karl Schaller
- Division of Neurosurgery, Diagnostic Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Machi
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatic, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.M.); (F.T.K.); (K.-O.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lanzino
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Philippe Bijlenga
- Division of Neurosurgery, Diagnostic Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Felix T. Kurz
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatic, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.M.); (F.T.K.); (K.-O.L.)
| | - Karl-Olof Lövblad
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatic, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.M.); (F.T.K.); (K.-O.L.)
| | - Lucio De Maria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.F.); (L.D.M.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Diagnostic Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.S.); (P.B.)
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5
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You W, Meng X, Chen T, Ye W, Wang Y, Lv J, Li Y, Sui Y, Zhang Y, Gong W, Sun Y, Jin H, Li Y. Quantitative Assessment of Hemodynamics Associated With Embolization Degree in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01066. [PMID: 38391200 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Grading systems, including the novel brain arteriovenous malformation endovascular grading scale (NBAVMES) and arteriovenous malformation embocure score (AVMES), predict embolization outcomes based on arteriovenous malformation (AVM) morphological features. The influence of hemodynamics on embolization outcomes remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the relationship between hemodynamics and embolization outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 99 consecutive patients who underwent transarterial embolization at our institution between 2012 and 2018. Hemodynamic features of AVMs were derived from pre-embolization digital subtraction angiography sequences using quantitative digital subtraction angiography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant factors associated with embolization outcomes. RESULTS Complete embolization (CE) was achieved in 17 (17.2%) patients, and near-complete embolization was achieved in 18 (18.2%) patients. A slower transnidal relative velocity (TRV, odds ratio [OR] = 0.71, P = .002) was significantly associated with CE. Moreover, higher stasis index of the drainage vein (OR = 16.53, P = .023), shorter transnidal time (OR = 0.15, P = .013), and slower TRV (OR = 0.9, P = .049) were significantly associated with complete or near-complete embolization (C/nCE). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting CE was 0.87 for TRV, 0.72 for NBAVMES scores (ρ = 0.287, P = .004), and 0.76 for AVMES scores. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting C/nCE was 0.77 for TRV, 0.61 for NBAVMES scores, and 0.75 for AVMES scores. Significant Spearman correlation was observed between TRV and NBAVMES scores and AVMES scores (ρ = 0.512, P < .001). CONCLUSION Preoperative hemodynamic factors have the potential to predict the outcomes of AVM embolization. A higher stasis index of the drainage vein, slower TRV, and shorter transnidal time may indicate a moderate blood flow status or favorable AVM characteristics that can potentially facilitate embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Engineering and Technology (NO: BG0287), Beijing Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxing Ye
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Hanalytics Artificial Intelligence Research Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Hanalytics Artificial Intelligence Research Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Engineering and Technology (NO: BG0287), Beijing Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjie Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Hanalytics Artificial Intelligence Research Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Sui
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Hanalytics Artificial Intelligence Research Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Hanalytics Artificial Intelligence Research Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Gong
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hengwei Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Engineering and Technology (NO: BG0287), Beijing Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Youxiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Engineering and Technology (NO: BG0287), Beijing Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
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Alzate JD, Mashiach E, Bernstein K, De Nigris Vasconcellos F, Qu T, Silverman JS, Shapiro M, Nelson PK, Raz E, Riina HA, Kondziolka D. Quantitative Analysis of Parenchymal Effects and Flow of Large Arteriovenous Malformations Managed With Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:1057-1065. [PMID: 37235978 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of larger arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is associated with an elevated incidence of adverse radiation effects (ARE). To date, volume-response and dose-response models have been used to predict such effects. To understand radiological outcomes and their hemodynamic effects on the regional brain. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted at our institution using a prospective registry of patients managed between 2014 and 2020. We included patients with AVM with a nidus larger than 5 cc who received either single-session or volume-staged Gamma Knife radiosurgery. AVM volume changes, volumes of parenchymal response, and obliteration were analyzed and correlated with transit times and diameters of feeding arteries and draining veins. RESULTS Sixteen patients underwent single-session SRS, and 9 patients underwent volume-staged SRS. The average AVM volume was 12.6 cc (5.5-23). The AVM locations were predominantly lobar (80%) and 17 (68%) were in critical locations. The mean margin dose was 17.2 Gy (15-21), and the median V12Gy was 25.5 cc. Fourteen (56%) AVMs had a transit time shorter than 1 second. The median vein-artery ratio (sum diameter of the veins/sum diameter of feeding arteries) was 1.63 (range, 0.60-4.19). Asymptomatic parenchymal effects were detected in 13 (52%) patients and were symptomatic in 4 (16%) patients. The median time to ARE was 12 months (95% CI 7.6-16.4). On univariate analysis, significant predictors of ARE were lower vein-artery ratio ( P = .024), longer transit time ( P = .05), higher mean dose ( P = .028), and higher D95 ( P = .036). CONCLUSION Transit times and vessel diameters are valuable predictors of the subsequent parenchymal response after SRS. A more quantitative understanding of blood flow is critical for predicting the effects on the regional brain after AVM radiosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Alzate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Elad Mashiach
- Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Kenneth Bernstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | | | - Tanxia Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Joshua S Silverman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Maksim Shapiro
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Peter K Nelson
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Eytan Raz
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Howard A Riina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York , USA
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7
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Alzate JD, Berger A, Bernstein K, Mullen R, Qu T, Silverman JS, Shapiro M, Nelson PK, Raz E, Jafar JJ, Riina HA, Kondziolka D. Preoperative flow analysis of arteriovenous malformations and obliteration response after stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:944-954. [PMID: 36057117 DOI: 10.3171/2022.7.jns221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Morphological and angioarchitectural features of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have been widely described and associated with outcomes; however, few studies have conducted a quantitative analysis of AVM flow. The authors examined brain AVM flow and transit time on angiograms using direct visual analysis and a computer-based method and correlated these factors with the obliteration response after Gamma Knife radiosurgery. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted at a single institution using a prospective registry of patients managed from January 2013 to December 2019: 71 patients were analyzed using a visual method of flow determination and 38 were analyzed using a computer-based method. After comparison and validation of the two methods, obliteration response was correlated to flow analysis, demographic, angioarchitectural, and dosimetric data. RESULTS The mean AVM volume was 3.84 cm3 (range 0.64-19.8 cm3), 32 AVMs (45%) were in critical functional locations, and the mean margin radiosurgical dose was 18.8 Gy (range 16-22 Gy). Twenty-seven AVMs (38%) were classified as high flow, 37 (52%) as moderate flow, and 7 (10%) as low flow. Complete obliteration was achieved in 44 patients (62%) at the time of the study; the mean time to obliteration was 28 months for low-flow, 34 months for moderate-flow, and 47 months for high-flow AVMs. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors predicting obliteration included AVM nidus volume, age, and flow. Adverse radiation effects were identified in 5 patients (7%), and 67 patients (94%) remained free of any functional deterioration during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AVM flow analysis and categorization in terms of transit time are useful predictors of the probability of and the time to obliteration. The authors believe that a more quantitative understanding of flow can help to guide stereotactic radiosurgery treatment and set accurate outcome expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maksim Shapiro
- 3Interventional Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Peter K Nelson
- 3Interventional Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Eytan Raz
- 3Interventional Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York
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8
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Li R, Chen Y, Li Z, Han H, Chen P, Chen X, Zhao Y. Letter to the Editor. Blood flow analysis for obliteration of AVMs. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:1166-1167. [PMID: 36681983 DOI: 10.3171/2022.9.jns222158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Lin CJ, Chen KK, Hu YS, Yang HC, Lin CF, Chang FC. Quantified flow and angioarchitecture show similar associations with hemorrhagic presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations. J Neuroradiol 2023; 50:79-85. [PMID: 35120975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2022.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of our study was to elucidate the impact of brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) flow and wall shear stress (WSS) on angioarchitecture and to evaluate their association with hemorrhagic presentations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with BAVMs were evaluated by phase-contrast MR angiography. Volume flow rate and WSS were quantified. Angioarchitectural features such as location, angiogenesis, venous stenosis, venous ectasia, venous phlebitis, venous rerouting, exclusive deep vein and venous sac were evaluated by two neuroradiologists. The correlation between BAVM flow and size was evaluated with Spearman correlation coefficients. Differences of size, flow, and WSS between the hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic groups, the seizure and non-seizure groups, and between the different groups based on angioarchitecture were evaluated with Mann-Whitney U tests. Accuracy in predicting hemorrhage was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULT BAVM flow was highly correlated with volume (ρ = 0.77). Higher flow was more commonly associated with angiogenesis, venous ectasia, venous rerouting, and venous phlebitis. Flow and angioarchitecture showed similar efficacy in differentiating hemorrhagic from non-hemorrhagic BAVMs. WSS did not demonstrate differences across any clinical groups. CONCLUSION Flow quantification and angioarchitecture analysis of BAVMs showed similar efficacy as evaluated by associations with hemorrhagic presentation. High flow affects both arterial and venous angioarchitecture, reflecting the nature of low vascular resistance in BAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Kung Chen
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Sin Hu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chi Chang
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Liu YT, Lee CC, Lin CF, Wu HM, Guo WY, Yang HC, Chang FC, Liou KD, Lin CJ. Plasma Matrix Metalloproeteinase-9 Is Associated with Seizure and Angioarchitecture Changes in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5925-5934. [PMID: 35831556 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both angiogenesis and inflammation contribute to activation of matrix metalloproeteinase-9 (MMP-9), which dissolves the extracellular matrix, disrupts the blood-brain barrier, and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). The key common cytokine in both angiogenesis and inflammation is interleukin 6 (IL-6). Previous studies have shown elevated systemic MMP-9 and decreased systemic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in BAVM patients. However, the clinical utility of plasma cytokines is unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between plasma cytokines and the clinical presentations of BAVMs. Prospectively, we recruited naive BAVM patients without hemorrhage as the experimental group and unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) patients as the control group. All patients received digital subtraction angiography, and plasma cytokines were collected from the lesional common carotid artery. Plasma cytokine levels were determined using a commercially available, monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subgroup analysis based on hemorrhagic presentation and angiograchitecture was done for the BAVM group. Pearson correlations were calculated for the covariates. Means and differences for continuous and categorical variables were compared using Student's t and χ2 tests respectively. Plasma MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in the BAVM group (42,945 ± 29,991 pg/mL) than in the UIA group (28,270 ± 17,119 pg/mL) (p < 0.001). Plasma MMP-9 levels in epileptic BAVMs (57,065 ± 35,732; n = 9) were higher than in non-epileptic BAVMs (35,032 ± 28,301; n = 19) (p = 0.049). Lower plasma MMP-9 levels were found in cases of BAVM with angiogenesis and with peudophlebitis. Plasma MMP-9 is a good biomarker reflecting ongoing vascular remodeling in BAVMs. Angiogenesis and pseudophlebitis are two angioarchitectural signs that reflect MMP-9 activities and can potentially serve as imaging biomarkers for epileptic BAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Tsen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Centre, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Shipai Rd., Sec. 2, Beitou District, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yuo Guo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Shipai Rd., Sec. 2, Beitou District, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chi Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Shipai Rd., Sec. 2, Beitou District, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Du Liou
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Shipai Rd., Sec. 2, Beitou District, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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11
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Hu YS, Yang HC, Lin CJ, Lee CC, Guo WY, Luo CB, Liu KD, Chung WY, Wu HM. Imaging Markers Associated With Radiation-Induced Changes in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations After Radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 2022; 90:464-474. [PMID: 35080514 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced changes (RICs) in brain tissue, seen as increased perinidal T2-weighted hyperintensity on MRI, are commonly observed in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) within 2 years after Gamma Knife (Elekta) radiosurgery (GKRS). OBJECTIVE To explore the imaging markers associated with RICs in patients with BAVMs. METHODS We retrospectively included 106 treatment-naïve patients with BAVMs who received GKRS alone between 2011 and 2018 and had ≥24 months of clinical and MRI follow-up. Pre-GKRS angiography and MRIs were analyzed for morphological characteristics and quantitative digital subtraction angiography parameters. RIC severity was categorized as mild (grade I), moderate (grade II), or severe (grade III). Firth logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the associations between the parameters and RICs. RESULTS Among the 106 patients, 83 (78.3%) developed RICs, with 16 categorized as grade I, 62 as grade II, and 5 as grade III. RICs were symptomatic in 19 patients (17.9%). In multivariable models, BAVMs with a volume of >5 cm3 (odds ratio [OR]: 4.322, P = .024) and neoangiogenesis on angiography before treatment (OR: 3.846, P = .029), and thrombus within nidus or drainage vein on follow-up MRI (OR: 3.679, P = .001) were independently associated with grade II or III RICs. Symptomatic RICs were more likely to develop in basal ganglia or brainstem. CONCLUSION Large BAVMs and neoangiogenesis were associated with moderate to severe RICs in treatment-naïve patients with BAVMs. Our findings may assist with the complication risk assessment for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sin Hu
- Department of Radiology, Taoyuan Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yuo Guo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Bao Luo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Du Liu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuh Chung
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Erickson N, Mooney J, Salehani A, Thomas E, Ilyas A, Rahm S, Maleknia P, Yousuf O, Fiveash J, Dobelbower C, Fisher WS. Predictive Factors for AVM Obliteration after Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A Single Center Study. World Neurosurg 2022; 160:e529-e536. [PMID: 35077887 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SRS is particularly useful for deep AVMs in eloquent territory with a high associated surgical risk. Prior studies have demonstrated high rates of AVM obliteration with SRS typically ranging 60-80% in a latency period of 2-4 years for complete obliteration. Studies have identified several factors associated with successful obliteration of the AVM nidus, however, these present inconsistent and conflicting data. OBJECTIVE To present a single center study examining factors associated with successful obliteration of AVMs treated with SRS. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 210 consecutive patients undergoing SRS for brain AVMs between 2010 and 2019 at our institution. Chi square and logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify patient and AVM factors associated with successful obliteration. RESULTS Younger age (p=0.034) and prior embolization (p=0.012) were associated with complete obliteration. Figure 2 demonstrates survival curves for those with complete obliteration comparing those with prior embolization (n = 6) to those without prior embolization (n = 182). The presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with incomplete obliteration (p=0.04). There were no AVM characteristics statistically associated with complete obliteration although superficial venous drainage (p=0.08) and frontal location (p=0.06) trended towards significance. CONCLUSIONS Successful obliteration of the AVM nidus was significantly associated with younger age and prior embolization. The presence of coronary artery disease negatively affected obliteration rates. These results add to the mixed results seen in the literature and emphasize the need for continued studies to delineate more specific patient and AVM factors that contribute to successful obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Erickson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - James Mooney
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arsalaan Salehani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Evan Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adeel Ilyas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sage Rahm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pedram Maleknia
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Omer Yousuf
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John Fiveash
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chris Dobelbower
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Winfield S Fisher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Ma L. Commentary on "Signal intensity ratio of draining vein on silent MR angiography as an indicator of high-flow arteriovenous shunt in brain arteriovenous malformation". Eur Radiol 2021; 31:9250-9251. [PMID: 34652521 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 W Ave 4th S Ring Rd, Fengtai District, 100079, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Chen CJ, Ding D, Lee CC, Kearns KN, Pomeraniec IJ, Cifarelli CP, Arsanious DE, Liscak R, Hanuska J, Williams BJ, Yusuf MB, Woo SY, Ironside N, Burke RM, Warnick RE, Trifiletti DM, Mathieu D, Mureb M, Benjamin C, Kondziolka D, Feliciano CE, Rodriguez-Mercado R, Cockroft KM, Simon S, Mackley HB, Zammar SG, Patel NT, Padmanaban V, Beatson N, Saylany A, Lee JYK, Sheehan JP. Stereotactic radiosurgery with versus without prior Onyx embolization for brain arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:742-750. [PMID: 33307527 PMCID: PMC8192588 DOI: 10.3171/2020.7.jns201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigations of the combined effects of neoadjuvant Onyx embolization and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) on brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have not accounted for initial angioarchitectural features prior to neuroendovascular intervention. The aim of this retrospective, multicenter matched cohort study is to compare the outcomes of SRS with versus without upfront Onyx embolization for AVMs using de novo characteristics of the preembolized nidus. METHODS The International Radiosurgery Research Foundation AVM databases from 1987 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized based on AVM treatment approach into Onyx embolization (OE) and SRS (OE+SRS) or SRS alone (SRS-only) cohorts and then propensity score matched in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was AVM obliteration. Secondary outcomes were post-SRS hemorrhage, all-cause mortality, radiological and symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs), and cyst formation. Comparisons were analyzed using crude rates and cumulative probabilities adjusted for competing risk of death. RESULTS The matched OE+SRS and SRS-only cohorts each comprised 53 patients. Crude rates (37.7% vs 47.2% for the OE+SRS vs SRS-only cohorts, respectively; OR 0.679, p = 0.327) and cumulative probabilities at 3, 4, 5, and 6 years (33.7%, 44.1%, 57.5%, and 65.7% for the OE+SRS cohort vs 34.8%, 45.5%, 59.0%, and 67.1% for the SRS-only cohort, respectively; subhazard ratio 0.961, p = 0.896) of AVM obliteration were similar between the matched cohorts. The secondary outcomes of the matched cohorts were also similar. Asymptomatic and symptomatic embolization-related complication rates in the matched OE+SRS cohort were 18.9% and 9.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pre-SRS AVM embolization with Onyx does not appear to negatively influence outcomes after SRS. These analyses, based on de novo nidal characteristics, thereby refute previous studies that found detrimental effects of Onyx embolization on SRS-induced AVM obliteration. However, given the risks incurred by nidal embolization using Onyx, this neoadjuvant intervention should be used judiciously in multimodal treatment strategies involving SRS for appropriately selected large-volume or angioarchitecturally high-risk AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kathryn N. Kearns
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | - David E. Arsanious
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Roman Liscak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hanuska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mehran B. Yusuf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shiao Y. Woo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Natasha Ironside
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Rebecca M. Burke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | - David Mathieu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Monica Mureb
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Caleb E. Feliciano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Kevin M. Cockroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Heath B. Mackley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Samer G. Zammar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neel T. Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Varun Padmanaban
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan Beatson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anissa Saylany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Y. K. Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason P. Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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15
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Burke RM, Chen CJ, Ding D, Buell TJ, Sokolowski J, Sheehan KA, Lee CC, Sheehan DE, Kano H, Kearns KN, Tzeng SW, Yang HC, Huang PP, Kondziolka D, Ironside N, Mathieu D, Iorio-Morin C, Grills IS, Feliciano C, Barnett G, Starke RM, Lunsford LD, Sheehan JP. Effect of Prior Embolization on Outcomes After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pediatric Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: An International Multicenter Study. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:672-679. [PMID: 34333653 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a significant cause of morbidity but the role of multimodal therapy in the treatment of these lesions is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To compare the outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with and without prior embolization for pediatric AVMs. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation pediatric AVM database. AVMs were categorized, based on use of pre-embolization (E + SRS) or lack thereof (SRS-only). Outcomes were compared in unadjusted and inverse probability weight (IPW)-adjusted models. Favorable outcome was defined as obliteration without post-SRS hemorrhage or permanent radiation-induced changes (RIC). RESULTS The E + SRS and SRS-only cohorts comprised 91 and 448 patients, respectively. In unadjusted models, the SRS-only cohort had higher rates of obliteration (68.5% vs 43.3%, < .001) and favorable outcome (61.2% vs 36.3%, P < .001) but a lower rate of symptomatic RIC (9.0% vs 16.7%, P = .031). The IPW-adjusted rates of every outcome were similar between the 2 cohorts. However, cumulative obliteration rates at 3, 5, 8, and 10 yr remained higher in the absence of prior embolization (46.3%, 64.6%, 72.6%, and 77.4% for SRS-only vs 24.4%, 37.2%, 44.1%, and 48.7% for E + SRS cohorts, respectively; SHR = 0.449 [0.238-0.846], P = .013). CONCLUSION Embolization appears to decrease cumulative obliteration rates after SRS for pediatric AVMs without affecting the risk of post-treatment hemorrhage or adverse radiation effects arguing against the routine use of pre-SRS embolization. While endovascular therapy can be considered for occlusion of high-risk angioarchitectural features prior to SRS, future studies are necessary to clarify its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Burke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Thomas J Buell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer Sokolowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimball A Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Darrah E Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hideyuki Kano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn N Kearns
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shih-Wei Tzeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul P Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natasha Ironside
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David Mathieu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centre de recherché du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Iorio-Morin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centre de recherché du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Inga S Grills
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Caleb Feliciano
- Section of Neurological Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gene Barnett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert M Starke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - L Dade Lunsford
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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16
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Current concepts and perspectives on brain arteriovenous malformations: A review of pathogenesis and multidisciplinary treatment. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:314-326. [PMID: 34339893 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are unusual vascular pathologies characterized by the abnormal aggregation of dilated arteries and veins in the brain parenchyma and for which the absence of a normal vascular structure and capillary bed leads to direct connections between arteries and veins. Although bAVMs have long been believed to be congenital anomalies that develop during the prenatal period, current studies show that inflammation is associated with AVM genesis, growth, and rupture. Interventional treatment options include microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, and endovascular embolization, and management often comprises a multidisciplinary combination of these modalities. The appropriate selection of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for interventional treatment requires balancing the risk of treatment complications against the risk of hemorrhaging during the natural course of the pathology; however, no definitive guidelines have been established for the management of brain arteriovenous malformations. In this paper, we comprehensively review the current basic and clinical studies on bAVMs and discuss the contemporary status of multidisciplinary management of bAVMs.
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17
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Wu CX, Zang ZX, Hong T, Dong MQ, Shan Y, Zhao ZL, Hou CB, Lu J. Signal intensity ratio of draining vein on silent MR angiography as an indicator of high-flow arteriovenous shunt in brain arteriovenous malformation. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:9252-9261. [PMID: 34263361 PMCID: PMC8589750 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the signal intensity ratio (rSI) of the draining vein on silent MR angiography is correlated with arteriovenous (A-V) transit time on digital subtraction angiography (DSA), thereby identifying high-flow A-V shunt in brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM), and to analyze whether the rSI and the characteristic of draining veins on silent MRA are associated with hemorrhage presentation. METHODS Eighty-one draining veins of 46 participants with BAVM (mean age 33.2 ± 16.9 years) who underwent silent MRA and DSA were evaluated retrospectively. The correlation between the rSI of the draining vein on silent MRA and A-V transit time on DSA was examined. The AUC-ROC was obtained to evaluate the performance of the rSI in determining the presence of high-flow A-V shunt. The characteristics of draining veins with the maximum rSI (rSImax) were further compared between the hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic untreated BAVM. RESULTS The rSI of each draining vein on silent MRA was significantly correlated with A-V transit time from DSA (r = -0.81, p < .001). The AUC-ROC was 0.89 for using the rSI to determine the presence of high-flow A-V shunt. A cut-off rSI value of 1.09 yielded a sensitivity of 82.4% and a specificity of 82.8%. The draining vein with rSImax and no ectasia was significantly more observed in the hemorrhagic group (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS The rSI of the draining vein on silent MRA is significantly correlated with A-V transit time on DSA, and it can be used as an indicator of high-flow A-V shunt in BAVM. KEY POINTS • The signal intensity ratio (rSI) of the draining vein on silent MRA significantly correlated with arteriovenous (A-V) transit time of brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). • The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.89 for using the rSI of draining veins to determine high-flow A-V shunt. • Draining veins with maximum rSI and no ectasia were significantly more observed in the hemorrhagic group of BAVM (p = 0.045).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xue Wu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Zang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qi Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Lian Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Bei Hou
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China.
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18
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Bigder M, Choudhri O, Gupta M, Gummidipundi S, Han SS, Church EW, Chang SD, Levy RP, Do HM, Marks MP, Steinberg GK. Radiosurgery as a microsurgical adjunct: outcomes after microsurgical resection of intracranial arteriovenous malformations previously treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:185-196. [PMID: 34116503 DOI: 10.3171/2020.9.jns201538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microsurgical resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can be aided by staged treatment consisting of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by resection in a delayed fashion. This approach is particularly useful for high Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade lesions because radiosurgery can reduce flow through the AVM, downgrade the SM rating, and induce histopathological changes that additively render the AVM more manageable for resection. The authors present their 28-year experience in managing AVMs with adjunctive radiosurgery followed by resection. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated for cerebral AVMs at their institution between January 1990 and August 2019. All patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (with or without embolization), followed by resection, were included in the study. Of 1245 patients, 95 met the eligibility criteria. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess relationships between key variables and clinical outcomes. RESULTS The majority of lesions treated (53.9%) were high grade (SM grade IV-V), 31.5% were intermediate (SM grade III), and 16.6% were low grade (SM grade I-II). Hemorrhage was the initial presenting sign in half of all patients (49.5%). Complete resection was achieved among 84% of patients, whereas 16% had partial resection, the majority of whom received additional radiosurgery. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-2 were achieved in 79.8% of patients, and 20.2% had poor (mRS scores 3-6) outcomes. Improved (44.8%) or stable (19%) mRS scores were observed among 63.8% of patients, whereas 36.2% had a decline in mRS scores. This includes 22 patients (23.4%) with AVM hemorrhage and 6 deaths (6.7%) outside the perioperative period but prior to AVM obliteration. CONCLUSIONS Stereotactic radiosurgery is a useful adjunct in the presurgical management of cerebral AVMs. Multimodal therapy allowed for high rates of AVM obliteration and acceptable morbidity rates, despite the predominance of high-grade lesions in this series of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bigder
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Omar Choudhri
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Mihir Gupta
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Santosh Gummidipundi
- 2Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford
| | - Summer S Han
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford.,2Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford
| | - Ephraim W Church
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Steven D Chang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Richard P Levy
- 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda; and
| | - Huy M Do
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford.,4Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Michael P Marks
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford.,4Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
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19
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Wang M, Jiao Y, Zeng C, Zhang C, He Q, Yang Y, Tu W, Qiu H, Shi H, Zhang D, Kang D, Wang S, Liu AL, Jiang W, Cao Y, Zhao J. Chinese Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery Society and Chinese Interventional & Hybrid Operation Society, of Chinese Stroke Association Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations in Eloquent Areas. Front Neurol 2021; 12:651663. [PMID: 34177760 PMCID: PMC8219979 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.651663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this guideline is to present current and comprehensive recommendations for the management of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) located in eloquent areas. Methods: An extended literature search on MEDLINE was performed between Jan 1970 and May 2020. Eloquence-related literature was further screened and interpreted in different subcategories of this guideline. The writing group discussed narrative text and recommendations through group meetings and online video conferences. Recommendations followed the Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence proposed by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Prerelease review of the draft guideline was performed by four expert peer reviewers and by the members of Chinese Stroke Association. Results: In total, 809 out of 2,493 publications were identified to be related to eloquent structure or neurological functions of bAVMs. Three-hundred and forty-one publications were comprehensively interpreted and cited by this guideline. Evidence-based guidelines were presented for the clinical evaluation and treatment of bAVMs with eloquence involved. Topics focused on neuroanatomy of activated eloquent structure, functional neuroimaging, neurological assessment, indication, and recommendations of different therapeutic managements. Fifty-nine recommendations were summarized, including 20 in Class I, 30 in Class IIa, 9 in Class IIb, and 2 in Class III. Conclusions: The management of eloquent bAVMs remains challenging. With the evolutionary understanding of eloquent areas, the guideline highlights the assessment of eloquent bAVMs, and a strategy for decision-making in the management of eloquent bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chaofan Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qiheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hancheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Dezhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - A-Li Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Gamma Knife Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army Rocket Army Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Chen CJ, Ding D, Lee CC, Kearns KN, Pomeraniec IJ, Cifarelli CP, Arsanious DE, Liscak R, Hanuska J, Williams BJ, Yusuf MB, Woo SY, Ironside N, Warnick RE, Trifiletti DM, Mathieu D, Mureb M, Benjamin C, Kondziolka D, Feliciano CE, Rodriguez-Mercado R, Cockroft KM, Simon S, Mackley HB, Zammar S, Patel NT, Padmanaban V, Beatson N, Saylany A, Lee J, Sheehan JP. Stereotactic Radiosurgery With Versus Without Embolization for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Neurosurgery 2021; 88:313-321. [PMID: 33017465 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior comparisons of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated using stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without embolization were inherently flawed, due to differences in the pretreatment nidus volumes. OBJECTIVE To compare the outcomes of embolization and SRS, vs SRS alone for AVMs using pre-embolization malformation features. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed International Radiosurgery Research Foundation AVM databases from 1987 to 2018. Patients were categorized into the embolization and SRS (E + SRS) or SRS alone (SRS-only) cohorts. The 2 cohorts were matched in a 1:1 ratio using propensity scores. Primary outcome was defined as AVM obliteration. Secondary outcomes were post-SRS hemorrhage, all-cause mortality, radiologic and symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RIC), and cyst formation. RESULTS The matched cohorts each comprised 101 patients. Crude AVM obliteration rates were similar between the matched E + SRS vs SRS-only cohorts (48.5% vs 54.5%; odds ratio = 0.788, P = .399). Cumulative probabilities of obliteration at 3, 4, 5, and 6 yr were also similar between the E + SRS (33.0%, 46.4%, 56.2%, and 60.8%, respectively) and SRS-only (32.9%, 46.2%, 56.0%, and 60.6%, respectively) cohorts (subhazard ratio (SHR) = 1.005, P = .981). Cumulative probabilities of radiologic RIC at 3, 4, 5, and 6 yr were lower in the E + SRS (25.0%, 25.7%, 26.7%, and 26.7%, respectively) vs SRS-only (45.3%, 46.2%, 47.8%, and 47.8%, respectively) cohort (SHR = 0.478, P = .004). Symptomatic and asymptomatic embolization-related complication rates were 8.3% and 18.6%, respectively. Rates of post-SRS hemorrhage, all-cause mortality, symptomatic RIC, and cyst formation were similar between the matched cohorts. CONCLUSION This study refutes the prevalent notion that AVM embolization negatively affects the likelihood of obliteration after SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kathryn N Kearns
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - I Jonathan Pomeraniec
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - David E Arsanious
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Roman Liscak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hanuska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian J Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mehran B Yusuf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shiao Y Woo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Natasha Ironside
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ronald E Warnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - David Mathieu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Monica Mureb
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Caleb E Feliciano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Kevin M Cockroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Heath B Mackley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Samer Zammar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neel T Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Varun Padmanaban
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan Beatson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anissa Saylany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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21
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Guest W, Krings T. Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: The Role of Imaging in Treatment Planning and Monitoring Response. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2021; 31:205-222. [PMID: 33902875 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterized by shunting between pial arteries and cortical or deep veins, with the presence of an intervening nidus of tortuous blood vessels. These lesions present a therapeutic challenge, because their natural history entails a risk of intracranial hemorrhage, but treatment may cause significant morbidity. In this article, imaging features of AVMs on MR imaging and catheter angiography are reviewed to stratify the risk of hemorrhage and guide appropriate management. The angioarchitecture of AVMs may evolve over time, spontaneously or in response to treatment, necessitating ongoing imaging surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Guest
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Timo Krings
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
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22
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Zhu S, Brodin NP, Garg MK, LaSala PA, Tomé WA. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Dose-Response and Risk Factors for Obliteration of Arteriovenous Malformations Following Radiosurgery: An Update Based on the Last 20 Years of Published Clinical Evidence. NEUROSURGERY OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuopn/okab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Li M, Liu Q, Guo R, Yang S, Jiang P, Chen X, Wu J, Cao Y, Wang S. Perinidal Angiogenesis Is a Predictor for Neurovascular Uncoupling in the Periphery of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Task-Based and Resting-State fMRI Study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 54:186-196. [PMID: 33345355 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential neurovascular uncoupling (NVU) related to perinidal angiogenesis (PA) of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may cause inappropriate presurgical mapping using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), resulting in overconfident resection and postoperative morbidity. PURPOSE To evaluate the potential impact of PA upon fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the periphery of AVMs. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twenty-one patients with AVMs located in the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) undergoing task-based fMRI (hand motor), and 19 patients with supratentorial AVMs undergoing resting-state fMRI. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0T, echo-planar, time-of-flight, and magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo. ASSESSMENT The presence of PA was determined by three observers (Y.C., J.W., and X.C.) according to digital subtraction angiography and MR angiography. Interhemispheric asymmetry of fMRI activations contralateral to hand movements was evaluated with the interhemispheric ratio of the average t-value within ipsilesional SM1 to contralesional SM1. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) were extracted from ring-shaped perinidal regions and contralateral homologous regions, and the corresponding interhemispheric ratios were calculated. The effect of PA on the interhemispheric asymmetry of motor activations, ReHo, and fALFF was estimated. STATISTICAL TESTS Pearson analysis, paired and independent t-test, multiple linear regression, Friedman test, and factorial analysis of variance were used. RESULTS Motor activations were significantly reduced in ipsilesional SM1 compared to contralesional SM1 (P < 0.05). The presence of PA was the independent predictor of activation loss in ipsilateral SM1(P < 0.05). Furthermore, perinidal regions exhibited reduced ReHo compared to the homologous regions (P < 0.05). PA was significantly associated with the decline of ReHo and fALFF in perinidal regions (P < 0.05, for both). DATA CONCLUSION The presence of PA can predict perinidal NVU that may confound the interpretation of both task-based and resting-state fMRI, highlighting the importance of alternative approaches of brain functional localization in improving treatment of AVMs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maogui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhe Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Pengjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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24
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Ruigrok YM. Management of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2020; 26:478-498. [PMID: 32224762 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may be detected as incidental findings on cranial imaging. This article provides a practical approach to the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and unruptured brain AVMs and reviews the risk of rupture, risk factors for rupture, preventive treatment options with their associated risks, and the approach of treatment versus observation for both types of vascular malformations. RECENT FINDINGS For unruptured intracranial aneurysms, scoring systems on the risk of rupture can help with choosing preventive treatment or observation with follow-up imaging. Although the literature provides detailed information on the complication risks of preventive treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, individualized predictions of these procedural complication risks are not yet available. With observation with imaging, growth of unruptured intracranial aneurysms can be monitored, and prediction scores for growth can help determine the optimal timing of monitoring. The past years have revealed more about the risk of complications of the different treatment modalities for brain AVMs. A randomized clinical trial and prospective follow-up data have shown that preventive interventional therapy in patients with brain AVMs is associated with a higher rate of neurologic morbidity and mortality compared with observation. SUMMARY The risk of hemorrhage from both unruptured intracranial aneurysms and brain AVMs varies depending on the number of risk factors associated with hemorrhage. For both types of vascular malformations, different preventive treatment options are available, and all carry risks of complications. For unruptured intracranial aneurysms, the consideration of preventive treatment versus observation is complex, and several factors should be included in the decision making. Overall, it is recommended that patients with unruptured asymptomatic brain AVMs should be observed.
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25
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Impact of flow and angioarchitecture on brain arteriovenous malformation outcome after gamma knife radiosurgery: the role of hemodynamics and morphology in obliteration. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:1749-1757. [PMID: 32335814 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the relationship between brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) angioarchitecture and the response to Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKSR). METHODS A prospectively enrolled single-center cohort of patients with bAVMs treated by GKSR has been studied to define independent predictors of obliteration with particular attention to angioarchitectural variables. Only patients older than 18 years old (y.o.), who underwent baseline digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and clinico-radiological follow-up of at least 36 months, were included in the study. RESULTS Data of 191 patients were evaluated. After a mean follow-up of 80 months (range 37-173), total obliteration rate after first GKSR treatment was 66%. Mean dose higher than 22 Gy (P = .019, OR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.15-4.97) and flow rate dichotomized into high vs non-high (P < .001, OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.11-0.51) resulted to be independent predictors of obliteration. Flow-surrogate angioarchitectural features did not emerge as independent outcome predictors. CONCLUSIONS Flow rate seems to be associated in predicting outcome after GKSR conferring high-flow AVM a lower occlusion rate. Its role should be considered when planning radiosurgical treatment of bAVM, and it could be added to other parameters used in GKRS outcome predicting scales.
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Hu YS, Lee CC, Wu HM, Yang HC, Lin TM, Luo CB, Guo WY, Chung WY, Lin CJ. Stagnant Venous Outflow Predicts Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Obliteration After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery Without Prior Intervention. Neurosurgery 2019; 87:338-347. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) obliterates 65% to 82% of brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs).
OBJECTIVE
To explore the impact of hemodynamics on GKRS outcomes.
METHODS
We retrospectively (2011-2017) included 98 patients with BAVMs who had received GKRS alone. Two evaluators, blinded to the outcomes, analyzed the pre-GKRS angiography and magnetic resonance images to obtain the morphological characteristics and quantitative digital subtraction angiography (QDSA) parameters. The venous stasis index was defined as the inflow gradient divided by the absolute value of the outflow gradient. Patients’ follow-up magnetic resonance or digital subtraction angiography images were evaluated for the presence of complete obliteration (CO). Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses were conducted to determine the correlations between the parameters and outcomes.
RESULTS
Among the 98 patients, 63 (63.4%) achieved CO after GKRS at a median latency period of 31 mo. In multivariable analyses with adjustments for age and sex, increased BAVM volume (hazard ratio (HR) 0.949, P = .022) was an independent characteristic predictor, and venous stenosis (HR 2.595, P = .009), venous rerouting (HR 0.375, P = .022), and larger stasis index (HR 1.227, P = .025) were independent angiographic predictors of CO. BAVMs with a stasis index of >1.71 had a higher 36-mo probability of CO than those with a stasis index of ≤1.71 (61.1% vs 26.7%, P < .001).
CONCLUSION
BAVMs with a larger stasis index, indicating more stagnant venous outflow, may predict obliteration after GKRS. QDSA analysis may help in predicting BAVM treatment outcomes and making therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sin Hu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ming Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Bao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yuo Guo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuh Chung
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Volume-Staged Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Large Brain Arteriovenous Malformation. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:e604-e612. [PMID: 31442655 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) pose a management dilemma because of the limited success of any single treatment modality by itself. Surgery alone is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Similarly, embolization alone has limited efficacy. Volume-staged Gamma Knife radiosurgery (VSGR) has been developed for the treatment of large AVMs to increase the efficacy and improve safety of treatment of these lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of VSGR technique for the treatment of large brain AVMs. METHODS The study included patients treated by VSGR between May 2009 and July 2015. All patients had large AVMs (>10 mL). There were 29 patients. RESULTS Twenty-four patients completed radiographic follow-up, with 15 obliteration cases (62.5%). A total of 56 sessions were performed. The mean AVM volume was 16 mL (range, 10.1-29.3 mL). The mean prescription dose was 18 Gy (range, 14-22 Gy). The mean follow-up duration was 43 months (range, 21-73 months). One patient died during follow-up of an unrelated cause. Two patients had hemorrhage during follow-up. Symptomatic edema developed in 5 patients (17%). The factors affecting obliteration were smaller total volume, higher dose/stage, nondeep location, compact AVM, AVM score <3, >18 Gy dose, and <15 mL total volume. The factors affecting symptomatic edema were smaller total volume and shorter time between first and last sessions (P = 0.012). T2 image changes were affected by Spetzler-Martin grade ≥3 (P = 0.013) and AVM score ≥3 (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS VSGR provides an effective and safe treatment option for large brain AVMs. Smaller AVM volume is associated with higher obliteration rate.
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Huo R, Fu W, Li H, Jiao Y, Yan Z, Wang L, Wang J, Wang S, Cao Y, Zhao J. RNA Sequencing Reveals the Activation of Wnt Signaling in Low Flow Rate Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012746. [PMID: 31170876 PMCID: PMC6645621 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The blood flow rate of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is an important clinical characteristic closely associated with the hemorrhage risk and radiosurgery obliteration rate of bAVMs. However, the underlying molecular properties remain unclear. To identify potential key molecules, signaling pathways, and vascular cell types involved, we compared gene expression profiles between bAVMs with high flow rates and low flow rates (LFR) and validated the functions of selected key molecules in vitro. Methods and Results We performed RNA‐sequencing analysis on 51 samples, including 14 high flow rate bAVMs and 37 LFR bAVMs. Functional pathway analysis was performed to identify potential signals influencing the flow rate phenotype of bAVMs. Candidate genes were investigated in bAVM specimens by immunohistochemical staining. Migration, tube formation, and proliferation assays were used to test the effects of candidate genes on the phenotypic properties of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human brain vascular smooth muscle cells. We identified 250 upregulated and 118 downregulated genes in LFR bAVMs compared with high flow rate bAVMs. Wnt signaling was activated in the LFR group via upregulation of FZD10 and MYOC. Immunohistochemical staining showed that vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells of LFR bAVMs exhibited increased FZD10 and MYOC expression. Experimentally elevating these genes promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cells and migration and tube formation by activating canonical Wnt signaling in vitro. Conclusions Our results suggest that canonical Wnt signaling mediated by FZD10 and MYOC is activated in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in LFR bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Weilun Fu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Hao Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Yuming Jiao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Zihan Yan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Linjian Wang
- 5 Savaid Medical School University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jie Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Shuo Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Yong Cao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China.,5 Savaid Medical School University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Symptomatic radionecrosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation post-stereotactic radiosurgery: Report of 2 cases. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Yang HC, Lin CJ, Luo CB, Lee CC, Wu HM, Guo WY, Chung WY, Liu KD. Treatment Outcomes of Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Comparison of Radiosurgery and Endovascular Embolisation. Clin Neuroradiol 2019; 30:321-330. [PMID: 31098665 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endovascular treatment (EVT) and stereotaxic gamma-knife radiosurgery (GKRS) can both effectively treat cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVF). This study compared the prognostic factors and treatment effectiveness of GKRS and EVT for different CSDAVF types. METHODS The charts of 200 patients undergoing GKRS and 105 patients undergoing EVT were reviewed for data on symptoms (e.g. orbital, cavernous, ocular, and cerebral). The CSDAVFs were classified into proliferative, restrictive, and late restrictive types. The prognostic factors for complete obliteration (CO) were evaluated in both the GKRS and EVT groups and the latent period to CO was measured. For statistical analysis χ2-tests were used to compare final CO rates for EVT and GKRS across the three CSDAVF types. RESULTS The EVT and cavernous symptoms were significant independent predictors of CO. The CO rate after EVT (97.9%) was significantly higher than that after GKRS (63.5%) for restrictive CSDAVFs (P < 0.001) but not for proliferative or late restrictive types. In the GKRS group, cavernous symptoms (hazard ratio, HR: 0.557) and target volume (HR: 0.853) predicted CO, but only target volume remained significant in multivariate analysis. In the EVT group, the latent period to CO was shortest for restrictive CSDAVFs (3.2 ± 1.6 months, P = 0.05). CONCLUSION Angioarchitecture did not affect treatment outcomes. Cavernous symptoms were strongly associated with lower complete obliteration rates in the GKRS but not the EVT group. The EVT method remains the treatment of choice, especially for restrictive CSDAVFs; however, compared to EVT, GKRS had lower complication rates and similar therapeutic effects for proliferative type fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Che Yang
- Neurologic Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Jung Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Bao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Radiology, Tri-service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Neurologic Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Yuo Guo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Yuh Chung
- Neurologic Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kang-Du Liu
- Neurologic Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shipai Rd, Sec 2, Beitou District, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Capitanio JF, Panni P, Gallotti AL, Gigliotti CR, Scomazzoni F, Acerno S, Del Vecchio A, Mortini P. Radiosurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations in a retrospective study group of 33 children: the importance of radiobiological scores. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:301-308. [PMID: 30474715 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-4008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Arteriovenous malformations' (AVMs) obliteration depends on several factors; among the many factors that must be considered to obtain a high rate of obliteration and a low rate of complications, Flickinger-Pollock Score (FPS) seems to have an important role but still have to be validated in the pediatric population while Paddick-Conformity Index (PCI) still has no demonstration of its utility on the outcome and is considered only as a treatment quality marker. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 33 consecutive children (2-18 years) with an AVM, treated with stereotactic radiosurgery Gamma Knife (SRS-GK) from 2001 to 2014 in our institution. We assess angiographic (DSA) Obliteration Rate (OR) as well FPS and PCI to draw conclusions. RESULTS DSA-OR was 60.6% with a rate of hemorrhage of 0%. median target volume (TV) was 3.60 cc (mean 4.32 ± 3.63; range 0.15-14.2), median PD was 22 Gy (mean 21.4 ± 2.6; range 16.5-25). Median percentage of coverage was 98% (mean 97 ± 3; range 84-100). The median modified FPS was 0.78 (mean 0.89 ± 0.52; range 0.21-2.1) and highly correlate with OR (p = 0.01). The median PCI was 0.65 (mean 0.65 ± 0.14; range 0.34-0.95) A PCI lower than 0.57 highly correlates with final OR (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION SRS-GK was safe and gradually effective in children. A prescription dose-like that used in adult population (i.e. > 18 and between 20 and 25 Gy) is essential to achieve obliteration. A PD of 23 Gy and 22 Gy did impact OR, respectively (p = 0.02) and (p = 0.05). FPS and PCI are valuable scores that seem to correlate with the OR also in the pediatric population although further prospective studies are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Filippo Capitanio
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pietro Panni
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Luigi Gallotti
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Rosaria Gigliotti
- Department of Medical Physics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Scomazzoni
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Acerno
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Del Vecchio
- Department of Medical Physics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Franzin A, Panni P, Spatola G, Del Vecchio A, Gallotti AL, Gigliotti CR, Cavalli A, Donofrio CA, Mortini P. Results of volume-staged fractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgery for large complex arteriovenous malformations: obliteration rates and clinical outcomes of an evolving treatment paradigm. J Neurosurg 2018; 125:104-113. [PMID: 27903180 DOI: 10.3171/2016.7.gks161549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few reported series regarding volume-staged Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for the treatment of large, complex, cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The object of this study was to report the results of using volume-staged Gamma Knife radiosurgery for patients affected by large and complex AVMs. METHODS Data from 20 patients with large AVMs were prospectively included in the authors' AVM database between 2004 and 2012. A staging strategy was used when treating lesion volumes larger than 10 cm3. Hemorrhage and seizures were the presenting clinical feature for 6 (30%) and 8 (40%) patients, respectively. The median AVM volume was 15.9 cm3 (range 10.1-34.3 cm3). The mean interval between stages (± standard deviation) was 15 months (± 9 months). The median margin dose for each stage was 20 Gy (range 18-25 Gy). RESULTS Obliteration was confirmed in 8 (42%) patients after a mean follow-up of 45 months (range 19-87 months). A significant reduction (> 75%) of the original nidal volume was achieved in 4 (20%) patients. Engel Class I-II seizure status was reported by 75% of patients presenting with seizures (50% Engel Class I and 25% Engel Class II) after radiosurgery. After radiosurgery, 71.5% (5/7) of patients who had presented with a worsening neurological deficit reported a complete resolution or amelioration. None of the patients who presented acutely because of hemorrhage experienced a new bleeding episode during follow-up. One (5%) patient developed radionecrosis that caused sensorimotor hemisyndrome. Two (10%) patients sustained a bleeding episode after GKRS, although only 1 (5%) was symptomatic. High nidal flow rate and a time interval between stages of less than 11.7 months were factors significantly associated with AVM obliteration (p = 0.021 and p = 0.041, respectively). Patient age younger than 44 years was significantly associated with a greater than 75% reduction in AVM volume but not with AVM obliteration (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, volume-staged GKRS is an effective and safe treatment strategy for large, complex, cerebral AVMs for which microsurgery or endovascular approaches could carry substantially higher risks to the patient. Radiation doses up to 20 Gy can be safely administered. The time interval between stages should be shorter than 11.7 months to increase the chance of obliteration. High nidal flow and a patient age younger than 44 years were factors associated with nidus obliteration and significant nidus reduction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Panni
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, and
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Wu CX, Ma L, Chen XZ, Chen XL, Chen Y, Zhao YL, Hess C, Kim H, Jin HW, Ma J. Evaluation of Angioarchitectural Features of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation by Susceptibility Weighted Imaging. World Neurosurg 2018; 116:e1015-e1022. [PMID: 29859363 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A precise assessment of angioarchitectural characteristics using noninvasive imaging is helpful for serial follow-up and weighting risk of natural history in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM). This study aimed to test the hypothesis that susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) would provide an accurate evaluation of angioarchitectural features of unruptured bAVM. METHODS A total of 81 consecutive patients with unruptured bAVM were examined. Image quality of SWI for the assessment of bAVM angioarchitectural features was determined by a 5-point scale. The accuracy of SWI for detection of angioarchitectural features was evaluated using digital subtraction angiography as a standard reference and further compared among unruptured bAVMs with or without silent intralesional microhemorrhage on SWI to examine the potential confounding effect of microhemorrhage on image analysis. RESULTS All lesions were identified on SWI. Image quality of SWI was judged to be at least adequate for diagnosis (range, 3-5) in all patients by both readers. Using digital subtraction angiography as a reference standard, the area under the receiver operating curve of detection of deep or posterior fossa location, exclusively deep venous drainage, venous ectasia, venous varices, and the presence of associated aneurysm on SWI was 1, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, and 0.83, respectively. Silent intralesional microhemorrhage were detected in 39 patients (48.15%) on SWI and no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in angioarchitectural features between patients with and without silent microhemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS SWI might be a noninvasive alternative technique for angiography in the angioarchitectural assessment of unruptured bAVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xue Wu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Zhu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Li Zhao
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Stroke Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher Hess
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Heng-Wei Jin
- Interventional Neuroradiology Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Peres CMA, Souza ECD, Teixeira MJ, Figueiredo EG, Caldas JGM. Impact of Associated Nidal Lesions in Outcome of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations After Radiosurgery with or without Embolization. World Neurosurg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Derdeyn CP, Zipfel GJ, Albuquerque FC, Cooke DL, Feldmann E, Sheehan JP, Torner JC. Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Starke RM, Ding D, Kano H, Mathieu D, Huang PP, Feliciano C, Rodriguez-Mercado R, Almodovar L, Grills IS, Silva D, Abbassy M, Missios S, Kondziolka D, Barnett GH, Dade Lunsford L, Sheehan JP. International multicenter cohort study of pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations. Part 2: Outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 19:136-148. [PMID: 27911249 DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.peds16284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric patients (age < 18 years) harboring brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are burdened with a considerably higher cumulative lifetime risk of hemorrhage than adults. Additionally, the pediatric population was excluded from recent prospective comparisons of intervention versus conservative management for unruptured AVMs. The aims of this multicenter, retrospective cohort study are to analyze the outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for unruptured and ruptured pediatric AVMs. METHODS We analyzed and pooled AVM radiosurgery data from 7 participating in the International Gamma Knife Research Foundation. Patients younger than 18 years of age who had at least 12 months of follow-up were included in the study cohort. Favorable outcome was defined as AVM obliteration, no post-radiosurgical hemorrhage, and no permanently symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RIC). The post-radiosurgery outcomes of unruptured versus ruptured pediatric AVMs were compared, and statistical analyses were performed to identify predictive factors. RESULTS The overall pediatric AVM cohort comprised 357 patients with a mean age of 12.6 years (range 2.8-17.9 years). AVMs were previously treated with embolization, resection, and fractionated external beam radiation therapy in 22%, 6%, and 13% of patients, respectively. The mean nidus volume was 3.5 cm3, 77% of AVMs were located in eloquent brain areas, and the Spetzler-Martin grade was III or higher in 59%. The mean radiosurgical margin dose was 21 Gy (range 5-35 Gy), and the mean follow-up was 92 months (range 12-266 months). AVM obliteration was achieved in 63%. During a cumulative latency period of 2748 years, the annual post-radiosurgery hemorrhage rate was 1.4%. Symptomatic and permanent radiation-induced changes occurred in 8% and 3%, respectively. Favorable outcome was achieved in 59%. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the absence of prior AVM embolization (p = 0.001) and higher margin dose (p < 0.001) were found to be independent predictors of a favorable outcome. The rates of favorable outcome for patients treated with a margin dose ≥ 22 Gy vs < 22 Gy were 78% (110/141 patients) and 47% (101/216 patients), respectively. A margin dose ≥ 22 Gy yielded a significantly higher probability of a favorable outcome (p < 0.001). The unruptured and ruptured pediatric AVM cohorts included 112 and 245 patients, respectively. Ruptured AVMs had significantly higher rates of obliteration (68% vs 53%, p = 0.005) and favorable outcome (63% vs 51%, p = 0.033), with a trend toward a higher incidence of post-radiosurgery hemorrhage (10% vs 4%, p = 0.07). The annual post-radiosurgery hemorrhage rates were 0.8% for unruptured and 1.6% for ruptured AVMs. CONCLUSIONS Radiosurgery is a reasonable treatment option for pediatric AVMs. Obliteration and favorable outcomes are achieved in the majority of patients. The annual rate of latency period hemorrhage after radiosurgery for both ruptured and unruptured pediatric AVM patients conveys a significant risk until the nidus is obliterated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Starke
- University of Miami, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami, Florida
| | - Dale Ding
- University of Virginia, Department of Neurosurgery, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hideyuki Kano
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Mathieu
- University of Sherbrooke, Division of Neurosurgery, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Paul P Huang
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, New York
| | - Caleb Feliciano
- University of Puerto Rico, Section of Neurological Surgery, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Luis Almodovar
- University of Puerto Rico, Section of Neurological Surgery, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Inga S Grills
- Beaumont Health System, Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Danilo Silva
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mahmoud Abbassy
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Symeon Missios
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, New York
| | - Gene H Barnett
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - L Dade Lunsford
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- University of Virginia, Department of Neurosurgery, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Ding D, Starke RM, Sheehan JP. Radiosurgery for the management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 143:69-83. [PMID: 28552160 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63640-9.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare, unstable vascular lesions which spontaneously rupture at a rate of approximately 2-4% annually. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a minimally invasive treatment for AVMs, with a favorable risk-to-benefit profile in most patients, with respect to obliteration, hemorrhage, and seizure control. Radiosurgery is ideally suited for small to medium-sized AVMs (diameter <3cm or volume <12cm3) located in deep or eloquent brain regions. Obliteration is ultimately achieved in 70-80% of cases and is directly associated with nidus volume and radiosurgical margin dose. Adverse radiation effects, which appear as T2-weighted hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging, develop in 30-40% of patients after AVM radiosurgery, are symptomatic in 10%, and fail to clinically resolve in 2-3%. The risk of AVM hemorrhage may be reduced by radiosurgery, but the hemorrhage risk persists during the latency period between treatment and obliteration. Delayed postradiosurgery cyst formation occurs in 2% of cases and may require surgical treatment. Radiosurgery abolishes or ameliorates seizure activity in the majority of patients with AVM-associated epilepsy and induces de novo seizures in 1-2% of those without preoperative seizures. Strategies for the treatment of large-volume AVMs include neoadjuvant embolization and either dose- or volume-staged radiosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert M Starke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Ma L, Chen XL, Chen Y, Wu CX, Ma J, Zhao YL. Subsequent haemorrhage in children with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: Higher risk with unbalanced inflow and outflow angioarchitecture. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:2868-2876. [PMID: 27900505 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children with brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are at risk of life-threatening haemorrhage in their early lives. Our aim was to analyse various angioarchitectural features of bAVM to predict the risk of subsequent haemorrhage during follow-up in children. METHODS We identified all consecutive children admitted to our institution for bAVMs between July 2009 and September 2015. Children with at least 1 month of treatment-free follow-up after diagnosis were included in further analysis. Annual rates of AVM rupture as well as several potential risk factors for subsequent haemorrhage were analysed using Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS We identified 110 paediatric patients with a mean follow-up period of 2.1 years (range, 1 month-15.4 years). The average annual risk of haemorrhage from untreated AVMs was 4.3 % in children. No generalised venous ectasia in conjunction with fast arteriovenous shunt was predictive of subsequent haemorrhage (RR, 7.55; 95 % CI 1.96-29.06). The annual rupture risk was 11.1 % in bAVMs without generalised venous ectasia but with fast arteriovenous shunt. CONCLUSIONS bAVM angiographic features suggesting unbalanced inflow and outflow might be helpful to identify children at higher risk for future haemorrhage. KEY POINTS • Haemorrhage risk stratification is important for children with untreated brain AVM. • Angiographic features suggesting unbalanced inflow and outflow predict paediatric brain AVM haemorrhage. • Identifying AVMs with high rupture risk help patient selection and tailoring treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100050.,Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100050.,Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100050.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xue Wu
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100050
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100050.
| | - Yuan-Li Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100050. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Stroke Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Cohen-Inbar O, Starke RM, Paisan G, Kano H, Huang PP, Rodriguez-Mercado R, Almodovar L, Grills IS, Mathieu D, Silva D, Abbassy M, Missios S, Lee JYK, Barnett GH, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Sheehan JP. Early versus late arteriovenous malformation responders after stereotactic radiosurgery: an international multicenter study. J Neurosurg 2016; 127:503-511. [PMID: 27662534 DOI: 10.3171/2016.7.jns161194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is complete nidus obliteration, thereby eliminating the risk of future hemorrhage. This outcome can be observed within the first 18 months, although documentation of AVM obliteration can extend to as much as 5 years after SRS is performed. A shorter time to obliteration may impact the frequency and effect of post-SRS complications and latency hemorrhage. The authors' goal in the present study was to determine predictors of early obliteration (18 months or less) following SRS for cerebral AVM. METHODS Eight centers participating in the International Gamma Knife Research Foundation (IGKRF) obtained institutional review board approval to supply de-identified patient data. From a cohort of 2231 patients, a total of 1398 patients had confirmed AVM obliteration. Patients were sorted into early responders (198 patients), defined as those with confirmed nidus obliteration at or prior to 18 months after SRS, and late responders (1200 patients), defined as those with confirmed nidus obliteration more than 18 months after SRS. The median clinical follow-up time was 63.7 months (range 7-324.7 months). RESULTS Outcome parameters including latency interval hemorrhage, mortality, and favorable outcome were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Radiologically demonstrated radiation-induced changes were noted more often in the late responder group (376 patients [31.3%] vs 39 patients [19.7%] for early responders, p = 0.005). Multivariate independent predictors of early obliteration included a margin dose > 24 Gy (p = 0.031), prior surgery (p = 0.002), no prior radiotherapy (p = 0.025), smaller AVM nidus (p = 0.002), deep venous drainage (p = 0.039), and nidus location (p < 0.0001). Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and frontal lobe nidus locations favored early obliteration (p = 0.009). The Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale (VRAS) score was significantly different between the 2 responder groups (p = 0.039). The VRAS score was also shown to be predictive of early obliteration on univariate analysis (p = 0.009). For early obliteration, such prognostic ability was not shown for other SRS- and AVM-related grading systems. CONCLUSIONS Early obliteration (≤ 18 months post-SRS) was more common in patients whose AVMs were smaller, located in the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, or cerebellum, had deep venous drainage, and had received a margin dose > 24 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Cohen-Inbar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Robert M Starke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Neurological Surgery and Radiology, University of Miami, Florida
| | - Gabriella Paisan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hideyuki Kano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul P Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Luis Almodovar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Inga S Grills
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - David Mathieu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-LeBel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo Silva
- Rose-Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mahmoud Abbassy
- Rose-Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Symeon Missios
- Rose-Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John Y K Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Gene H Barnett
- Rose-Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - L Dade Lunsford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Pollock BE, Storlie CB, Link MJ, Stafford SL, Garces YI, Foote RL. Comparative analysis of arteriovenous malformation grading scales in predicting outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:852-858. [PMID: 27058199 DOI: 10.3171/2015.11.jns151300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Successful stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) results in nidus obliteration without new neurological deficits related to either intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or radiation-induced complications (RICs). In this study the authors compared 5 AVM grading scales (Spetzler-Martin grading scale, radiosurgery-based AVM score [RBAS], Heidelberg score, Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale [VRAS], and proton radiosurgery AVM scale [PRAS]) at predicting outcomes after SRS. METHODS The study group consisted of 381 patients with sporadic AVMs who underwent Gamma Knife SRS between January 1990 and December 2009; none of the patients underwent prior radiation therapy. The primary end point was AVM obliteration without a decline in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (excellent outcome). Comparison of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and accuracy was performed between the AVM grading scales and the best linear regression model (generalized linear model, elastic net [GLMnet]). RESULTS The median radiological follow-up after initial SRS was 77 months; the median clinical follow-up was 93 months. AVM obliteration was documented in 297 patients (78.0%). Obliteration was 59% at 4 years and 85% at 8 years. Fifty-five patients (14.4%) had a decline in mRS score secondary to RICs (n = 29, 7.6%) or ICH (n = 26, 6.8%). The mRS score declined by 10% at 4 years and 15% at 8 years. Overall, 274 patients (71.9%) had excellent outcomes. There was no difference between the AUC for the GLMnet (0.69 [95% CI 0.64-0.75]), RBAS (0.68 [95% CI 0.62-0.74]), or PRAS (0.69 [95% CI 0.62-0.74]). Pairwise comparison for accuracy showed no difference between the GLMnet and the RBAS (p = 0.08) or PRAS (p = 0.16), but it did show a significant difference between the GLMnet and the Spetzler-Martin grading system (p < 0.001), Heidelberg score (p < 0.001), and the VRAS (p < 0.001). The RBAS and the PRAS were more accurate when compared with the Spetzler-Martin grading scale (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01), Heidelberg score (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02), and VRAS (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS SRS provides AVM obliteration without functional decline in the majority of treated patients. AVM grading scales having continuous scores (RBAS and PRAS) outperformed integer-based grading systems in the prediction of AVM obliteration without mRS score decline after SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J Link
- Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.,Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Tucker A, Tsuji M, Yamada Y, Hanabusa K, Ukita T, Miyake H, Ohmura T. Arteriovenous malformation of the vestibulocochlear nerve. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:661-670. [PMID: 26244159 PMCID: PMC4517342 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a rare case of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embedded in the vestibulocochlear nerve presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treated by microsurgical elimination of the main feeding artery and partial nidus volume reduction with no permanent deficits. This 70-year-old woman was incidentally diagnosed 4 years previously with two small unruptured tandem aneurysms (ANs) on the right anterior inferior cerebral artery feeding a small right cerebellopontine angle AVM. The patient was followed conservatively until she developed sudden headache, nausea and vomiting and presented to our outpatient clinic after several days. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated findings suggestive of early subacute SAH in the quadrigeminal cistern. A microsurgical flow reduction technique via clipping between the two ANs and partial electrocoagulation of the nidus buried within the eighth cranial nerve provided radiographical devascularization of the ANs with residual AVM shunt flow and no major deficits during the 2.5 year follow-up. This is only the second report of an auditory nerve AVM. In the event of recurrence, reoperation or application of alternative therapies may be considered.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) pose a risk of morbidity and mortality throughout an affected patient's lifetime. Over the course of a patient's life, the risk of hemorrhage is approximately 1-4 % per year, and after an initial hemorrhage occurs, this risk may be higher. Other causes of morbidity include seizures, headaches, or progressive neurologic deficits. Once an AVM has been discovered, the utility of attempted obliteration or surgical resection compared to the risk of intervention should be entertained. The characteristics of the malformation as well as the patient's overall health status contribute to the decision to intervene on these lesions. For small lesions located in superficial areas without high-risk surgical characteristics (low-grade Spetzler-Martin grades), it is reasonable to consider surgical resection. In lesions that pose high-risk of complications from surgical removal, intra-arterial embolization, radiosurgery, or a combination of the two may be reasonable treatment options. Some AVMs at traditional high surgical risk may be amenable to partial embolization, allowing initially high-risk lesions to become better candidates for surgical resection. In some patients, particularly those who are older or who have multiple medical comorbidities, the risk of intervention as compared to the annual hemorrhage risk may warrant conservative management as opposed to intervention. The overall treatment strategy must be based on patient and AVM characteristics and careful risk-benefit ratio analysis.
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Blomquist E, Ronne-Engström E, Borota L, Gál G, Nilsson K, Lewén A, Montelius A, Grusell E, Isacsson U, Enblad P. Positive correlation between occlusion rate and nidus size of proton beam treated brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Acta Oncol 2015; 55:105-12. [PMID: 25972265 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1043023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton beam radiotherapy of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brain has been performed in Uppsala since 1991. An earlier study based on the first 26 patients concluded that proton beam can be used for treating large and medium sized AVMs that were considered difficult to treat with photons due to the risk of side effects. In the present study we analyzed the result from treating the subsequent 65 patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective review of the patients' medical records, treatment protocols and radiological results was done. Information about gender, age, presenting symptoms, clinical course, the size of AVM nidus and rate of occlusion was collected. Outcome parameters were the occlusion of the AVM, clinical outcome and side effects. RESULTS The rate of total occlusion was overall 68%. For target volume 0-2 cm(3) it was 77%, for 3-10 cm(3) 80%, for 11-15 cm(3) 50% and for 16-51 cm(3) 20%. Those with total regress of the AVM had significantly smaller target volumes (p < 0.009) higher fraction dose (p < 0.001) as well as total dose (p < 0.004) compared to the rest. The target volume was an independent predictor of total occlusion (p = 0.03). There was no difference between those with and without total occlusion regarding mean age, gender distribution or symptoms at diagnosis. Forty-one patients developed a mild radiation-induced brain edema and this was more common in those that had total occlusion of the AVM. Two patients had brain hemorrhages after treatment. One of these had no effect and the other only partial occlusion from proton beams. Two thirds of those presenting with seizures reported an improved seizure situation after treatment. CONCLUSION Our observations agree with earlier results and show that proton beam irradiation is a treatment alternative for brain AVMs since it has a high occlusion rate even in larger AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Blomquist
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Ljubisa Borota
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gyula Gál
- Department of Radiology Odense University Hospital, Odense Denmark
| | - Kristina Nilsson
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anders Lewén
- Department of Neuroscience, section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Montelius
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Erik Grusell
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ulf Isacsson
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Per Enblad
- Department of Neuroscience, section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Purpose:To identify the predictors of symptomatic post-radiation T2 signal change in patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) treated with radiosurgery.Materials and Methods:The charts of 211 consecutive patients with arteriovenous malformations treated with either gamma knife radisurgery or linear accelerator radiosurgery between 2000-2009 were retrospectively reviewed. 168 patients had a minimum of 12 months of clinical and radiologic follow-up following the procedure and complete dosage data. Pretreatment characteristics and dosimetric variables were analyzed to identify predictors of adverse radiation effects.Results:141 patients had no clinical symptomatic complications. 21 patients had global or focal neurological deficits attributed to symptomatic edema. Variables associated with development of symptomatic edema included a non-hemorrhagic symptomatic presentation compared to presentation with hemorrhage, p=0.001; OR (95%CI) = 6.26 (1.99, 19.69); the presence of venous rerouting compared to the lack of venous rerouting, p=0.031; OR (95% CI) = 3.25 (1.20, 8.80); radiosurgery with GKS compared to linear accelerator radiosurgery p = 0.012; OR (95% CI) = 4.58 (1.28, 16.32); and the presence of more than one draining vein compared to a single draining vein p = 0.032; OR (95% CI) = 2.82 (1.06, 7.50).Conclusions:We postulated that the higher maximal doses used with gamma knife radiosurgery may be responsible for the greater number of adverse radiation effects with this modality compared to linear accelerator radiosurgery. We found that AVMs with greater venous complexity and therefore instability resulted in more adverse treatment outcomes, suggesting that AVM angioarchitecture should be considered when making treatment decisions.
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Paúl L, Casasco A, Kusak ME, Martínez N, Rey G, Martínez R. Results for a Series of 697 Arteriovenous Malformations Treated by Gamma Knife. Neurosurgery 2014; 75:568-83; dicussion 582-3; quiz 583. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Stereotactic radiosurgery (RS) is an effective tool in treating brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Careful study of AVM angiographic characteristics may improve results.
OBJECTIVE:
To report the long-term outcomes of Gamma Knife RS (GKRS) in brain AVMs, focusing on how the angioarchitectural and hemodynamic parameters of AVMs affect the post-RS results.
METHODS:
This was a retrospective, longitudinal study of 697 consecutive GKRS treatments of brain AVMs in 662 patients performed at a single center between 1993 and 2005. The mean age of the patients was 37 years; the median AVM volume was 3.6 cm3; and the mean follow-up was 11 years. Forty-five percent of patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage; 44% underwent embolization; and 7% had multiple RSs. AVM characteristics in the RS-planning angiograms were analyzed, and their relationship to the post-RS obliteration rate was determined by univariate and multivariate analyses.
RESULTS:
The obliteration rate after a single RS was 69.3%; after multiple RS, it was 75%. Positive predictors of obliteration included compact nidus (odds ratio = 3.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.92-5.22), undilated feeders (odds ratio = 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.57), smaller AVM volume (odds ratio = 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.99), and higher marginal dose (odds ratio = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.27). Improvement or clinical stability was observed in 89.3% of patients; postprocedural bleeding was noted in 6.1%; and clinical worsening attributable to RS was seen in 3.8%. The annual risk of hemorrhage in the 4 years after RS was 1.2%.
CONCLUSION:
GKRS yielded a good long-term clinical outcome in most patients. Certain angiographic features of brain AVMs such as a well-defined nidus and undilated feeder arteries contribute to AVM occlusion by RS. GKRS can be regarded as the treatment of choice for AVMs <6 cm3, even after bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paúl
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department
| | | | | | | | - Germán Rey
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department
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46
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Iyer A, Chang SD. The role of radiosurgery for infratentorial arteriovenous malformations. World Neurosurg 2014; 82:e85-6. [PMID: 24815735 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven D Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA.
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Di Ieva A, Niamah M, Menezes RJ, Tsao M, Krings T, Cho YB, Schwartz ML, Cusimano MD. Computational Fractal-Based Analysis of Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Angioarchitecture. Neurosurgery 2014; 75:72-9. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Neuroimaging is the gold standard for diagnosis and follow-up of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs), but no objective parameter has been validated for the assessment of the nidus angioarchitecture and for prognostication following treatment. The fractal dimension (FD), which is a mathematical parameter able to quantify the space-filling properties and roughness of natural objects, may be useful in quantifying the geometrical complexity of bAVMs nidus.
OBJECTIVE:
To propose FD as a neuroimaging biomarker of the nidus angioarchitecture, which might be related to radiosurgical outcome.
METHODS:
We retrospectively analyzed 54 patients who had undergone stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of bAVMs. The quantification of the geometric complexity of the vessels forming the nidus, imaged in magnetic resonance imaging, was assessed by means of the box-counting method to obtain the fractal dimension.
RESULTS:
FD was found to be significantly associated with the size (P = .03) and volume (P < .001) of the nidus, in addition to several angioarchitectural parameters. A nonsignificant association between clinical outcome and FD was observed (area under the curve, 0.637 [95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.79]), indicative of a potential inverse relationship between FD and bAVM obliteration.
CONCLUSION:
In our exploratory methodological research, we showed that the FD is an objective computer-aided parameter for quantifying the geometrical complexity and roughness of the bAVM nidus. The results suggest that more complex bAVM angioarchitecture, having higher FD values, might be related to decreased response to radiosurgery and that the FD of the bAVM nidus could be used as a morphometric neuroimaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Ieva
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marzia Niamah
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ravi J. Menezes
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - May Tsao
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timo Krings
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Young-Bin Cho
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael L. Schwartz
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Cusimano
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Omay SB, Matouk CC, Günel M, Bulsara KR. A step toward customizing radiosurgical care for arteriovenous malformations. World Neurosurg 2012; 79:210. [PMID: 23266455 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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