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Legrand JMD, Hobbs RM. Defining Gene Function in Spermatogonial Stem Cells Through Conditional Knockout Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2656:261-307. [PMID: 37249877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3139-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian male fertility is maintained throughout life by a population of self-renewing mitotic germ cells known as spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Much of our current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying SSC activity is derived from studies using conditional knockout mouse models. Here, we provide a guide for the selection and use of mouse strains to develop conditional knockout models for the study of SSCs, as well as their precursors and differentiation-committed progeny. We describe Cre recombinase-expressing strains, breeding strategies to generate experimental groups, and treatment regimens for inducible knockout models and provide advice for verifying and improving conditional knockout efficiency. This resource can be beneficial to those aiming to develop conditional knockout models for the study of SSC development and postnatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien M D Legrand
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin M Hobbs
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Stoupa A, Kariyawasam D, Polak M, Carré A. Genetics of congenital hypothyroidism: Modern concepts. Pediatr Investig 2022; 6:123-134. [PMID: 35774517 PMCID: PMC9218988 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder and one of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disability in the world. CH may be due to developmental or functional thyroid defects (primary or peripheral CH) or be hypothalamic‐pituitary in origin (central CH). In most cases, primary CH is caused by a developmental malformation of the gland (thyroid dysgenesis, TD) or by a defect in thyroid hormones synthesis (dyshormonogenesis, DH). TD represents about 65% of CH and a genetic cause is currently identified in fewer than 5% of patients. The remaining 35% are cases of DH and are explained with certainty at the molecular level in more than 50% of cases. The etiology of CH is mostly unknown and may include contributions from individual and environmental factors. In recent years, the detailed phenotypic description of patients, high‐throughput sequencing technologies, and the use of animal models have made it possible to discover new genes involved in the development or function of the thyroid gland. This paper reviews all the genetic causes of CH. The modes by which CH is transmitted will also be discussed, including a new oligogenic model. CH is no longer simply a dominant disease for cases of CH due to TD and recessive for cases of CH due to DH, but a far more complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Gynaecology and Diabetology Ile de France Regional Neonatal Screening Centre (CRDN) Necker Enfants‐Malades University Hospital Paris France
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
- Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du dévelopement Paris France
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Gynaecology and Diabetology Ile de France Regional Neonatal Screening Centre (CRDN) Necker Enfants‐Malades University Hospital Paris France
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
- Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du dévelopement Paris France
| | - Michel Polak
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Gynaecology and Diabetology Ile de France Regional Neonatal Screening Centre (CRDN) Necker Enfants‐Malades University Hospital Paris France
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
- Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du dévelopement Paris France
- Université de Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Aurore Carré
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
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Stoupa A, Kariyawasam D, Polak M, Carré A. [Genetic of congenital hypothyroidism]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:263-273. [PMID: 35333163 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most frequent neonatal endocrine disorder. CH is due to thyroid development or thyroid function defects (primary) or may be of hypothalamic-pituitary origin (central). Primary CH is caused essentially by abnormal thyroid gland morphogenesis (thyroid dysgenesis, TD) or defective thyroid hormone synthesis (dyshormonogenesis, DH). DH accounts for about 35% of CH and a genetic cause is identified in 50% of patients. However, TD accounts for about 65% of CH, and a genetic cause is identified in less than 5% of patients. The pathogenesis of CH is largely unknown and may include the contribution of individual and environmental factors. During the last years, detailed phenotypic description of patients, next-generation sequence technologies and use of animal models allowed the discovery of novel candidate genes in thyroid development and function. We provide an overview of recent genetic causes of primary and central CH. In addition, mode of inheritance and the oligogenic model of CH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal (CRDN) Île-de-France, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP Paris, France - Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France - Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal (CRDN) Île-de-France, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP Paris, France - Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France - Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal (CRDN) Île-de-France, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP Paris, France - Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France - Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Carré
- Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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Li A, Cunanan J, Khalili H, Plageman T, Ask K, Khan A, Hunjan A, Drysdale T, Bridgewater D. Shroom3, a Gene Associated with CKD, Modulates Epithelial Recovery after AKI. KIDNEY360 2021; 3:51-62. [PMID: 35368578 PMCID: PMC8967620 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003802021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Ischemia-induced AKI resulting in tubular damage can often progress to CKD and is a common cause of nephrology consultation. After renal tubular epithelial damage, molecular and cellular mechanisms are activated to repair and regenerate the damaged epithelium. If these mechanisms are impaired, AKI can progress to CKD. Even in patients whose kidney function returns to normal baseline are more likely to develop CKD. Genome-wide association studies have provided robust evidence that genetic variants in Shroom3, which encodes an actin-associated protein, are associated with CKD and poor outcomes in transplanted kidneys. Here, we sought to further understand the associations of Shroom3 in CKD. Methods Kidney ischemia was induced in wild-type (WT) and Shroom3 heterozygous null mice (Shroom3Gt/+ ) and the mechanisms of cellular recovery and repair were examined. Results A 28-minute bilateral ischemia in Shroom3Gt/+ mice resulted in 100% mortality within 24 hours. After 22-minute ischemic injury, Shroom3Gt/+ mice had a 16% increased mortality, worsened kidney function, and significantly worse histopathology, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis after injury. The cortical tubular damage in Shroom3Gt/+ was associated with disrupted epithelial redifferentiation, disrupted Rho-kinase/myosin signaling, and disorganized apical F-actin. Analysis of MDCK cells showed the levels of Shroom3 are directly correlated to apical organization of actin and actomyosin regulators. Conclusion These findings establish that Shroom3 is required for epithelial repair and redifferentiation through the organization of actomyosin regulators, and could explain why genetic variants in Shroom3 are associated with CKD and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Li
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joanna Cunanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Hadiseh Khalili
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ahsan Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ashmeet Hunjan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Thomas Drysdale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Hildebrand JD, Leventry AD, Aideyman OP, Majewski JC, Haddad JA, Bisi DC, Kaufmann N. A modifier screen identifies regulators of cytoskeletal architecture as mediators of Shroom-dependent changes in tissue morphology. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.055640. [PMID: 33504488 PMCID: PMC7875558 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell architecture is critical in the formation of tissues during animal development. The mechanisms that control cell shape must be both dynamic and stable in order to establish and maintain the correct cellular organization. Previous work has identified Shroom family proteins as essential regulators of cell morphology during vertebrate development. Shroom proteins regulate cell architecture by directing the subcellular distribution and activation of Rho-kinase, which results in the localized activation of non-muscle myosin II. Because the Shroom-Rock-myosin II module is conserved in most animal model systems, we have utilized Drosophila melanogaster to further investigate the pathways and components that are required for Shroom to define cell shape and tissue architecture. Using a phenotype-based heterozygous F1 genetic screen for modifiers of Shroom activity, we identified several cytoskeletal and signaling protein that may cooperate with Shroom. We show that two of these proteins, Enabled and Short stop, are required for ShroomA-induced changes in tissue morphology and are apically enriched in response to Shroom expression. While the recruitment of Ena is necessary, it is not sufficient to redefine cell morphology. Additionally, this requirement for Ena appears to be context dependent, as a variant of Shroom that is apically localized, binds to Rock, but lacks the Ena binding site, is still capable of inducing changes in tissue architecture. These data point to important cellular pathways that may regulate contractility or facilitate Shroom-mediated changes in cell and tissue morphology. Summary: Using Drosophila as a model system, we identify F-actin and microtubules as important determinants of how cells and tissues respond to Shroom induced contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Adam D Leventry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Omoregie P Aideyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - John C Majewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - James A Haddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dawn C Bisi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nancy Kaufmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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A hot-spot mutation in CDC42 (p.Tyr64Cys) and novel phenotypes in the third patient with Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:387-390. [PMID: 29335451 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome (TKS) is a congenital malformation syndrome characterized by severe developmental delay, macrothrombocytopenia, camptodactyly, sensorineural hearing loss, and dysmorphic facial features. Recently, a heterozygous de novo mutation (p.Tyr64Cys) in the CDC42 gene, which encodes a key small GTP-binding protein of the Rho-subfamily, was identified in two unrelated patients with TKS. We herein report a third patient with TKS who had the same heterozygous CDC42 mutation. The phenotype of the patient was very similar to those of the two previously reported patients with TKS; however, she also demonstrated novel clinical manifestations, such as congenital hypothyroidism and immunological disturbance. Thus, despite the heterozygous mutation of CDC42 (p.Tyr64Cys) likely being a hot-spot mutation for TKS, its phenotype may be variable. Further studies and the accumulation of patients with CDC42 mutations are needed to clarify the phenotype in patients with TKS and the pathophysiological roles of the CDC42 mutation.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are crucial for organismal development and homeostasis. In humans, untreated congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis inevitably leads to cretinism, which comprises irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism. Elucidating how the thyroid gland - the only source of thyroid hormones in the body - develops is thus key for understanding and treating thyroid dysgenesis, and for generating thyroid cells in vitro that might be used for cell-based therapies. Here, we review the principal mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and functional differentiation, highlighting how the thyroid forerunner evolved from the endostyle in protochordates to the endocrine gland found in vertebrates. New findings on the specification and fate decisions of thyroid progenitors, and the morphogenesis of precursor cells into hormone-producing follicular units, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg SE-41345, Sweden
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