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Turner RL. The Metameric Echinoderm. Integr Org Biol 2024; 6:obae005. [PMID: 38558855 PMCID: PMC10980344 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal phyla are distinguished by their body plans, the ways in which their bodies are organized. A distinction is made, for example, among phyla with bodies of many segments (metameric; e.g., annelids, arthropods, and chordates), others with completely unsegmented bodies (americ; e.g., flatworms and mollusks), and a few phyla with bodies of 2 or 3 regions (oligomeric; e.g., echinoderms and hemichordates). The conventional view of echinoderms as oligomeric coelomates adequately considers early development, but it fails to recognize the metameric body plan that develops in the juvenile rudiment and progresses during indeterminate adult growth. As in the 3 phyla traditionally viewed to be metameric (annelids, arthropods, and chordates), metamery, or metamerism, in echinoderms occurs by (1) subterminal budding of (2) serially repeated components of (3) mesodermal origin. A major difference in most echinoderms is that metamery is expressed along multiple body axes, usually 5. The view of a metameric echinoderm might invite new discussions of metazoan body plans and new approaches to the study of morphogenesis, particularly in comparative treatments with annelids, arthropods, and chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Turner
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA
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Sweet HC, Azriel G, Jaff N, Moser J, Riola TA, Ideman C, Barton M, Nelson J, Lenhart MM. Formation of Coelomic Cavities during Abbreviated Development of the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:283-298. [PMID: 36716487 DOI: 10.1086/721954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn brittle stars, the coelomic cavities that form during embryogenesis contribute to most of the internal organ systems of the juvenile. In the ancestral mode of development, the coelomic cavities begin with bilateral symmetry and play a minor role in the function of the ophiopluteus larva. However, the coelomic cavities undergo extensive changes during metamorphosis to set up the body systems of the juvenile brittle star. Many lineages of brittle stars have evolved life histories without the ophiopluteus larva. The non-feeding vitellaria larva has rapid development of juvenile structures. This work demonstrates the modifications to the origin and early development of the coelomic cavities in a vitellaria larva. Much of the archenteron forms an unpaired axocoel, hydrocoel, and somatocoel. The posterior-most portion of the archenteron forms the rudiment of the juvenile stomach. The right somatocoel and a portion of the left somatocoel form as invaginations of the lateral ectoderm. Later morphogenesis of the axocoel, the hydrocoel, and the two somatocoels is similar to what has been shown for brittle stars with an ophiopluteus larva. Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional modeling were used to show new details for the later morphogenesis of the coelomic cavities. The stone canal originates as an outgrowth of the hydrocoel between lobes 4 and 5. The hydrocoel lobes have minimal migration after they meet to complete the ring canal. The right somatocoel contributes to a component of the axial complex and perihemal system. A detailed description is given for how the left somatocoel contributes to multiple organ systems.
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Hydrocoel morphogenesis forming the pentaradial body plan in a sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6025. [PMID: 35410352 PMCID: PMC9001670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms constitute an animal phylum characterized by the pentaradial body plan. During the development from bilateral larvae to pentaradial adults, the formation of the multiple of five hydrocoel lobes, i.e., the buddings from the mesodermal coelom, is the firstly emerging pentameral character. The developmental mechanism underlying the hydrocoel-lobe formation should be revealed to understand the evolutionary process of this unique and highly derived body plan of echinoderms, although the morphogenetic mechanisms of hydrocoel lobes are largely uninvestigated. In this study, using the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, in which hydrocoel is easily observable, the developmental process of hydrocoel lobes was described in detail, focusing on cell proliferation and rearrangement. Cell proliferation was not specifically distributed in the growing tips of the hydrocoel lobes, and inhibition of cell proliferation did not affect lobe formation. During lobe formation, the epithelium of the hydrocoel lobes was firstly thickened and then transformed into a simple epithelium, suggesting that tissue expansion via tissue remodeling contributes to the hydrocoel-lobe formation.
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Schlueter J, Mikawa T. Body Cavity Development Is Guided by Morphogen Transfer between Germ Layers. Cell Rep 2020; 24:1456-1463. [PMID: 30089257 PMCID: PMC6162999 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The body cavity is a space where internal organs develop and are placed. Despite the importance of this internal space, how the body cavity forms specifically within the mesoderm remains largely unknown. Here, we report that upon the onset of dorsal mesodermal cell polarization and initial lumen formation, mesodermal cells form filamentous projections that are directed toward the ectoderm. This cell behavior enables the dorsal population of mesodermal cells to receive BMP7 that is expressed by the ectoderm. Suppression of ectodermal BMP7 diminishes mesodermal cell projection and results in the loss of body cavity development. The data reveal that body cavity induction depends on signaling factor transfer from ectoderm to mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schlueter
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Topper TP, Guo J, Clausen S, Skovsted CB, Zhang Z. A stem group echinoderm from the basal Cambrian of China and the origins of Ambulacraria. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1366. [PMID: 30911013 PMCID: PMC6433856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterostomes are a morphologically disparate clade, encompassing the chordates (including vertebrates), the hemichordates (the vermiform enteropneusts and the colonial tube-dwelling pterobranchs) and the echinoderms (including starfish). Although deuterostomes are considered monophyletic, the inter-relationships between the three clades remain highly contentious. Here we report, Yanjiahella biscarpa, a bilaterally symmetrical, solitary metazoan from the early Cambrian (Fortunian) of China with a characteristic echinoderm-like plated theca, a muscular stalk reminiscent of the hemichordates and a pair of feeding appendages. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Y. biscarpa is a stem-echinoderm and not only is this species the oldest and most basal echinoderm, but it also predates all known hemichordates, and is among the earliest deuterostomes. This taxon confirms that echinoderms acquired plating before pentaradial symmetry and that their history is rooted in bilateral forms. Yanjiahella biscarpa shares morphological similarities with both enteropneusts and echinoderms, indicating that the enteropneust body plan is ancestral within hemichordates. The early evolution of the deuterostomes is not well resolved. Here, Topper and colleagues investigate the early Cambrian metazoan Yanjiahella biscarpa, concluding that it is a stem echinoderm, is among the oldest known deuterstomes, and supports an ancestral enteropneust body plan in hemichordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Topper
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China. .,Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Junfeng Guo
- School of Earth Science and Resources, Key Laboratory for the study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MLR, Chang'an University, 710054, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Christian B Skovsted
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
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Adachi S, Niimi I, Sakai Y, Sato F, Minokawa T, Urata M, Sehara-Fujisawa A, Kobayashi I, Yamaguchi M. Anteroposterior molecular registries in ectoderm of the echinus rudiment. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1297-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Adachi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Iyo Niimi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yui Sakai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Growth Regulation; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Asamushi Aomori Japan
| | - Makoto Urata
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Noto Hosu Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
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Morris VB, Kable E, Koop D, Cisternas P, Byrne M. Early development of the feeding larva of the sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata: role of the small micromeres. Dev Genes Evol 2018; 229:1-12. [PMID: 30446824 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The two modes of development in sea urchins are direct development, in which the adult develops directly from the gastrula to the adult and does not feed, and indirect development, in which the adult develops indirectly through a feeding larva. In this account of the indirect, feeding larva of Heliocidaris tuberculata, the question raised is whether an evolutionary difference of unequal cell divisions contributes to the development of feeding structures in the indirect larva. In indirect development, the cell divisions at the fourth and fifth cell cycles of the zygote are unequal, with four small micromeres formed at the vegetal pole at the fifth cell division. In direct development, these cell divisions are not unequal. From their position at the head of the archenteron, the small micromeres are strategically located to contribute to the feeding tissues of the larva and the adult of H. tuberculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Morris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A12, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Kable
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis F09, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Demian Koop
- School of Medical Sciences F13, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Paula Cisternas
- School of Medical Sciences F13, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences F13 and School of Life and Environmental Sciences A11, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Byrne M, Koop D, Morris VB, Chui J, Wray GA, Cisternas P. Expression of genes and proteins of the pax-six-eya-dach network in the metamorphic sea urchin: Insights into development of the enigmatic echinoderm body plan and sensory structures. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:239-249. [PMID: 28850769 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoreception-associated genes of the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach network (PSEDN) are deployed for many roles in addition to photoreception development. In this first study of PSEDN genes during development of the pentameral body in sea urchins, we investigated their spatial expression in Heliocidaris erythrogramma. RESULTS Expression of PSEDN genes in the hydrocoele of early (Dach, Eya, Six1/2) and/or late (Pax6, Six3/6) larvae, and the five hydrocoele lobes, the first morphological expression of pentamery, supports a role in body plan development. Pax6, Six1/2, and Six3/6 were localized to the primary and/or secondary podia and putative sensory/neuronal cells. Six1/2 and Six3/6 were expressed in the neuropil region in the terminal disc of the podia. Dach was localized to spines. Sequential up-regulation of gene expression as new podia and spines formed was evident. Rhabdomeric opsin and pax6 protein were localized to cells in the primary podia and spines. CONCLUSIONS Our results support roles for PSEDN genes in development of the pentameral body plan, contributing to our understanding of how the most unusual body plan in the Bilateria may have evolved. Development of sensory cells within the Pax-Six expression field is consistent with the role of these genes in sensory cell development in diverse species. Developmental Dynamics 247:239-249, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Demian Koop
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valerie B Morris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juanita Chui
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory A Wray
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paula Cisternas
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jia Z, Wang Q, Wu K, Wei Z, Zhou Z, Liu X. De novo transcriptome sequencing and comparative analysis to discover genes involved in ovarian maturity in Strongylocentrotus nudus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28622611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Strongylocentrotus nudus is an edible sea urchin, mainly harvested in China. Correlation studies indicated that S. nudus with larger diameter have a prolonged marketing time and better palatability owing to their precocious gonads and extended maturation process. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unknown. Here, transcriptome sequencing was applied to study the ovaries of adult S. nudus with different shell diameters to explore the possible mechanism. In this study, four independent cDNA libraries were constructed, including two from the big size urchins and two from the small ones using a HiSeq™2500 platform. A total of 88,581 unigenes were acquired with a mean length of 1354bp, of which 66,331 (74.88%) unigenes could be annotated using six major publicly available databases. Comparative analysis revealed that 353 unigenes were differentially expressed (with log2(ratio)≥1, FDR≤0.001) between the two groups. Of these, 20 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected to confirm the accuracy of RNA-seq data by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed to find the putative genes and pathways related to ovarian maturity. Eight unigenes were identified as significant DEGs involved in reproduction related pathways; these included Mos, Cdc20, Rec8, YP30, cytochrome P450 2U1, ovoperoxidase, proteoliaisin, and rendezvin. Our research fills the gap in the studies on the S. nudus ovaries using transcriptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qiai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenlin Wei
- Biological Science Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Koop D, Cisternas P, Morris VB, Strbenac D, Yang JYH, Wray GA, Byrne M. Nodal and BMP expression during the transition to pentamery in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma: insights into patterning the enigmatic echinoderm body plan. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:4. [PMID: 28193178 PMCID: PMC5307799 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the unusual echinoderm pentameral body plan and their likeness to mechanisms underlying the development of the bilateral plans of other deuterostomes are of interest in tracing body plan evolution. In this first study of the spatial expression of genes associated with Nodal and BMP2/4 signalling during the transition to pentamery in sea urchins, we investigate Heliocidaris erythrogramma, a species that provides access to the developing adult rudiment within days of fertilization. RESULTS BMP2/4, and the putative downstream genes, Six1/2, Eya, Tbx2/3 and Msx were expressed in the earliest morphological manifestation of pentamery during development, the five hydrocoele lobes. The formation of the vestibular ectoderm, the specialized region overlying the left coelom that forms adult ectoderm, involved the expression of putative Nodal target genes Chordin, Gsc and BMP2/4 and putative BMP2/4 target genes Dlx, Msx and Tbx. The expression of Nodal, Lefty and Pitx2 in the right ectoderm, and Pitx2 in the right coelom, was as previously observed in other sea urchins. CONCLUSION That genes associated with Nodal and BMP2/4 signalling are expressed in the hydrocoele lobes, indicates that they have a role in the developmental transition to pentamery, contributing to our understanding of how the most unusual body plan in the Bilateria may have evolved. We suggest that the Nodal and BMP2/4 signalling cascades might have been duplicated or split during the evolution to pentamery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Koop
- School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Paula Cisternas
- School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Valerie B. Morris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Dario Strbenac
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jean Yee Hwa Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Gregory A. Wray
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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