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Tiffany AS, Harley BA. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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2
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Cappuccio G, Brunetti-Pierri N, Clift P, Learn C, Dykes JC, Mercer CL, Callewaert B, Meerschaut I, Spinelli AM, Bruno I, Gillespie MJ, Dorfman AT, Grimberg A, Lindsay ME, Lin AE. Expanded cardiovascular phenotype of Myhre syndrome includes tetralogy of Fallot suggesting a role for SMAD4 in human neural crest defects. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1384-1395. [PMID: 35025139 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) can be associated with a wide range of extracardiac anomalies, with an underlying etiology identified in approximately 10% of cases. Individuals affected with Myhre syndrome due to recurrent SMAD4 mutations frequently have cardiovascular anomalies, including congenital heart defects. In addition to two patients in the literature with ToF, we describe five additional individuals with Myhre syndrome and classic ToF, ToF with pulmonary atresia and multiple aorto-pulmonary collaterals, and ToF with absent pulmonary valve. Aorta hypoplasia was documented in one patient and suspected in another two. In half of these individuals, postoperative cardiac dysfunction was thought to be more severe than classic postoperative ToF repair. There may be an increase in right ventricular pressure, and right ventricular dysfunction due to free pulmonic regurgitation. Noncardiac developmental abnormalities in our series and the literature, including corectopia, heterochromia iridis, and congenital miosis suggest an underlying defect of neural crest cell migration in Myhre syndrome. We advise clinicians that Myhre syndrome should be considered in the genetic evaluation of a child with ToF, short stature, unusual facial features, and developmental delay, as these children may be at risk for increased postoperative morbidity. Additional research is needed to investigate the hypothesis that postoperative hemodynamics in these patients may be consistent with restrictive myocardial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Paul Clift
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Learn
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C Dykes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine L Mercer
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Meerschaut
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Irene Bruno
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew J Gillespie
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron T Dorfman
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Pakravan K, Razmara E, Mahmud Hussen B, Sattarikia F, Sadeghizadeh M, Babashah S. SMAD4 contributes to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1-15. [PMID: 34841647 PMCID: PMC8742202 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. Although vital roles of the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (also called 'SMAD4') have been discussed in different cancers and stem cell-related studies, there are a few reviews summarizing the roles of this protein in the skeletal development and bone homeostasis. In order to fill this gap, we discuss the critical roles of SMAD4 in the skeletal development. To this end, we review the different signalling pathways and also how SMAD4 defines stem cell features. We also elaborate how the epigenetic factors-ie DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs-make a contribution to the chondrocyte and osteocyte development. To better grasp the important roles of SMAD4 in the cartilage and bone development, we also review the genotype-phenotype correlation in animal models. This review helps us to understand the importance of the SMAD4 in the chondrocyte and bone development and the potential applications for therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Pakravan
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of PharmacognosyCollege of PharmacyHawler Medical UniversityKurdistan RegionIraq
| | - Fatemeh Sattarikia
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
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4
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Stanley S, Balic Z, Hubmacher D. Acromelic dysplasias: how rare musculoskeletal disorders reveal biological functions of extracellular matrix proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1490:57-76. [PMID: 32880985 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acromelic dysplasias are a group of rare musculoskeletal disorders that collectively present with short stature, pseudomuscular build, stiff joints, and tight skin. Acromelic dysplasias are caused by mutations in genes (FBN1, ADAMTSL2, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS17, LTBP2, and LTBP3) that encode secreted extracellular matrix proteins, and in SMAD4, an intracellular coregulator of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. The shared musculoskeletal presentations in acromelic dysplasias suggest that these proteins cooperate in a biological pathway, but also fulfill distinct roles in specific tissues that are affected in individual disorders of the acromelic dysplasia group. In addition, most of the affected proteins directly interact with fibrillin microfibrils in the extracellular matrix and have been linked to the regulation of TGF-β signaling. Together with recently developed knockout mouse models targeting the affected genes, novel insights into molecular mechanisms of how these proteins regulate musculoskeletal development and homeostasis have emerged. Here, we summarize the current knowledge highlighting pathogenic mechanisms of the different disorders that compose acromelic dysplasias and provide an overview of the emerging biological roles of the individual proteins that are compromised. Finally, we develop a conceptual model of how these proteins may interact and form an "acromelic dysplasia complex" on fibrillin microfibrils in connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stanley
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zerina Balic
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dirk Hubmacher
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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5
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Cell polarity and oncogenesis: common mutations contribute to altered cellular polarity and promote malignancy. THE NUCLEUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-020-00313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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6
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Verstraeten A, Meester J, Peeters S, Mortier G, Loeys B. Chondrodysplasias and Aneurysmal Thoracic Aortopathy: An Emerging Tale of Molecular Intersection. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:783-795. [PMID: 32507656 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although at first glance chondrodysplasia and aneurysmal thoracic aortopathy seem oddly dissimilar, recent lines of evidences indicate that they share molecular similarities. Chondrodysplasias are a group of skeletal disorders characterized by genetic defects in hyaline cartilage. Aneurysmal thoracic aortopathy is the pathological enlargement of the thoracic aorta due to wall weakness, along with its ensuing life-threatening complications (i.e., aortic dissection and/or rupture). Extracellular matrix dysregulation, abnormal TGF-β signaling, and, to a more limited extent, endoplasmic reticulum stress emerge as common disease processes. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic and pathomechanistic overlap as well as of how these commonalities can guide treatment strategies for both disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Verstraeten
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium. @uantwerpen.be
| | - Josephina Meester
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silke Peeters
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Mortier
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Loeys
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Hwang HS, Lee MH, Kim HA. TGF-β1-induced expression of collagen type II and ACAN is regulated by 4E-BP1, a repressor of translation. FASEB J 2020; 34:9531-9546. [PMID: 32485037 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) binds eIF4E and represses protein translation by displacing it from the mRNA. In this study, we investigated the influence of 4E-BP1 translational apparatus on the regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced anabolic signaling in chondrocytes. The level of 4E-BP1 expression was significantly higher in human OA cartilage than normal cartilage. TGF-β1 increased total protein synthesis, including aggrecan (ACAN) and collagen type II (Col II), together with activation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. mTOR silencing significantly suppressed ACAN and Col II expressions through decreasing TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. On the contrary, 4E-BP1 knockdown promoted total protein synthesis but suppressed Col II and ACAN expressions with decreased expression of Smad2/3 and Smad4 and increased expression of inhibitory Smad6 and Smad7. TGF-β1 suppressed the interaction of 4E-BP1 and eIF4E and subsequently enhanced protein synthesis. Furthermore, 4E-BP1 regulated translation levels of inhibitory Smads, which decreased the accumulation of nuclear Smad2/3 complexes on the promoter of ACAN and Col II genes, subsequently affecting transcription of ACAN and Col II. These results demonstrated that TGF-β1-modulated phosphorylation of 4EBP1 plays a role in the expression of Col II and ACAN through differential alteration of Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Hwang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, Korea.,Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, Korea.,Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, Korea.,Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
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Chou L, Chen C, Lin Y, Chuang S, Chou H, Lin S, Fu Y, Chang J, Ho M, Wang C. Discoidin domain receptor 1 regulates endochondral ossification through terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. FASEB J 2020; 34:5767-5781. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901852rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang‐Yin Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chung‐Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics Kaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology National Sun Yat‐Sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hsiung Lin
- Department of Biotechnology Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shu‐Chun Chuang
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hsin‐Chiao Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Sung‐Yen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics Kaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yin‐Chi Fu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Je‐Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics Kaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery Department of Orthopedics Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Ling Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chau‐Zen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Centre Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
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The first two Chinese Myhre syndrome patients with the recurrent SMAD4 pathogenic variants: Functional consequences and clinical diversity. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 500:128-134. [PMID: 31654632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myhre syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant multi-organ disorder characterized by growth retardation, skeletal anomalies, muscular hypertrophy, joint stiffness, facial dysmorphism, deafness, cardiovascular disease, and abnormal sexual development. Here we described the first two Chinese Myhre syndrome patients diagnosed by whole-exome sequencing. They both had de novo c.1498A > G (p.Ile500Val) variant in SMAD4 and presented with key characteristics of Myhre syndrome but also revealed uncommon features (polydactyly in the girl and precocious puberty in the boy). We performed functional analysis on four previously reported SMAD4 pathogenic variants in Myhre syndrome patients using dual-luciferase assay. Our results revealed that the pathogenic variants resulted in a variable degree of increased transcription activity of target genes that contain the minimal SMAD binding elements in their promoter regions. The boy responded to the recombinant human growth hormone treatment with improved height but also led to hyperinsulinemia and advanced bone age. Because of his precocious puberty, we subsequently combined the recombinant human growth hormone and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist treatments, which resulted in overall improved height. We reviewed the sexual features of reported Myhre syndrome cases and discussed the possible mechanism of SMAD4 variants in Myhre syndrome that lead to the abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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10
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蒋 方, 肖 继, 陆 苑, 李 葳, 段 宇, 盛 宗, 李 绍. [Effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide on differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells into chondrocytes in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:652-658. [PMID: 28539289 PMCID: PMC6780477 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.05.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) on the differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) into chondrocytes in vitro and explore the possible mechanism. METHODS CCK8 assay was performed to examine the cytotoxicity of SPIO (1 and 5 µg/mL) on cultured SD rat BMSCs. Prussian blue staining and fluorescence excitation assay were used to assess the binding of the SPIO to BMSCs after the cells had been cultured in chondrocytes-induced medium in the presence of SPIO (1 and 5 µg/mL) for 9 days. The mRNA levels of COL2 α2, aggrecan and MMP13 in the cell culture were examined using Q-PCR, and the chondrogenic differentiation of the BMSCs was analyzed using alcian blue staining and immunofluorescence staining for COL2 α2. The protein levels of COL2 α2, aggrecan, MMP13, Ihh and PTHrP in the cells were examined using Western blotting. RESULTS CCK8 assay showed no significant toxicity of SPIO on BMSCs. Compared with the control cells, the cells cultured in the presence of SPIO showed increased expressions of COL2 α2 and aggrecan and decreased expression of MMP13 at both mRNA and protein levels with also significantly increased expressions of Ihh and PTHrP proteins. CONCLUSION SPIO can promote the differentiation of rat BMSCs into chondrocytes and up-regulate the Ihh/PTHrP signal pathway, suggesting the potential of SPIO as a new therapeutic agent for chondrocyte-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 方 蒋
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院影像科,广东 广州 510630Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 继杰 肖
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院影像科,广东 广州 510630Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 苑婷 陆
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院影像科,广东 广州 510630Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 葳 李
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院影像科,广东 广州 510630Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 宇雯 段
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院影像科,广东 广州 510630Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 宗海 盛
- 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,广东 深圳 518055Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - 绍林 李
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院影像科,广东 广州 510630Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- 中山大学第五附属医院放射科,广东 珠海 519000Department of Radiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
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