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Chen J, Wang B, Wang Y, Radermacher H, Qi J, Momoh J, Lammers T, Shi Y, Rix A, Kiessling F. mRNA Sonotransfection of Tumors with Polymeric Microbubbles: Co-Formulation versus Co-Administration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306139. [PMID: 38342634 PMCID: PMC11022722 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite its high potential, non-viral gene therapy of cancer remains challenging due to inefficient nucleic acid delivery. Ultrasound (US) with microbubbles (MB) can open biological barriers and thus improve DNA and mRNA passage. Polymeric MB are an interesting alternative to clinically used lipid-coated MB because of their high stability, narrow size distribution, and easy functionalization. However, besides choosing the ideal MB, it remains unclear whether nanocarrier-encapsulated mRNA should be administered separately (co-administration) or conjugated to MB (co-formulation). Therefore, the impact of poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) MB co-administration with mRNA-DOTAP/DOPE lipoplexes or their co-formulation on the transfection of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo is analyzed. Sonotransfection improved mRNA delivery into 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro with co-administration being more efficient than co-formulation. In vivo, the co-administration sonotransfection approach also resulted in higher transfection efficiency and reached deeper into the tumor tissue. On the contrary, co-formulation mainly promoted transfection of endothelial and perivascular cells. Furthermore, the co-formulation approach is much more dependent on the US trigger, resulting in significantly lower off-site transfection. Thus, the findings indicate that the choice of co-administration or co-formulation in sonotransfection should depend on the targeted cell population, tolerable off-site transfection, and the therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Chen
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Bi Wang
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Harald Radermacher
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Jinwei Qi
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Jeffrey Momoh
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Yang Shi
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Anne Rix
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
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2
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Arslanhan MD, Cengiz-Emek S, Odabasi E, Steib E, Hamel V, Guichard P, Firat-Karalar EN. CCDC15 localizes to the centriole inner scaffold and controls centriole length and integrity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202305009. [PMID: 37934472 PMCID: PMC10630097 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles responsible for forming centrosomes and cilia, which serve as microtubule-organizing, signaling, and motility centers. Biogenesis and maintenance of centrioles with proper number, size, and architecture are vital for their functions during development and physiology. While centriole number control has been well-studied, less is understood about their maintenance as stable structures with conserved size and architecture during cell division and ciliary motility. Here, we identified CCDC15 as a centriole protein that colocalizes with and interacts with the inner scaffold, a crucial centriolar subcompartment for centriole size control and integrity. Using ultrastructure expansion microscopy, we found that CCDC15 depletion affects centriole length and integrity, leading to defective cilium formation, maintenance, and response to Hedgehog signaling. Moreover, loss-of-function experiments showed CCDC15's role in recruiting both the inner scaffold protein POC1B and the distal SFI1/Centrin-2 complex to centrioles. Our findings reveal players and mechanisms of centriole architectural integrity and insights into diseases linked to centriolar defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis D. Arslanhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyma Cengiz-Emek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emmanuelle Steib
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Guichard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Paul R, Zhang KS, Kurosu Jalil M, Castaño N, Kim S, Tang SKY. Hydrodynamic dissection of Stentor coeruleus in a microfluidic cross junction. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3508-3520. [PMID: 35971861 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stentor coeruleus, a single-cell ciliated protozoan, is a model organism for wound healing and regeneration studies. Despite Stentor's large size (up to 2 mm in extended state), microdissection of Stentor remains challenging. In this work, we describe a hydrodynamic cell splitter, consisting of a microfluidic cross junction, capable of splitting Stentor cells in a non-contact manner at a high throughput of ∼500 cells per minute under continuous operation. Introduction of asymmetry in the flow field at the cross junction leads to asymmetric splitting of the cells to generate cell fragments as small as ∼8.5 times the original cell size. Characterization of cell fragment viability shows reduced 5-day survival as fragment size decreases and as the extent of hydrodynamic stress imposed on the fragments increases. Our results suggest that cell fragment size and composition, as well as mechanical stress, play important roles in the long-term repair of Stentor cells and warrant further investigations. Nevertheless, the hydrodynamic splitter can be useful for studying phenomena immediately after cell splitting, such as the closure of wounds in the plasma membrane which occurs on the order of 100-1000 seconds in Stentor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajorshi Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kevin S Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Myra Kurosu Jalil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Nicolas Castaño
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Sungu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Steinacker TL, Wong SS, Novak ZA, Saurya S, Gartenmann L, van Houtum EJ, Sayers JR, Lagerholm BC, Raff JW. Centriole growth is limited by the Cdk/Cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Ana2/STIL. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202205058. [PMID: 35861803 PMCID: PMC9442473 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles duplicate once per cell cycle, but it is unclear how daughter centrioles assemble at the right time and place and grow to the right size. Here, we show that in Drosophila embryos the cytoplasmic concentrations of the key centriole assembly proteins Asl, Plk4, Ana2, Sas-6, and Sas-4 are low, but remain constant throughout the assembly process-indicating that none of them are limiting for centriole assembly. The cytoplasmic diffusion rate of Ana2/STIL, however, increased significantly toward the end of S-phase as Cdk/Cyclin activity in the embryo increased. A mutant form of Ana2 that cannot be phosphorylated by Cdk/Cyclins did not exhibit this diffusion change and allowed daughter centrioles to grow for an extended period. Thus, the Cdk/Cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Ana2 seems to reduce the efficiency of daughter centriole assembly toward the end of S-phase. This helps to ensure that daughter centrioles stop growing at the correct time, and presumably also helps to explain why centrioles cannot duplicate during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zsofia A. Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Judith R. Sayers
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jordan W. Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Kinetic and structural roles for the surface in guiding SAS-6 self-assembly to direct centriole architecture. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6180. [PMID: 34702818 PMCID: PMC8548535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering mechanisms governing organelle assembly is a fundamental pursuit in biology. The centriole is an evolutionarily conserved organelle with a signature 9-fold symmetrical chiral arrangement of microtubules imparted onto the cilium it templates. The first structure in nascent centrioles is a cartwheel, which comprises stacked 9-fold symmetrical SAS-6 ring polymers emerging orthogonal to a surface surrounding each resident centriole. The mechanisms through which SAS-6 polymerization ensures centriole organelle architecture remain elusive. We deploy photothermally-actuated off-resonance tapping high-speed atomic force microscopy to decipher surface SAS-6 self-assembly mechanisms. We show that the surface shifts the reaction equilibrium by ~104 compared to solution. Moreover, coarse-grained molecular dynamics and atomic force microscopy reveal that the surface converts the inherent helical propensity of SAS-6 polymers into 9-fold rings with residual asymmetry, which may guide ring stacking and impart chiral features to centrioles and cilia. Overall, our work reveals fundamental design principles governing centriole assembly. The centriole exhibits an evolutionarily conserved 9-fold radial symmetry that stems from a cartwheel containing vertically stacked ring polymers that harbor 9 homodimers of the protein SAS-6. Here the authors show how dual properties inherent to surface-guided SAS-6 self-assembly possess spatial information that dictates correct scaffolding of centriole architecture.
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6
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Mofatteh M, Echegaray-Iturra F, Alamban A, Dalla Ricca F, Bakshi A, Aydogan MG. Autonomous clocks that regulate organelle biogenesis, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular dynamics. eLife 2021; 10:e72104. [PMID: 34586070 PMCID: PMC8480978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How do cells perceive time? Do cells use temporal information to regulate the production/degradation of their enzymes, membranes, and organelles? Does controlling biological time influence cytoskeletal organization and cellular architecture in ways that confer evolutionary and physiological advantages? Potential answers to these fundamental questions of cell biology have historically revolved around the discussion of 'master' temporal programs, such as the principal cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin cell division oscillator and the circadian clock. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent evidence supporting an emerging concept of 'autonomous clocks,' which under normal conditions can be entrained by the cell cycle and/or the circadian clock to run at their pace, but can also run independently to serve their functions if/when these major temporal programs are halted/abrupted. We begin the discussion by introducing recent developments in the study of such clocks and their roles at different scales and complexities. We then use current advances to elucidate the logic and molecular architecture of temporal networks that comprise autonomous clocks, providing important clues as to how these clocks may have evolved to run independently and, sometimes at the cost of redundancy, have strongly coupled to run under the full command of the cell cycle and/or the circadian clock. Next, we review a list of important recent findings that have shed new light onto potential hallmarks of autonomous clocks, suggestive of prospective theoretical and experimental approaches to further accelerate their discovery. Finally, we discuss their roles in health and disease, as well as possible therapeutic opportunities that targeting the autonomous clocks may offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mofatteh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Fabio Echegaray-Iturra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Andrew Alamban
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Francesco Dalla Ricca
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Anand Bakshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mustafa G Aydogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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7
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Pereira SG, Dias Louro MA, Bettencourt-Dias M. Biophysical and Quantitative Principles of Centrosome Biogenesis and Structure. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:43-63. [PMID: 34314592 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-051400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome is a main orchestrator of the animal cellular microtubule cytoskeleton. Dissecting its structure and assembly mechanisms has been a goal of cell biologists for over a century. In the last two decades, a good understanding of the molecular constituents of centrosomes has been achieved. Moreover, recent breakthroughs in electron and light microscopy techniques have enabled the inspection of the centrosome and the mapping of its components with unprecedented detail. However, we now need a profound and dynamic understanding of how these constituents interact in space and time. Here, we review the latest findings on the structural and molecular architecture of the centrosome and how its biogenesis is regulated, highlighting how biophysical techniques and principles as well as quantitative modeling are changing our understanding of this enigmatic cellular organelle. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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8
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Gu YF, Kong LT. Inhibiting p21-activated kinase (PAK7) enhances radiosensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:2202-2214. [PMID: 34165002 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211027948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In light of the upregulation of p21-activated kinase (PAK7) in a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we aimed to investigate the effect of PAK7 on the sensitivity of HCC cells to radiotherapy. METHODS PAK7 expression was determined in normal adult liver epithelial THLE-2 and human HCC cell lines. The effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on the HCC cell viability was evaluated by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. HCC cell lines Mahlavu and Huh7 were chosen to assess the effect of PAK7 shRNAs on the viability, clone formation, apoptosis, cycle distribution and γ-H2AX expression after exposure to IR. RESULTS As compared to THLE-2 cells, PAK7 was upregulated in poorly differentiated Mahlavu and SK-Hep-1 cells, but moderately or lowly expressed in well-differentiated Huh7 and HepG2 cells. HCC cells with moderate or low expression of PAK7 presented a decreased viability at 2 Gy IR, which had no significant effect on PAK7high HCC cells. Mahlavu and Huh7 cells transfected with PAK7 shRNAs showed increased inhibitory effect of IR on viability. In addition, PAK7 shRNAs reduced clone formation, facilitated the cell apoptosis, arrested cells at G2/M phase, and increased γ-H2AX expression. Moreover, changes above were more evident in the HCC cells co-treated with IR and PAK7 shRNAs. CONCLUSION PAK7 downregulation could inhibit the viability, promote the apoptosis, arrest cells in G2/M phase, and induce the DNA damage in HCC cells, thereby enhancing the radiosensitivity in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-F Gu
- Department of Radiotherapy Second Ward, YanTaiShan hospital, YanTai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - L-T Kong
- Department of Emergency, YanTaiShan Hospital, YanTai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu J, Cai Y, Han Y, Hu S, Ren S, Zhou X, Wang X. Inhibition of Polo-like kinase 4 induces mitotic defects and DNA damage in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:640. [PMID: 34162828 PMCID: PMC8222327 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a key regulator of centriole biogenesis, has recently been shown to play key roles in tumorigenesis. Blocking PLK4 expression by interference or targeted drugs exhibits attractive potential in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the role of PLK4 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is still undefined. In this study, we discover that PLK4 is a potential target for the treatment of DLBCL, and demonstrate the efficacy of a PLK4 inhibitor when used in combination with doxorubicin. Pharmaceutical inhibition of PLK4 with CFI-400945 inhibited DLBCL cell proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death. The anti-tumor effects were accompanied by mitotic defects, including polyploidy and cytokinesis failure. Activation of p53 and Hippo/YAP tumor suppressor signaling pathway was identified as the potential mechanisms driving CFI-400945 activity. Moreover, CFI-400945 treatment resulted in activation of DNA damage response. Combining CFI-400945 with doxorubicin markedly delayed tumor progression in DLBCL xenografts. Finally, PLK4 was increased in primary DLBCL tissues and cell lines. High levels of PLK4 expression were associated with poor survival in the patients receiving CHOP-based treatment, implicating PLK4 as a predictive biomarker of DLBCL chemosensitivity. These results provide the therapeutic potential of CFI-400945 both as monotherapy or in combination with doxorubicin for the treatment of DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Damage
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice, SCID
- Mitosis/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yiqing Cai
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shunfeng Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shuai Ren
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
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10
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Dias Louro MA, Bettencourt-Dias M, Carneiro J. A first-takes-all model of centriole copy number control based on cartwheel elongation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008359. [PMID: 33970906 PMCID: PMC8136855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells control the numbers of subcellular components is a fundamental question in biology. Given that biosynthetic processes are fundamentally stochastic it is utterly puzzling that some structures display no copy number variation within a cell population. Centriole biogenesis, with each centriole being duplicated once and only once per cell cycle, stands out due to its remarkable fidelity. This is a highly controlled process, which depends on low-abundance rate-limiting factors. How can exactly one centriole copy be produced given the variation in the concentration of these key factors? Hitherto, tentative explanations of this control evoked lateral inhibition- or phase separation-like mechanisms emerging from the dynamics of these rate-limiting factors but how strict centriole number is regulated remains unsolved. Here, a novel solution to centriole copy number control is proposed based on the assembly of a centriolar scaffold, the cartwheel. We assume that cartwheel building blocks accumulate around the mother centriole at supercritical concentrations, sufficient to assemble one or more cartwheels. Our key postulate is that once the first cartwheel is formed it continues to elongate by stacking the intermediate building blocks that would otherwise form supernumerary cartwheels. Using stochastic models and simulations, we show that this mechanism may ensure formation of one and only one cartwheel robustly over a wide range of parameter values. By comparison to alternative models, we conclude that the distinctive signatures of this novel mechanism are an increasing assembly time with cartwheel numbers and the translation of stochasticity in building block concentrations into variation in cartwheel numbers or length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Carneiro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova, Oeiras, Portugal
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11
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Park JE, Meng L, Ryu EK, Nagashima K, Baxa U, Bang JK, Lee KS. Autophosphorylation-induced self-assembly and STIL-dependent reinforcement underlie Plk4's ring-to-dot localization conversion around a human centriole. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3419-3436. [PMID: 33323015 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1843772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is a key regulator of centriole biogenesis. Studies have shown that Plk4 undergoes dynamic relocalization from a ring-like pattern around a centriole to a dot-like morphology at the procentriole assembly site and this event is central for inducing centriole biogenesis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying Plk4's capacity to drive its symmetry-breaking ring-to-dot relocalization remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that Plk4 self-initiates this process in an autophosphorylation-dependent manner and that STIL, its downstream target, is not required for this event. Time-dependent analyses with mEOS-fused photoconvertible Plk4 revealed that a portion of ring-state Plk4 acquires a capacity, presumably through autophosphorylation, to linger around a centriole, ultimately generating a dot-state morphology. Interestingly, Plk4 WT, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, showed the ability to form a nanoscale spherical assembly in the cytosol of human cells or heterologous E. coli, demonstrating its autophosphorylation-dependent self-organizing capacity. At the biochemical level, Plk4 - unlike its N-terminal βTrCP degron motif - robustly autophosphorylated the PC3 SSTT motif within its C-terminal cryptic polo-box, an event critical for inducing its physical clustering. Additional in vivo experiments showed that although STIL was not required for Plk4's initial ring-to-dot conversion, coexpressed STIL greatly enhanced Plk4's ability to generate a spherical condensate and recruit Sas6, a major component of the centriolar cartwheel structure. We propose that Plk4's autophosphorylation-induced clustering is sufficient to induce its ring-to-dot localization conversion and that subsequently recruited STIL potentiates this process to generate a procentriole assembly body critical for Plk4-dependent centriole biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Yamamoto S, Kitagawa D. Emerging insights into symmetry breaking in centriole duplication: updated view on centriole duplication theory. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:8-14. [PMID: 32956908 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle. Since only a single daughter centriole is assembled adjacent to each mother centriole, symmetry around the mother centriole must be broken in the process of centriole duplication. Recent studies have established that Plk4, a master kinase for centriole duplication, can self-assemble into condensates, and have suggested that this Plk4 self-assembly is the key to symmetry breaking. Here, we present the current hypotheses for how Plk4 could break symmetry around the mother centriole via autonomous regulation. After this initial symmetry-breaking process, the ring-to-dot conversion of Plk4 around the mother centriole completes the selection of the site for procentriole formation. We also discuss how this dynamic transition contributes to the strict regulation of centriole duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Vakonakis I. The centriolar cartwheel structure: symmetric, stacked, and polarized. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:1-7. [PMID: 32956907 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An accurate centriolar structure is crucial for organelle function, necessitating the existence of molecular mechanisms for the tight control of centriole assembly. Formation of an initial scaffold, the cartwheel, assists the correct placement of centriolar proteins during assembly and templates key structural parameters of the organelle. Past work illustrated how cartwheel and centriolar symmetry are linked, and grounded organelle symmetry and diameter to the properties of the centriolar protein SAS-6. However, questions remained over how centriole polarity and length are controlled. Recent advances in resolving cartwheel structure and cell biology showed that these assemblies are polarized and that their length is under the control of a homeostatic mechanism. These cartwheel properties may, in turn, influence the centriolar polarity and length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vakonakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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14
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Gartenmann L, Vicente CC, Wainman A, Novak ZA, Sieber B, Richens JH, Raff JW. Drosophila Sas-6, Ana2 and Sas-4 self-organise into macromolecular structures that can be used to probe centriole and centrosome assembly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244574. [PMID: 32409564 PMCID: PMC7328145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Centriole assembly requires a small number of conserved proteins. The precise pathway of centriole assembly has been difficult to study, as the lack of any one of the core assembly proteins [Plk4, Ana2 (the homologue of mammalian STIL), Sas-6, Sas-4 (mammalian CPAP) or Asl (mammalian Cep152)] leads to the absence of centrioles. Here, we use Sas-6 and Ana2 particles (SAPs) as a new model to probe the pathway of centriole and centrosome assembly. SAPs form in Drosophila eggs or embryos when Sas-6 and Ana2 are overexpressed. SAP assembly requires Sas-4, but not Plk4, whereas Asl helps to initiate SAP assembly but is not required for SAP growth. Although not centrioles, SAPs recruit and organise many centriole and centrosome components, nucleate microtubules, organise actin structures and compete with endogenous centrosomes to form mitotic spindle poles. SAPs require Asl to efficiently recruit pericentriolar material (PCM), but Spd-2 (the homologue of mammalian Cep192) can promote some PCM assembly independently of Asl. These observations provide new insights into the pathways of centriole and centrosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Catarina C Vicente
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zsofi A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Boris Sieber
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jennifer H Richens
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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15
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Aydogan MG, Steinacker TL, Mofatteh M, Wilmott ZM, Zhou FY, Gartenmann L, Wainman A, Saurya S, Novak ZA, Wong SS, Goriely A, Boemo MA, Raff JW. An Autonomous Oscillation Times and Executes Centriole Biogenesis. Cell 2020; 181:1566-1581.e27. [PMID: 32531200 PMCID: PMC7327525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The accurate timing and execution of organelle biogenesis is crucial for cell physiology. Centriole biogenesis is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) and initiates in S-phase when a daughter centriole grows from the side of a pre-existing mother. Here, we show that a Plk4 oscillation at the base of the growing centriole initiates and times centriole biogenesis to ensure that centrioles grow at the right time and to the right size. The Plk4 oscillation is normally entrained to the cell-cycle oscillator but can run autonomously of it-potentially explaining why centrioles can duplicate independently of cell-cycle progression. Mathematical modeling indicates that the Plk4 oscillation can be generated by a time-delayed negative feedback loop in which Plk4 inactivates the interaction with its centriolar receptor through multiple rounds of phosphorylation. We hypothesize that similar organelle-specific oscillations could regulate the timing and execution of organelle biogenesis more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Aydogan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Thomas L Steinacker
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mohammad Mofatteh
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zachary M Wilmott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Felix Y Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zsofia A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Michael A Boemo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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Nagao Y, Sakamoto M, Chinen T, Okada Y, Takao D. Robust classification of cell cycle phase and biological feature extraction by image-based deep learning. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1346-1354. [PMID: 32320349 PMCID: PMC7353138 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the cell cycle, the subcellular organization undergoes major spatiotemporal changes that could in principle contain biological features that could potentially represent cell cycle phase. We applied convolutional neural network-based classifiers to extract such putative features from the fluorescence microscope images of cells stained for the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, and the microtubule cytoskeleton. We demonstrate that cell images can be robustly classified according to G1/S and G2 cell cycle phases without the need for specific cell cycle markers. Grad-CAM analysis of the classification models enabled us to extract several pairs of quantitative parameters of specific subcellular features as good classifiers for the cell cycle phase. These results collectively demonstrate that machine learning-based image processing is useful to extract biological features underlying cellular phenomena of interest in an unbiased and data-driven manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nagao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mika Sakamoto
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takumi Chinen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Physics and Universal Biology Institute (UBI), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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First person – Daisuke Takao. Biol Open 2019. [PMCID: PMC6777371 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Biology Open, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Daisuke Takao is first author on ‘Feedback loops in the Plk4–STIL–HsSAS6 network coordinate site selection for procentriole formation’, published in BiO. Daisuke conducted the research described in this article while an Assistant Professor in Daiju Kitagawa's lab at Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan. He is now at the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, investigating cilia and centrosomes.
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