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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Du X, Li S, Yang K, Cao Y. Downregulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling induces G2-arrest in genital warts. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13265. [PMID: 36704875 PMCID: PMC9838784 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infected keratinocyte dysfunction results in the formation of genital warts, and the specific role of Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling in genital warts remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to identify the correlation between wart formation and SHh signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, nine male patients with genital warts were recruited, and the expression of SHh and its downstream signal molecules Patched-1 and GLI family zinc finger 1 (Ptch1 and Gli1) was detected. Moreover, G2-phase cells in the collected genital warts samples were assessed with normal foreskin samples as a comparison. HPV6/11 were detected via in situ hybridization (ISH), and SHh expression of the corresponding paraffin sections was determined via immunohistochemical staining (IHC). In addition, an in vitro down-regulated SHh model was constructed by siRNA transfection of the HaCaT cell line, and the cell cycle was detected at 36 h by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. RESULTS SHh, Ptch1, and Gli1 in warts were significantly downregulated in the condyloma acuminatum (CA) group compared to the normal foreskin group. G2-phase cells in the middle section of the spinous layer of CA wart tissues were significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of HPV-DNA was amplified and negatively correlated with SHh activity in CA wart tissues. Lastly, the downregulation of SHh-induced G2 arrest in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The downregulation of the SHh signaling promotes HPV replication and the formation of warts by inducing G2/M arrest in the keratinocytes of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Du
- Department of DermatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shan Li
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of DermatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuchun Cao
- Department of DermatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Wei Y, Gu Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wang W. Cloning, tissue distribution of desert hedgehog (dhh) gene and expression profiling during different developmental stages of Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae. Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 46:119277. [PMID: 36152995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial member of the Hedgehog (Hh) protein family, desert hedgehog (dhh) plays a vital role in multiple developmental processes, cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. However, it is unclear how it regulates development in fish. In this study, we cloned and characterized the dhh gene from Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae. The full-length cDNA of Pydhh comprises 3194 bp, with a 1386 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a polypeptide of 461 amino acids with a typical HH-signal domain, Hint-N and Hint-C domains. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that the putative PyDHH protein sequence was highly conserved across species, especially in the typical domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PyDHH clustered within the Pleuronectiformes. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that Pydhh was detected in fourteen different tissues in adult-female and adult-male marbled flounder, and nine different tissues in juvenile fish. During early embryonic development stages, the expression of Pydhh was revealed high levels at hatching stage of embryo development. Moreover, the relative expression of Pydhh was significantly higher in the juvenile liver than adults', and higher in the female skin than the male skin. To further investigate its location, the in situ hybridization (ISH) assay was performed, the results showed that the hybridization signal was obviously expressed in the immune organs of Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, with weak signal expression in the other tissues. Our results suggested that Pydhh is highly conserved among species and plays a vital role in embryonic development and formation of immune related organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanchao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yixin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Lima IFP, Matos FRD, Bernardino ÍDM, Santana ITS, Vieira WDA, Blumenberg C, Siqueira WL, Paranhos LR. RANK, RANKL, and OPG in Dentigerous Cyst, Odontogenic Keratocyst, and Ameloblastoma: A Meta-Analysis. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:16-25. [PMID: 33913997 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and compare RANK, RANKL, and OPG immunoexpression in dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and ameloblastoma. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018105543). Seven databases (Embase, Lilacs, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Web of Science) were the primary search sources and two databases (Open Grey and Open Thesis) partially captured the "grey literature". Only cross sectional studies were included. The JBI Checklist assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis with random effects model estimated the values from the OPG and RANKL ratio reported by the individual studies and respective 95% confidence intervals. The heterogeneity among studies was assessed with I2 statistics. Only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered in the analyses. The studies were published from 2008 to 2018. Two studies presented low risk of bias, while seven studies presented moderate risk. The meta-analysis showed the highest OPG>RANKL ratio for dentigerous cyst (ES=43.3%; 95% CI=14.3-74.8) and odontogenic keratocyst (ES=36.8%; 95% CI=18.8-56.7). In contrast, the highest OPG<RANKL ratio was found for ameloblastoma (ES=73.4%; 95% CI=55.4-88.4) and it was higher in the stromal region compared to the odontogenic epithelial region. The results may explain the aggressive potential of ameloblastoma from the higher OPG<RANKL ratio in this tumor, while it was lower for dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Felipe Pereira Lima
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Walbert de Andrade Vieira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Department of Social Medicine, UFPEL - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Krishnan M, Kumar S, Kangale LJ, Ghigo E, Abnave P. The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050667. [PMID: 33946143 PMCID: PMC8144950 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differentiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz. intestinal stem cells (ISCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and epidermal stem cells (Ep-SCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Krishnan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Gurgaon-Faridabad Ex-pressway, Faridabad 121001, India; (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Gurgaon-Faridabad Ex-pressway, Faridabad 121001, India; (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Luis Johnson Kangale
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Institut Hospitalo Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France;
- TechnoJouvence, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Prasad Abnave
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Gurgaon-Faridabad Ex-pressway, Faridabad 121001, India; (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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In JG, Yin J, Atanga R, Doucet M, Cole RN, DeVine L, Donowitz M, Zachos NC, Blutt SE, Estes MK, Kovbasnjuk O. Epithelial WNT2B and Desert Hedgehog Are Necessary for Human Colonoid Regeneration after Bacterial Cytotoxin Injury. iScience 2020; 23:101618. [PMID: 33089106 PMCID: PMC7559866 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal regeneration and crypt hyperplasia after radiation or pathogen injury relies on Wnt signaling to stimulate stem cell proliferation. Mesenchymal Wnts are essential for homeostasis and regeneration in mice, but the role of epithelial Wnts remains largely uncharacterized. Using the enterohemorrhagic E. coli-secreted cytotoxin EspP to induce injury to human colonoids, we evaluated a simplified, epithelial regeneration model that lacks mesenchymal Wnts. Here, we demonstrate that epithelial-produced WNT2B is upregulated following injury and essential for regeneration. Hedgehog signaling, specifically activation via the ligand Desert Hedgehog (DHH), but not Indian or Sonic Hedgehog, is another driver of regeneration and modulates WNT2B expression. These findings highlight the importance of epithelial WNT2B and DHH in regulating human colonic regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Yamada Y, Trakanant S, Nihara J, Kudo T, Seo K, Saeki M, Kurose M, Matsumaru D, Maeda T, Ohazama A. Gli3 is a Key Factor in the Schwann Cells from Both Intact and Injured Peripheral Nerves. Neuroscience 2020; 432:229-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chidamide Inhibits Glioma Cells by Increasing Oxidative Stress via the miRNA-338-5p Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7126976. [PMID: 32256960 PMCID: PMC7086450 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7126976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Chidamide has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity but its function on glioma remains unknown. The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may control glioma risk by promoting its apoptosis and necrosis. Hedgehog pathway is crucial to glioma cell proliferation and controls ROS production. We aimed to explore the effects of chidamide on the levels of miR-338-5p (glioma cell inhibitor), which may regulate Hedgehog signaling, resulting in the changes of RNS. Materials and Methods. Migration and invasion activities of glioma cells were measured by using the Transwell chamber assay. The expression levels of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), miR-338-5p, and related molecules were detected by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and or Western Blot in U87 and HS683 glioma cells. The effects of chidamide on these molecules were measured by using the miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics in U87 and HS683 glioma cell lines. ROS and RNS were measured by DCF DA and DAF-FM DA fluorescence. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured by using a corresponding kit. Apoptosis and necrosis rates were measured by using flow cytometry. Results Chidamide inhibited the growth rate, migration, and invasion of human malignant glioma cells and increased the level of miR-338-5p. miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics increased or inhibited the growth rate of U87 and HS683 glioma cells. Chidamide inhibited the levels of Shh, Ihh, migration protein E-cadherin, and invading protein MMP-2. The increase in the level of Shh and Ihh led to the reduction in the ROS and RNS levels. miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics also showed a promoting or inhibitory function for the levels of Shh and Ihh. Furthermore, miR-338-5p mimics and inhibitor inhibited or promoted the migration and invasion of the glioma cells (P < 0.05). Evaluated levels of miR-338-5p increased oxidative stress level and apoptosis and necrosis rate by regulating the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress (P < 0.05). Evaluated levels of miR-338-5p increased oxidative stress level and apoptosis and necrosis rate by regulating the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress ( Conclusion Chidamide inhibits glioma cells by increasing oxidative stress via the miRNA-338-5p regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Chidamide may be a potential drug in the prevention of glioma development.
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Dimou A, Bamias A, Gogas H, Syrigos K. Inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 133:56-61. [PMID: 31200829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the hedgehog pathway are effective in patients with basal cell carcinoma and a subgroup of patients with medulloblastoma with active hedgehog signaling. Despite preclinical work suggesting otherwise, clinical trials in solid tumors of epithelial origin have not shown added benefit with these drugs. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical data of hedgehog pathway inhibition in the most common histologic types of lung cancer. We focus on highlighting areas of uncertainty, where further research might define a niche for hedgehog pathway inhibition in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dimou
- University of Colorado, Division of Medical Oncology, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8117, Research 1 South, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - A Bamias
- Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilisis Sofias Avenue, Athens, Greece.
| | - H Gogas
- Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 1st Department of Medicine, 17 Agiou Thoma St. Athens, Greece.
| | - K Syrigos
- Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 3rd Department of Medicine, 152 Masogeion Avenue, Athens, Greece.
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Zaman F, Zhao Y, Celvin B, Mehta HH, Wan J, Chrysis D, Ohlsson C, Fadeel B, Cohen P, Sävendahl L. Humanin is a novel regulator of Hedgehog signaling and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone growth impairment. FASEB J 2019; 33:4962-4974. [PMID: 30657335 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801741r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used to treat chronic disorders in children, including inflammation and cancer. Prolonged treatment with GCs is well known to impair bone growth, an effect linked to increased apoptosis and suppressed proliferation in growth plate chondrocytes. We hypothesized that the endogenous antiapoptotic protein humanin (HN) may prevent these effects. Interestingly, GC-induced bone growth impairment and chondrocyte apoptosis was prevented in HN overexpressing mice, HN-treated wild-type mice, and in HN-treated cultured rat metatarsal bones. GC-induced suppression of chondrocyte proliferation was also prevented by HN. Furthermore, GC treatment reduced Indian Hedgehog expression in growth plates of wild-type mice but not in HN overexpressing mice or HN-treated wild-type animals. A Hedgehog (Hh) antagonist, vismodegib, was found to suppress the growth of cultured rat metatarsal bones, and this effect was also prevented by HN. Importantly, HN did not interfere with the desired anti-inflammatory effects of GCs. We conclude that HN is a novel regulator of Hh signaling preventing GC-induced bone growth impairment without interfering with desired effects of GCs. Our data may open for clinical studies exploring a new possible strategy to prevent GC-induced bone growth impairment by cotreating with HN.-Zaman, F., Zhao, Y., Celvin, B., Mehta, H. H., Wan, J., Chrysis, D., Ohlsson, C., Fadeel, B., Cohen, P., Sävendahl, L. Humanin is a novel regulator of Hedgehog signaling and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone growth impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farasat Zaman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yunhan Zhao
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bettina Celvin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hemal H Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Robson JP, Remke M, Kool M, Julian E, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Osborne GW, Taylor MD, Wainwright B, Reynolds BA. Identification of CD24 as a marker of Patched1 deleted medulloblastoma-initiating neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210665. [PMID: 30657775 PMCID: PMC6338368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High morbidity and mortality are common traits of malignant tumours and identification of the cells responsible is a focus of on-going research. Many studies are now reporting the use of antibodies specific to Clusters of Differentiation (CD) cell surface antigens to identify tumour-initiating cell (TIC) populations in neural tumours. Medulloblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumours in children and despite a considerable amount of research investigating this tumour, the identity of the TICs, and the means by which such cells can be targeted remain largely unknown. Current prognostication and stratification of medulloblastoma using clinical factors, histology and genetic profiling have classified this tumour into four main subgroups: WNT, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 and Group 4. Of these subgroups, SHH remains one of the most studied tumour groups due to the ability to model medulloblastoma formation through targeted deletion of the Shh pathway inhibitor Patched1 (Ptch1). Here we sought to utilise CD antibody expression to identify and isolate TIC populations in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma, and determine if these antibodies can help classify the identity of human medulloblastoma subgroups. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) CD antibody panel, we identified CD24 as a marker of TICs in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma. CD24 expression was not correlated with markers of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, but co-labelled with markers of neural progenitor cells. In conjunction with CD15, proliferating CD24+/CD15+ granule cell precursors (GCPs) were identified as a TIC population in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma. On human medulloblastoma, CD24 was found to be highly expressed on Group 3, Group 4 and SHH subgroups compared with the WNT subgroup, which was predominantly positive for CD15, suggesting CD24 is an important marker of non-WNT medulloblastoma initiating cells and a potential therapeutic target in human medulloblastoma. This study reports the use of CD24 and CD15 to isolate a GCP-like TIC population in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma, and suggests CD24 expression as a marker to help stratify human WNT tumours from other medulloblastoma subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Robson
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Centre and the German Cancer Consortium, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children´s Cancer Center at the National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elaine Julian
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Division of Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Hopp Children´s Cancer Center at the National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey W. Osborne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brent A. Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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12
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Xu X, Ye J, Huang C, Yan Y, Li J. M2 macrophage-derived IL6 mediates resistance of breast cancer cells to hedgehog inhibition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 364:77-82. [PMID: 30578886 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway hyperactivation has been observed in various tumors, including breast cancer, and Hh pathway inhibitors have demonstrated antitumor activity in breast cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to play an important role in modulating cancer cell drug sensitivity, but the TME response to Hh pathway inhibitors is unclear. In the current study, we observed increased TME infiltration of macrophages in breast cancer tissue, and specifically, M2 polarized macrophages after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, we observed an enhanced tolerance to Hh pathway inhibitors in MDA-MB-231 cells after co-culturing with M2 macrophages. In addition, we demonstrated that Hh pathway inhibition significantly induced IL6 expression, and validated that the tolerance to Hh pathway inhibitors was IL6-dependent. This study demonstrates a role of macrophages in Hh pathway inhibition resistance and a role of macrophage-derived IL6 in this resistance of breast cancer cells to Hh inhibition. These data indicate that antagonizing IL6 together with Hh pathway inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yunwen Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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13
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Hoyos Cadavid AM, Kaminagakura E, Rodrigues MFSD, Pinto CAL, Teshima THN, Alves FA. Immunohistochemical evaluation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway proteins (Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) in sporadic and syndromic odontogenic keratocysts. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:153-159. [PMID: 29564556 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and demographic features of 62 patients presenting sporadic odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) or OKCs associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). In conjunction with this, we also evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3 proteins in 86 OKCs. By doing this, we add to the understanding of the biology of this type of lesion, providing tools that will help facilitate the early diagnosis of NBCCS in those patients where the first manifestation is that of OKCs. METHODS This is a retrospective study; patients were classified into two groups: group 1 which consisted of those who were not affected by NBCCS (49 patients and 57 OKCs) and group 2 which consisted of those who were diagnosed with NBCCS (13 patients and 29 OKCs). The clinical and demographic features were studied and the immunohistochemical expression of Sonic Hedgehog proteins (Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) was analyzed in all samples. RESULTS There was an increase in the expression of three proteins in the syndromic OKC, when compared to that of sporadic cysts. Shh and Gli1 showed higher cytoplasmic expression, while Smo revealed stronger nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that the expression patterns of important Shh pathway proteins can represent valuable markers for early diagnosis of NBCCS-associated OKCs, as the major criterion for the diagnosis of NBCCS is currently based on the late appearance of basal cellular carcinomas. Thus, standardizing a new diagnostic tool for diagnosis of NBCCS could be of great importance in the identification of therapeutic targets. We therefore suggest, as based on our findings, that OKCs showing high expression of Shh, Smo, and Gli1 are potentially associated with NBCCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Hoyos Cadavid
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - E Kaminagakura
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Paulista State University "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F S D Rodrigues
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil.,Biophotonics Applied to Health Science, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A L Pinto
- Department of Pathology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T H N Teshima
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil
| | - F A Alves
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Positive regulatory interactions between YAP and Hedgehog signalling in skin homeostasis and BCC development in mouse skin in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183178. [PMID: 28820907 PMCID: PMC5562304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a highly plastic tissue that undergoes tissue turnover throughout life, but also in response to injury. YAP and Hedgehog signalling play a central role in the control of epidermal stem/progenitor cells in the skin during embryonic development, in postnatal tissue homeostasis and in skin carcinogenesis. However, the genetic contexts in which they act to control tissue homeostasis remain mostly unresolved. We provide compelling evidence that epidermal YAP and Hedgehog/GLI2 signalling undergo positive regulatory interactions in the control of normal epidermal homeostasis and in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) development, which in the large majority of cases is caused by aberrant Hedgehog signalling activity. We report increased nuclear YAP and GLI2 activity in the epidermis and BCCs of K14-CreER/Rosa-SmoM2 transgenic mouse skin, accompanied with increased ROCK signalling and ECM remodelling. Furthermore, we found that epidermal YAP activity drives GLI2 nuclear accumulation in the skin of YAP2-5SA-ΔC mice, which depends on epidermal β-catenin activation. Lastly, we found prominent nuclear activity of GLI2, YAP and β-catenin, concomitant with increased ROCK signalling and stromal fibrosis in human BCC. Our work provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between cell signalling events and mechanical force in normal tissue homeostasis in vivo, that could potentially be perturbed in BCC development.
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15
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Monkkonen T, Lewis MT. New paradigms for the Hedgehog signaling network in mammary gland development and breast Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:315-332. [PMID: 28624497 PMCID: PMC5567999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling network regulates organogenesis, cell fate, proliferation, survival, and stem cell self-renewal in many mammalian tissues. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog signaling network is present in ~25% of all cancers, including breast. Altered expression of Hedgehog network genes in the mammary gland can elicit phenotypes at many stages of development. However, synthesizing a cohesive mechanistic model of signaling at different stages of development has been difficult. Emerging data suggest that this difficulty is due, in part, to non-canonical and tissue compartment-specific (i.e., epithelial, versus stromal, versus systemic) functions of Hedgehog network components. With respect to systemic functions, Hedgehog network genes regulate development of endocrine organs that impinge on mammary gland development extrinsically. These new observations offer insight into previously conflicting data, and have bearing on the potential for anti-Hedgehog therapeutics in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Monkkonen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Dept. of Pathology, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Goyal A, Linskey KR, Kay J, Duncan LM, Nazarian RM. Differential Expression of Hedgehog and Snail in Cutaneous Fibrosing Disorders: Implications for Targeted Inhibition. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:709-717. [PMID: 28077400 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine Hedgehog signaling in cutaneous fibrosing disorders for which effective approved therapies are lacking, expand our knowledge of pathophysiology, and explore the rationale for targeted inhibition. METHODS Stain intensity and percentage of cells staining for Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Patched (Ptch), glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3-β), β-catenin, and Snail were evaluated in human skin biopsy specimens of keloid, hypertrophic scar (Hscar), scleroderma, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), scar, and normal skin using a tissue microarray. RESULTS Ihh, but not Shh, was detected in a significantly larger proportion of cells for all case types. Ptch, GSK3-β, and β-catenin showed a gradient of expression: highest in NSF and keloid; moderate in normal skin, scar, and Hscar; and lowest in scleroderma. Snail expression was binary: low in normal skin but high in all fibrosing conditions studied. CONCLUSIONS Differential overexpression of Hedgehog and Snail in cutaneous fibrosing disorders demonstrates a role for targeted inhibition. Ptch, GSK3-β, and β-catenin can help differentiate scleroderma from NSF in histologically subtle cases. Differences in expression between keloid and hypertrophic scar support the concept that they are pathophysiologically distinct disorders. Our findings implicate Snail as a target for the prevention of fibrogenesis or fibrosis progression and may offer a means to assess response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Goyal
- From the Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Katy R Linskey
- From the Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Lyn M Duncan
- From the Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rosalynn M Nazarian
- From the Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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17
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of cerebellar function and homeostasis. Their deregulation results in cerebellar neuronal degeneration and spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and contributes to medulloblastoma. Canonical miRNA processing involves Dicer, which cleaves precursor miRNAs into mature double-stranded RNA duplexes. In order to address the role of miRNAs in cerebellar granule cell precursor development, loxP-flanked exons of Dicer1 were conditionally inactivated using the granule cell precursor-specific Atoh1-Cre recombinase. A reduction of 87% in Dicer1 transcript was achieved in this conditional Dicer knockdown model. Although knockdown resulted in normal survival, mice had disruptions to the cortical layering of the anterior cerebellum, which resulted from the premature differentiation of granule cell precursors in this region during neonatal development. This defect manifested as a thinner external granular layer with ectopic mature granule cells, and a depleted internal granular layer. We found that expression of the activator components of the Hedgehog-Patched pathway, the Gli family of transcription factors, was perturbed in conditional Dicer knockdown mice. We propose that loss of Gli2 mRNA mediated the anterior-restricted defect in conditional Dicer knockdown mice and, as proof of principle, were able to show that miR-106b positively regulated Gli2 mRNA expression. These findings confirm the importance of miRNAs as positive mediators of Hedgehog-Patched signalling during granule cell precursor development.
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18
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Zheng W, Lu S, Cai H, Kang M, Qin W, Li C, Wu Y. Deguelin inhibits proliferation and migration of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro targeting hedgehog pathway. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2761-2765. [PMID: 27698853 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with few effective therapies. Deguelin, a natural compound of the flavonoid family of products, has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on various cancers. In the present study, we investigated whether deguelin had antitumor efficacy in PC. Deguelin treatment was observed to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in two PC cell lines (Bxpc-3 and Panc-1). In addition, it inhibited migration and invasion in these two cell lines. The activation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, was suppressed by deguelin. These results suggest that deguelin may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for PC, possibly through the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Shiliu Lu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Haolei Cai
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Muxing Kang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Qin
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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19
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MicroRNA Biogenesis and Hedgehog-Patched Signaling Cooperate to Regulate an Important Developmental Transition in Granule Cell Development. Genetics 2016; 202:1105-18. [PMID: 26773048 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dicer1, Dcr-1 homolog (Drosophila) gene encodes a type III ribonuclease required for the canonical maturation and functioning of microRNAs (miRNAs). Subsets of miRNAs are known to regulate normal cerebellar granule cell development, in addition to the growth and progression of medulloblastoma, a neoplasm that often originates from granule cell precursors. Multiple independent studies have also demonstrated that deregulation of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-Patched (Ptch) signaling, through miRNAs, is causative of granule cell pathologies. In the present study, we investigated the genetic interplay between miRNA biogenesis and Shh-Ptch signaling in granule cells of the cerebellum by way of the Cre/lox recombination system in genetically engineered models of Mus musculus (mouse). We demonstrate that, although the miRNA biogenesis and Shh-Ptch-signaling pathways, respectively, regulate the opposing growth processes of cerebellar hypoplasia and hyperplasia leading to medulloblastoma, their concurrent deregulation was nonadditive and did not bring the growth phenotypes toward an expected equilibrium. Instead, mice developed either hypoplasia or medulloblastoma, but of a greater severity. Furthermore, some genotypes were bistable, whereby subsets of mice developed hypoplasia or medulloblastoma. This implies that miRNAs and Shh-Ptch signaling regulate an important developmental transition in granule cells of the cerebellum. We also conclusively show that the Dicer1 gene encodes a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene for Ptch1-induced medulloblastoma, with the monoallielic loss of Dicer1 more severe than biallelic loss. These findings exemplify how genetic interplay between pathways may produce nonadditive effects with a substantial and unpredictable impact on biology. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the functional dosage of Dicer1 may nonadditively influence a wide range of Shh-Ptch-dependent pathologies.
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20
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Gache Y, Brellier F, Rouanet S, Al-Qaraghuli S, Goncalves-Maia M, Burty-Valin E, Barnay S, Scarzello S, Ruat M, Sevenet N, Avril MF, Magnaldo T. Basal Cell Carcinoma in Gorlin's Patients: a Matter of Fibroblasts-Led Protumoral Microenvironment? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145369. [PMID: 26694869 PMCID: PMC4687848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest tumor in human. About 70% sporadic BCCs bear somatic mutations in the PATCHED1 tumor suppressor gene which encodes the receptor for the Sonic Hedgehog morphogen (SHH). PATCHED1 germinal mutations are associated with the dominant Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS), a major hallmark of which is a high susceptibility to BCCs. Although the vast majority of sporadic BCCs arises exclusively in sun exposed skin areas, 40 to 50% BCCs from NBCCS patients develop in non photo-exposed skin. Since overwhelming evidences indicate that microenvironment may both be modified by- and influence the- epithelial tumor, we hypothesized that NBCCS fibroblasts could contribute to BCCs in NBCCS patients, notably those developing in non photo-exposed skin areas. The functional impact of NBCCS fibroblasts was then assessed in organotypic skin cultures with control keratinocytes. Onset of epidermal differentiation was delayed in the presence of primary NBCCS fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, keratinocyte proliferation was severely reduced and showed high levels of nuclear P53 in both organotypic skin cultures and in fibroblast-led conditioning experiments. However, in spite of increased levels of senescence associated β-galactosidase activity in keratinocytes cultured in the presence of medium conditioned by NBCCS fibroblasts, we failed to observe activation of P16 and P21 and then of bona fide features of senescence. Constitutive extinction of P53 in WT keratinocytes resulted in an invasive phenotype in the presence of NBCCS fibroblasts. Finally, we found that expression of SHH was limited to fibroblasts but was dependent on the presence of keratinocytes. Inhibition of SHH binding resulted in improved epidermal morphogenesis. Altogether, these data suggest that the repertoire of diffusible factors (including SHH) expressed by primary NBCCS fibroblasts generate a stress affecting keratinocytes behavior and epidermal homeostasis. Our findings suggest that defects in dermo/epidermal interactions could contribute to BCC susceptibility in NBCCS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Gache
- INSERM U1081—CNRS UMR7284 –UNS, Nice, France
- Université de Nice–Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Florence Brellier
- CNRS FRE2939, Université de Paris Sud—Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Rouanet
- INSERM U1081—CNRS UMR7284 –UNS, Nice, France
- Université de Nice–Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Sahar Al-Qaraghuli
- INSERM U1081—CNRS UMR7284 –UNS, Nice, France
- Université de Nice–Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Maria Goncalves-Maia
- INSERM U1081—CNRS UMR7284 –UNS, Nice, France
- Université de Nice–Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Elodie Burty-Valin
- CNRS FRE2939, Université de Paris Sud—Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Sabine Scarzello
- INSERM U1081—CNRS UMR7284 –UNS, Nice, France
- Université de Nice–Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS UMR9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Gif‑sur‑Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Sevenet
- INSERM U916 & Institut Bergonié, Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thierry Magnaldo
- INSERM U1081—CNRS UMR7284 –UNS, Nice, France
- Université de Nice–Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zhou ZG, Zhang CY, Fei HX, Zhong LL, Bai Y. Phenolic alkaloids from Menispermum dauricum inhibits BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells by blocking of Hedgehog signaling pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:690-7. [PMID: 26600712 PMCID: PMC4621636 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. Phenolic alkaloids from Menispermum dauricum (PAMD), a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of immune disorders, have been reported to have antitumor activity recently. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of PAMD against PC cell BxPC-3. Materials and Methods: F assay was used to assess cell proliferation inhibition of PAMD; the apoptotic induction and cell cycle arrest was detected by flow cytometry; the BxPC-3 xenograft was established to evaluate the tumor growth inhibition of PAMD; hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to analyze the pathological morphology of tumor tissues; immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot was adopted to detect the protein levels; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the mRNA expressions. Results: PAMD shows time-and dose-dependent proliferation inhibition on the BxPC-3 cell, induced G0/G1 phase arrest and cell apoptosis in vitro. PAMD also showed better inhibition of tumor growth and a preferable safety profile compared with chemotherapeutic regimen 5-fluoro-2, 4 (1 H, 3 H) pyrimidinedione in BxPC-3 xenograft in vivo. Furthermore, PAMD directly decreases the protein and mRNA levels of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and its downstream transcription factor Gli-1 in the BxPC-3 tumor tissues. Conclusion: The treatment of PAMD displayed Hh signaling pathway blockade through decreasing the protein and mRNA levels of Shh and its downstream transcription factor Gli-1, suggesting a promising strategy in treating human PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Guang Zhou
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chao-Ying Zhang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong-Xin Fei
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, China ; Department of Qiqihar Medical University, Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li-Li Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Basic Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, China
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22
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Leclerc-Mercier S, Dufernez F, Fraitag S, Coulombe J, Dompmartin A, Barreau M, Bozon D, Lamazière A, Bonnefont JP, Khalifa E, Bodemer C, Hadj-Rabia S. Keratotic follicular plugs with calcifications in Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome: histological, biochemical and genetic testing correlation. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1316-8. [PMID: 26075358 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Leclerc-Mercier
- Department of Dermatology, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Génétiques à Expression Cutanée (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - F Dufernez
- Department of Genetics, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LCBGM) and Department of Mass Spectrometry, ERL INSERM U1057, UMR 7203, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - S Fraitag
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - J Coulombe
- Department of Dermatology, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Génétiques à Expression Cutanée (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - A Dompmartin
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - M Barreau
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - D Bozon
- Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, CHU Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Lamazière
- Department of Metabolomics and Peptidomics (PM2), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, UPMC, Paris VI, ERL Inserm U1157, UMR 7203 LBM, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - J-P Bonnefont
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - E Khalifa
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - C Bodemer
- Department of Dermatology, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Génétiques à Expression Cutanée (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Unité INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - S Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Dermatology, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Génétiques à Expression Cutanée (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Unité INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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23
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Sahin Z, Szczepny A, McLaughlin EA, Meistrich ML, Zhou W, Ustunel I, Loveland KL. Dynamic Hedgehog signalling pathway activity in germline stem cells. Andrology 2014; 2:267-74. [PMID: 24574096 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the contribution of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling to stem cell development and oncogenesis is well recognised, its importance for spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) has not been established. Here we interrogate adult rat SSCs using an established model in which only undifferentiated spermatogonial cells remain in the testis at 15 weeks following irradiation, and spermatogonial differentiation is induced within 4 weeks by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) administration. Synthesis of Hh pathway components in untreated adult rat testes was compared with that in irradiated testes prior to and after GnRH-ant exposure using in situ hybridization. In adult testes with complete spermatogenesis, the Desert Hedgehog ligand transcript, Dhh, was detected in Sertoli cells, some spermatogonia and in spermatocytes by in situ hybridization. Spermatogenic cells were identified as sites of Hh signalling through detection of transcripts encoding the Hh receptor, Ptc2 transcripts and proteins for the key downstream target of Hh signalling, Gli1 and the Hh transcriptional activator, Gli2. Remarkably, the undifferentiated spermatogonia present in irradiated adult rat testes contained Dhh in addition to Ptc2, Gli1 and Gli2, revealing the potential for an autocrine Hh signalling loop to sustain undifferentiated spermatogonial cells. These transcripts became undetectable by in situ hybridization following GnRH-ant induction of spermatogonial differentiation, however, detection of Gli1 protein in spermatogonia in all groups indicates that Hh signalling is sustained. This is the first evidence of active Hh signalling in mammalian male germline stem cells, as has been documented for some cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin-10, Turkey; Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Athar M, Li C, Kim AL, Spiegelman VS, Bickers DR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in Basal cell nevus syndrome. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4967-75. [PMID: 25172843 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is considered to be a major signal transduction pathway during embryonic development, but it usually shuts down after birth. Aberrant Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activation during adulthood leads to neoplastic growth. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by this pathway. Here, we summarize information related to the pathogenesis of this neoplasm, discuss pathways that crosstalk with Shh signaling, and the importance of the primary cilium in this neoplastic process. The identification of the basic/translational components of Shh signaling has led to the discovery of potential mechanism-driven druggable targets and subsequent clinical trials have confirmed their remarkable efficacy in treating BCCs, particularly in patients with nevoid BCC syndrome (NBCCS), an autosomal dominant disorder in which patients inherit a germline mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene Patched (Ptch). Patients with NBCCS develop dozens to hundreds of BCCs due to derepression of the downstream G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO). Ptch mutations permit transposition of SMO to the primary cilium followed by enhanced expression of transcription factors Glis that drive cell proliferation and tumor growth. Clinical trials with the SMO inhibitor, vismodegib, showed remarkable efficacy in patients with NBCCS, which finally led to its FDA approval in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arianna L Kim
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David R Bickers
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
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25
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Gurgel CAS, Buim MEC, Carvalho KC, Sales CBS, Reis MG, de Souza RO, de Faro Valverde L, de Azevedo RA, Dos Santos JN, Soares FA, Ramos EAG. Transcriptional profiles of SHH pathway genes in keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:619-26. [PMID: 24930892 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway activation has been identified as a key factor in the development of many types of tumors, including odontogenic tumors. Our study examined the expression of genes in the SHH pathway to characterize their roles in the pathogenesis of keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOT) and ameloblastomas (AB). METHODS We quantified the expression of SHH, SMO, PTCH1, SUFU, GLI1, CCND1, and BCL2 genes by qPCR in a total of 23 KOT, 11 AB, and three non-neoplastic oral mucosa (NNM). We also measured the expression of proteins related to this pathway (CCND1 and BCL2) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed overexpression of SMO, PTCH1, GLI1, and CCND1 genes in both KOT (23/23) and AB (11/11). However, we did not detect expression of the SHH gene in 21/23 KOT and 10/11 AB tumors. Low levels of the SUFU gene were expressed in KOT (P = 0.0199) and AB (P = 0.0127) relative to the NNM. Recurrent KOT exhibited high levels of SMO (P = 0.035), PTCH1 (P = 0.048), CCND1 (P = 0.048), and BCL2 (P = 0.045) transcripts. Using immunolabeling of CCND1, we observed no statistical difference between primary and recurrent KOT (P = 0.8815), sporadic and NBCCS-KOT (P = 0.7688), and unicystic and solid AB (P = 0.7521). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of upstream (PTCH1 and SMO) and downstream (GLI1, CCND1 and BCL2) genes in the SHH pathway leads to the constitutive activation of this pathway in KOT and AB and may suggest a mechanism for the development of these types of tumors.
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26
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Konitsiotis AD, Chang SC, Jovanović B, Ciepla P, Masumoto N, Palmer CP, Tate EW, Couchman JR, Magee AI. Attenuation of hedgehog acyltransferase-catalyzed sonic Hedgehog palmitoylation causes reduced signaling, proliferation and invasiveness of human carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89899. [PMID: 24608521 PMCID: PMC3946499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Hedgehog family proteins contributes to the aetiology of many cancers. To be highly active, Hedgehog proteins must be palmitoylated at their N-terminus by the MBOAT family multispanning membrane enzyme Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat). In a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line PANC-1 and transfected HEK293a cells Hhat localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. siRNA knockdown showed that Hhat is required for Sonic hedgehog (Shh) palmitoylation, for its assembly into high molecular weight extracellular complexes and for functional activity. Hhat knockdown inhibited Hh autocrine and juxtacrine signaling, and inhibited PDAC cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. In addition, Hhat knockdown in a HEK293a cell line constitutively expressing Shh and A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells inhibited their ability to signal in a juxtacrine/paracrine fashion to the reporter cell lines C3H10T1/2 and Shh-Light2. Our data identify Hhat as a key player in Hh-dependent signaling and tumour cell transformed behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios D. Konitsiotis
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Chun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Biljana Jovanović
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Ciepla
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naoko Masumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Palmer
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony I. Magee
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Adolphe C, Nieuwenhuis E, Villani R, Li ZJ, Kaur P, Hui CC, Wainwright BJ. Patched 1 and patched 2 redundancy has a key role in regulating epidermal differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1981-1990. [PMID: 24492243 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Patched 1 (Ptch1) receptor has a pivotal role in inhibiting the activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and is therefore critical in preventing the onset of many human developmental disorders and tumor formation. However, the functional role of the mammalian Ptch2 paralogue remains elusive, particularly the extent to which it contributes to regulating the spatial and temporal activity of Hh signaling. Here we demonstrate in three independent mouse models of epidermal development that in vivo ablation of both Ptch receptors results in a more severe phenotype than loss of Ptch1 alone. Our studies indicate that concomitant loss of Ptch1 and Ptch2 activity inhibits epidermal lineage specification and differentiation. These results reveal that repression of Hh signaling through a dynamic Ptch regulatory network is a crucial event in lineage fate determination in the skin. In general, our findings implicate Ptch receptor redundancy as a key issue in elucidating the cellular origin of Hh-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Adolphe
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erica Nieuwenhuis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rehan Villani
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhu Juan Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Swierczynska MM, Lamounier-Zepter V, Bornstein SR, Eaton S. Lipoproteins and Hedgehog signalling--possible implications for the adrenal gland function. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1178-83. [PMID: 23992253 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder that is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Disturbances in adrenal steroid hormone production significantly contribute to the development of this disorder. Therefore, it is extremely important to fully understand the mechanisms governing adrenal gland function, both in physiological and pathological conditions. RESULTS Recently, Sonic hedgehog has emerged as an important regulator of adrenal development, with a possible role in adult gland homeostasis. Recent work of our group shows that lipoproteins are important regulators of Hedgehog signaling; they act as carriers for the spread of Hedgehog proteins, but also contain lipid(s) that inhibit the pathway. CONCLUSIONS We propose that lipoproteins may affect Sonic hedgehog signaling in the adult adrenal gland at multiple levels. Understanding the interplay between lipoprotein metabolism and adrenal Hedgehog signaling may improve our understanding of how adrenal gland disorders contribute to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Swierczynska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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29
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Cohen DJ. Targeting the hedgehog pathway: role in cancer and clinical implications of its inhibition. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26:565-88, viii. [PMID: 22520980 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a signaling cascade that is evolutionally highly conserved and plays an important role in embryonic pattern formation and stem cell response to tissue damage. Given the pivotal role the Hh pathway plays in embryonic development in terms of proliferation and differentiation, it is not surprising that it has also been implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor growth acceleration in a vast variety of malignancies. This article summarizes the mechanism of Hh pathway signal transduction, discusses the models of pathway activation, reviews the clinical data using Hh inhibitors, and discusses challenges to the development of pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre J Cohen
- Division of GI Oncology, NYU Cancer Institute, 160 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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30
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Sennett R, Rendl M. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:917-27. [PMID: 22960356 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic hair follicle induction and formation are regulated by mesenchymal-epithelial interactions between specialized dermal cells and epidermal stem cells that switch to a hair fate. Similarly, during postnatal hair growth, communication between mesenchymal dermal papilla cells and surrounding epithelial matrix cells coordinates hair shaft production. Adult hair follicle regeneration in the hair cycle again is thought to be controlled by activating signals originating from the mesenchymal compartment and acting on hair follicle stem cells. Although many signaling pathways are implicated in hair follicle formation and growth, the precise nature, timing, and intersection of these inductive and regulatory signals remains elusive. The goal of this review is to summarize our current understanding and to discuss recent new insights into mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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31
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Lee J, Tumbar T. Hairy tale of signaling in hair follicle development and cycling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:906-16. [PMID: 22939761 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) is an appendage from the vertebrate skin epithelium, and is critical for environmental sensing, animal appearance, and body heat maintenance. HFs arise from the embryonic ectoderm and regenerate cyclically during adult life. Distinct morphological and functional stages from development through homeostasis have been extensively studied for the past decades to dissect the critical molecular mechanisms. Accumulating work suggests that different signaling cascades, such as Wnt, Bmp, Shh, and Notch, together with specific combinations of transcription factors are at work at different stages. Here we provide a comprehensive review of mouse genetics studies, which include lineage tracing along with knockout and over-expression of core genes from key signaling pathways, to paint an updated view of the molecular regulatory network that govern each stage of hair follicle development and adult cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayhun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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32
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Wei F, Zhou J, Wei X, Zhang J, Fleming BC, Terek R, Pei M, Chen Q, Liu T, Wei L. Activation of Indian hedgehog promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy and upregulation of MMP-13 in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:755-63. [PMID: 22469853 PMCID: PMC3374008 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the correlation between osteoarthritis (OA) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression, and (2) establish the effects of Ihh on expression of markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 in human OA cartilage. DESIGN OA cartilage and synovial fluid samples were obtained during total knee arthroplasty. Normal cartilage samples were obtained from intra-articular tumor resections, and normal synovial fluid samples were obtained from healthy volunteers and the contralateral uninjured knee of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. OA was graded using the Mankin score. Expression of Ihh in synovial fluid was determined by Western blot. Ihh, type X collagen and MMP-13 mRNA were determined by real time PCR. Protein expression of type X collagen and MMP-13 in cartilage samples was analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Chondrocyte size was measured using image analysis. RESULTS Ihh expression was increased 2.6 fold in OA cartilage and 37% in OA synovial fluid when compared to normal control samples. Increased expression of Ihh was associated with the severity of OA and expression of markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy: type X collagen and MMP-13, and chondocyte size. Chondrocytes were more spherical with increasing severity of OA. There was a significant correlation between Mankin score and cell size (r(2) = 0.80) and Ihh intensity (r(2) = 0.89). Exogenous Ihh induced a 6.8 fold increase of type X collagen and 2.8 fold increase of MMP-13 mRNA expression in cultured chondrocytes. Conversely, knockdown of Ihh by siRNA and Hh inhibitor cyclopamine had the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS Ihh expression correlates with OA progression and changes in chondrocyte morphology and gene expression consistent with chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage degradation seen in OA cartilage. Thus, Ihh may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Wei
- Department of Orthopedics; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Jingming Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopedics; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001
| | - Braden C. Fleming
- Department of Orthopedics; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Richard Terek
- Department of Orthopedics; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Ming Pei
- Department of Orthopaedics; West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics/Center for Statistical Sciences; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopedics; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI 02903
,Department of Orthopedics; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001
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33
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Soleti R, Martinez MC. Sonic Hedgehog on microparticles and neovascularization. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 88:395-438. [PMID: 22391314 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394622-5.00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neovascularization represents a pivotal process consisting in the development of vascular network during embryogenesis and adult life. Postnatally, it arises mainly through angiogenesis, which has physiological and pathological roles in health and disease. Blood vessel formation results as tightly regulated multistep process which needs coordination and precise regulation of the balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), a morphogen belonging to Hedgehog (HH) family proteins, is implicated in a remarkably wide variety of process, including vessel development. Recent evidence demonstrate that, in addition to the classic factors, microvesicles (MVs), both microparticles (MPs) and exosomes, small vesicles released distinct cellular compartments, are involved in modulation of neovascularization. MPs generated from T lymphocytes undergoing both activation and apoptosis harbor at their surface SHH and play a crucial role in modulation of neovascularization. They are able to modulate the different steps implicated in angiogenesis process in vitro and to enhance postischemic neovascularization in vivo. As the consequence, we suggest that the MPs carrying SHH contribute to generation of a vascular network and may represent a new therapeutic approach to treat pathologies associated with failed angiogenesis.
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Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is one of the most common signal transduction pathways used by mammalian cells. Most studies have focused on its role during development, primarily of the nervous system, skin, bone and pancreas. Due to the activation of this pathway during proliferation and neoplastic transformation, more recent studies have examined its role in adult tissues. Significant levels of sonic hedgehog are expressed in the gastric mucosa, which has served to direct analysis of its role during organogenesis, gastric acid secretion and neoplastic transformation. Therefore the goal of this review is to apply current knowledge of this pathway to further our understanding of gastrointestinal physiology and neoplasia, using the stomach as a prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L Merchant
- Internal Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB, 2051, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2200, USA.
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35
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Brownell I, Guevara E, Bai CB, Loomis CA, Joyner AL. Nerve-derived sonic hedgehog defines a niche for hair follicle stem cells capable of becoming epidermal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:552-65. [PMID: 21549329 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In adult skin, stem cells in the hair follicle bulge cyclically regenerate the follicle, whereas a distinct stem cell population maintains the epidermis. The degree to which all bulge cells have equal regenerative potential is not known. We found that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from neurons signals to a population of cells in the telogen bulge marked by the Hedgehog response gene Gli1. Gli1-expressing bulge cells function as multipotent stem cells in their native environment and repeatedly regenerate the anagen follicle. Shh-responding perineural bulge cells incorporate into healing skin wounds where, notably, they can change their lineage into epidermal stem cells. The perineural niche (including Shh) is dispensable for follicle contributions to acute wound healing and skin homeostasis, but is necessary to maintain bulge cells capable of becoming epidermal stem cells. Thus, nerves cultivate a microenvironment where Shh creates a molecularly and phenotypically distinct population of hair follicle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Brownell
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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36
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Havelka GE, Kibbe MR. The vascular adventitia: its role in the arterial injury response. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2011; 45:381-90. [PMID: 21571779 DOI: 10.1177/1538574411407698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The belief that the adventitia serves only a structural purpose has changed over the last decade. Studies have begun to elucidate the role the adventitia plays in the arterial response to injury. The adventitial fibroblast plays an integral part in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Adiponectin, an adipokine produced from periadventitial adipose tissue, exhibits numerous vasoprotective properties. Stem cells arise, in part, from the adventitia, and stem cell recruitment into the adventitia from the vasa vasorum has been shown to be important in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. The exact role the vasa vasorum plays in neointimal growth is poorly understood and different studies endorse conflicting viewpoints. Thus, understanding the nuances of adventitial pathophysiology will allow us to better appreciate the mechanisms behind the pathology of neointimal hyperplasia. This review will summarize recent findings on the active role the adventitia plays toward the development of neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Havelka
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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37
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Croyle MJ, Lehman JM, O'Connor AK, Wong SY, Malarkey EB, Iribarne D, Dowdle WE, Schoeb TR, Verney ZM, Athar M, Michaud EJ, Reiter JF, Yoder BK. Role of epidermal primary cilia in the homeostasis of skin and hair follicles. Development 2011; 138:1675-85. [PMID: 21429982 DOI: 10.1242/dev.060210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin and hair follicle morphogenesis and homeostasis require the integration of multiple signaling pathways, including Hedgehog (Hh) and Wingless (Wnt), and oriented cell divisions, all of which have been associated with primary cilia. Although studies have shown that disrupting dermal cilia causes follicular arrest and attenuated Hh signaling, little is known about the role of epidermal cilia. Here, epidermal cilia function was analyzed using conditional alleles of the ciliogenic genes Ift88 and Kif3a. At birth, epidermal cilia mutants appeared normal, but developed basaloid hyperplasia and ingrowths into the dermis of the ventrum with age. In addition, follicles in the tail were disorganized and had excess sebaceous gland lobules. Epidermal cilia mutants displayed fewer long-term label-retaining cells, suggesting altered stem cell homeostasis. Abnormal proliferation and differentiation were evident from lineage-tracing studies and showed an expansion of follicular cells into the interfollicular epidermis, as is seen during wound repair. These phenotypes were not associated with changes in canonical Wnt activity or oriented cell division. However, nuclear accumulation of the ΔNp63 transcription factor, which is involved in stratification, keratinocyte differentiation and wound repair, was increased, whereas the Hh pathway was repressed. Intriguingly, the phenotypes were not typical of those associated with loss of Hh signaling but exhibited similarities with those of mice in which ΔNp63 is overexpressed in the epidermis. Collectively, these data indicate that epidermal primary cilia may function in stress responses and epidermal homeostasis involving pathways other than those typically associated with primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy J Croyle
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Sonic hedgehog and notch signaling can cooperate to regulate neurogenic divisions of neocortical progenitors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14680. [PMID: 21379383 PMCID: PMC3040755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is crucial for the generation and maintenance of both embryonic and adult stem cells, thereby regulating development and tissue homeostasis. In the developing neocortex, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation. During neurogenesis, radial glial cells of the ventricular zone (VZ) are the predominant neocortical progenitors that generate neurons through both symmetric and asymmetric divisions. Despite its importance, relatively little is known of the molecular pathways that control the switch from symmetric proliferative to differentiative/neurogenic divisions in neural progenitors. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we report that conditional inactivation of Patched1, a negative regulator of the Shh pathway, in Nestin positive neural progenitors of the neocortex leads to lamination defects due to improper corticogenesis and an increase in the number of symmetric proliferative divisions of the radial glial cells. Hedgehog-activated VZ progenitor cells demonstrated a concomitant upregulation of Hes1 and Blbp, downstream targets of Notch signaling. The Notch signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem/progenitor cells and the regulation of glial versus neuronal identity. To study the effect of Notch signaling on Hh-activated neural progenitors, we inactivated both Patched1 and Rbpj, a transcriptional mediator of Notch signaling, in Nestin positive cells of the neocortex. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that by mid neurogenesis (embryonic day 14.5), attenuation of Notch signaling reverses the effect of Patched1 deletion on neurogenesis by restoring the balance between symmetric proliferative and neurogenic divisions. Hence, our results demonstrate that correct corticogenesis is an outcome of the interplay between the Hh and Notch signaling pathways.
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Omenetti A, Choi S, Michelotti G, Diehl AM. Hedgehog signaling in the liver. J Hepatol 2011; 54:366-73. [PMID: 21093090 PMCID: PMC3053023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of Hedgehog (Hh), a morphogenic signaling pathway that controls progenitor cell fate and tissue construction during embryogenesis occurs during many types of liver injury in adult. The net effects of activating the Hedgehog pathway include expansion of liver progenitor populations to promote liver regeneration, but also hepatic accumulation of inflammatory cells, liver fibrogenesis, and vascular remodeling. All of these latter responses are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. In addition, Hh signaling may play a role in primary liver cancers, such as cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Study of Hedgehog signaling in liver cells is in its infancy. Additional research in this area is justified given growing experimental and clinical data supporting a role for the pathway in regulating outcomes of liver injury.
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Fu X, Yang X, Li J, Tian X, Cai J, Zhang Y. Opposite expression patterns of Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog are associated with aberrant methylation status of their promoters in colorectal cancers. Pathology 2011; 42:553-9. [PMID: 20854074 DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.508785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway in colorectal cancers (CRCs) is controversial, and its regulation mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study we attempted to clarify the regulatory mechanism of the expression of Hh ligands during colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to characterise expressions of the SHH, IHH and GLI1 genes in 36 CRCs, and the findings compared to 21 hyperplastic polyps and 32 colorectal adenomas. In addition, the methylation status of the SHH and IHH promoters in these samples were investigated. RESULTS Expressions of SHH and GLI1 proteins were increased significantly in CRCs compared with those in hyperplastic polyps and colorectal adenomas (p<0.01 for both). In contrast, IHH was almost lost in both colorectal adenomas and CRCs. Furthermore, DNA methylation analysis revealed that the frequency of SHH methylation in CRCs (20.6%) was significantly lower than that in colorectal adenomas (72.4%, p<0.001) and hyperplastic polyps (64.7%, p = 0.002). IHH promoter methylation was frequently observed in colorectal adenomas (55.2%, p = 0.004) and CRCs (70.6%, p<0.001) compared with that in hyperplastic polyps (11.8%). CONCLUSION SHH hypomethylation could lead to the SHH dependent activation of Hh pathway in CRCs. On the other hand, down-regulation of IHH expression as a result of hypermethylation, may be an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Fu
- Institute for Digestive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Villani RM, Adolphe C, Palmer J, Waters MJ, Wainwright BJ. Patched1 Inhibits Epidermal Progenitor Cell Expansion and Basal Cell Carcinoma Formation by Limiting Igfbp2 Activity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1222-34. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A functional role of RB-dependent pathway in the control of quiescence in adult epidermal stem cells revealed by genomic profiling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:162-77. [PMID: 20376578 PMCID: PMC2887512 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell renewal in mouse epidermis is at the expense of a pool of pluripotent cells that lie in a well defined niche in the hair follicle known as the bulge. To identify mechanisms controlling hair follicle stem cell homeostasis, we developed a strategy to isolate adult bulge stem cells in mice and to define their transcriptional profile. We observed that a large number of transcripts are underexpressed in hair follicle stem cells when compared to non-stem cells. Importantly, the majority of these downregulated genes are involved in cell cycle. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified the E2F transcription factor family as a potential element involved in the regulation of these transcripts. To determine their functional role, we used engineered mice lacking Rb gene in epidermis, which showed increased expression of most E2F family members and increased E2F transcriptional activity. Experiments designed to analyze epidermal stem cell functionality (i.e.: hair regrowth and wound healing) imply a role of the Rb-E2F axis in the control of stem cell quiescence in epidermis.
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Franco HL, Lee KY, Rubel CA, Creighton CJ, White LD, Broaddus RR, Lewis MT, Lydon JP, Jeong JW, DeMayo FJ. Constitutive activation of smoothened leads to female infertility and altered uterine differentiation in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:991-9. [PMID: 20130264 PMCID: PMC2857637 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.081513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has identified Indian hedgehog (Ihh) as a major mediator of progesterone signaling during embryo implantation. Ihh acts through its downstream effector smoothened (Smo) to activate the GLI family of transcription factors. In order to gain a better understanding of Ihh action during embryo implantation, we expressed a Cre-recombinase-dependent constitutively activated SMO in the murine uterus using the Pgr(tm2(cre)Lyd) (PR(cre)) mouse model [Pgr(tm2(cre)Lyd+)Gt(ROSA)26Sor(tm1(Smo/EYFP)Amc)(+) (PR(cre/+)SmoM2(+))]. Female PR(cre/+)SmoM2(+) mice were infertile. They exhibited normal serum progesterone levels and normal ovulation, but their ova failed to be fertilized in vivo and their uterus failed to undergo the artificially induced decidual response. Examination of the PR(cre/+)SmoM2(+) uteri revealed numerous features such as uterine hypertrophy, the presence of a stratified luminal epithelial cell layer, a reduced number of uterine glands, and an endometrial stroma that had lost its normal morphologic characteristics. Microarray analysis of 3-mo-old PR(cre/+)SmoM2(+) uteri demonstrated a chondrocytic signature and confirmed that constitutive activation of PR(cre/+)SmoM2(+) increased extracellular matrix production. Thus, constitutive activation of Smo in the mouse uterus alters postnatal uterine differentiation which interferes with early pregnancy. These results provide new insight into the role of Hedgehog signaling during embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Franco
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Y. Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cory A. Rubel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa D. White
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Francesco J. DeMayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Correspondence: Francesco J. DeMayo, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. FAX: 713 790 1275; e-mail:
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Julian E, Dave RK, Robson JP, Hallahan AR, Wainwright BJ. Canonical Notch signaling is not required for the growth of Hedgehog pathway-induced medulloblastoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:3465-76. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fu X, Yang X, Zhao L. Indian hedgehog, a neglected member of hedgehog pathway, may offer a novel avenue for colorectal cancer therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 24:733-5. [PMID: 19954298 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Published data on hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation in colorectal cancer (CRC) are conflicting, and the effect of the Hh pathway inhibitor on the viability of colon cancer cells is controversial. This article focuses attention on the often-neglected, yet likely, critical role of Indian Hh in the course of colonic tumor progression and hypothesizes that upregulation of Indian Hh expression may offer a novel therapeutic approach against CRC through inducing differentiation of tumor cells and through abrogating the Sonic Hh signaling that drives CRC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
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Sang L, Roberts JM, Coller HA. Hijacking HES1: how tumors co-opt the anti-differentiation strategies of quiescent cells. Trends Mol Med 2009; 16:17-26. [PMID: 20022559 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent and tumor cells share the ability to evade irreversible cell fates. Recent studies have shown that the transcriptional regulator Hairy and Enhancer of Split 1 (HES1) protects quiescent fibroblasts from differentiation or senescence. HES1 is highly expressed in rhabdomyosarcomas, and the inhibition of HES1 restores differentiation in these cells. Pathways that lead to elevated HES1 levels, such as the Notch and Hedgehog pathways, are frequently upregulated in tumors. Compounds that inhibit these pathways induce differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells and several are in clinical trials. HES1 might repress gene expression in part by recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs inhibit differentiation, whereas histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) induce differentiation or apoptosis in tumors and are also showing promise as therapeutics. Small molecules that directly target HES1 itself were recently identified. Here, we discuss the importance of HES1 function in quiescent and tumor cells. Elucidating the pathways that control quiescence could provide valuable information not only for treating cancer but also other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Sang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Rittié L, Stoll SW, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Hedgehog signaling maintains hair follicle stem cell phenotype in young and aged human skin. Aging Cell 2009; 8:738-51. [PMID: 20050020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin hair follicles (HF) contain bulge stem cells (SC) that regenerate HFs during hair cycles, and repair skin epithelia following injury. As natural aging is associated with decreased skin repair capacity in humans, we have investigated the impact of age on human scalp HF bulge cell number and function. Here, we isolated human bulge cells, characterized as CD200+/KRT15+/KRT19+ cells of the HF, by dissection-combined CD200 selection in young and aged human skin. Targeted transcriptional profiling indicates that KRT15, KRT19, Dkk3, Dkk4, Tcf3, S100A4, Gas1, EGFR and CTGF/CCN2 are also preferentially expressed by human bulge cells, compared to differentiated HF keratinocytes (KC). Our results demonstrate that aging does not alter expression or localization of these HF SC markers. In addition, we could not detect significant differences in HF density or bulge cell number between young and aged human scalp skin. Interestingly, hedgehog (Hh) signaling is activated in human bulge cells in vivo, and down-regulated in differentiated HF KCs, both in young and aged skin. In addition, activation of Hh signaling by lentivirus-mediated overexpression of transcription factor Gli1 induces transcription of HF SC markers KRT15, KRT19, and Gas1, in cultured KCs. Together with previously reported knock-out mouse results, these data suggest a role for Hh signaling in maintaining bulge cell phenotype in young and aged human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Luo JD, Hu TP, Wang L, Chen MS, Liu SM, Chen AF. Sonic hedgehog improves delayed wound healing via enhancing cutaneous nitric oxide function in diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E525-31. [PMID: 19531636 PMCID: PMC2724116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) plays an important role in postnatal tissue repair. The present study tested the hypothesis that impaired SHH pathway results in delayed wound healing by suppressing cutaneous nitric oxide (NO) function in type 1 diabetes. Adult male C57/B6 mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice were used. Although cutaneous SHH and Patched-1 (Ptc-1 encoded by PTCH, PTCH 1) proteins were increased significantly on day 4 after wounding compared with day 0 in normal mice, both were decreased significantly in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Topical application of SHH restored wound healing delay in STZ-induced diabetic mice, with a concomitant augmentation of both cutaneous constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and nitrite level. The effects of SHH on wound healing and cutaneous NO function were markedly inhibited by SHH receptor inhibitor cyclopamine. After 24-h treatment in vitro, SHH (5-20 microg/ml) significantly increased cutaneous endothelial NOS protein expression, NOS activity and NO level in normal mice and STZ-induced diabetic mice in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was blunted by cyclopamine and NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002 significantly blunted the increase of NOS activity and NO level induced by SHH treatment in human umbilican vein endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that the SHH pathway is activated in a normal wound, and its reduction results in impaired NO function and wound healing in diabetes. Strategies aimed at augmenting the endogenous SHH pathway may provide an effective means in ameliorating delayed diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Luo
- Department of Surgery, Hemostasis and Vascular Biology Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Vascular Surgery Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA
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The Hedgehog receptor Patched1 regulates myeloid and lymphoid progenitors by distinct cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Blood 2009; 114:995-1004. [PMID: 19483124 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) ligands bind to the Patched1 (Ptch1) receptor, relieving repression of Smoothened, which leads to activation of the Hh signaling pathway. Using conditional Ptch1 knockout mice, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of activating the Hh signaling pathway in hematopoiesis. Surprisingly, hematopoietic-specific deletion of Ptch1 did not lead to activation of the Hh signaling pathway and, consequently, had no phenotypic effect. In contrast, deletion of Ptch1 in nonhematopoietic cells produced 2 distinct hematopoietic phenotypes. First, activation of Hh signaling in epithelial cells led to apoptosis of lymphoid progenitors associated with markedly elevated levels of circulating thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Second, activation of Hh signaling in the bone marrow cell niche led to increased numbers of lineage-negative c-kit(+) Sca-1(+) bone marrow cells and mobilization of myeloid progenitors associated with a marked loss of osteoblasts. Thus, deletion of Ptch1 leads to hematopoietic effects by distinct cell-extrinsic mechanisms rather than by direct activation of the Hh signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells. These findings have important implications for therapeutics designed to activate the Hh signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells including hematopoietic stem cells.
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Cobourne MT, Xavier GM, Depew M, Hagan L, Sealby J, Webster Z, Sharpe PT. Sonic hedgehog signalling inhibits palatogenesis and arrests tooth development in a mouse model of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Dev Biol 2009; 331:38-49. [PMID: 19394325 PMCID: PMC2696601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant or spontaneous disorder characterized by multiple cutaneous basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, skeletal anomalies and facial dysmorphology, including cleft lip and palate. Causative mutations for NBCCS occur in the PTCH1 gene on chromosome 9q22.3–q31, which encodes the principle receptor for the Hedgehog signalling pathway. We have investigated the molecular basis of craniofacial defects seen in NBCCS using a transgenic mouse model expressing Shh in basal epithelium under a Keratin-14 promoter. These mice have an absence of flat bones within the skull vault, hypertelorism, open-bite malocclusion, cleft palate and arrested tooth development. Significantly, increased Hedgehog signal transduction in these mice can influence cell fate within the craniofacial region. In medial edge epithelium of the palate, Shh activity prevents apoptosis and subsequent palatal shelf fusion. In contrast, high levels of Shh in odontogenic epithelium arrests tooth development at the bud stage, secondary to a lack of cell proliferation in this region. These findings illustrate the importance of appropriately regulated Hedgehog signalling during early craniofacial development and demonstrate that oro-facial clefting and hypodontia seen in NBCCS can occur as a direct consequence of increased Shh signal activity within embryonic epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Orthodontics, Dental Institute, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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