1
|
Elorriaga V, Pierani A, Causeret F. Cajal-retzius cells: Recent advances in identity and function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102686. [PMID: 36774666 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs) are a transient neuronal type of the developing cerebral cortex. Over the years, they have been shown or proposed to play important functions in neocortical and hippocampal morphogenesis, circuit formation, brain evolution and human pathology. Because of their short lifespan, CRs have been pictured as a purely developmental cell type, whose production and active elimination are both required for correct brain development. In this review, we present some of the findings that allow us to better appreciate the identity and diversity of this very special cell type, and propose a unified definition of what should be considered a Cajal-Retzius cell, especially when working with non-mammalian species or organoids. In addition, we highlight a flurry of recent studies pointing to the importance of CRs in the assembly of functional and dysfunctional cortical networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Elorriaga
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
López-Mengual A, Segura-Feliu M, Sunyer R, Sanz-Fraile H, Otero J, Mesquida-Veny F, Gil V, Hervera A, Ferrer I, Soriano J, Trepat X, Farré R, Navajas D, Del Río JA. Involvement of Mechanical Cues in the Migration of Cajal-Retzius Cells in the Marginal Zone During Neocortical Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886110. [PMID: 35652101 PMCID: PMC9150848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to coordinated action of chemical and mechanical cues during brain development. At early stages of neocortical development, angiogenic factors and chemokines such as CXCL12, ephrins, and semaphorins assume crucial roles in orchestrating neuronal migration and axon elongation of postmitotic neurons. Here we explore the intrinsic mechanical properties of the developing marginal zone of the pallium in the migratory pathways and brain distribution of the pioneer Cajal-Retzius cells. These neurons are generated in several proliferative regions in the developing brain (e.g., the cortical hem and the pallial subpallial boundary) and migrate tangentially in the preplate/marginal zone covering the upper portion of the developing cortex. These cells play crucial roles in correct neocortical layer formation by secreting several molecules such as Reelin. Our results indicate that the motogenic properties of Cajal-Retzius cells and their perinatal distribution in the marginal zone are modulated by both chemical and mechanical factors, by the specific mechanical properties of Cajal-Retzius cells, and by the differential stiffness of the migratory routes. Indeed, cells originating in the cortical hem display higher migratory capacities than those generated in the pallial subpallial boundary which may be involved in the differential distribution of these cells in the dorsal-lateral axis in the developing marginal zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Mengual
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Segura-Feliu
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sunyer
- Unitat de Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Sanz-Fraile
- Unitat de Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Otero
- Unitat de Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gil
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Senior Consultant, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament de Física de La Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Unitat de Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat de Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Respiratory Biomechanics, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiménez S, Moreno N. Analysis of the Expression Pattern of Cajal-Retzius Cell Markers in the Xenopus laevis Forebrain. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:263-282. [PMID: 34614492 DOI: 10.1159/000519025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells are essential for cortical development in mammals, and their involvement in the evolution of this structure has been widely postulated, but very little is known about their progenitor domains in non-mammalian vertebrates. Using in situhybridization and immunofluorescence techniques we analyzed the expression of some of the main Cajal-Retzius cell markers such as Dbx1, Ebf3, ER81, Lhx1, Lhx5, p73, Reelin, Wnt3a, Zic1, and Zic2 in the forebrain of the anuran Xenopus laevis, because amphibians are the only class of anamniote tetrapods and show a tetrapartite evaginated pallium, but no layered or nuclear organization. Our results suggested that the Cajal-Retzius cell progenitor domains were comparable to those previously described in amniotes. Thus, at dorsomedial telencephalic portions a region comparable to the cortical hem was defined in Xenopus based on the expression of Wnt3a, p73, Reelin, Zic1, and Zic2. In the septum, two different domains were observed: a periventricular dorsal septum, at the limit between the pallium and the subpallium, expressing Reelin, Zic1, and Zic2, and a related septal domain, expressing Ebf3, Zic1, and Zic2. In the lateral telencephalon, the ventral pallium next to the pallio-subpallial boundary, the lack of Dbx1 and the unique expression of Reelin during development defined this territory as the most divergent with respect to mammals. Finally, we also analyzed the expression of these markers at the prethalamic eminence region, suggested as Cajal-Retzius progenitor domain in amniotes, observing there Zic1, Zic2, ER81, and Lhx1 expression. Our data show that in anurans there are different subtypes and progenitor domains of Cajal-Retzius cells, which probably contribute to the cortical regional specification and territory-specific properties. This supports the notion that the basic organization of pallial derivatives in vertebrates follows a comparable fundamental arrangement, even in those that do not have a sophisticated stratified cortical structure like the mammalian cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moreau MX, Saillour Y, Cwetsch AW, Pierani A, Causeret F. Single-cell transcriptomics of the early developing mouse cerebral cortex disentangle the spatial and temporal components of neuronal fate acquisition. Development 2021; 148:269283. [PMID: 34170322 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the developing cerebral cortex, how progenitors that seemingly display limited diversity end up producing a vast array of neurons remains a puzzling question. The prevailing model suggests that temporal maturation of progenitors is a key driver in the diversification of the neuronal output. However, temporal constraints are unlikely to account for all diversity, especially in the ventral and lateral pallium where neuronal types significantly differ from their dorsal neocortical counterparts born at the same time. In this study, we implemented single-cell RNAseq to sample the diversity of progenitors and neurons along the dorso-ventral axis of the early developing pallium. We first identified neuronal types, mapped them on the tissue and determined their origin through genetic tracing. We characterised progenitor diversity and disentangled the gene modules underlying temporal versus spatial regulations of neuronal specification. Finally, we reconstructed the developmental trajectories followed by ventral and dorsal pallial neurons to identify lineage-specific gene waves. Our data suggest a model by which discrete neuronal fate acquisition from a continuous gradient of progenitors results from the superimposition of spatial information and temporal maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu X Moreau
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Saillour
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Causeret F, Moreau MX, Pierani A, Blanquie O. The multiple facets of Cajal-Retzius neurons. Development 2021; 148:268379. [PMID: 34047341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius neurons (CRs) are among the first-born neurons in the developing cortex of reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. The peculiarity of CRs lies in the fact they are initially embedded into the immature neuronal network before being almost completely eliminated by cell death at the end of cortical development. CRs are best known for controlling the migration of glutamatergic neurons and the formation of cortical layers through the secretion of the glycoprotein reelin. However, they have been shown to play numerous additional key roles at many steps of cortical development, spanning from patterning and sizing functional areas to synaptogenesis. The use of genetic lineage tracing has allowed the discovery of their multiple ontogenetic origins, migratory routes, expression of molecular markers and death dynamics. Nowadays, single-cell technologies enable us to appreciate the molecular heterogeneity of CRs with an unprecedented resolution. In this Review, we discuss the morphological, electrophysiological, molecular and genetic criteria allowing the identification of CRs. We further expose the various sources, migration trajectories, developmental functions and death dynamics of CRs. Finally, we demonstrate how the analysis of public transcriptomic datasets allows extraction of the molecular signature of CRs throughout their transient life and consider their heterogeneity within and across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Causeret
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu X Moreau
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France.,Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Oriane Blanquie
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wiring of higher-order cortical areas: Spatiotemporal development of cortical hierarchy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:35-49. [PMID: 34034988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A hierarchical development of cortical areas was suggested over a century ago, but the diversity and complexity of cortical hierarchy properties have so far prevented a formal demonstration. The aim of this review is to clarify the similarities and differences in the developmental processes underlying cortical development of primary and higher-order areas. We start by recapitulating the historical and recent advances underlying the biological principle of cortical hierarchy in adults. We then revisit the arguments for a hierarchical maturation of cortical areas, and further integrate the principles of cortical areas specification during embryonic and postnatal development. We highlight how the dramatic expansion in cortical size might have contributed to the increased number of association areas sustaining cognitive complexification in evolution. Finally, we summarize the recent observations of an alteration of cortical hierarchy in neuropsychiatric disorders and discuss their potential developmental origins.
Collapse
|
7
|
Longitudinal developmental analysis of prethalamic eminence derivatives in the chick by mapping of Tbr1 in situ expression. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:481-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Aboitiz F, Montiel JF. Morphological evolution of the vertebrate forebrain: From mechanical to cellular processes. Evol Dev 2019; 21:330-341. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de NeurocienciasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Juan F. Montiel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hatami M, Conrad S, Naghsh P, Alvarez-Bolado G, Skutella T. Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 30483057 PMCID: PMC6240695 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only brain region currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adults (Andersen et al., 1966, 1971). The DG is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, including clinical dementia, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy. The principal neurons of the DG are the granule cells. DG granule cells generated in culture would be an ideal model to investigate their normal development and the causes of the pathologies in which they are involved and as well as possible therapies. Essential to establish such in vitro models is the precise definition of the most important cell-biological requirements for the differentiation of DG granule cells. This requires a deeper understanding of the precise molecular and functional attributes of the DG granule cells in vivo as well as the DG cells derived in vitro. In this review we outline the neuroanatomical, molecular and cell-biological components of the granule cell differentiation pathway, including some growth- and transcription factors essential for their development. We summarize the functional characteristics of DG granule neurons, including the electrophysiological features of immature and mature granule cells and the axonal pathfinding characteristics of DG neurons. Additionally, we discuss landmark studies on the generation of dorsal telencephalic precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as DG neuron differentiation in culture. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment critical aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ubiquitin ligase COP1 coordinates transcriptional programs that control cell type specification in the developing mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11244-11249. [PMID: 30322923 PMCID: PMC6217379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805033115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 modifies specific transcription factor substrates with polyubiquitin so that they are degraded. However, the Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway can inactivate CRL4COP1/DET1 and thereby promote the rapid accumulation of these transcription factors. Here we show that constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1) has a critical role in mouse brain development because its deletion from neural stem cells stabilizes the transcription factors c-JUN, ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5, leading to perturbation of normal gene expression patterns; anatomic anomalies in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum; and perinatal lethality. The E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 is active in the absence of ERK signaling, modifying the transcription factors ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, and c-JUN with polyubiquitin that targets them for proteasomal degradation. Here we show that this posttranslational regulatory mechanism is active in neurons, with ETV5 and c-JUN accumulating within minutes of ERK activation. Mice with constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (Cop1) deleted in neural stem cells showed abnormally elevated expression of ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, and c-JUN in the developing brain and spinal cord. Expression of c-JUN target genes Vimentin and Gfap was increased, whereas ETV5 and c-JUN both contributed to an expanded number of cells expressing genes associated with gliogenesis, including Olig1, Olig2, and Sox10. The mice had subtle morphological abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum by embryonic day 18 and died soon after birth. Elevated c-JUN, ETV5, and ETV1 contributed to the perinatal lethality, as several Cop1-deficient mice also lacking c-Jun and Etv5, or lacking Etv5 and heterozygous for Etv1, were viable.
Collapse
|
11
|
Fontanet PA, Ríos AS, Alsina FC, Paratcha G, Ledda F. Pea3 Transcription Factors, Etv4 and Etv5, Are Required for Proper Hippocampal Dendrite Development and Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:236-249. [PMID: 27909004 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper formation and morphogenesis of dendrites is essential to the establishment of neuronal connectivity. We report that 2 members of the Pea3 family of transcription factors, Etv4 and Etv5, are expressed in hippocampal neurons during the main period of dendritogenesis, suggesting that they have a function in dendrite development. Here, we show that these transcription factors are physiological regulators of growth and arborization of pyramidal cell dendrites in the developing hippocampus. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that Etv4 and Etv5 are required for proper development of hippocampal dendritic arbors and spines. We have found that in vivo deletion of either Etv4 or Etv5 in hippocampal neurons causes deficits in dendrite size and complexity, which are associated with impaired cognitive function. Additionally, our data support the idea that Etv4 and Etv5 are part of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated transcriptional program required for proper hippocampal dendrite connectivity and plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aldana Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Soledad Ríos
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Cruz Alsina
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hasenpusch-Theil K, Watson JA, Theil T. Direct Interactions Between Gli3, Wnt8b, and Fgfs Underlie Patterning of the Dorsal Telencephalon. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1137-1148. [PMID: 26656997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the development of the cerebral cortex is a patterning process, which subdivides the telencephalon into several molecularly distinct domains and is critical for cortical arealization. This process is dependent on a complex network of interactions between signaling molecules of the Fgf and Wnt gene families and the Gli3 transcription factor gene, but a better knowledge of the molecular basis of the interplay between these factors is required to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic circuitry underlying telencephalic patterning. Using DNA-binding and reporter gene assays, we here investigate the possibility that Gli3 and these signaling molecules interact by directly regulating each other's expression. We show that Fgf signaling is required for Wnt8b enhancer activity in the cortical hem, whereas Wnt/β-catenin signaling represses Fgf17 forebrain enhancer activity. In contrast, Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cooperate to regulate Gli3 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that mutual interactions between Gli3, Wnt8b, and Fgf17 are crucial elements of the balance between these factors thereby conferring robustness to the patterning process. Hence, our study provides a framework for understanding the genetic circuitry underlying telencephalic patterning and how defects in this process can affect the formation of cortical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| | - Julia A Watson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruiz-Reig N, Andrés B, Huilgol D, Grove EA, Tissir F, Tole S, Theil T, Herrera E, Fairén A. Lateral Thalamic Eminence: A Novel Origin for mGluR1/Lot Cells. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2841-2856. [PMID: 27178193 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique population of cells, called "lot cells," circumscribes the path of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) in the rodent brain and acts to restrict its position at the lateral margin of the telencephalon. Lot cells were believed to originate in the dorsal pallium (DP). We show that Lhx2 null mice that lack a DP show a significant increase in the number of mGluR1/lot cells in the piriform cortex, indicating a non-DP origin of these cells. Since lot cells present common developmental features with Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, we analyzed Wnt3a- and Dbx1-reporter mouse lines and found that mGluR1/lot cells are not generated in the cortical hem, ventral pallium, or septum, the best characterized sources of CR cells. Finally, we identified a novel origin for the lot cells by combining in utero electroporation assays and histochemical characterization. We show that mGluR1/lot cells are specifically generated in the lateral thalamic eminence and that they express mitral cell markers, although a minority of them express ΔNp73 instead. We conclude that most mGluR1/lot cells are prospective mitral cells migrating to the accessory olfactory bulb (OB), whereas mGluR1+, ΔNp73+ cells are CR cells that migrate through the LOT to the piriform cortex and the OB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC - UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Belén Andrés
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC - UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Dhananjay Huilgol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.,Current address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC - UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Alfonso Fairén
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC - UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
15
|
Ruiz-Reig N, Studer M. Rostro-Caudal and Caudo-Rostral Migrations in the Telencephalon: Going Forward or Backward? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:692. [PMID: 29311773 PMCID: PMC5742585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and differentiation of an appropriate number of neurons, as well as its distribution in different parts of the brain, is crucial for the proper establishment, maintenance and plasticity of neural circuitries. Newborn neurons travel along the brain in a process known as neuronal migration, to finalize their correct position in the nervous system. Defects in neuronal migration produce abnormalities in the brain that can generate neurodevelopmental pathologies, such as autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. In this review, we present an overview of the developmental origin of the different telencephalic subdivisions and a description of migratory pathways taken by distinct neural populations traveling long distances before reaching their target position in the brain. In addition, we discuss some of the molecules implicated in the guidance of these migratory paths and transcription factors that contribute to the correct migration and integration of these neurons.
Collapse
|
16
|
Frade-Pérez MD, Miquelajáuregui A, Varela-Echavarría A. Origin and Migration of Olfactory Cajal-Retzius Cells. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:97. [PMID: 29163070 PMCID: PMC5671926 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early telencephalic development involves the migration of diverse cell types that can be identified by specific molecular markers. Most prominent among them are Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells that emanate mainly from the cortical hem and to a lesser extent from rostrolateral, septal and caudo-medial regions. One additional territory proposed to give rise to CR cells that migrate dorsally into the neocortex lies at the ventral pallium, although contradictory results question this notion. With the use of a cell-permeable fluorescent tracer in cultured embryos, we identified novel migratory paths of putative CR cells and other populations that originate from the rostrolateral telencephalon at its olfactory region. Moreover, extensive labeling on the lateral telencephalon along its rostro-caudal extent failed to reveal a dorsally-migrating CR cell population from the ventral pallium at the stages analyzed. Hence, this work reveals a novel olfactory CR cell migration and supports the idea that the ventral pallium, where diverse types of neurons converge, does not actually generate CR cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amaya Miquelajáuregui
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shekhar A, Lin X, Liu FY, Zhang J, Mo H, Bastarache L, Denny JC, Cox NJ, Delmar M, Roden DM, Fishman GI, Park DS. Transcription factor ETV1 is essential for rapid conduction in the heart. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4444-4459. [PMID: 27775552 DOI: 10.1172/jci87968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid impulse propagation in the heart is a defining property of pectinated atrial myocardium (PAM) and the ventricular conduction system (VCS) and is essential for maintaining normal cardiac rhythm and optimal cardiac output. Conduction defects in these tissues produce a disproportionate burden of arrhythmic disease and are major predictors of mortality in heart failure patients. Despite the clinical importance, little is known about the gene regulatory network that dictates the fast conduction phenotype. Here, we have used signal transduction and transcriptional profiling screens to identify a genetic pathway that converges on the NRG1-responsive transcription factor ETV1 as a critical regulator of fast conduction physiology for PAM and VCS cardiomyocytes. Etv1 was highly expressed in murine PAM and VCS cardiomyocytes, where it regulates expression of Nkx2-5, Gja5, and Scn5a, key cardiac genes required for rapid conduction. Mice deficient in Etv1 exhibited marked cardiac conduction defects coupled with developmental abnormalities of the VCS. Loss of Etv1 resulted in a complete disruption of the normal sodium current heterogeneity that exists between atrial, VCS, and ventricular myocytes. Lastly, a phenome-wide association study identified a link between ETV1 and bundle branch block and heart block in humans. Together, these results identify ETV1 as a critical factor in determining fast conduction physiology in the heart.
Collapse
|
18
|
Barber M, Pierani A. Tangential migration of glutamatergic neurons and cortical patterning during development: Lessons from Cajal-Retzius cells. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:847-81. [PMID: 26581033 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tangential migration is a mode of cell movement, which in the developing cerebral cortex, is defined by displacement parallel to the ventricular surface and orthogonal to the radial glial fibers. This mode of long-range migration is a strategy by which distinct neuronal classes generated from spatially and molecularly distinct origins can integrate to form appropriate neural circuits within the cortical plate. While it was previously believed that only GABAergic cortical interneurons migrate tangentially from their origins in the subpallial ganglionic eminences to integrate in the cortical plate, it is now known that transient populations of glutamatergic neurons also adopt this mode of migration. These include Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs), subplate neurons (SPs), and cortical plate transient neurons (CPTs), which have crucial roles in orchestrating the radial and tangential development of the embryonic cerebral cortex in a noncell-autonomous manner. While CRs have been extensively studied, it is only in the last decade that the molecular mechanisms governing their tangential migration have begun to be elucidated. To date, the mechanisms of SPs and CPTs tangential migration remain unknown. We therefore review the known signaling pathways, which regulate parameters of CRs migration including their motility, contact-redistribution and adhesion to the pial surface, and discuss this in the context of how CR migration may regulate their signaling activity in a spatial and temporal manner. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 847-881, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barber
- Institut Jacques-Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques-Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Toma K, Hanashima C. Switching modes in corticogenesis: mechanisms of neuronal subtype transitions and integration in the cerebral cortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:274. [PMID: 26321900 PMCID: PMC4531338 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in the cerebral cortex requires the activation of diverse neurons across layers and columns, which are established through the coordinated production of distinct neuronal subtypes and their placement along the three-dimensional axis. Over recent years, our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the specification and integration of neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex has progressed rapidly. In this review, we address how the unique cytoarchitecture of the neocortex is established from a limited number of progenitors featuring neuronal identity transitions during development. We further illuminate the molecular mechanisms of the subtype-specific integration of these neurons into the cerebral cortex along the radial and tangential axis, and we discuss these key features to exemplify how neocortical circuit formation accomplishes economical connectivity while maintaining plasticity and evolvability to adapt to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Toma
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan ; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The three-layered piriform cortex, an integral part of the olfactory system, processes odor information relayed by olfactory bulb mitral cells. Specifically, mitral cell axons form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) by targeting lateral olfactory tract (lot) guidepost cells in the piriform cortex. While lot cells and other piriform cortical neurons share a pallial origin, the factors that specify their precise phenotypes are poorly understood. Here we show that in mouse, the proneural genes Neurog1 and Neurog2 are coexpressed in the ventral pallium, a progenitor pool that first gives rise to Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, which populate layer I of all cortical domains, and later to layer II/III neurons of the piriform cortex. Using loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we find that Neurog1 has a unique early role in reducing CR cell neurogenesis by tempering Neurog2's proneural activity. In addition, Neurog1 and Neurog2 have redundant functions in the ventral pallium, acting in two phases to first specify a CR cell fate and later to specify layer II/III piriform cortex neuronal identities. In the early phase, Neurog1 and Neurog2 are also required for lot cell differentiation, which we reveal are a subset of CR neurons, the loss of which prevents mitral cell axon innervation and LOT formation. Consequently, mutation of Trp73, a CR-specific cortical gene, results in lot cell and LOT axon displacement. Neurog1 and Neurog2 thus have unique and redundant functions in the piriform cortex, controlling the timing of differentiation of early-born CR/lot cells and specifying the identities of later-born layer II/III neurons.
Collapse
|
21
|
Alfano C, Studer M. Neocortical arealization: evolution, mechanisms, and open questions. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:411-47. [PMID: 23239642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a structure with no equals in the vertebrates and is the seat of the highest cerebral functions, such as thoughts and consciousness. It is radially organized into six layers and tangentially subdivided into functional areas deputed to the elaboration of sensory information, association between different stimuli, and selection and triggering of voluntary movements. The process subdividing the neocortical field into several functional areas is called "arealization". Each area has its own cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and peculiar functions. In the last century, several neuroscientists have investigated areal structure and the mechanisms that have led during evolution to the rising of the neocortex and its organization. The extreme conservation in the positioning and wiring of neocortical areas among different mammalian families suggests a conserved genetic program orchestrating neocortical patterning. However, the impressive plasticity of the neocortex, which is able to rewire and reorganize areal structures and connectivity after impairments of sensory pathways, argues for a more complex scenario. Indeed, even if genetics and molecular biology helped in identifying several genes involved in the arealization process, the logic underlying the neocortical bauplan is still beyond our comprehension. In this review, we will introduce the present knowledge and hypotheses on the ontogenesis and evolution of neocortical areas. Then, we will focus our attention on some open issues, which are still unresolved, and discuss some recent studies that might open new directions to be explored in the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alfano
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, Nice, F-06108, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumamoto T, Toma KI, Gunadi, McKenna WL, Kasukawa T, Katzman S, Chen B, Hanashima C. Foxg1 coordinates the switch from nonradially to radially migrating glutamatergic subtypes in the neocortex through spatiotemporal repression. Cell Rep 2013; 3:931-45. [PMID: 23523356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specification of neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex proceeds in a temporal manner; however, the regulation of the transitions between the sequentially generated subtypes is poorly understood. Here, we report that the forkhead box transcription factor Foxg1 coordinates the production of neocortical projection neurons through the global repression of a default gene program. The delayed activation of Foxg1 was necessary and sufficient to induce deep-layer neurogenesis, followed by a sequential wave of upper-layer neurogenesis. A genome-wide analysis revealed that Foxg1 binds to mammalian-specific noncoding sequences to repress over 12 transcription factors expressed in early progenitors, including Ebf2/3, Dmrt3, Dmrta1, and Eya2. These findings reveal an unexpected prolonged competence of progenitors to initiate corticogenesis at a progressed stage during development and identify Foxg1 as a critical initiator of neocorticogenesis through spatiotemporal repression, a system that balances the production of nonradially and radially migrating glutamatergic subtypes during mammalian cortical expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kumamoto
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ceci ML, Pedraza M, de Carlos JA. The embryonic septum and ventral pallium, new sources of olfactory cortex cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44716. [PMID: 22984546 PMCID: PMC3439381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory cortex is a complex structure located along the rostro-caudal extension of the ventrolateral prosencephalon, which is divided into several anatomically and functionally distinct areas: the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdaloid olfactory nuclei, and the more caudal entorhinal cortex. Multiple forebrain progenitor domains contribute to the cellular diversity of the olfactory cortex, which is invaded simultaneously by cells originating in distinct germinal areas in the dorsal and ventral forebrain. Using a combination of dye labeling techniques, we identified two novel areas that contribute cells to the developing olfactory cortices, the septum and the ventral pallium, from which cells migrate along a radial and then a tangential path. We characterized these cell populations by comparing their expression of calretinin, calbindin, reelin and Tbr1 with that of other olfactory cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María Pedraza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. de Carlos
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Basson MA. Signaling in cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008151. [PMID: 22570373 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All the information to make a complete, fully functional living organism is encoded within the genome of the fertilized oocyte. How is this genetic code translated into the vast array of cellular behaviors that unfold during the course of embryonic development, as the zygote slowly morphs into a new organism? Studies over the last 30 years or so have shown that many of these cellular processes are driven by secreted or membrane-bound signaling molecules. Elucidating how the genetic code is translated into instructions or signals during embryogenesis, how signals are generated at the correct time and place and at the appropriate level, and finally, how these instructions are interpreted and put into action, are some of the central questions of developmental biology. Our understanding of the causes of congenital malformations and disease has improved substantially with the rapid advances in our knowledge of signaling pathways and their regulation during development. In this article, I review some of the signaling pathways that play essential roles during embryonic development. These examples show some of the mechanisms used by cells to receive and interpret developmental signals. I also discuss how signaling pathways downstream from these signals are regulated and how they induce specific cellular responses that ultimately affect cell fate and morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chiara F, Badaloni A, Croci L, Yeh ML, Cariboni A, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Consalez GG, Eickholt B, Shimogori T, Parnavelas JG, Rakić S. Early B-cell factors 2 and 3 (EBF2/3) regulate early migration of Cajal-Retzius cells from the cortical hem. Dev Biol 2012; 365:277-89. [PMID: 22421355 PMCID: PMC3368273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells play a crucial role in the formation of the cerebral cortex, yet the molecules that control their development are largely unknown. Here, we show that Ebf transcription factors are expressed in forebrain signalling centres—the septum, cortical hem and the pallial–subpallial boundary—known to generate CR cells. We identified Ebf2, through fate mapping studies, as a novel marker for cortical hem- and septum-derived CR cells. Loss of Ebf2 in vivo causes a transient decrease in CR cell numbers on the cortical surface due to a migratory defect in the cortical hem, and is accompanied by upregulation of Ebf3 in this and other forebrain territories that produce CR cells, without affecting proper cortical lamination. Accordingly, using in vitro preparations, we demonstrated that both Ebf2 and Ebf3, singly or together, control the migration of CR cells arising in the cortical hem. These findings provide evidence that Ebfs directly regulate CR cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cortical neurogenesis and morphogens: diversity of cues, sources and functions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:269-76. [PMID: 22342580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of hundreds of different types of neurons, which underlie its ability to perform highly complex neural processes. How cortical neurons are generated during development constitutes a major challenge in developmental neurosciences with important implications for brain repair and diseases. Cortical neurogenesis is dependent on intrinsic and extrinsic cues, which interplay to generate cortical neurons at the right number, time and place. While the role of intrinsic factors such as proneural and Notch genes has been well established, recent evidence indicate that most classical morphogens, produced by various neural and non-neural sources throughout embryonic development, contribute to the master control and fine tuning of cortical neurogenesis. Here we review some recent advances in the dissection of the molecular logic underlying neurogenesis in the cortex, with special emphasis on the roles of morphogenic cues in this process.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hébert JM. FGFs: Neurodevelopment's Jack-of-all-Trades - How Do They Do it? Front Neurosci 2011; 5:133. [PMID: 22164131 PMCID: PMC3230033 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
From neurulation to postnatal processes, the requirements for FGF signaling in many aspects of neural precursor cell biology have been well documented. However, identifying a requirement for FGFs in a particular neurogenic process provides only an initial and superficial understanding of what FGF signaling is doing. How FGFs specify cell types in one instance, yet promote cell survival, proliferation, migration, or differentiation in other instances remains largely unknown and is key to understanding how they function. This review describes what we have learned primarily from in vivo vertebrate studies about the roles of FGF signaling in neurulation, anterior–posterior patterning of the neural plate, brain patterning from local signaling centers, and finally neocortex development as an example of continued roles for FGFs within the same brain area. The potential explanations for the diverse functions of FGFs through differential interactions with cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors is then discussed with an emphasis on how little we know about the modulation of FGF signaling in vivo. A clearer picture of the mechanisms involved is nevertheless essential to understand the behavior of neural precursor cells and to potentially guide their fates for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Hébert
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guillemot F, Zimmer C. From cradle to grave: the multiple roles of fibroblast growth factors in neural development. Neuron 2011; 71:574-88. [PMID: 21867876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a functional nervous system involves a multitude of steps that are controlled by just a few families of extracellular signaling molecules. Among these, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is particularly prominent for the remarkable diversity of its functions. FGFs are best known for their roles in the early steps of patterning of the neural primordium and proliferation of neural progenitors. However, other equally important functions have emerged more recently, including in the later steps of neuronal migration, axon navigation, and synaptogenesis. We review here these diverse functions and discuss the mechanisms that account for this unusual range of activities. FGFs are essential components of most protocols devised to generate therapeutically important neuronal populations in vitro or to stimulate neuronal repair in vivo. How FGFs promote the development of the nervous system and maintain its integrity will thus remain an important focus of research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Guillemot
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pombero A, Bueno C, Saglietti L, Rodenas M, Guimera J, Bulfone A, Martinez S. Pallial origin of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus. Development 2011; 138:4315-26. [PMID: 21865321 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the cortical cholinergic innervation implicated in attention and memory originates in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus of the basal prosencephalon. Functional alterations in this system give rise to neuropsychiatric disorders as well as to the cognitive alterations described in Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases. Despite the functional importance of these basal forebrain cholinergic neurons very little is known about their origin and development. Previous studies suggest that they originate in the medial ganglionic eminence of the telencephalic subpallium; however, our results identified Tbr1-expressing, reelin-positive neurons migrating from the ventral pallium to the subpallium that differentiate into cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain nuclei projecting to the cortex. Experiments with Tbr1 knockout mice, which lack ventropallial structures, confirmed the pallial origin of cholinergic neurons in Meynert and horizontal diagonal band nuclei. Also, we demonstrate that Fgf8 signaling in the telencephalic midline attracts these neurons from the pallium to follow a tangential migratory route towards the basal forebrain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Puelles L. Pallio-pallial tangential migrations and growth signaling: new scenario for cortical evolution? BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2011; 78:108-27. [PMID: 21701143 DOI: 10.1159/000327905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Observations accruing in recent years imply that the areal patterning and size dimensioning of the mammalian neocortex are influenced by diverse sets of tangentially migrating glutamatergic neurons that invade the cortical plate and, in so doing, modify the properties of the neopallial proliferative compartments. This developmental scenario sheds new light upon the old issue of how the mammalian neocortex evolved its more complex structure from nonmammalian antecedent forms. In reviewing these novelties, I first point out the topological position of the neopallial island as a central component of the pallium in all gnathostomes, surrounded by a ring of prospective allocortical pallial regions and a more distant set of peripheral neighboring forebrain areas. Early patterning arises from the periphery via passive planar signaling. This process probably establishes the pallium field and its basic island plus allocortical ring organization, as well as a rough prepatterning of some regional subareas. Afterwards, patterning and modulated growth are also actively influenced by the convergence of separate streams of tangentially migrating subpial cells (partly peripheral and partly allocortical in origin) which collectively form the Cajal-Retzius neuronal population in layer I. Effects of these cells include the inside-out stratification of the cortical plate and they may also contribute to the evolutionary emergence of the 6-layered neocortical structure. The most recent addition to our knowledge of pallio-pallial migrations is the existence of a subsequent deep tangential migration of ventropallial cells into the neopallial primordium, whose signaling influence upon local progenitors magnifies the cortex population by 20%. These glutamatergic cells dispersedly invade the entire cortex but largely die postnatally. The crucial implications of these data for comparative thinking on mammalian neocortex evolution and interpretation of potential homologs in sauropsids are explored. Finally, a new conjecture regarding a possible role of the hitherto disregarded lateral pallium is advanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dixit R, Zimmer C, Waclaw RR, Mattar P, Shaker T, Kovach C, Logan C, Campbell K, Guillemot F, Schuurmans C. Ascl1 Participates in Cajal–Retzius Cell Development in the Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:2599-611. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
32
|
The germinal zones of the basal ganglia but not the septum generate GABAergic interneurons for the cortex. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12050-62. [PMID: 20826668 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6178-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons originate from subpallial precursors and migrate into the cortex during development. Using genetic lineage tracing in transgenic mice we examine the contribution of two germinal zones, the septum and the lateral ganglionic eminence/caudal ganglionic eminence (LGE/CGE) to interneurons of the cortex. We find that the septal neuroepithelium does not generate interneurons for the neocortex. There is, however, clear migration of cells from the LGE/CGE to the cortex. Comparison of the dynamics of cortical colonization by the two major cohorts of interneurons originating in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the LGE/CGE has shown differences in the timing of migration and initial route of entry into the cortex. LGE/CGE-derived interneurons enter the cortex later than the MGE-derived ones. They invade the cortex through the subventricular/intermediate zone route and only later disperse within the cortical plate and the marginal zone. During the first postnatal week MGE interneurons move extensively to acquire their laminar position within the cortical plate whereas LGE/CGE-derived cells remain largely within the upper layers of the cortex. The two populations intermingle in the adult cortex but have distinct neurochemical properties and different overall distributions. LGE/CGE-derived interneurons account for one third of the total GABAergic interneuron population in the adult cortex.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius (C-R) cells play important roles in the lamination of the mammalian cortex via reelin secretion. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of these neurons have just begun to be unraveled. Here, we show that two closely related LIM-homeobox genes Lhx1 and Lhx5 are expressed in reelin+ cells in various regions in the mouse telencephalon at or adjacent to sites where the C-R cells are generated, including the cortical hem, the mantle region of the septal/retrobulbar area, and the ventral pallium. Whereas Lhx5 is expressed in all of these reelin-expressing domains, Lhx1 is preferentially expressed in the septal area and in a continuous domain spanning from lateral olfactory region to caudomedial territories. Genetic ablation of Lhx5 results in decreased reelin+ and p73+ cells in the neocortical anlage, in the cortical hem, and in the septal, olfactory, and caudomedial telencephalic regions. The overall reduction in number of C-R cells in Lhx5 mutants is accompanied by formation of ectopic reelin+ cell clusters at the caudal telencephalon. Based on differential expression of molecular markers and by fluorescent cell tracing in cultured embryos, we located the origin of reelin+ ectopic cell clusters at the caudomedial telencephalic region. We also confirmed the existence of a normal migration stream of reelin+ cells from the caudomedial area to telencephalic olfactory territories in wild-type embryos. These results reveal a complex role for Lhx5 in regulating the development and normal distribution of C-R cells in the developing forebrain.
Collapse
|
34
|
Borello U, Pierani A. Patterning the cerebral cortex: traveling with morphogens. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:408-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Griveau A, Borello U, Causeret F, Tissir F, Boggetto N, Karaz S, Pierani A. A novel role for Dbx1-derived Cajal-Retzius cells in early regionalization of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000440. [PMID: 20668538 PMCID: PMC2910656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterning of the cerebral cortex during embryogenesis depends not only on passive diffusion of morphogens but also on signal delivery by Cajal-Retzius neurons that migrate over long distances. Patterning of the cortical neuroepithelium occurs at early stages of embryonic development in response to secreted molecules from signaling centers. These signals have been shown to establish the graded expression of transcription factors in progenitors within the ventricular zone and to control the size and positioning of cortical areas. Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are among the earliest generated cortical neurons and migrate from the borders of the developing pallium to cover the cortical primordium by E11.5. We show that molecularly distinct CR subtypes distribute in specific combinations in pallial territories at the time of cortical regionalization. By means of genetic ablation experiments in mice, we report that loss of septum Dbx1-derived CR cells in the rostromedial pallium between E10.5 and E11.5 results in the redistribution of CR subtypes. This leads to changes in the expression of transcription factors within the neuroepithelium and in the proliferation properties of medial and dorsal cortical progenitors. Early regionalization defects correlate with shifts in the positioning of cortical areas at postnatal stages in the absence of alterations of gene expression at signaling centers. We show that septum-derived CR neurons express a highly specific repertoire of signaling factors. Our results strongly suggest that these cells, migrating over long distances and positioned in the postmitotic compartment, signal to ventricular zone progenitors and, thus, function as modulators of early cortical patterning. Patterning of the cerebral cortex occurs early during embryonic development in response to secreted molecules or morphogens produced at signaling centers. These morphogens establish the graded expression of transcription factors (TFs) in progenitor cells and control the size and positioning of cortical areas in the postnatal animal. CR cells are among the earliest born cortical neurons and play a crucial role in cortical lamination. They are generated at signaling centers and migrate over long distances to cover its entire surface. We show that three different CR subtypes distribute in specific proportions in cortical territories. Genetic ablation of one subpopulation leads to a highly dynamic redistribution of the two others. This results in defects in expression of transcription factors and in progenitor cell proliferation, which correlate with the resulting changes in the size and positioning of cortical areas. Given our additional evidence that CR subtypes express specific repertoires of signaling factors, the ablation phenotypes point to a novel early role for CR cells as mediators of cortical patterning and suggest that CR cells are able to signal to progenitor cells. Our data thus add to the conventional model that morphogens act by passive diffusion and point to a strategy of morphogen delivery over long distance by migrating cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Griveau
- CNRS-UMR 7592, Program of Development and Neurobiology, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ugo Borello
- CNRS-UMR 7592, Program of Development and Neurobiology, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- CNRS-UMR 7592, Program of Development and Neurobiology, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicole Boggetto
- CNRS-UMR 7592, Program of Development and Neurobiology, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Karaz
- CNRS-UMR 7592, Program of Development and Neurobiology, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- CNRS-UMR 7592, Program of Development and Neurobiology, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|