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Velikic G, Maric DM, Maric DL, Supic G, Puletic M, Dulic O, Vojvodic D. Harnessing the Stem Cell Niche in Regenerative Medicine: Innovative Avenue to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:993. [PMID: 38256066 PMCID: PMC10816024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine harnesses the body's innate capacity for self-repair to restore malfunctioning tissues and organs. Stem cell therapies represent a key regenerative strategy, but to effectively harness their potential necessitates a nuanced understanding of the stem cell niche. This specialized microenvironment regulates critical stem cell behaviors including quiescence, activation, differentiation, and homing. Emerging research reveals that dysfunction within endogenous neural stem cell niches contributes to neurodegenerative pathologies and impedes regeneration. Strategies such as modifying signaling pathways, or epigenetic interventions to restore niche homeostasis and signaling, hold promise for revitalizing neurogenesis and neural repair in diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Comparative studies of highly regenerative species provide evolutionary clues into niche-mediated renewal mechanisms. Leveraging endogenous bioelectric cues and crosstalk between gut, brain, and vascular niches further illuminates promising therapeutic opportunities. Emerging techniques like single-cell transcriptomics, organoids, microfluidics, artificial intelligence, in silico modeling, and transdifferentiation will continue to unravel niche complexity. By providing a comprehensive synthesis integrating diverse views on niche components, developmental transitions, and dynamics, this review unveils new layers of complexity integral to niche behavior and function, which unveil novel prospects to modulate niche function and provide revolutionary treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Velikic
- Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Dr. Dragi Hospital, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dusan M. Maric
- Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Dr. Dragi Hospital, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia;
| | - Dusica L. Maric
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Supic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (G.S.); (D.V.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljan Puletic
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia;
| | - Oliver Dulic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (G.S.); (D.V.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Määttä A, Nixon R, Robinson N, Ambler CA, Goncalves K, Maltman V, Przyborski S. Regulation of epidermal proliferation and hair follicle cycling by synthetic photostable retinoid EC23. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1658-1669. [PMID: 36718827 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoid signaling is an important regulator of the epidermis and skin appendages. Therefore, synthetic retinoids have been developed for therapeutic use for skin disorders such as psoriasis and acne. AIMS In previous studies, we showed how the photostable retinoid EC23 induces neuronal differentiation in stem cell-like cell populations, and here, we aim to investigate its ability to influence epidermal and hair follicle growth. METHODS EC23 influence on skin biology was investigated initially in cultures of monolayer keratinocytes and three-dimentional in vitro models of skin, and finally in in vivo studies of mice back skin. RESULTS EC23 induces keratinocyte hyperproliferation in vitro and in vivo, and when applied to mouse skin increases the number of involucrin-positive suprabasal cell layers. These phenotypic changes are similar in skin treated with the natural retinoid all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA); however, EC23 is more potent; a tenfold lower dose of EC23 is sufficient to induce epidermal thickening, and resulting hyperproliferation is sustained for a longer time period after first dose. EC23 treatment resulted in a disorganized stratum corneum, reduced cell surface lipids and compromised barrier, similar to ATRA treatment. However, EC23 induces a rapid telogen to anagen transition and hair re-growth in 6-week-old mice with synchronously resting back skin follicles. The impact of EC23 on the hair cycle was surprising as similar results have not been seen with ATRA. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that synthetic retinoid EC23 is a useful tool in exploring the turnover and differentiation of cells and has a potent effect on skin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Määttä
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Rebecca Nixon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Neil Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Reprocell Europe Ltd, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Cheng Y, Gu W, Zhang G, Guo X. Notch1 activation of Jagged1 contributes to differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells under cigarette smoke extract exposure. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35410206 PMCID: PMC9004089 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-01913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown therapeutic potential for engraftment to, differentiation into, endothelial cells (ECs). However, low-efficiency yields hinder their use as ECs for therapeutic vascularization. Methods The Notch1 signaling pathway is key to optimal pulmonary development. Recent evidence has shown that this pathway participated in angiogenesis. Herein, we found that in MSCs, Jagged1 was a target for Notch 1, resulting in a positive feedback loop that propagated a wave of ECs differentiation. Results In vitro, Jagged1 was found to be activated by Notch1 in MSCs, resulting in the RBP-Jκ-dependent expression of Jagged1 mRNA, a response that was blocked by Notch1 inhibition. Notch1 promoted the formation of cord-like structures on Matrigel. However, cigarette smoke extract inhibited this process, compared to that in control groups. Moreover, Notch1-overexpressing cells upregulated the expressing of HIF-1α gene. The HIF-1α was an angiogenic factor that clustered with Notch1, underscoring the critical role of Notch1 pathway in vessel assembly. Interestingly, this was abrogated by incubation with Notch1 shRNA. Conclusions Notch signaling pathway promotes differentiation of MSCs in to ECs. It also regulates angiogenesis and transcription of specific markers on ECs. These results provide a mechanism that regulates differentiation of MSCs into ECs phenotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-022-01913-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 KongJiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 KongJiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 KongJiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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4
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Zhang A, Aslam H, Sharma N, Warmflash A, Fakhouri WD. Conservation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Process in Neural Crest Cells and Metastatic Cancer. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:151-172. [PMID: 34218225 DOI: 10.1159/000516466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved cellular process in several species, from worms to humans. EMT plays a fundamental role in early embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. For neural crest cell (NCC) development, EMT typically results in forming a migratory and potent cell population that generates a wide variety of cell and tissue, including cartilage, bone, connective tissue, endocrine cells, neurons, and glia amongst many others. The degree of conservation between the signaling pathways that regulate EMT during development and metastatic cancer (MC) has not been fully established, despite ample studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis dissects the major signaling pathways involved in EMT of NCC development and MC to unravel the similarities and differences. While the FGF, TGFβ/BMP, SHH, and NOTCH pathways have been rigorously investigated in both systems, the EGF, IGF, HIPPO, Factor Receptor Superfamily, and their intracellular signaling cascades need to be the focus of future NCC studies. In general, meta-analyses of the associated signaling pathways show a significant number of overlapping genes (particularly ligands, transcription regulators, and targeted cadherins) involved in each signaling pathway of both systems without stratification by body segments and cancer type. Lack of stratification makes it difficult to meaningfully evaluate the intracellular downstream effectors of each signaling pathway. Finally, pediatric neuroblastoma and melanoma are NCC-derived malignancies, which emphasize the importance of uncovering the EMT events that convert NCC into treatment-resistant malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hira Aslam
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neha Sharma
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Notch-Hes1 Signaling Regulates IL-17A + γδ +T Cell Expression and IL-17A Secretion of Mouse Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8297134. [PMID: 32454795 PMCID: PMC7240798 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8297134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the regulating effect of Notch-Hes1 signaling on IL-17A+γδ+T cell expression and IL-17A secretion in mouse psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Materials and Methods Experimental mice were randomly divided into control group, model group (5% imiquimod- (IMQ-) treated mice), and intervention group (IMQ and γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT cotreated mice). The severity of psoriasis-like skin inflammation was evaluated by target lesion score based on the clinical psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Flow cytometry detected IL-17A+γδ+T cell percentage. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR detected Hes1 mRNA expression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot measured IL-17A serum concentration and protein expression. Additionally, splenic single cells from model mice were treated by DAPT to further evaluate the inhibitory effect of blocking Notch-Hes1 signaling on IL-17A+γδ+T cell differentiation and IL-17A secretion. Results The spleen index, IL-17A+γδ+T cell percentage, Hes1 mRNA expression, IL-17A serum concentration, and protein expression were all significantly higher in model mice than control mice, while dramatically reduced in intervention mice by DAPT treatment, which also obviously alleviated the target lesion score, epidermal hyperplasia, and dermal inflammatory cell infiltration of intervention mice. In vitro study demonstrated that DAPT treatment could result in dose-dependent decrease of IL-17A+γδ+T cell percentage and IL-17A secretion in splenic single cells of model mice.
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Notch Signalling: The Multitask Manager of Inner Ear Development and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1218:129-157. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34436-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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NOTCH1 signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma via a TEL2/SERPINE1 axis. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6791-6804. [PMID: 31827722 PMCID: PMC6887571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the EGF-like ligand binding domain of NOTCH1 are a prominent feature of the mutational landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we investigated NOTCH1 mutations in keratinocyte lines derived from OSCC biopsies that had been subjected to whole exome sequencing. One line, SJG6, was found to have truncating mutations in both NOTCH1 alleles, resulting in loss of NOTCH1 expression. Overexpression of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD) in SJG6 cells promoted cell adhesion and differentiation, while suppressing proliferation, migration and clonal growth, consistent with the previously reported tumour suppressive function of NOTCH1 in OSCC. Comparative gene expression profiling identified SERPINE1 as being downregulated on NICD overexpression and predicted an interaction between SERPINE1 and genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, overexpression of NICD resulted in upregulation of ETV7/TEL2, which negatively regulates SERPINE1 expression. Knockdown of SERPINE1 phenocopied the effects of NICD overexpression in culture. Consistent with previous studies and our in vitro findings, there were inverse correlations between ETV7 and SERPINE1 expression and survival in OSCC primary tumours. Our results suggest that the tumour suppressive role of NOTCH1 in OSCC is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of SERPINE1 via ETV7.
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can help recreate a variety of different tissues. Stem cells are already in use in a variety of ways in the medical field but plastic surgeons have particular interest because of the constant need to produce additional tissue or mold existing tissue. More and more commercial products are being marketed with far-reaching goals and some with proven and promising results. In this article, the authors discuss the basic science behind stem cells and the theories on how they work. They then discuss some active uses of stem cells that should be understood by all plastic surgeons. The reader should then have an understanding and basis to evaluate new technologies and commercial products as they develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil A Agrawal
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dmitry Zavlin
- Institute for Reconstructive Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew R Louis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward M Reece
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are well known to modulate inflammatory responses. In a recent issue of Cell, Ali et al. (2017) reveal a function for Treg cells in stem cell maintenance by showing that skin-resident Foxp3+ Treg cells preferentially localize to the hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) niche to control HFSC-mediated hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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10
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JMJD3 and NF-κB-dependent activation of Notch1 gene is required for keratinocyte migration during skin wound healing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6494. [PMID: 28747631 PMCID: PMC5529578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in skin wound healing. We previously found that histone H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3 regulates inflammation and cell migration in keratinocyte wound healing. In this study, we identified Notch1 as a direct target of JMJD3 and NF-κB in wounded keratinocytes using in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. We found that Notch1 is up-regulated in the wound edge and its expression is dependent on JMJD3 and NF-κB in wounded keratinocytes. We also found that Notch1 activates the expression of RhoU and PLAU gene, which are critical regulators of cell migration. Consistently, depletion or inactivation of Notch1 resulted in decreased filopodia formation, increased focal adhesion and actin stress fiber, leading to reduced keratinocyte migration and skin wound healing. Thus, our findings provide the molecular mechanism involving JMJD3/NF-κB-Notch pathway in keratinocyte wound healing.
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Li Z, Hodgkinson T, Gothard EJ, Boroumand S, Lamb R, Cummins I, Narang P, Sawtell A, Coles J, Leonov G, Reboldi A, Buckley CD, Cupedo T, Siebel C, Bayat A, Coles MC, Ambler CA. Epidermal Notch1 recruits RORγ(+) group 3 innate lymphoid cells to orchestrate normal skin repair. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11394. [PMID: 27099134 PMCID: PMC4844683 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch has a well-defined role in controlling cell fate decisions in the embryo and the adult epidermis and immune systems, yet emerging evidence suggests Notch also directs non-cell-autonomous signalling in adult tissues. Here, we show that Notch1 works as a damage response signal. Epidermal Notch induces recruitment of immune cell subsets including RORγ+ ILC3s into wounded dermis; RORγ+ ILC3s are potent sources of IL17F in wounds and control immunological and epidermal cell responses. Mice deficient for RORγ+ ILC3s heal wounds poorly resulting from delayed epidermal proliferation and macrophage recruitment in a CCL3-dependent process. Notch1 upregulates TNFα and the ILC3 recruitment chemokines CCL20 and CXCL13. TNFα, as a Notch1 effector, directs ILC3 localization and rates of wound healing. Altogether these findings suggest that Notch is a key stress/injury signal in skin epithelium driving innate immune cell recruitment and normal skin tissue repair. In normal skin, Notch directs keratinocytes to terminally differentiate. Here the authors show that Notch1 has a wider role in skin repair; Notch1 is activated in keratinocytes after damage and drives transcription of TNFα and inflammatory chemokines, which in turn recruit ILC3s and macrophages that promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.,Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tom Hodgkinson
- Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Gothard
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Soulmaz Boroumand
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Rebecca Lamb
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ian Cummins
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Priyanka Narang
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Amy Sawtell
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jenny Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - German Leonov
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, Netherlands
| | - Christian Siebel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Research, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Mark C Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carrie A Ambler
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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12
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The role of barrier genes in epidermal malignancy. Oncogene 2016; 35:5705-5712. [PMID: 27041586 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The outermost layer of the mammalian skin, the epidermis, forms a protective barrier against pathogenic microbes and tissue dehydration. This barrier is formed and maintained by complex genetic networks that connect cellular differentiation processes, enzymatic activities and cellular junctions. Disruption in these networks affects the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation resulting in barrier function impairment, epidermal hyperproliferation and in some cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent studies in wound-induced inflammation-mediated cancers in mice have identified dysregulation of core barrier components as tumor drivers. We therefore propose a hypothesis in which loss of key barrier genes, induce barrier dysfunction, and promote inflammation-driven epidermal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis over time. This emerging vision suggests that under specific genetic circumstances, localized barrier impairment could be considered as a hallmark of initiating lesions in epidermal SCC.
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13
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Watanabe N, Motohashi T, Nishioka M, Kawamura N, Hirobe T, Kunisada T. Multipotency of melanoblasts isolated from murine skin depends on the Notch signal. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:460-71. [PMID: 26773337 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoblasts (MBs), derived from neural crest cells, only differentiate into melanocytes (Ms) in vivo. We previously showed that MBs isolated from mouse skin were multipotent, generating neurons (Ns) and glial cells (Gs) together with Ms. Using Sox10-IRES-Venus mice and mouse embryonic stem cells, we investigated how MBs expressed their multipotency. RESULTS MBs generated colonies containing Ns, Gs, and Ms in the presence of ST2 stromal cells, but they generated only M colonies when incubated with keratinocytes or ST2 culture supernatant, thus showing that MBs required contact with ST2 stromal cells for expression of their multipotency. Notch signaling was shown to be one of the important cues for the maintenance and differentiation of MBs through cell-cell contact. When Notch signaling was inhibited, MBs mainly generated colonies that contained just one type of cells, Ns, Gs, or Ms; the number of colonies containing two or three types of cells markedly decreased even on ST2 stromal cells, showing restriction of their differentiation potency. Whereas when Notch signaling was activated, the number of colonies containing two or three types of cells increased, indicating that their multipotency had been maintained. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Notch signaling played novel roles in MB multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishioka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norito Kawamura
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hirobe
- Fukushima Project Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Skarmoutsou E, Trovato C, Granata M, Rossi GA, Mosca A, Longo V, Gangemi P, Pettinato M, D’Amico F, Mazzarino MC. Biological therapy induces expression changes in Notch pathway in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:863-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Pardo-Saganta A, Tata PR, Law BM, Saez B, Chow RDW, Prabhu M, Gridley T, Rajagopal J. Parent stem cells can serve as niches for their daughter cells. Nature 2015; 523:597-601. [PMID: 26147083 PMCID: PMC4521991 DOI: 10.1038/nature14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pardo-Saganta
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Brandon M Law
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Borja Saez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ryan Dz-Wei Chow
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mythili Prabhu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Functional Analysis of Periplakin and Envoplakin, Cytoskeletal Linkers, and Cornified Envelope Precursor Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2015; 569:309-29. [PMID: 26778565 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Envoplakin and periplakin are the two smallest plakin family cytoskeletal linker proteins that connect intermediate filaments to cellular junctions and other membrane locations. These two plakins have a structural role in the assembly of the cornified envelope (CE), the terminal stage of epidermal differentiation. Analysis of gene-targeted mice lacking both these plakins and the third initial CE scaffold protein, involucrin, demonstrate the importance of the structural integrity of CE for a proper epidermal barrier function. It has emerged that periplakin, which also has a wider tissue distribution than envoplakin, has additional, independent roles. Periplakin participates in the cytoskeletal organization also in other tissues and interacts with a wide range of membrane-associated proteins such as kazrin and butyrophilin BTN3A1. This review covers methods used to understand periplakin and envoplakin functions in cell culture models, including siRNA ablation of periplakin expression and the use of tagged protein domain constructs to study localization and interactions. In addition, assays that can be used to analyze CEs and epidermal barrier function in gene-targeted mice are described and discussed.
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17
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Ostrowski SM, Wright MC, Bolock AM, Geng X, Maricich SM. Ectopic Atoh1 expression drives Merkel cell production in embryonic, postnatal and adult mouse epidermis. Development 2015; 142:2533-44. [PMID: 26138479 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cells are mechanosensitive skin cells whose production requires the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Atoh1. We induced ectopic Atoh1 expression in the skin of transgenic mice to determine whether Atoh1 was sufficient to create additional Merkel cells. In embryos, ectopic Atoh1 expression drove ectopic expression of the Merkel cell marker keratin 8 (K8) throughout the epidermis. Epidermal Atoh1 induction in adolescent mice similarly drove widespread K8 expression in glabrous skin of the paws, but in the whisker pads and body skin ectopic K8+ cells were confined to hair follicles and absent from interfollicular regions. Ectopic K8+ cells acquired several characteristics of mature Merkel cells in a time frame similar to that seen during postnatal development of normal Merkel cells. Although ectopic K8+ cell numbers decreased over time, small numbers of these cells remained in deep regions of body skin hair follicles at 3 months post-induction. In adult mice, greater numbers of ectopic K8+ cells were created by Atoh1 induction during anagen versus telogen and following disruption of Notch signaling by conditional deletion of Rbpj in the epidermis. Our data demonstrate that Atoh1 expression is sufficient to produce new Merkel cells in the epidermis, that epidermal cell competency to respond to Atoh1 varies by skin location, developmental age and hair cycle stage, and that the Notch pathway plays a key role in limiting epidermal cell competency to respond to Atoh1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Ostrowski
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Margaret C Wright
- Center for Neurosciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alexa M Bolock
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xuehui Geng
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Stephen M Maricich
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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18
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Molecular architecture and function of the hemidesmosome. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:529-44. [PMID: 26017636 PMCID: PMC4452579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. The mechanical stability of hemidesmosomes relies on multiple interactions of a few protein components that form a membrane-embedded tightly-ordered complex. The core of this complex is provided by integrin α6β4 and P1a, an isoform of the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin that is specifically associated with hemidesmosomes. Integrin α6β4 binds to the extracellular matrix protein laminin-332, whereas P1a forms a bridge to the cytoplasmic keratin intermediate filament network. Other important components are BPAG1e, the epithelial isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, BPAG2, a collagen-type transmembrane protein and CD151. Inherited or acquired diseases in which essential components of the hemidesmosome are missing or structurally altered result in tissue fragility and blistering. Modulation of hemidesmosome function is of crucial importance for a variety of biological processes, such as terminal differentiation of basal keratinocytes and keratinocyte migration during wound healing and carcinoma invasion. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of the proteins that make up the hemidesmosome core structure and summarize the current knowledge about how their assembly and turnover are regulated by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.
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19
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Arnold KM, Opdenaker LM, Flynn D, Sims-Mourtada J. Wound healing and cancer stem cells: inflammation as a driver of treatment resistance in breast cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:1-13. [PMID: 25674014 PMCID: PMC4315129 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between wound healing and cancer has long been recognized. The mechanisms that regulate wound healing have been shown to promote transformation and growth of malignant cells. In addition, chronic inflammation has been associated with malignant transformation in many tissues. Recently, pathways involved in inflammation and wound healing have been reported to enhance cancer stem cell (CSC) populations. These cells, which are highly resistant to current treatments, are capable of repopulating the tumor after treatment, causing local and systemic recurrences. In this review, we highlight proinflammatory cytokines and developmental pathways involved in tissue repair, whose deregulation in the tumor microenvironment may promote growth and survival of CSCs. We propose that the addition of anti-inflammatory agents to current treatment regimens may slow the growth of CSCs and improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Arnold
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lynn M Opdenaker
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel Flynn
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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20
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Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Extended multipotency of neural crest cells and neural crest-derived cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:69-95. [PMID: 25662258 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are migratory multipotent cells that give rise to diverse derivatives. They generate various cell types during embryonic development, including neurons and glial cells of the peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells, melanocytes, endocrine cells, smooth muscle, and skeletal and connective tissue cells of the craniofacial complex. The multipotency of NCC is thought to be transient at the early stage of NCC generation; once NCC emerge from the neural tube, they change into lineage-restricted precursors. Although many studies have described the clear segregation of NCC lineages right after their delamination from the neural tube, recent reports suggest that multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSC) are present not only in migrating NCC in the embryo, but also in their target tissues in the fetus and adult. Furthermore, fully differentiated NCC-derived cells such as glial cells and melanocytes have been shown to dedifferentiate or transdifferentiate into other NCC derivatives. The multipotency of migratory and postmigratory NCC-derived cells was found to be similar to that of NCSC. Collectively, these findings support the multipotency or plasticity of NCC and NCC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Molecular architecture and function of the hemidesmosome. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:363-78. [PMID: 25487405 PMCID: PMC4544487 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. The mechanical stability of hemidesmosomes relies on multiple interactions of a few protein components that form a membrane-embedded tightly-ordered complex. The core of this complex is provided by integrin α6β4 and P1a, an isoform of the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin that is specifically associated with hemidesmosomes. Integrin α6β4 binds to the extracellular matrix protein laminin-332, whereas P1a forms a bridge to the cytoplasmic keratin intermediate filament network. Other important components are BPAG1e, the epithelial isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, BPAG2, a collagen-type transmembrane protein and CD151. Inherited or acquired diseases in which essential components of the hemidesmosome are missing or structurally altered result in tissue fragility and blistering. Modulation of hemidesmosome function is of crucial importance for a variety of biological processes, such as terminal differentiation of basal keratinocytes and keratinocyte migration during wound healing and carcinoma invasion. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of the proteins that make up the hemidesmosome core structure and summarize the current knowledge about how their assembly and turnover are regulated by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.
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22
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Driskell RR, Watt FM. Understanding fibroblast heterogeneity in the skin. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:92-9. [PMID: 25455110 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are found in most tissues, yet they remain poorly characterised. Different fibroblast subpopulations with distinct functions have been identified in the skin. This functional heterogeneity reflects the varied fibroblast lineages that arise from a common embryonic precursor. In addition to autocrine signals, fibroblasts are highly responsive to Wnt-regulated signals from the overlying epidermis, which can act both locally, via extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and via secreted factors that impact the behaviour of fibroblasts in different dermal locations. These findings may explain some of the changes that occur in connective tissue during wound healing and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Driskell
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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23
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Rooney P, Connolly M, Gao W, McCormick J, Biniecka M, Sullivan O, Kirby B, Sweeney C, Molloy E, Markham T, Fearon U, Veale DJ. Notch-1 mediates endothelial cell activation and invasion in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:113-8. [PMID: 24330353 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Notch receptor-ligand interactions are critical for cell proliferation, differentiation and survival; however, the role of Notch signalling in psoriasis remains to be elucidated. Serum amyloid A (A-SAA) is an acute-phase protein with cytokine-like properties, regulates cell survival pathways and is implicated in many inflammatory conditions. To examine the role of Notch-1 signalling in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, Notch-1, DLL-4, Jagged-1, Hrt-1/Hrt-2, A-SAA, Factor VIII and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and/or protein expression in psoriasis skin biopsies, serum and dHMVEC were assessed by immunohistology, dual-immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, ELISA and Western blotting. A-SAA-induced angiogenesis and invasion in the presence of Notch-1 siRNA was assessed by matrigel tube formation assays and Transwell invasion assay. Increased Notch-1, its ligand DLL-4 and Hrt-1 expression were demonstrated in lesional skin compared with non-lesional skin, with greatest expression observed in the dermal vasculature (P < 0.05). Dual-immunofluorescent staining demonstrated co-localization of Notch-1 to endothelial cell marker Factor VIII. A significant increase in A-SAA levels was demonstrated in psoriasis serum compared with healthy control serum (P < 0.05), and A-SAA expression was higher in lesional skin compared with non-lesional. In dHMVEC, A-SAA significantly induced Jagged-1, Hrt-1 and VEGF mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and activated Notch-1 IC indicative of transcriptional regulation. In contrast, A-SAA significantly inhibited DLL-4 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Finally A-SAA-induced angiogenesis and invasion were inhibited by Notch-1 siRNA (P < 0.05). Notch receptor-ligand interactions mediate vascular dysfunction in psoriasis and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peadar Rooney
- Department of Rheumatology, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and the Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
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24
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Kunisada T, Tezulka KI, Aoki H, Motohashi T. The stemness of neural crest cells and their derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:251-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tezulka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
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25
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Huang PY, Balmain A. Modeling cutaneous squamous carcinoma development in the mouse. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013623. [PMID: 25183851 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common cancers in Caucasian populations and is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. The classic mouse model for studying SCC involves two-stage chemical carcinogenesis, which has been instrumental in the evolution of the concept of multistage carcinogenesis, as widely applied to both human and mouse cancers. Much is now known about the sequence of biological and genetic events that occur in this skin carcinogenesis model and the factors that can influence the course of tumor development, such as perturbations in the oncogene/tumor-suppressor signaling pathways involved, the nature of the target cell that acquires the first genetic hit, and the role of inflammation. Increasingly, studies of tumor-initiating cells, malignant progression, and metastasis in mouse skin cancer models will have the potential to inform future approaches to treatment and chemoprevention of human squamous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Y Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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26
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Lane SW, Williams DA, Watt FM. Modulating the stem cell niche for tissue regeneration. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:795-803. [PMID: 25093887 PMCID: PMC4422171 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine holds considerable promise for treating diseases that are currently intractable. Although many researchers are adopting the strategy of cell transplantation for tissue repair, an alternative approach to therapy is to manipulate the stem cell microenvironment, or niche, to facilitate repair by endogenous stem cells. The niche is highly dynamic, with multiple opportunities for intervention. These include administration of small molecules, biologics or biomaterials that target specific aspects of the niche, such as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, to stimulate expansion or differentiation of stem cells, or to cause reversion of differentiated cells to stem cells. Nevertheless, there are several challenges in targeting the niche therapeutically, not least that of achieving specificity of delivery and responses. We envisage that successful treatments in regenerative medicine will involve different combinations of factors to target stem cells and niche cells, applied at different times to effect recovery according to the dynamics of stem cell-niche interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Lane
- Division of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Williams
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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27
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Nowell C, Radtke F. Cutaneous Notch signaling in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a017772. [PMID: 24296353 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of the skin are dependent on myriad signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cellular processes. In cutaneous epithelial cells, the Notch cascade plays a central role in ensuring that proliferation and differentiation are coordinated appropriately, a function that it imparts during both ontogeny and homeostasis. Aberrations of the Notch signaling pathway result in severe abnormalities in the epidermis and its appendages and cause functional defects such as perturbed barrier function. In addition, impaired Notch signaling is associated with diseases of the skin such as atopy and cancer. The pathology associated with aberrant cutaneous Notch signaling reflects the complex mechanisms underpinning its function in this tissue and involves both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of Notch signaling in the skin during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Nowell
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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28
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Lamb R, Ambler CA. Keratinocytes propagated in serum-free, feeder-free culture conditions fail to form stratified epidermis in a reconstituted skin model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52494. [PMID: 23326335 PMCID: PMC3543440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human epidermal stem cells isolated from skin tissues and subsequently expanded in tissue culture are used for human therapeutic use to reconstitute skin on patients and to generate artificial skin in culture for academic and commercial research. Classically, epidermal cells, known as keratinocytes, required fibroblast feeder support and serum-containing media for serial propagation. In alignment with global efforts to remove potential animal contaminants, many serum-free, feeder-free culture methods have been developed that support derivation and growth of these cells in 2-dimensional culture. Here we show that keratinocytes grown continually in serum-free and feeder-free conditions were unable to form into a stratified, mature epidermis in a skin equivalent model. This is not due to loss of cell potential as keratinocytes propagated in serum-free, feeder-free conditions retain their ability to form stratified epidermis when re-introduced to classic serum-containing media. Extracellular calcium supplementation failed to improve epidermis development. In contrast, the addition of serum to commercial, growth media developed for serum-free expansion of keratinocytes facilitated 3-dimensional stratification in our skin equivalent model. Moreover, the addition of heat-inactivated serum improved the epidermis structure and thickness, suggesting that serum contains factors that both aid and inhibit stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A. Ambler
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
It is well established that tissue repair depends on stem cells and that chronic wounds predispose to tumour formation. However, the association between stem cells, wound healing and cancer is poorly understood. Lineage tracing has now shown how stem cells are mobilized to repair skin wounds and how they contribute to skin tumour development. The signalling pathways, including WNT and Hedgehog, that control stem cell behaviour during wound healing are also implicated in tumour formation. Furthermore, tumorigenesis and wound repair both depend on communication between epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells and bone marrow-derived cells. These studies suggest ways to harness stem cells for wound repair while minimizing cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N Arwert
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
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30
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Manderfield LJ, High FA, Engleka KA, Liu F, Li L, Rentschler S, Epstein JA. Notch activation of Jagged1 contributes to the assembly of the arterial wall. Circulation 2011; 125:314-23. [PMID: 22147907 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.047159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch signaling in vascular smooth muscle precursors is required for smooth muscle differentiation. Jagged1 expression on endothelium activates Notch in vascular smooth muscle precursors including those of neural crest origin to initiate the formation of a smooth muscle layer in a maturing blood vessel. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that Jagged1 is a direct Notch target in smooth muscle, resulting in a positive feedback loop and lateral induction that propagates a wave of smooth muscle differentiation during aortic arch artery development. In vivo, we show that Notch inhibition in cardiac neural crest impairs Jagged1 messenger RNA expression and results in deficient smooth muscle differentiation and resultant aortic arch artery defects. Ex vivo, Jagged1 ligand activates Notch in neural crest explants and results in activation of Jagged1 messenger RNA, a response that is blocked by Notch inhibition. We examine 15 evolutionary conserved regions within the Jagged1 genomic locus and identify a single Notch response element within the second intron. This element contains a functional Rbp-J binding site demonstrated by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and is sufficient to recapitulate aortic arch artery expression of Jagged1 in transgenic mice. Loss of Jagged1 in neural crest impairs vascular smooth muscle differentiation and results in aortic arch artery defects. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide a mechanism for lateral induction that allows for a multilayered smooth muscle wall to form around a nascent arterial endothelial tube and identify Jagged1 as a direct Notch target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Manderfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Rogers CD, Jayasena CS, Nie S, Bronner ME. Neural crest specification: tissues, signals, and transcription factors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:52-68. [PMID: 23801667 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient population of multipotent and migratory cells unique to vertebrate embryos. Initially derived from the borders of the neural plate, these cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to leave the central nervous system, migrate extensively in the periphery, and differentiate into numerous diverse derivatives. These include but are not limited to craniofacial cartilage, pigment cells, and peripheral neurons and glia. Attractive for their similarities to stem cells and metastatic cancer cells, neural crest cells are a popular model system for studying cell/tissue interactions and signaling factors that influence cell fate decisions and lineage transitions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms required for neural crest formation in various vertebrate species, focusing on the importance of signaling factors from adjacent tissues and conserved gene regulatory interactions, which are required for induction and specification of the ectodermal tissue that will become neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Rogers
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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32
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Restivo G, Nguyen BC, Dziunycz P, Ristorcelli E, Ryan RJH, Özuysal ÖY, Di Piazza M, Radtke F, Dixon MJ, Hofbauer GFL, Lefort K, Dotto GP. IRF6 is a mediator of Notch pro-differentiation and tumour suppressive function in keratinocytes. EMBO J 2011; 30:4571-85. [PMID: 21909072 PMCID: PMC3243593 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the pro-differentiation and tumour suppressive functions of Notch signalling in keratinocytes are well established, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report here that interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), an IRF family member with an essential role in epidermal development, is induced in differentiation through a Notch-dependent mechanism and is a primary Notch target in keratinocytes and keratinocyte-derived SCC cells. Increased IRF6 expression contributes to the impact of Notch activation on growth/differentiation-related genes, while it is not required for induction of 'canonical' Notch targets like p21(WAF1/Cip1), Hes1 and Hey1. Down-modulation of IRF6 counteracts differentiation of primary human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo, promoting ras-induced tumour formation. The clinical relevance of these findings is illustrated by the strikingly opposite pattern of expression of Notch1 and IRF6 versus epidermal growth factor receptor in a cohort of clinical SCCs, as a function of their grade of differentiation. Thus, IRF6 is a primary Notch target in keratinocytes, which contributes to the role of this pathway in differentiation and tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bach-Cuc Nguyen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Dziunycz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Ristorcelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Russell J H Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Özden Yalçin Özuysal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Di Piazza
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Karine Lefort
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Marshall C, Wang GK, Cimetta E, Talchai C, Egli D, Shim JW, Martin I, Ahmad F, Sproul A, Chen T, Fossati V, McKeon D, Smith K, Solomon SL. The New York Stem Cell Foundation: Fifth Annual Translational Stem Cell Research Conference. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1226:1-13. [PMID: 21615750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The New York Stem Cell Foundation's "Fifth Annual Translational Stem Cell Research Conference" convened on October 12-13, 2010 at the Rockefeller University in New York City. The conference attracted over 400 scientists, patient advocates, and stem cell research supporters from 16 countries. In addition to poster and platform presentations, the conference featured panels entitled "Road to the Clinic" and "Regulatory Roadblocks."
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