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Dessaux C, Ganier L, Guiraud L, Borg JP. Recent insights into the therapeutic strategies targeting the pseudokinase PTK7 in cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:1973-1984. [PMID: 38773263 PMCID: PMC11196218 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The generation of drugs counteracting deregulated protein kinases has been a major focus in cancer therapy development. Breakthroughs in this effort have produced many therapeutic agents to the benefit of patients, mostly through the development of chemical or antibody-based drugs targeting active kinases. These strategies are challenged when considering catalytically inactive protein kinases (or pseudokinases), which represent 10% of the human kinome with many of relevance in cancer. Among the so-called pseudotyrosine kinases, the PTK7 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) stands as a bona fide target overexpressed in several solid tumors and hematological malignancies and linked to metastasis, poor prognosis, and resistance to treatment. Despite the lack of catalytic activity, PTK7 has signaling capacities through heterodimerization with active RTKs and offers pharmacological targeting opportunities through its inactive kinase domain. Moreover, PTK7-targeting strategies based on antibody-drug conjugates, aptamers, and CAR-T cell-based therapies have demonstrated encouraging results in preclinical and clinical settings. We review the most recent data assigning to PTK7 a prominent role in cancer progression as well as current preclinical and clinical targeting strategies against RTK family pseudokinases including PTK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Dessaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Ganier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louis Guiraud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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2
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Qiu L, Xu H, Sui B, Jiang P, Wang J, Xu D, Liang F, Ma T, Wang H, Chen J. Elucidating the Functional Mechanism of PTK7 in Cancer Development through Spatial Assembly Analysis Using Super Resolution Imaging. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7669-7678. [PMID: 38708542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) has been reported as a vital participant in the Wnt signaling pathway, influencing tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, their specific roles in the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression remain elusive. Here, using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) with aptamer-probe labeling, we first revealed that a weakening clustering distribution of PTK7 on the basal membranes happened as cellular migration increased during cancer progression. This correspondence was further supported by a diminished aggregated state of PTK7 caused by direct enhancement of cell migration. By comparing the alterations in PTK7 distribution with activation or inhibition of specific Wnt signaling pathway, we speculated that PTK7 could modulate cell migration by participating in the interplay between canonical Wnt (in MCF7 cells) and noncanonical Wnt signals (in MDA-MB-231 cells). Furthermore, we discovered that the spatial distribution morphology of PTK7 was also subject to the hydrolysis ability and activation state of the related hydrolase Matrix metallopeptidase14 (MMP14). This function-related specific assembly of PTK7 reveals a clear relationship between PTK7 and cancer. Meanwhile, potential molecular interactions predicted by the apparent assembly morphology can promote a deep understanding of the functional mechanism of PTK7 in cancer progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Qiu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Haijiao Xu
- Research Center of Biomembranomics, State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Binglin Sui
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Pengwei Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Research Center of Biomembranomics, State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Junling Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
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3
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Ji J, Qian Q, Cheng W, Ye X, Jing A, Ma S, Ding Y, Ma X, Wang Y, Sun Q, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhu L, Yuan Q, Xu M, Qin J, Ma L, Yang J, Zhang M, Geng T, Wang S, Wang D, Song Y, Zhang B, Xu Y, Xu L, Liu S, Liu W, Liu B. FOXP4-mediated induction of PTK7 activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promotes ovarian cancer development. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:332. [PMID: 38740744 PMCID: PMC11091054 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) poses a significant challenge in clinical settings due to its difficulty in early diagnosis and treatment resistance. FOXP4, belonging to the FOXP subfamily, plays a pivotal role in various biological processes including cancer, cell cycle regulation, and embryonic development. However, the specific role and importance of FOXP4 in OV have remained unclear. Our research showed that FOXP4 is highly expressed in OV tissues, with its elevated levels correlating with poor prognosis. We further explored FOXP4's function through RNA sequencing and functional analysis in FOXP4-deficient cells, revealing its critical role in activating the Wnt signaling pathway. This activation exacerbates the malignant phenotype in OV. Mechanistically, FOXP4 directly induces the expression of protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), a Wnt-binding receptor tyrosine pseudokinase, which causes abnormal activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Disrupting the FOXP4-Wnt feedback loop by inactivating the Wnt signaling pathway or reducing FOXP4 expression resulted in the reduction of the malignant phenotype of OV cells, while restoring PTK7 expression reversed this effect. In conclusion, our findings underscore the significance of the FOXP4-induced Wnt pathway activation in OV, suggesting the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in OV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Qilan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wenhao Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Aixin Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xinhui Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yasong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qian Sun
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, 7 Zhenhua Road, Haizhou, 222061, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiujun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Qing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Menghan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jingting Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jiayan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ting Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yizhuo Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Linyu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shunfang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Bin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, 222005, Lianyungang, China.
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Tan QH, Otgonbaatar A, Kaur P, Ga AF, Harmston NP, Tolwinski NS. The Wnt Co-Receptor PTK7/Otk and Its Homolog Otk-2 in Neurogenesis and Patterning. Cells 2024; 13:365. [PMID: 38474329 PMCID: PMC10930971 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a highly conserved metazoan pathway that plays a crucial role in cell fate determination and morphogenesis during development. Wnt ligands can induce disparate cellular responses. The exact mechanism behind these different outcomes is not fully understood but may be due to interactions with different receptors on the cell membrane. PTK7/Otk is a transmembrane receptor that is implicated in various developmental and physiological processes including cell polarity, cell migration, and invasion. Here, we examine two roles of Otk-1 and Otk-2 in patterning and neurogenesis. We find that Otk-1 is a positive regulator of signaling and Otk-2 functions as its inhibitor. We propose that PTK7/Otk functions in signaling, cell migration, and polarity contributing to the diversity of cellular responses seen in Wnt-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hui Tan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Agimaa Otgonbaatar
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Angelica Faye Ga
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Nathan P. Harmston
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Nicholas S. Tolwinski
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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5
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Yun J, Hansen S, Morris O, Madden DT, Libeu CP, Kumar AJ, Wehrfritz C, Nile AH, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liang Y, Modrusan Z, Chen MB, Overall CC, Garfield D, Campisi J, Schilling B, Hannoush RN, Jasper H. Senescent cells perturb intestinal stem cell differentiation through Ptk7 induced noncanonical Wnt and YAP signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:156. [PMID: 36631445 PMCID: PMC9834240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) are implicated in aging and age-related disease, and SASP-related inflammation is thought to contribute to tissue dysfunction in aging and diseased animals. However, whether and how SASP factors influence the regenerative capacity of tissues remains unclear. Here, using intestinal organoids as a model of tissue regeneration, we show that SASP factors released by senescent fibroblasts deregulate stem cell activity and differentiation and ultimately impair crypt formation. We identify the secreted N-terminal domain of Ptk7 as a key component of the SASP that activates non-canonical Wnt / Ca2+ signaling through FZD7 in intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] elicited by Ptk7 promote nuclear translocation of YAP and induce expression of YAP/TEAD target genes, impairing symmetry breaking and stem cell differentiation. Our study discovers secreted Ptk7 as a factor released by senescent cells and provides insight into the mechanism by which cellular senescence contributes to tissue dysfunction in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Yun
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Simon Hansen
- NBE Therapeutics, Hochbergstrasse 60C, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Otto Morris
- Exscientia Ltd., The Schrödinger Building Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | - David T Madden
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Clare Peters Libeu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Arjun J Kumar
- Fred Hutch/University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Cameron Wehrfritz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Labs LLC., 1170 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle B Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - David Garfield
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Birgit Schilling
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Rami N Hannoush
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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6
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Yu D, Deng D, Chen B, Sun H, Lyu J, Zhao Y, Chen P, Wu H, Ren D. Rack1 regulates cellular patterning and polarity in the mouse cochlea. Exp Cell Res 2022; 421:113387. [PMID: 36252648 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rack1 features seven WD40 repeats that fold into a multifaceted scaffold used to build signaling complexes in a context-dependent manner. Previous in vitro studies have revealed associations between Rack1 and many other proteins. Rack 1 is required for establishing planar cell polarity (PCP) in zebrafish and Xenopus. However, any molecular role of Rack1 in protein complexes or polarity regulation remains unclear. Here, we show that Rack1 is an essential gene in mice. Conditional knockout of Rack1 shortened the cochlear duct and induced cellular patterning defects characteristic of defective convergent extension (this PCP process is mediated by cellular junctional remodeling in the developing cochlear epithelium). Also, cochlear hair cells were no longer uniformly oriented in Rack1 conditional knockout mutants. Rack1 was enriched in the cellular cortices of sensory hair cells. In Rack1-deficient cochleae, E-cadherin expression at the cellular boundaries was greatly reduced. Together, the findings reveal a molecular role of Rack1 in PCP signaling that likely involves modulation of E-cadherin levels at the adherens junctions of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Di Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binjun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haojie Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jihan Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dongdong Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China.
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7
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Shi DL. Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling controls morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:586. [PMID: 36369349 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation and neurulation are successive morphogenetic processes that play key roles in shaping the basic embryonic body plan. Importantly, they operate through common cellular and molecular mechanisms to set up the three spatially organized germ layers and to close the neural tube. During gastrulation and neurulation, convergent extension movements driven by cell intercalation and oriented cell division generate major forces to narrow the germ layers along the mediolateral axis and elongate the embryo in the anteroposterior direction. Apical constriction also makes an important contribution to promote the formation of the blastopore and the bending of the neural plate. Planar cell polarity proteins are major regulators of asymmetric cell behaviors and critically involved in a wide variety of developmental processes, from gastrulation and neurulation to organogenesis. Mutations of planar cell polarity genes can lead to general defects in the morphogenesis of different organs and the co-existence of distinct congenital diseases, such as spina bifida, hearing deficits, kidney diseases, and limb elongation defects. This review outlines our current understanding of non-canonical Wnt signaling, commonly known as Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling, in regulating morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure during development and disease. It also attempts to identify unanswered questions that deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. .,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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8
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Ganier L, Betzi S, Derviaux C, Roche P, Dessaux C, Muller C, Hoffer L, Morelli X, Borg JP. Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the PTK7/β-Catenin Interaction Targeting the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1061-1072. [PMID: 35483008 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the second cause of death due to cancer worldwide, is a major public health issue. The discovery of new therapeutic targets is thus essential. Pseudokinase PTK7 intervenes in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling, in part, through a kinase domain-dependent interaction with the β-catenin protein. PTK7 is overexpressed in CRC, an event associated with metastatic development and reduced survival of nonmetastatic patients. In addition, numerous alterations have been identified in CRC inducing constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling through β-catenin accumulation. Thus, targeting the PTK7/β-catenin interaction could be of interest for future drug development. We have developed a NanoBRET screening assay recapitulating the interaction between PTK7 and β-catenin to identify compounds able to disrupt this protein-protein interaction. A high-throughput screening allowed us to identify small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Wnt pathway signaling and inducing antiproliferative and antitumor effects in vitro in CRC cells harboring β-catenin or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations. Thus, inhibition of the PTK7/β-catenin interaction could represent a new therapeutic strategy to inhibit cell growth dependent on the Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, despite a lack of enzymatic activity of its tyrosine kinase domain, targeting the PTK7 kinase domain-dependent functions appears to be of interest for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Ganier
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue “Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling and Cancer”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephane Betzi
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carine Derviaux
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Roche
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Charlotte Dessaux
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue “Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling and Cancer”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Muller
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Hoffer
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Xavier Morelli
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue “Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling and Cancer”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 17 Rue de France, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Brivio P, Buoso E, Masi M, Gallo MT, Gruca P, Lason M, Litwa E, Papp M, Fumagalli F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Calabrese F. The coupling of RACK1 with the beta isoform of the glucocorticoid receptor promotes resilience to chronic stress exposure. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100372. [PMID: 34401408 PMCID: PMC8350424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several intracellular pathways that contribute to the adaptation or maladaptation to environmental challenges mediate the vulnerability and resilience to chronic stress. The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is fundamental for the proper maintenance of brain processes, and it is related to the functionality of the isoform alfa and beta of the glucocorticoid receptor (Gr), the primary regulator of HPA axis. Among the downstream effectors of the axis, the scaffolding protein RACK1 covers an important role in regulating synaptic activity and mediates the transcription of the neurotrophin Bdnf. Hence, by employing the chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm, we studied the role of the Grβ-RACK1-Bdnf signaling in the different susceptibility to chronic stress exposure. We found that resilience to two weeks of CMS is paralleled by the activation of this pathway in the ventral hippocampus, the hippocampal subregion involved in the modulation of stress response. Moreover, the results we obtained in vitro by exposing SH-SY5Y cells to cortisol support the data we found in vivo. The results obtained add novel critical information about the link among Gr, RACK1 and Bdnf and the resilience to chronic stress, suggesting novel targets for the treatment of stress-related disorders, including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mirco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gallo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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10
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Grund A, Till K, Giehl K, Borchers A. Ptk7 Is Dynamically Localized at Neural Crest Cell-Cell Contact Sites and Functions in Contact Inhibition of Locomotion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179324. [PMID: 34502237 PMCID: PMC8431534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are highly migratory cells that contribute to various vertebrate tissues, and whose migratory behaviors resemble cancer cell migration and invasion. Information exchange via dynamic NC cell-cell contact is one mechanism by which the directionality of migrating NC cells is controlled. One transmembrane protein that is most likely involved in this process is protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), an evolutionary conserved Wnt co-receptor that is expressed in cranial NC cells and several tumor cells. In Xenopus, Ptk7 is required for NC migration. In this study, we show that the Ptk7 protein is dynamically localized at cell-cell contact zones of migrating Xenopus NC cells and required for contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). Using deletion constructs of Ptk7, we determined that the extracellular immunoglobulin domains of Ptk7 are important for its transient accumulation and that they mediate homophilic binding. Conversely, we found that ectopic expression of Ptk7 in non-NC cells was able to prevent NC cell invasion. However, deletion of the extracellular domains of Ptk7 abolished this effect. Thus, Ptk7 is sufficient at protecting non-NC tissue from NC cell invasion, suggesting a common role of PTK7 in contact inhibition, cell invasion, and tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Grund
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Katharina Till
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Faculty of Medicine, Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine V, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (A.G.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-2826587
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11
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Dan H, Liu S, Liu J, Liu D, Yin F, Wei Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Ji N, Zeng X, Li J, Chen Q. RACK1 promotes cancer progression by increasing the M2/M1 macrophage ratio via the NF-κB pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:795-807. [PMID: 31997535 PMCID: PMC7138402 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) has been shown to promote oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression, and RACK1 expression levels have been negatively correlated with prognosis in patients with OSCC. Here, we investigated the impact of RACK1 OSCC expression on the recruitment and differentiation of tumor-associated macrophages. High RACK1 expression in OSCC cells correlated with increased M2 macrophage infiltration in tumor samples from a clinical cohort study. Moreover, the combination of RACK1 expression and the M2/M1 ratio could successfully predict prognosis in OSCC. OSCC cells with high RACK1 expression inhibited the migration of THP-1 cells, promoted M2-like macrophage polarization in vitro, and increased the proportion of M2-like macrophages in a xenograft mouse model. Moreover, both M1- and M2-like macrophage polarization-associated proteins were induced in macrophages cocultured with RACK1-silenced cell supernatant. A mechanistic study revealed that the expression and secretion of C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are closely related to RACK1 expression. In addition, blocking nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) could promote M2-like macrophage polarization. These results indicate that RACK1 and the M2/M1 ratio are predictors of a poor prognosis in OSCC. RACK1 promotes M2-like polarization by regulating NF-κB and could be used as a potential therapeutic target for antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Oral PathologyDepartment of Dental MaterialsSchool of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Oral PathologyDepartment of Dental MaterialsSchool of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fengying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zihao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiongke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and ManagementWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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12
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LaFontaine E, Miller CM, Permaul N, Martin ET, Fuchs G. Ribosomal protein RACK1 enhances translation of poliovirus and other viral IRESs. Virology 2020; 545:53-62. [PMID: 32308198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved strategies to ensure efficient translation using host cell ribosomes and translation factors. In addition to cleaving translation initiation factors required for host cell translation, poliovirus (PV) uses an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Recent studies suggest that viruses exploit specific ribosomal proteins to enhance translation of their viral proteins. The ribosomal protein receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a protein of the 40S ribosomal subunit, was previously shown to mediate translation from the 5' cricket paralysis virus and hepatitis C virus IRESs. Here we found that translation of a PV dual-luciferase reporter shows a moderate dependence on RACK1. However, in the context of a viral infection we observed significantly reduced poliovirus plaque size and titers and delayed host cell translational shut-off. Our findings further illustrate the involvement of the cellular translational machinery during PV infection and how viruses usurp the function of specific ribosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan LaFontaine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Clare M Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Natasha Permaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Elliot T Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA; The RNA Institute, University at Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Pseudokinases are members of the protein kinase superfamily but signal primarily through noncatalytic mechanisms. Many pseudokinases contribute to the pathologies of human diseases, yet they remain largely unexplored as drug targets owing to challenges associated with modulation of their biological functions. Our understanding of the structure and physiological roles of pseudokinases has improved substantially over the past decade, revealing intriguing similarities between pseudokinases and their catalytically active counterparts. Pseudokinases often adopt conformations that are analogous to those seen in catalytically active kinases and, in some cases, can also bind metal cations and/or nucleotides. Several clinically approved kinase inhibitors have been shown to influence the noncatalytic functions of active kinases, providing hope that similar properties in pseudokinases could be pharmacologically regulated. In this Review, we discuss known roles of pseudokinases in disease, their unique structural features and the progress that has been made towards developing pseudokinase-directed therapeutics.
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14
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Ritter RA, Ulrich CH, Brzezinska BN, Shah VV, Zamora MJ, Kelly LE, El-Hodiri HM, Sater AK. miR-199 plays both positive and negative regulatory roles in Xenopus eye development. Genesis 2020; 58:e23354. [PMID: 31909537 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate microRNA (miR) functions in early eye development, we asked whether eye field transcription factors (EFTFs) are targets of miR-dependent regulation in Xenopus embryos. Argonaute (AGO) ribonucleoprotein complexes, including miRs and targeted mRNAs, were coimmunoprecipitated from transgenic embryos expressing myc-tagged AGO under the control of the rax1 promoter; mRNAs for all EFTFs coimmunoprecipitated with Ago in late neurulae. Computational predictions of miR binding sites within EFTF 3'UTRs identified miR-199a-3p ("miR-199") as a candidate regulator of EFTFs, and miR-199 was shown to regulate rax1 in vivo. Targeted overexpression of miR-199 led to small eyes, a reduction in EFTF expression, and reduced cell proliferation. Inhibition of interactions between mir-199 and the rax1 3'UTR reversed the small eye phenotype. Although targeted knockdown of miR-199 left the eye field intact, it reduced optic cup outgrowth and disrupted eye formation. Computational identification of candidate miR-199 targets within the Xenopus transcriptome led to the identification of ptk7 as a candidate regulator. Targeted overexpression of ptk7 resulted in abnormal optic cup formation and a reduction or loss of eye development, recapitulating the range of eye phenotypes seen following miR-199 knockdown. Our results indicate that miR-199 plays both positive and negative regulatory roles in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ritter
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Christina H Ulrich
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Bogna N Brzezinska
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vrutant V Shah
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa J Zamora
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa E Kelly
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Heithem M El-Hodiri
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amy K Sater
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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15
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Yang H, Yang C, Zhu Q, Wei M, Li Y, Cheng J, Liu F, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhang C, Wu H. Rack1 Controls Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Transmission. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:539. [PMID: 31920545 PMCID: PMC6927999 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellum receive two excitatory afferents including granule cells-derived parallel fiber (PF) and the climbing fiber. Scaffolding protein Rack1 is highly expressed in the cerebellar PCs. Here, we found delayed formation of specific cerebellar vermis lobule and impaired motor coordination in PC-specific Rack1 conditional knockout mice. Our studies further revealed that Rack1 is essential for PF–PC synapse formation. In addition, Rack1 plays a critical role in regulating synaptic plasticity and long-term depression (LTD) induction of PF–PC synapses without changing the expression of postsynaptic proteins. Together, we have discovered Rack1 as the crucial molecule that controls PF–PC synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Our studies provide a novel molecular insight into the mechanisms underlying the neural development and neuroplasticity in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaojuan Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengping Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juanxian Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunology and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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16
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Bie J, Liu K, Song G, Hu X, Xiong R, Zhang X, Shi X, Wang Z. ENST00000489707.5 Is a Preferred Alternative Splicing Variant of PTK7 in Adrenocortical Cancer and Shows Potential Prognostic Value. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8326-8334. [PMID: 31689287 PMCID: PMC6857428 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the transcript preference of PTK7 in adrenocortical cancer (ACC), the prognostic value, and the potential underlying genetic alterations. Material/Methods Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas-Adrenocortical Cancer (TCGA-ACC) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx)-normal adrenal gland were used for analysis. Results A non-canonical alternative transcript, ENST00000489707.5, which only encodes an extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain and an intracellular kinase domain, is the dominant isoform of PTK7 in both ACC and normal adrenal gland. Its expression percentage was significantly higher in ACC than in normal adrenal gland. ACC tissues showed preferred expression of this transcript compared with other cancers with known PTK7 expression. Prognostic analysis showed that ENST00000489707.5 had independent prognostic value in progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 1.227, 95%CI: 1.077–1.398, p=0.002) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR: 1.419, 95%CI: 1.154–1.745, p=0.001) after adjustment of other risk factors. cg20819617 methylation was negatively correlated with both PTK7 and ENST00000489707.5 expression. Conclusions ENST00000489707.5 is a preferred alternative splicing product of PTK7, with a significantly increased proportion in ACC compared with other cancers. Its expression shows potential prognostic value in terms of PFS and DSS in ACC patients. The methylation status of cg20819617 might play a critical role in modulating PTK7 transcription and ENST00000489707.5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Cancer Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Guiqin Song
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Department of Biology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Hu
- Cancer Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Xiong
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Cancer Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xianwei Shi
- Cancer Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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17
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Schmitt K, Valerius O. yRACK1/Asc1 proxiOMICs-Towards Illuminating Ships Passing in the Night. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111384. [PMID: 31689955 PMCID: PMC6912217 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse signals and stress factors regulate the activity and homeostasis of ribosomes in all cells. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Asc1/yRACK1 occupies an exposed site at the head region of the 40S ribosomal subunit (hr40S) and represents a central hub for signaling pathways. Asc1 strongly affects protein phosphorylation and is involved in quality control pathways induced by translation elongation arrest. Therefore, it is important to understand the dynamics of protein formations in the Asc1 microenvironment at the hr40S. We made use of the in vivo protein-proximity labeling technique Biotin IDentification (BioID). Unbiased proxiOMICs from two adjacent perspectives identified nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mRNA-binding proteins, the deubiquitinase complex Ubp3-Bre5, as well as the ubiquitin E3 ligase Hel2 as neighbors of Asc1. We observed Asc1-dependency of hr40S localization of mRNA-binding proteins and the Ubp3 co-factor Bre5. Hel2 and Ubp3-Bre5 are described to balance the mono-ubiquitination of Rps3 (uS3) during ribosome quality control. Here, we show that the absence of Asc1 resulted in massive exposure and accessibility of the C-terminal tail of its ribosomal neighbor Rps3 (uS3). Asc1 and some of its direct neighbors together might form a ribosomal decision tree that is tightly connected to close-by signaling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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18
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Lichtig H, Cohen Y, Bin-Nun N, Golubkov V, Frank D. PTK7 proteolytic fragment proteins function during early Xenopus development. Dev Biol 2019; 453:48-55. [PMID: 31125531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Kinase 7 (PTK7) is as a critical regulator of canonical and non-canonical Wnt-signaling during embryonic development and cancer cell formation. Disrupting PTK7 activity perturbs vertebrate nervous system development, and also promotes human cancer formation. Observations in different model systems suggest a complex cross-talk between PTK7 protein and Wnt signaling. During Xenopus laevis nervous system development, we previously showed that PTK7 protein positively regulates canonical Wnt signaling by maintaining optimal LRP6 protein levels, but PTK7 also acts in concert with LRP6 protein to repress non-canonical Wnt activity. PTK7 is a transmembrane protein, but studies in cancer cells showed that PTK7 undergoes "shedding" by metalloproteases to different proteolytic fragments. Some PTK7 proteolytic fragments are oncogenic, being localized to alternative cytoplasmic and nuclear cell compartments. In this study we examined the biological activity of two proteolytic carboxyl-terminal PTK7 proteolytic fragments, cPTK7 622-1070 and cPTK7 726-1070 during early Xenopus nervous system development. We found that these smaller PTK7 proteolytic fragments have similar activity to full-length PTK7 protein to promote canonical Wnt-signaling via regulation of LRP6 protein levels. In addition to cancer systems, this study shows in vivo proof that these smaller PTK7 proteolytic fragments can recapitulate full-length PTK7 protein activity in diverse systems, such as vertebrate nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Lichtig
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Yasmin Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Naama Bin-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | | | - Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
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19
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Lei Y, Kim S, Chen Z, Cao X, Zhu H, Yang W, Shaw GM, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Wang H, Finnell RH. Variants identified in PTK7 associated with neural tube defects. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00584. [PMID: 30689296 PMCID: PMC6465732 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway genes have been repeatedly implicated in the pathogenesis of NTDs in both mouse models and in human cohorts. Mouse models indicate that the homogenous disruption of the Ptk7 gene, a PCP regulator, results in craniorachischisis; while embryos that are doubly heterozygous for Ptk7XST87 and Vangl2Lp mutations present with spina bifida. METHODS In this study, we initially sequenced exons of the human PTK7 gene in 192 spina bifida patients and 190 controls from a California population. A phase II validation study was performed in 343 Chinese NTD cohort. Functional assays including immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation were used to study identified variants effect on PTK7 function. RESULTS We identified three rare (MAF <0.001) missense heterozygous PTK7 variants (NM_001270398.1:c.581C>T, p.Arg630Ser and p.Tyr725Phe) in the spina bifida patients. In our functional analyses, p.Arg630Ser affected PTK7 mutant protein stability and increased interaction with Dvl2, while the p.Thr186Met variant decreased PTK7 interactions with Dvl2. No novel predicted-to-be-damaging variant or function-disrupted PTK7 variant was identified among the control subjects. We subsequently re-sequenced the PTK7 CDS region in 343 NTDs from China to validate the association between PTK7 and NTDs. The frequency of PTK7 rare missense variants in the Chinese NTD samples is significantly higher than in gnomAD controls. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that rare missense variants in PTK7 contribute to the genetic risk of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Lei
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical SchoolAustinTexas
- Present address:
Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas77030
| | - Sung‐Eun Kim
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical SchoolAustinTexas
| | - Zhongzhong Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and DevelopmentFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical SchoolAustinTexas
- Present address:
Asuragen Inc.2150 Woodward St #100AustinTX78744
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
| | - Yufang Zheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and DevelopmentFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and NutriomicsCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
| | - Hong‐Yan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and DevelopmentFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical SchoolAustinTexas
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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20
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Calamita P, Gatti G, Miluzio A, Scagliola A, Biffo S. Translating the Game: Ribosomes as Active Players. Front Genet 2018; 9:533. [PMID: 30498507 PMCID: PMC6249331 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes have been long considered as executors of the translational program. The fact that ribosomes can control the translation of specific mRNAs or entire cellular programs is often neglected. Ribosomopathies, inherited diseases with mutations in ribosomal factors, show tissue specific defects and cancer predisposition. Studies of ribosomopathies have paved the way to the concept that ribosomes may control translation of specific mRNAs. Studies in Drosophila and mice support the existence of heterogeneous ribosomes that differentially translate mRNAs to coordinate cellular programs. Recent studies have now shown that ribosomal activity is not only a critical regulator of growth but also of metabolism. For instance, glycolysis and mitochondrial function have been found to be affected by ribosomal availability. Also, ATP levels drop in models of ribosomopathies. We discuss findings highlighting the relevance of ribosome heterogeneity in physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the possibility that in rate-limiting situations, ribosomes may favor some translational programs. We discuss the effects of ribosome heterogeneity on cellular metabolism, tumorigenesis and aging. We speculate a scenario in which ribosomes are not only executors of a metabolic program but act as modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Calamita
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Gatti
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annarita Miluzio
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliola
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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21
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Mapping Cellular Polarity Networks Using Mass Spectrometry-based Strategies. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3545-3564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Day JP, Whiteley E, Freeley M, Long A, Malacrida B, Kiely P, Baillie GS. RAB40C regulates RACK1 stability via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO317. [PMID: 30112187 PMCID: PMC6088270 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM RACK1 is a multifunctional scaffolding protein that is expressed in many cellular compartments, orchestrating a number of signaling processes. RACK1 acts as a signaling hub to localize active enzymes to discrete locations; therefore tight control of RACK1 is vital to cellular homeostasis. Our aim was to identify the mechanisms responsible for RACK1 turnover and show that degradation is directed by the ubiquitin proteasome system. RESULTS Using siRNA screening, we identified RAB40C as the ubiquitin E3 ligase responsible for ubiquitination of RACK1, and that the action of RAB40C in controlling RACK1 levels is crucial to both cancer cell growth and migration of T cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that manipulation of RACK1 levels in this way may provide a novel strategy to explore RACK1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P Day
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ellanor Whiteley
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael Freeley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, D08 W9RT, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, D08 W9RT, Ireland
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Materials & Surface Science Institute & Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick Kiely
- Materials & Surface Science Institute & Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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23
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Roy JP, Halford MM, Stacker SA. The biochemistry, signalling and disease relevance of RYK and other WNT-binding receptor tyrosine kinases. Growth Factors 2018; 36:15-40. [PMID: 29806777 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1472089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a well-characterized family of growth factor receptors that have central roles in human disease and are frequently therapeutically targeted. The RYK, ROR, PTK7 and MuSK subfamilies make up an understudied subset of WNT-binding RTKs. Numerous developmental, stem cell and pathological roles of WNTs, in particular WNT5A, involve signalling via these WNT receptors. The WNT-binding RTKs have highly context-dependent signalling outputs and stimulate the β-catenin-dependent, planar cell polarity and/or WNT/Ca2+ pathways. RYK, ROR and PTK7 members have a pseudokinase domain in their intracellular regions. Alternative signalling mechanisms, including proteolytic cleavage and protein scaffolding functions, have been identified for these receptors. This review explores the structure, signalling, physiological and pathological roles of RYK, with particular attention paid to cancer and the possibility of therapeutically targeting RYK. The other WNT-binding RTKs are compared with RYK throughout to highlight the similarities and differences within this subset of WNT receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Roy
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Michael M Halford
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
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24
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Cheng ZF, Pai RK, Cartwright CA. Rack1 function in intestinal epithelia: regulating crypt cell proliferation and regeneration and promoting differentiation and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G1-G13. [PMID: 28935684 PMCID: PMC5866376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00240.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) regulates growth of colon cells in vitro, partly by suppressing Src kinase activity at key cell cycle checkpoints, in apoptotic and cell survival pathways and at cell-cell adhesions. Here, we generated mouse models of Rack1 deficiency to assess Rack1's function in intestinal epithelia in vivo. Intestinal Rack1 deficiency resulted in proliferation of crypt cells, diminished differentiation of crypt cells into enterocyte, goblet, and enteroendocrine cell lineages, and expansion of Paneth cell populations. Following radiation injury, the morphology of Rack1-deleted small bowel was strikingly abnormal with development of large polypoid structures that contained many partly formed villi, numerous back-to-back elongated and regenerating crypts, and high-grade dysplasia in surface epithelia. These abnormalities were not observed in Rack1-expressing areas of intestine or in control mice. Following irradiation, apoptosis of enterocytes was strikingly reduced in Rack1-deleted epithelia. These novel findings reveal key functions for Rack1 in regulating growth of intestinal epithelia: suppressing crypt cell proliferation and regeneration, promoting differentiation and apoptosis, and repressing development of neoplasia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings reveal novel functions for receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) in regulating growth of intestinal epithelia: suppressing crypt cell proliferation and regeneration, promoting differentiation and apoptosis, and repressing development of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan-Fen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Reetesh K Pai
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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25
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Liu S, Liu J, Wang J, Cheng J, Zeng X, Ji N, Li J, Chen Q. RACK1 is an organ-specific prognostic predictor in OSCC. Oral Oncol 2017; 76:22-26. [PMID: 29290282 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to verify that RACK1 is an organ-specific prognostic predictor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The RACK1 expression level was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a total of 342 OSCC patients from 3 independent cohorts. The multivariate hazard ratios for Overall Survival (OS) was determined by Cox proportional hazards regression model. OS was analyzed in 460 Head Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patients from TCGA data set. The expression level of RACK1 was analyzed in 60 cases multiple organ tissue microarrays representing both normal and cancer tissues by IHC, and in TCGA database of mRNA abundance in cancers and paired normal tissues. RESULTS The median follow-up times of patients in the study was 74, 52, and 78 months. High expression of RACK1 was identified in tumors from 103 of 151 patients (68.2%), 51 of 83 patients (61.4%), and 59 of 108 patients (54.6%). Compared with low expression, high expression of RACK1 was strongly associated with worse OS, with HR of 0.5995 (95% CI, 0.3929 to 0.9147; P=0.0176), 0.4402 (95% CI, 0.2321 to 0.8348; P=0.0120), and 0.5010 (95% CI, 0.2886 to 0.8699; P=0.0141). This finding is consistent with TCGA HNSCC data (P=0.0276). Tissue microarrays analyses showed different protein expression level of RACK1 in multiple human carcinomas and this finding is consistent with the TCGA database analysis of RACK1 mRNA abundance. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that RACK1 is a good independent organ-specific predictor of the risk of death in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - JiaJia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiongke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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26
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Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is best known for its role in polarizing epithelial cells within the plane of a tissue but it also plays a role in a range of cell migration events during development. The mechanism by which the PCP pathway polarizes stationary epithelial cells is well characterized, but how PCP signaling functions to regulate more dynamic cell behaviors during directed cell migration is much less understood. Here, we review recent discoveries regarding the localization of PCP proteins in migrating cells and their impact on the cell biology of collective and individual cell migratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal F Davey
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, B2-159, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, B2-159, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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27
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The secret life of kinases: insights into non-catalytic signalling functions from pseudokinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:665-681. [PMID: 28620028 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms by which pseudokinases, which comprise ∼10% of the human and mouse kinomes, mediate signal transduction has advanced rapidly with increasing structural, biochemical, cellular and genetic studies. Pseudokinases are the catalytically defective counterparts of conventional, active protein kinases and have been attributed functions as protein interaction domains acting variously as allosteric modulators of conventional protein kinases and other enzymes, as regulators of protein trafficking or localisation, as hubs to nucleate assembly of signalling complexes, and as transmembrane effectors of such functions. Here, by categorising mammalian pseudokinases based on their known functions, we illustrate the mechanistic diversity among these proteins, which can be viewed as a window into understanding the non-catalytic functions that can be exerted by conventional protein kinases.
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28
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P2X7 receptor cross-talk regulates ATP-induced pannexin 1 internalization. Biochem J 2017; 474:2133-2144. [PMID: 28495860 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, extracellular ATP levels transiently increase in physiological and pathophysiological circumstances, effecting key signalling pathways in plasticity and inflammation through purinergic receptors. Pannexin 1 (Panx1) forms ion- and metabolite-permeable channels that mediate ATP release and are particularly enriched in the nervous system. Our recent study demonstrated that elevation of extracellular ATP triggers Panx1 internalization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Notably, this effect was sensitive to inhibition of ionotropic P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs). Here, we report our novel findings from the detailed investigation of the mechanism underlying P2X7R-Panx1 cross-talk in ATP-stimulated internalization. We demonstrate that extracellular ATP triggers and is required for the clustering of P2X7Rs and Panx1 on Neuro2a cells through an extracellular physical interaction with the Panx1 first extracellular loop (EL1). Importantly, disruption of P2X7R-Panx1 clustering by mutation of tryptophan 74 within the Panx1 EL1 inhibits Panx1 internalization. Notably, P2X7R-Panx1 clustering and internalization are independent of P2X7R-associated intracellular signalling pathways (Ca2+ influx and Src activation). Further analysis revealed that cholesterol is required for ATP-stimulated P2X7R-Panx1 clustering at the cell periphery. Taken together, our data suggest that extracellular ATP induces and is required for Panx1 EL1-mediated, cholesterol-dependent P2X7R-Panx1 clustering and endocytosis. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of Panx1 in the nervous system and provide important new insights into Panx1-P2X7R cross-talk.
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29
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Liu K, Song G, Zhang X, Li Q, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Xiong R, Hu X, Tang Z, Feng G. PTK7 is a novel oncogenic target for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:105. [PMID: 28545451 PMCID: PMC5445388 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of PTK7 has been found in multiple cancers and has been proposed to serve as a prognostic marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Its role in esophageal cancer, however, remains to be clarified. We hypothesize that PTK7 positively regulates tumorigenesis of esophageal cancer. Methods We examined PTK7 expression pattern in human esophageal squamous carcinoma by Oncomine expression analysis and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. We knocked down PTK7 in two esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, TE-5, and TE-9, by siRNA, and evaluated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration ofPTK7-defective cells. Expressions of major apoptotic regulators and effectors were also determined by quantitative real-time PCR in PTK7-defective cells. We further overexpressed PTK7 in the cell to evaluate its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Results Both Oncomine expression and IHC analyses showed that PTK7 is overexpressed in clinical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tumors. PTK7 siRNA suppressed cell growth and promoted apoptosis of TE-5 and TE-9. PTK7-defective cells further displayed reduced cellular migration that was concomitant with upregulation of E-cadherin. Conversely, overexpression of PTK7 promotes cell proliferation and invasion, while apoptosis of the PTK7-overexpressing cells is repressed. Notably, major apoptotic regulators, such as p53 and caspases, are significantly upregulated in siPTK7 cells. Conclusions PTK7 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of esophageal squamous carcinoma. PTK7 achieves its oncogenic function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma partially through the negative regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqin Song
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuqian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiujiang Li
- Clinical college of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Zhao
- Clinical college of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchuan Zhou
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiong
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Tang
- Department of Pathology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Biotherapy Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Brg1 chromatin remodeling ATPase balances germ layer patterning by amplifying the transcriptional burst at midblastula transition. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006757. [PMID: 28498870 PMCID: PMC5428918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygotic gene expression programs control cell differentiation in vertebrate development. In Xenopus, these programs are initiated by local induction of regulatory genes through maternal signaling activities in the wake of zygotic genome activation (ZGA) at the midblastula transition (MBT). These programs lay down the vertebrate body plan through gastrulation and neurulation, and are accompanied by massive changes in chromatin structure, which increasingly constrain cellular plasticity. Here we report on developmental functions for Brahma related gene 1 (Brg1), a key component of embyronic SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. Carefully controlled, global Brg1 protein depletion in X. tropicalis and X. laevis causes embryonic lethality or developmental arrest from gastrulation on. Transcriptome analysis at late blastula, before development becomes arrested, indicates predominantly a role for Brg1 in transcriptional activation of a limited set of genes involved in pattern specification processes and nervous system development. Mosaic analysis by targeted microinjection defines Brg1 as an essential amplifier of gene expression in dorsal (BCNE/Nieuwkoop Center) and ventral (BMP/Vent) signaling centers. Moreover, Brg1 is required and sufficient for initiating axial patterning in cooperation with maternal Wnt signaling. In search for a common denominator of Brg1 impact on development, we have quantitatively filtered global mRNA fluctuations at MBT. The results indicate that Brg1 is predominantly required for genes with the highest burst of transcriptional activity. Since this group contains many key developmental regulators, we propose Brg1 to be responsible for raising their expression above threshold levels in preparation for embryonic patterning. Brahma-related-gene-1 (Brg1) is a catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. Loss of maternal Brg1 protein arrests development in mice at the 2-cell stage, while null homozygotes die at the blastocyst stage. These early requirements have precluded any analysis of Brg1’s embryonic functions. Here we present data from X. laevis and X. tropicalis, which for the first time describe a role for Brg1 during germ layer patterning and axis formation. Brg1-depleted embryos fail to develop past gastrulation. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis at late blastula stage, before the developmental arrest, shows that Brg1 is required predominantly for transcriptional activation of a limited set of genes involved in pattern specification processes and nervous system development shortly after midblastula transition. Mosaic analysis by targeted microinjection defines Brg1 as an essential amplifier of gene expression in dorsal (BCNE and Nieuwkoop center) and ventral (BMP/Vent) signaling centers, being required and sufficient to initiate axial patterning by cooperating with canonical Wnt signaling. Since Brg1-dependent genes share a high burst of transcriptional activation before gastrulation, we propose a systemic role for Brg1 as transcriptional amplifier, which balances the embryonic patterning process.
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31
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Berger H, Breuer M, Peradziryi H, Podleschny M, Jacob R, Borchers A. PTK7 localization and protein stability is affected by canonical Wnt ligands. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1890-1903. [PMID: 28420671 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane receptor with important roles in embryonic development and disease. Originally identified as a gene upregulated in colon cancer, it was later shown to regulate planar cell polarity (PCP) and directional cell movement. PTK7 is a Wnt co-receptor; however, its role in Wnt signaling remains controversial. Here, we find evidence that places PTK7 at the intersection of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. In presence of canonical Wnt ligands PTK7 is subject to caveolin-mediated endocytosis, while it is unaffected by non-canonical Wnt ligands. PTK7 endocytosis is dependent on the presence of the PTK7 co-receptor Fz7 (also known as Fzd7) and results in lysosomal degradation of PTK7. As we previously observed that PTK7 activates non-canonical PCP Wnt signaling but inhibits canonical Wnt signaling, our data suggest a mutual inhibition of canonical and PTK7 Wnt signaling. PTK7 likely suppresses canonical Wnt signaling by binding canonical Wnt ligands thereby preventing their interaction with Wnt receptors that would otherwise support canonical Wnt signaling. Conversely, if canonical Wnt proteins interact with the PTK7 receptor, they induce its internalization and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Berger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Marlen Breuer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Hanna Peradziryi
- Institute for Clinical Research, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Martina Podleschny
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany .,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
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Berger H, Wodarz A, Borchers A. PTK7 Faces the Wnt in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:31. [PMID: 28424771 PMCID: PMC5380734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PTK7 (protein tyrosine kinase 7) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane receptor regulating various processes in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. On a cellular level PTK7 affects the establishment of cell polarity, the regulation of cell movement and migration as well as cell invasion. The PTK7 receptor has been shown to interact with ligands, co-receptors, and intracellular transducers of Wnt signaling pathways, pointing to a function in the fine-tuning of the Wnt signaling network. Here we will review recent findings implicating PTK7 at the crossroads of Wnt signaling pathways in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Berger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität MarburgMarburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Department of Anatomy I, Molecular Cell Biology, University of CologneCologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität MarburgMarburg, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität MarburgMarburg, Germany
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Kershner L, Welshhans K. RACK1 is necessary for the formation of point contacts and regulates axon growth. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1038-1056. [PMID: 28245531 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a multifunctional ribosomal scaffolding protein that can interact with multiple signaling molecules concurrently through its seven WD40 repeats. We recently found that RACK1 is localized to mammalian growth cones, prompting an investigation into its role during neural development. Here, we show for the first time that RACK1 localizes to point contacts within mouse cortical growth cones. Point contacts are adhesion sites that link the actin network within growth cones to the extracellular matrix, and are necessary for appropriate axon guidance. Our experiments show that RACK1 is necessary for point contact formation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stimulates an increase in point contact density, which was eliminated by RACK1 shRNA or overexpression of a nonphosphorylatable mutant form of RACK1. We also found that axonal growth requires both RACK1 expression and phosphorylation. We have previously shown that the local translation of β-actin mRNA within growth cones is necessary for appropriate axon guidance and is dependent on RACK1. Thus, we examined the location of members of the local translation complex relative to point contacts. Indeed, both β-actin mRNA and RACK1 colocalize with point contacts, and this colocalization increases following BDNF stimulation. This implies the novel finding that local translation is regulated at point contacts. Taken together, these data suggest that point contacts are a targeted site of local translation within growth cones, and RACK1 is a critical member of the point contact complex and necessary for appropriate neural development. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1038-1056, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Kershner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242
| | - Kristy Welshhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242
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Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is an evolutionarily conserved scaffolding protein within the tryptophan-aspartate (WD) repeat family of proteins. RACK1 can bind multiple signaling molecules concurrently, as well as stabilize and anchor proteins. RACK1 also plays an important role at focal adhesions, where it acts to regulate cell migration. In addition, RACK1 is a ribosomal binding protein and thus, regulates translation. Despite these numerous functions, little is known about how RACK1 regulates nervous system development. Here, we review three studies that examine the role of RACK1 in neural development. In brief, these papers demonstrate that (1) RACK-1, the C. elegans homolog of mammalian RACK1, is required for axon guidance; (2) RACK1 is required for neurite extension of neuronally differentiated rat PC12 cells; and (3) RACK1 is required for axon outgrowth of primary mouse cortical neurons. Thus, it is evident that RACK1 is critical for appropriate neural development in a wide range of species, and future discoveries could reveal whether RACK1 and its signaling partners are potential targets for treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders or a therapeutic approach for axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Kershner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Kristy Welshhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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35
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Overexpression of RACK1 Promotes Metastasis by Enhancing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Human Glioma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13101021. [PMID: 27763568 PMCID: PMC5086760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies show that dysregulation of the receptor of activated protein kinase C1 (RACK1) plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers. However, the biological function and underlying mechanism of RACK1 in glioma remains poorly defined. Here, we found that RACK1 was significantly up-regulated in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues, being closely related to clinical stage of glioma both in mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with high RACK1 expression had a poor prognosis (p = 0.0062, HR = 1.898, 95% CI: 1.225–3.203). In vitro functional assays indicated that silencing of RACK1 could dramatically promote apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. More importantly, knockdown of RACK1 led to a vast accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase and their reduced proportions at the S phase by suppressing the expression of G1/S transition key regulators Cyclin D1 and CDK6. Additionally, this forced down-regulation of RACK1 significantly suppressed migration and invasion via inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, such as MMP2, MMP9, ZEB1, N-Cadherin, and Integrin-β1. Collectively, our study revealed that RACK1 might act as a valuable prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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36
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Zhang X, Liu N, Ma D, Liu L, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Li J, Chen Q. Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) promotes the progression of OSCC via the AKT/mTOR pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:539-48. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Thompson MK, Rojas-Duran MF, Gangaramani P, Gilbert WV. The ribosomal protein Asc1/RACK1 is required for efficient translation of short mRNAs. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27117520 PMCID: PMC4848094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation is a core cellular process carried out by a highly conserved macromolecular machine, the ribosome. There has been remarkable evolutionary adaptation of this machine through the addition of eukaryote-specific ribosomal proteins whose individual effects on ribosome function are largely unknown. Here we show that eukaryote-specific Asc1/RACK1 is required for efficient translation of mRNAs with short open reading frames that show greater than average translational efficiency in diverse eukaryotes. ASC1 mutants in S. cerevisiae display compromised translation of specific functional groups, including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, and display cellular phenotypes consistent with their gene-specific translation defects. Asc1-sensitive mRNAs are preferentially associated with the translational ‘closed loop’ complex comprised of eIF4E, eIF4G, and Pab1, and depletion of eIF4G mimics the translational defects of ASC1 mutants. Together our results reveal a role for Asc1/RACK1 in a length-dependent initiation mechanism optimized for efficient translation of genes with important housekeeping functions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11154.001 Ribosomes are structures within cells that are responsible for making proteins. Molecules called messenger RNAs (or mRNAs), which contain genetic information derived from the DNA of a gene, pass through ribosomes that then “translate” that information to build proteins. Although all living cells contain ribosomes, the protein building blocks that make up the structure of the ribosome are not the same in all species. Furthermore, the exact roles that each building block plays during translation are not known. The ribosomes of plants, animals, and budding yeast contain the same protein, known as Asc1 in budding yeast and RACK1 in plants and animals. Thompson et al. have now explored the role of Asc1 in yeast cells by measuring translation in the absence of Asc1 using a technique called ribosome footprint profiling. This analysis revealed that cells lacking Asc1 translate fewer short mRNA molecules than normal cells. Short mRNAs encode small proteins that tend to play important ‘housekeeping’ roles in the cell — by forming the structural building blocks of ribosomes, for example. It has been observed previously that short mRNAs are translated at a higher rate than longer mRNAs on average, although the reasons behind this bias are still mysterious. The findings of Thompson et al. suggest that the ribosome itself may discriminate between short and long mRNAs and that the Asc1 protein is involved in calibrating the ribosome’s preference for short mRNAs. Cells need differing amounts of small proteins in different growth conditions. It will therefore be interesting to investigate whether mRNA length discrimination can be regulated by Asc1 and/or other components of the ribosome to tune gene expression to the environment. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11154.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Thompson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Maria F Rojas-Duran
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Paritosh Gangaramani
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Wendy V Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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Cheng M, Xue H, Cao W, Li W, Chen H, Liu B, Ma B, Yan X, Chen YG. Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) Promotes Dishevelled Protein Degradation via Autophagy and Antagonizes Wnt Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12871-12879. [PMID: 27129200 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a critical role in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and cancer development. Dishevelled (Dvl) is an essential and central component in Wnt signaling, and its stability and activity is tightly regulated. It has been shown that Dvl can be degraded via both the proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways. Here we report that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) negatively regulates Dishevelled stability and Wnt signaling. RACK1 interacts with Dvl proteins and promotes their lysosomal degradation, and this effect is enhanced by autophagy induction. RACK1 also interacts with LC3 and enhances the association of LC3 with Dvl2, thereby leading to degradation of Dvl proteins through autophagy. These findings reveal a novel regulatory function of RACK1 in Wnt signaling by modulating Dvl stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhang Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Xue
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weipeng Cao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bofeng Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Benyu Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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39
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Lhoumeau AC, Arcangeli ML, De Grandis M, Giordano M, Orsoni JC, Lembo F, Bardin F, Marchetto S, Aurrand-Lions M, Borg JP. Ptk7-Deficient Mice Have Decreased Hematopoietic Stem Cell Pools as a Result of Deregulated Proliferation and Migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4367-77. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Podleschny M, Grund A, Berger H, Rollwitz E, Borchers A. A PTK7/Ror2 Co-Receptor Complex Affects Xenopus Neural Crest Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145169. [PMID: 26680417 PMCID: PMC4683079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a highly migratory pluripotent cell population that generates a wide array of different cell types and failure in their migration can result in severe birth defects and malformation syndromes. Neural crest migration is controlled by various means including chemotaxis, repellent guidance cues and cell-cell interaction. Non-canonical Wnt PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling has previously been shown to control cell-contact mediated neural crest cell guidance. PTK7 (protein tyrosine kinase 7) is a transmembrane pseudokinase and a known regulator of Wnt/PCP signaling, which is expressed in Xenopus neural crest cells and required for their migration. PTK7 functions as a Wnt co-receptor; however, it remains unclear by which means PTK7 affects neural crest migration. Expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in Xenopus neural crest cells we find that PTK7 co-localizes with the Ror2 Wnt-receptor. Further, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that PTK7 interacts with Ror2. The PTK7/Ror2 interaction is likely relevant for neural crest migration, because Ror2 expression can rescue the PTK7 loss of function migration defect. Live cell imaging of explanted neural crest cells shows that PTK7 loss of function affects the formation of cell protrusions as well as cell motility. Co-expression of Ror2 can rescue these defects. In vivo analysis demonstrates that a kinase dead Ror2 mutant cannot rescue PTK7 loss of function. Thus, our data suggest that Ror2 can substitute for PTK7 and that the signaling function of its kinase domain is required for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Podleschny
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anita Grund
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Rollwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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41
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Wang M, De Marco P, Merello E, Drapeau P, Capra V, Kibar Z. Role of the planar cell polarity gene Protein tyrosine kinase 7 in neural tube defects in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:1021-7. [PMID: 26368655 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital defects affecting approximately 1 in 1000 live births in North America. Their etiology is complex including environmental and genetic factors. Defects in the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway have been strongly associated with NTDs in animal models and human cohorts. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (Ptk7) was shown to cause a very severe form of NTDs called craniorachischisis in a mouse model and genetically interacts with a core PCP member Vangl2 where double heterozygotes suffer from spina bifida. In this study, we examined the role of PTK7 in human NTDs to determine whether variants at this gene predispose to these defects. METHODS We sequenced the coding region and the exon-intron junctions of PTK7 in a cohort of 473 patients affected with various forms of open and closed NTDs. Novel and rare variants(<1%) were genotyped in a cohort of 473 individuals. Their pathogenic effect was predicted in silico and functionally in an overexpression assay in a well-established zebrafish model. RESULTS We identified in our cohort 6 rare variants, 3 of which were absent in public databases. One variant, p.Gly348Ser, acted as a hypermorph when overexpressed in the zebrafish model. CONCLUSION We detected potentially pathogenic PTK7 variants in 1.1% of our NTD cohort. Our findings implicate PTK7 as a risk factor for NTDs and provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Wang
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Pierre Drapeau
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CHUM Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Zoha Kibar
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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42
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Sebbagh M, Borg JP. Insight into planar cell polarity. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:284-95. [PMID: 25236701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity or PCP refers to a uniform cellular organization within the plan, typically orthogonal to the apico-basal polarity axis. As such, PCP provides directional cues that control and coordinate the integration of cells in tissues to build a living organism. Although dysfunctions of this fundamental cellular process have been convincingly linked to the etiology of various pathologies such as cancer and developmental defects, the molecular mechanisms governing its establishment and maintenance remain poorly understood. Here, we review some aspects of invertebrate and vertebrate PCPs, highlighting similarities and differences, and discuss the prevalence of the non-canonical Wnt signaling as a central PCP pathway, as well as recent findings on the importance of cell contractility and cilia as promising avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sebbagh
- CRCM, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Inserm, U1068, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, F-13284 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- CRCM, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Inserm, U1068, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, F-13284 Marseille, France.
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Liu Q, Zhang C, Yuan J, Fu J, Wu M, Su J, Wang X, Yuan X, Jiang W. PTK7 regulates Id1 expression in CD44-high glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:505-15. [PMID: 25204555 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD44 is a molecular marker associated with molecular subtype and treatment resistance in glioma. More effective therapies will result from approaches aimed at targeting the CD44-high gliomas. METHODS Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) mRNA expression was analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma dataset. PTK7 expression was depleted through lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA knockdown. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling was used to evaluate cell apoptosis following PTK7 knockdown. Gene expression analysis was performed on Affymetrix microarray. A nude mice orthotopic tumor model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of PTK7 depletion. RESULTS PTK7 is highly expressed in CD44-high glioblastoma and predicts unfavorable prognosis. PTK7 knockdown attenuated cell proliferation, impaired tumorigenic potential, and induced apoptosis in CD44-high glioma cell lines. Gene expression analysis identified inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 (Id1) gene as a potential downstream effector for PTK7. Overexpression of Id1 mostly restored the cell proliferation and colony formation attenuated by PTK7 depletion. PTK7 enhanced anchorage-independent growth in normal human astrocytes, which was attenuated by Id1 knockdown. Furthermore, PTK7 regulated Id1 expression through modulating TGF-β/Smad signaling, while pharmacological inhibition on TGF-β/Smad signaling or PTK7/Id1 depletion attenuated TGF-β-stimulated cell proliferation. PTK7 depletion consistently reduced Id1 expression, suppressed tumor growth, and induced apoptosis in a murine orthotopic tumor model, which could be translated into prolonged survival in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS PTK7 regulates Id1 expression in CD44-high glioma cell lines. Targeting PTK7 could be an effective strategy for treating glioma with high CD44 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Jian Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Minghua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Xianrui Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central South University, Hunan, China (Q.L, C.Z., J.Y., J.F., J.S., X.W., X.Y., W.J.); The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, China (Q.L., J.Y., J.F., X.Y., W.J.); Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, China (M.W.)
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Golubkov VS, Prigozhina NL, Zhang Y, Stoletov K, Lewis JD, Schwartz PE, Hoffman RM, Strongin AY. Protein-tyrosine pseudokinase 7 (PTK7) directs cancer cell motility and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24238-49. [PMID: 25006253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that widely expressed PTK7 is essential for vertebrate tissue morphogenesis. In cancer, the functionality of PTK7 is selectively regulated by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), ADAMs (a disintegrin domain and metalloproteinases), and γ-secretase proteolysis. Here, we established that the full-length membrane PTK7, its Chuzhoi mutant with the two functional MT1-MMP cleavage sites, and its L622D mutant with the single inactivated MT1-MMP cleavage site differentially regulate cell motility in a two-dimensional versus three-dimensional environment. We also demonstrated that in polarized cancer cells, the levels of PTK7 expression and proteolysis were directly linked to the structure and kinetics of cell protrusions, including lamellipodia and invadopodia. In the functionally relevant and widely accepted animal models of metastasis, mouse and chick embryo models, both the overexpression and knock-out of PTK7 in HT1080 cells abrogated metastatic dissemination. Our analysis of human tissue specimens confirmed intensive proteolysis of PTK7 in colorectal cancer tumors, but not in matching normal tissue. Our results provide convincing evidence that both PTK7 expression and proteolysis, rather than the level of the cellular full-length PTK7 alone, contribute to efficient directional cell motility and metastasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Golubkov
- From the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037,
| | | | - Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California 92111
| | | | - John D Lewis
- the Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California 92111, the Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- From the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037,
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Zhang H, Wang A, Qi S, Cheng S, Yao B, Xu Y. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) as a predictor of lymph node metastases and a novel prognostic biomarker in patients with prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11665-77. [PMID: 24987951 PMCID: PMC4139806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) has been studied in various tumors, but its role in prostate cancer remains unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the prognostic and predictive significance of PTK7 in patients with prostate cancer. PTK7 expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis in 20 pairs of benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens and prostate cancer specimens. Then, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of PTK7 in 180 prostate cancer specimens and evaluated its clinical significances. Elevated PTK7 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastases, seminal vesicle invasion, prostate cancer stage, the higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen, the higher Gleason score, angiolymphatic invasion, and biochemical recurrence. The results revealed that the overexpression of PTK7 in prostate cancer was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival and biochemical recurrence-free survival. The present data provide evidence that PTK7 predicts lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival and biochemical recurrence-free survival, highlighting its potential function as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Andi Wang
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Shiyong Qi
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Shang Cheng
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
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RACK1, a versatile hub in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:1890-8. [PMID: 24882575 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RACK1 is a highly conserved intracellular adaptor protein with significant homology to Gβ and was originally identified as the anchoring protein for activated protein kinase C. In the past 20 years, the number of binding partners and validated cellular functions for RACK1 has increased, which facilitates clarification of its involvement in different biological events. In this review, we will focus on its role in cancer, summarizing its aberrant expression, pro- or anti-oncogenic effects and the underlying mechanisms in various cancers.
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Wang B, Yu J, Zhu D, Chang Y, Zhao Q. Maize ZmRACK1 is involved in the plant response to fungal phytopathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9343-59. [PMID: 24865494 PMCID: PMC4100098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) belongs to a protein subfamily containing a tryptophan-aspartic acid-domain (WD) repeat structure. Compelling evidence indicates that RACK1 can interact with many signal molecules and affect different signal transduction pathways. In this study, we cloned a maize RACK1 gene (ZmRACK1) by RT-PCR. The amino acid sequence of ZmRACK1 had seven WD repeats in which there were typical GH (glycine-histidine) and WD dipeptides. Comparison with OsRACK1 from rice revealed 89% identity at the amino acid level. Expression pattern analysis by RT-PCR showed that ZmRACK1 was expressed in all analyzed tissues of maize and that its transcription in leaves was induced by abscisic acid and jasmonate at a high concentration. Overexpression of ZmRACK1 in maize led to a reduction in symptoms caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) on maize leaves. The expression levels of the pathogenesis-related protein genes, PR-1 and PR-5, increased 2.5-3 times in transgenic maize, and reactive oxygen species production was more active than in the wild-type. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that ZmRACK1 could interact with RAC1, RAR1 and SGT1. This study and previous work leads us to believe that ZmRACK1 may form a complex with regulators of plant disease resistance to coordinate maize reactions to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agribiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agribiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dengyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agribiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yujie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Agribiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agribiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Andreeva A, Lee J, Lohia M, Wu X, Macara IG, Lu X. PTK7-Src signaling at epithelial cell contacts mediates spatial organization of actomyosin and planar cell polarity. Dev Cell 2014; 29:20-33. [PMID: 24703874 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility plays a key role in tissue morphogenesis. During mammalian development, PTK7 regulates epithelial morphogenesis and planar cell polarity (PCP) through modulation of actomyosin contractility, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that PTK7 interacts with the tyrosine kinase Src and stimulates Src signaling along cell-cell contacts. We further identify ROCK2 as a target of junctional PTK7-Src signaling. PTK7 knockdown in cultured epithelial cells reduced the level of active Src at cell-cell contacts, resulting in delocalization of ROCK2 from cell-cell contacts and decreased junctional contractility, with a concomitant increase in actomyosin on the basal surface. Moreover, we present in vivo evidence that Src family kinase (SFK) activity is critical for PCP regulation in the auditory sensory epithelium and that PTK7-SFK signaling regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of junctional ROCK2. Together, these results delineate a PTK7-Src signaling module for spatial regulation of ROCK activity, actomyosin contractility, and epithelial PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andreeva
- Department of Cell Biology, P.O. Box 800732, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jianyi Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, P.O. Box 800732, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Madhura Lohia
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiaoji Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, P.O. Box 800732, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Golubkov VS, Strongin AY. Downstream signaling and genome-wide regulatory effects of PTK7 pseudokinase and its proteolytic fragments in cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:15. [PMID: 24618420 PMCID: PMC4007575 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The full-length membrane protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) pseudokinase, an important component of the planar cell polarity and the Wnt canonical and non-canonical pathways, is a subject of step-wise proteolysis in cells and tissues. The proteolysis of PTK7 involves membrane type-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), members of the Disintegrin Domain and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, and γ-secretase. This multi-step proteolysis results in the generation of the digest fragments of PTK7. These fragments may be either liberated into the extracellular milieu or retained on the plasma membrane or released into the cytoplasm and then transported into the nucleus. Results We employed the genome-wide transcriptional and kinome array analyses to determine the role of the full-length membrane PTK7 and its proteolytic fragments in the downstream regulatory mechanisms, with an emphasis on the cell migration-related genes and proteins. Using fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells stably expressing PTK7 and its mutant and truncated species, the structure of which corresponded to the major PTK7 digest fragments, we demonstrated that the full-length membrane 1–1070 PTK7, the N-terminal 1–694 soluble ectodomain fragment, and the C-terminal 622–1070 and 726–1070 fragments differentially regulate multiple genes and signaling pathways in our highly invasive cancer cell model. Immunoblotting of the selected proteins were used to validate the results of our high throughput assays. Conclusions Our results suggest that PTK7 levels need to be tightly controlled to enable migration and that the anti-migratory effect of the full-length membrane PTK7 is linked to the down-regulation of multiple migration-related genes and to the activation of the Akt and c-Jun pathway. In turn, the C-terminal fragments of PTK7 act predominantly via the RAS-ERK and CREB/ATF1 pathway and through the up-regulation of cadherin-11. In general, our data correlate well with the distinct functionality of the full-length receptor tyrosine kinases and their respective intracellular domain (ICD) proteolytic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Golubkov
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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50
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Bin-Nun N, Lichtig H, Malyarova A, Levy M, Elias S, Frank D. PTK7 modulates Wnt signaling activity via LRP6. Development 2014; 141:410-21. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.095984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is a transmembrane protein expressed in the developing Xenopus neural plate. PTK7 regulates vertebrate planar cell polarity (PCP), controlling mesodermal and neural convergent-extension (CE) cell movements, neural crest migration and neural tube closure in vertebrate embryos. Besides CE phenotypes, we now show that PTK7 protein knockdown also inhibits Wnt/β-catenin activity. Canonical Wnt signaling caudalizes the neural plate via direct transcriptional activation of the meis3 TALE-class homeobox gene, which subsequently induces neural CE. PTK7 controls meis3 gene expression to specify posterior tissue and downstream PCP activity. Furthermore, PTK7 morphants phenocopy embryos depleted for Wnt3a, LRP6 and Meis3 proteins. PTK7 protein depletion inhibits embryonic Wnt/β-catenin signaling by strongly reducing LRP6 protein levels. LRP6 protein positively modulates Wnt/β-catenin, but negatively modulates Wnt/PCP activities. The maintenance of high LRP6 protein levels by PTK7 triggers PCP inhibition. PTK7 and LRP6 proteins physically interact, suggesting that PTK7 stabilization of LRP6 protein reciprocally regulates both canonical and noncanonical Wnt activities in the embryo. We suggest a novel role for PTK7 protein as a modulator of LRP6 that negatively regulates Wnt/PCP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Bin-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Hava Lichtig
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Anastasia Malyarova
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michal Levy
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Sara Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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