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Niehrs C, Zapparoli E, Lee H. 'Three signals - three body axes' as patterning principle in bilaterians. Cells Dev 2024:203944. [PMID: 39121910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the three orthogonal body axes, anteroposterior (AP), dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR) are determined at gastrula and neurula stages by the Spemann-Mangold organizer and its equivalents. A common feature of AP and DV axis formation is that an evolutionary conserved interplay between growth factors (Wnt, BMP) and their extracellular antagonists (e.g. Dkk1, Chordin) creates signaling gradients for axial patterning. Recent work showed that LR patterning in Xenopus follows the same principle, with R-spondin 2 (Rspo2) as an extracellular FGF antagonist, which creates a signaling gradient that determines the LR vector. That a triad of anti-FGF, anti-BMP, and anti-Wnt governs LR, DV, and AP axis formation reveals a unifying principle in animal development. We discuss how cross-talk between these three signals confers integrated AP-DV-LR body axis patterning underlying developmental robustness, size scaling, and harmonious regulation. We propose that Urbilateria featured three orthogonal body axes that were governed by a Cartesian coordinate system of orthogonal Wnt/AP, BMP/DV, and FGF/LR signaling gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Hyeyoon Lee
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38366037 PMCID: PMC11199107 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Lim YZ, Zhu M, Wang Y, Sharma T, Kelley S, Oertling E, Zhu H, Corbitt N. Pkd1l1-deficiency drives biliary atresia through ciliary dysfunction in biliary epithelial cells. J Hepatol 2024; 81:62-75. [PMID: 38460793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Syndromic biliary atresia is a cholangiopathy characterized by fibro-obliterative changes in the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) and congenital malformations including laterality defects. The etiology remains elusive and faithful animal models are lacking. Genetic syndromes provide important clues regarding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease. We investigated the role of the gene Pkd1l1 in the pathophysiology of syndromic biliary atresia. METHODS Constitutive and conditional Pkd1l1 knockout mice were generated to explore genetic pathology as a cause of syndromic biliary atresia. We investigated congenital malformations, EHBD and liver pathology, EHBD gene expression, and biliary epithelial cell turnover. Biliary drainage was functionally assessed with cholangiography. Histology and serum chemistries were assessed after DDC (3,5-diethoxycarbony l-1,4-dihydrocollidine) diet treatment and inhibition of the ciliary signaling effector GLI1. RESULTS Pkd1l1-deficient mice exhibited congenital anomalies including malrotation and heterotaxy. Pkd1l1-deficient EHBDs were hypertrophic and fibrotic. Pkd1l1-deficient EHBDs were patent but displayed delayed biliary drainage. Pkd1l1-deficient livers exhibited ductular reaction and periportal fibrosis. After DDC treatment, Pkd1l1-deficient mice exhibited EHBD obstruction and advanced liver fibrosis. Pkd1l1-deficient mice had increased expression of fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling genes (Tgfα, Cdkn1a, Hb-egf, Fgfr3, Pdgfc, Mmp12, and Mmp15) and decreased expression of genes mediating ciliary signaling (Gli1, Gli2, Ptch1, and Ptch2). Primary cilia were reduced on biliary epithelial cells and altered expression of ciliogenesis genes occurred in Pkd1l1-deficient mice. Small molecule inhibition of the ciliary signaling effector GLI1 with Gant61 recapitulated Pkd1l1-deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Pkd1l1 loss causes both laterality defects and fibro-proliferative EHBD transformation through disrupted ciliary signaling, phenocopying syndromic biliary atresia. Pkd1l1-deficient mice function as an authentic genetic model for study of the pathogenesis of biliary atresia. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The syndromic form of biliary atresia is characterized by fibro-obliteration of extrahepatic bile ducts and is often accompanied by laterality defects. The etiology is unknown, but Pkd1l1 was identified as a potential genetic candidate for syndromic biliary atresia. We found that loss of the ciliary gene Pkd1l1 contributes to hepatobiliary pathology in biliary atresia, exhibited by bile duct hypertrophy, reduced biliary drainage, and liver fibrosis in Pkd1l1-deficient mice. Pkd1l1-deficient mice serve as a genetic model of biliary atresia and reveal ciliopathy as an etiology of biliary atresia. This model will help scientists uncover new therapeutic approaches for patients with biliary atresia, while pediatric hepatologists should validate the diagnostic utility of PKD1L1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou Lim
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Min Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Children's Research Institute Mouse Genome Engineering Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yunguan Wang
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Tripti Sharma
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Children's Research Institute Mouse Genome Engineering Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shannon Kelley
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Estelle Oertling
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Children's Research Institute Mouse Genome Engineering Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Natasha Corbitt
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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4
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Gabriel GC, Lo CW. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Defects in Situs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:719-738. [PMID: 38884745 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Left-right patterning is among the least well understood of the three axes defining the body plan, and yet it is no less important, with left-right patterning defects causing structural birth defects with high morbidity and mortality, such as complex congenital heart disease, biliary atresia, or intestinal malrotation. The cell signaling pathways governing left-right asymmetry are highly conserved and involve multiple components of the TGF-β superfamily of cell signaling molecules. Central to left-right patterning is the differential activation of Nodal on the left, and BMP signaling on the right. In addition, a plethora of other cell signaling pathways including Shh, FGF, and Notch also contribute to the regulation of left-right patterning. In vertebrate embryos such as the mouse, frog, or zebrafish, the specification of left-right identity requires the left-right organizer (LRO) containing cells with motile and primary cilia that mediate the left-sided propagation of Nodal signaling, followed by left-sided activation of Lefty and then Pitx2, a transcription factor that specifies visceral organ asymmetry. While this overall scheme is well conserved, there are striking species differences, including the finding that motile cilia do not play a role in left-right patterning in some vertebrates. Surprisingly, the direction of heart looping, one of the first signs of organ left-right asymmetry, was recently shown to be specified by intrinsic cell chirality, not Nodal signaling, possibly a reflection of the early origin of Nodal signaling in radially symmetric organisms. How this intrinsic chirality interacts with downstream molecular pathways regulating visceral organ asymmetry will need to be further investigated to elucidate how disturbance in left-right patterning may contribute to complex CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Gabriel GC, Wu YL, Lo CW. Establishment of Cardiac Laterality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:167-183. [PMID: 38884711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Formation of the vertebrate heart with its complex arterial and venous connections is critically dependent on patterning of the left-right axis during early embryonic development. Abnormalities in left-right patterning can lead to a variety of complex life-threatening congenital heart defects. A highly conserved pathway responsible for left-right axis specification has been uncovered. This pathway involves initial asymmetric activation of a nodal signaling cascade at the embryonic node, followed by its propagation to the left lateral plate mesoderm and activation of left-sided expression of the Pitx2 transcription factor specifying visceral organ asymmetry. Intriguingly, recent work suggests that cardiac laterality is encoded by intrinsic cell and tissue chirality independent of Nodal signaling. Thus, Nodal signaling may be superimposed on this intrinsic chirality, providing additional instructive cues to pattern cardiac situs. The impact of intrinsic chirality and the perturbation of left-right patterning on myofiber organization and cardiac function warrants further investigation. We summarize recent insights gained from studies in animal models and also some human clinical studies in a brief overview of the complex processes regulating cardiac asymmetry and their impact on cardiac function and the pathogenesis of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yijen L Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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7
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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8
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Bucci R, Tunesi F, De Rosa LI, Carrera P, Mancassola G, Catania M, Vezzoli G, Sciarrone Alibrandi MT. Congenital solitary kidney in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Where do known genes end and the unknown begin? Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7917. [PMID: 38028110 PMCID: PMC10663533 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 41-year-old man patient diagnosed with solitary left kidney with few cysts. He has a family history of unilateral renal agenesis (URA) but no for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Genetic testing revealed PKD1 gene intron 11 heterozygous nucleotide variant c.2854-23G>T, but no gene mutation implicated in URA. Just eight cases of ADPKD with one kidney have been recorded globally. PC1 and PC2 disruption, causing primary cilia malformation or absence resulting in relevant in the first embryonic development alteration. Cillia's crucial significance in many diseases will require more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bucci
- U.O. Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Tunesi
- U.O. Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Liliana Italia De Rosa
- U.O. Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Paola Carrera
- Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyIRCCS Hospital San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Giulia Mancassola
- Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyIRCCS Hospital San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Martina Catania
- U.O. Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Giuseppe Vezzoli
- U.O. Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
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9
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Ali RQ, Meyer-Miner A, David-Rachel M, Lee FJH, Wilkins BJ, Karpen SJ, Ciruna B, Ghanekar A, Kamath BM. Loss of zebrafish pkd1l1 causes biliary defects that have implications for biliary atresia splenic malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049326. [PMID: 37675454 PMCID: PMC10581383 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a fibroinflammatory neonatal disease with no effective therapies. A subset of cases (10-20%) is associated with laterality defects - labeled biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) syndrome. Recently, whole-exome sequencing of patients with BASM identified deleterious variants in PKD1L1. PKD1L1 is involved in left-right axis determination; however, its role in cholangiocytes is unknown. We generated the pkd1l1hsc117 allele using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish to determine the role of Pkd1l1 in biliary development and function. Wild-type and mutant larvae were assessed for laterality defects, biliary function and biliary tree architecture at 5 days post fertilization. pkd1l1hsc117 mutant larvae exhibited early left-right patterning defects. The gallbladder was positioned on the left in 47% of mutants compared to 4% of wild-type larvae. Accumulation of PED6 in the gallbladder, an indicator of hepatobiliary function, was significantly reduced in pkd1l1hsc117 mutants (46%) compared to wild-type larvae (4%). pkd1l1hsc117 larvae exhibited fewer biliary epithelial cells and reduced density of the intrahepatic biliary network compared to those in wild-type larvae. These data highlight the essential role of pkd1l1 in normal development and function of the zebrafish biliary system, supporting a role for this gene as a cause of BASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouknuddin Q. Ali
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Anne Meyer-Miner
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marie David-Rachel
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Fiona J. H. Lee
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics Emory, University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5C 2C4, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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10
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Tanaka Y, Morozumi A, Hirokawa N. Nodal flow transfers polycystin to determine mouse left-right asymmetry. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1447-1461.e6. [PMID: 37413993 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Left-dominant [Ca2+]i elevation on the left margin of the ventral node furnishes the initial laterality of mouse embryos. It depends on extracellular leftward fluid flow (nodal flow), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)/sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and the PKD1L1 polycystin subunit, of which interrelationship is still elusive. Here, we show that leftward nodal flow directs PKD1L1-containing fibrous strands and facilitates Nodal-mediated [Ca2+]i elevation on the left margin. We generate KikGR-PKD1L1 knockin mice in order to monitor protein dynamics with a photoconvertible fluorescence protein tag. By imaging those embryos, we have identified fragile meshwork being gradually transferred leftward involving pleiomorphic extracellular events. A portion of the meshwork finally bridges over the left nodal crown cells in an FGFR/Shh-dependent manner. As PKD1L1 N-term is predominantly associated with Nodal on the left margin and that PKD1L1/PKD2 overexpression significantly augments cellular Nodal sensitivity, we propose that leftward transfer of polycystin-containing fibrous strands determines left-right asymmetry in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ai Morozumi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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11
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Tran U, Wessely O. Traveling to the left: A story of PKD1L1-containing vesicles. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1445-1446. [PMID: 37607472 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the left-right asymmetry in vertebrate animals is orchestrated by a series of tightly regulated events. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Tanaka et al. provide a tantalizing model to show how fluid flow in the mouse ventral node becomes integrated in a molecular cellular signature of asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Tran
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Sok P, Sabo A, Almli LM, Jenkins MM, Nembhard WN, Agopian AJ, Bamshad MJ, Blue EE, Brody LC, Brown AL, Browne ML, Canfield MA, Carmichael SL, Chong JX, Dugan-Perez S, Feldkamp ML, Finnell RH, Gibbs RA, Kay DM, Lei Y, Meng Q, Moore CA, Mullikin JC, Muzny D, Olshan AF, Pangilinan F, Reefhuis J, Romitti PA, Schraw JM, Shaw GM, Werler MM, Harpavat S, Lupo PJ. Exome-wide assessment of isolated biliary atresia: A report from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study using child-parent trios and a case-control design to identify novel rare variants. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1546-1556. [PMID: 36942736 PMCID: PMC10947986 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is unknown, but recent studies suggest a role for rare protein-altering variants (PAVs). Exome sequencing data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study on 54 child-parent trios, one child-mother duo, and 1513 parents of children with other birth defects were analyzed. Most (91%) cases were isolated BA. We performed (1) a trio-based analysis to identify rare de novo, homozygous, and compound heterozygous PAVs and (2) a case-control analysis using a sequence kernel-based association test to identify genes enriched with rare PAVs. While we replicated previous findings on PKD1L1, our results do not suggest that recurrent de novo PAVs play important roles in BA susceptibility. In fact, our finding in NOTCH2, a disease gene associated with Alagille syndrome, highlights the difficulty in BA diagnosis. Notably, IFRD2 has been implicated in other gastrointestinal conditions and warrants additional study. Overall, our findings strengthen the hypothesis that the etiology of BA is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagna Sok
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - Mary M. Jenkins
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - Wendy N. Nembhard
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - A. J. Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and
Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas,
USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence C. Brody
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National
Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | | | - Marilyn L. Browne
- Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of
Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Mark A. Canfield
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas
Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Suzan L. Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan-Perez
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcia L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision
Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Yunping Lei
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision
Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Moore
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - James C. Mullikin
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National
Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew F. Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Faith Pangilinan
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National
Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | - Jennita Reefhuis
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of
Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Martha M. Werler
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjiv Harpavat
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas
Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
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13
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Inoue Y, Takeda H. Teratorn and its relatives - a cross-point of distinct mobile elements, transposons and viruses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158023. [PMID: 37187934 PMCID: PMC10175614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (e.g., transposable elements and plasmids) and viruses display significant diversity with various life cycles, but how this diversity emerges remains obscure. We previously reported a novel and giant (180 kb long) mobile element, Teratorn, originally identified in the genome of medaka, Oryzias latipes. Teratorn is a composite DNA transposon created by a fusion of a piggyBac-like DNA transposon (piggyBac) and a novel herpesvirus of the Alloherpesviridae family. Genomic survey revealed that Teratorn-like herpesviruses are widely distributed among teleost genomes, the majority of which are also fused with piggyBac, suggesting that fusion with piggyBac is a trigger for the life-cycle shift of authentic herpesviruses to an intragenomic parasite. Thus, Teratorn-like herpesvirus provides a clear example of how novel mobile elements emerge, that is to say, the creation of diversity. In this review, we discuss the unique sequence and life-cycle characteristics of Teratorn, followed by the evolutionary process of piggyBac-herpesvirus fusion based on the distribution of Teratorn-like herpesviruses (relatives) among teleosts. Finally, we provide other examples of evolutionary associations between different classes of elements and propose that recombination could be a driving force generating novel mobile elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Juan T, Ribeiro da Silva A, Cardoso B, Lim S, Charteau V, Stainier DYR. Multiple pkd and piezo gene family members are required for atrioventricular valve formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:214. [PMID: 36639367 PMCID: PMC9839778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart, and altering their function can result in heart failure. Flow sensing via wall shear stress and wall stretching through the action of mechanosensors can modulate cardiac valve formation. However, the identity and precise role of the key mechanosensors and their effectors remain mostly unknown. Here, we genetically dissect the role of Pkd1a and other mechanosensors in atrioventricular (AV) valve formation in zebrafish and identify a role for several pkd and piezo gene family members in this process. We show that Pkd1a, together with Pkd2, Pkd1l1, and Piezo2a, promotes AV valve elongation and cardiac morphogenesis. Mechanistically, Pkd1a, Pkd2, and Pkd1l1 all repress the expression of klf2a and klf2b, transcription factor genes implicated in AV valve development. Furthermore, we find that the calcium-dependent protein kinase Camk2g is required downstream of Pkd function to repress klf2a expression. Altogether, these data identify, and dissect the role of, several mechanosensors required for AV valve formation, thereby broadening our understanding of cardiac valvulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Juan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Agatha Ribeiro da Silva
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Bárbara Cardoso
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - SoEun Lim
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Violette Charteau
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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15
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Bota C, Martins GG, Lopes SS. Dand5 is involved in zebrafish tailbud cell movement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:989615. [PMID: 36699016 PMCID: PMC9869157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.989615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate development, symmetry breaking occurs in the left-right organizer (LRO). The transfer of asymmetric molecular information to the lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the precise patterning of asymmetric internal organs, such as the heart. However, at the same developmental time, it is crucial to maintain symmetry at the somite level for correct musculature and vertebrae specification. We demonstrate how left-right signals affect the behavior of zebrafish somite cell precursors by using live imaging and fate mapping studies in dand5 homozygous mutants compared to wildtype embryos. We describe a population of cells in the vicinity of the LRO, named Non-KV Sox17:GFP+ Tailbud Cells (NKSTCs), which migrate anteriorly and contribute to future somites. We show that NKSTCs originate in a cluster of cells aligned with the midline, posterior to the LRO, and leave that cluster in a left-right alternating manner, primarily from the left side. Fate mapping revealed that more NKSTCs integrated somites on the left side of the embryo. We then abolished the asymmetric cues from the LRO using dand5-/- mutant embryos and verified that NKSTCs no longer displayed asymmetric patterns. Cell exit from the posterior cluster became bilaterally synchronous in dand5-/- mutants. Our study revealed a new link between somite specification and Dand5 function. The gene dand5 is well known as the first asymmetric gene involved in vertebrate LR development. This study revealed a new link for Dand5 as a player in cell exit from the maturation zone into the presomitic mesoderm, affecting the expression patterns of myogenic factors and tail size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bota
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriel G. Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Susana S. Lopes,
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16
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Forrest K, Barricella AC, Pohar SA, Hinman AM, Amack JD. Understanding laterality disorders and the left-right organizer: Insights from zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1035513. [PMID: 36619867 PMCID: PMC9816872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vital internal organs display a left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement that is established during embryonic development. Disruption of this LR asymmetry-or laterality-can result in congenital organ malformations. Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a complete concordant reversal of internal organs that results in a low occurrence of clinical consequences. Situs ambiguous, which gives rise to Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX), is characterized by discordant development and arrangement of organs that is associated with a wide range of birth defects. The leading cause of health problems in HTX patients is a congenital heart malformation. Mutations identified in patients with laterality disorders implicate motile cilia in establishing LR asymmetry. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SIT and HTX are not fully understood. In several vertebrates, including mouse, frog and zebrafish, motile cilia located in a "left-right organizer" (LRO) trigger conserved signaling pathways that guide asymmetric organ development. Perturbation of LRO formation and/or function in animal models recapitulates organ malformations observed in SIT and HTX patients. This provides an opportunity to use these models to investigate the embryological origins of laterality disorders. The zebrafish embryo has emerged as an important model for investigating the earliest steps of LRO development. Here, we discuss clinical characteristics of human laterality disorders, and highlight experimental results from zebrafish that provide insights into LRO biology and advance our understanding of human laterality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadeen Forrest
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Alexandria C. Barricella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Sonny A. Pohar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anna Maria Hinman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, NY, United States
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17
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Amack JD. Structures and functions of cilia during vertebrate embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:579-596. [PMID: 36367893 PMCID: PMC9805515 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells. In vertebrates, most cells have an immotile primary cilium that mediates cell signaling, and some specialized cells assemble one or multiple cilia that are motile and beat synchronously to move fluids in one direction. Gene mutations that alter cilia structure or function cause a broad spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies that impact virtually every system in the body. A wide range of birth defects associated with ciliopathies underscores critical functions for cilia during embryonic development. In many cases, the mechanisms underlying cilia functions during development and disease remain poorly understood. This review describes different types of cilia in vertebrate embryos and discusses recent research results from diverse model systems that provide novel insights into how cilia form and function during embryo development. The work discussed here not only expands our understanding of in vivo cilia biology, but also opens new questions about cilia and their roles in establishing healthy embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA,,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, New York, USA
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18
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Maser RL, Calvet JP, Parnell SC. The GPCR properties of polycystin-1- A new paradigm. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1035507. [PMID: 36406261 PMCID: PMC9672506 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1035507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-1 (PC1) is an 11-transmembrane (TM) domain-containing protein encoded by the PKD1 gene, the most frequently mutated gene leading to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This large (> 462 kDal) protein has a complex posttranslational maturation process, with over five proteolytic cleavages having been described, and is found at multiple cellular locations. The initial description of the binding and activation of heterotrimeric Gαi/o by the juxtamembrane region of the PC1 cytosolic C-terminal tail (C-tail) more than 20 years ago opened the door to investigations, and controversies, into PC1's potential function as a novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Subsequent biochemical and cellular-based assays supported an ability of the PC1 C-tail to bind numerous members of the Gα protein family and to either inhibit or activate G protein-dependent pathways involved in the regulation of ion channel activity, transcription factor activation, and apoptosis. More recent work has demonstrated an essential role for PC1-mediated G protein regulation in preventing kidney cyst development; however, the mechanisms by which PC1 regulates G protein activity continue to be discovered. Similarities between PC1 and the adhesion class of 7-TM GPCRs, most notably a conserved GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) before the first TM domain, which undergoes autocatalyzed proteolytic cleavage, suggest potential mechanisms for PC1-mediated regulation of G protein signaling. This article reviews the evidence supporting GPCR-like functions of PC1 and their relevance to cystic disease, discusses the involvement of GPS cleavage and potential ligands in regulating PC1 GPCR function, and explores potential connections between PC1 GPCR-like activity and regulation of the channel properties of the polycystin receptor-channel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Maser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - James P. Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Stephen C. Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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19
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A novel nonsense PKD1L1 variant cause heterotaxy syndrome with congenital asplenia in a Han Chinese patient. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:573-577. [PMID: 35691949 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heterotaxy syndrome is a very rare congenital disease, which is caused by the disorder of left-right asymmetry during visceral development. However, pathogenic genetic lesions are found in less than 20% of HS patients. In this cohort study, whole-exome sequencing was performed for 110 patients with situs inversus or situs ambiguous. We identified a novel nonsense variant in PKD1L1(c.1387 C > T; p.463Gln*) in a Chinese patient with heterotaxy syndrome and congenital asplenia. This homozygous variant caused the domain of PKD1L1 complete absence. To our knowledge, this novel variant is the first phenotype of congenital asplenia found in patients with PKD1L1 variants, and the first PKD1L1 variant found in China. Our findings expand the spectrum of PKD1L1 variants and provide support for PKD1L1 variant and congenital asplenia, and the critical role of PKD1L1 during left-right patterning in the Han Chinese population.
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20
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Jalalvand E, Alvelid J, Coceano G, Edwards S, Robertson B, Grillner S, Testa I. ExSTED microscopy reveals contrasting functions of dopamine and somatostatin CSF-c neurons along the lamprey central canal. eLife 2022; 11:73114. [PMID: 35103591 PMCID: PMC8809891 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSF-c) neurons line the central canal of the spinal cord and a subtype of CSF-c neurons expressing somatostatin, forms a homeostatic pH regulating system. Despite their importance, their intricate spatial organization is poorly understood. The function of another subtype of CSF-c neurons expressing dopamine is also investigated. Imaging methods with a high spatial resolution (5-10 nm) are used to resolve the synaptic and ciliary compartments of each individual cell in the spinal cord of the lamprey to elucidate their signalling pathways and to dissect the cellular organization. Here, light-sheet and expansion microscopy resolved the persistent ventral and lateral organization of dopamine- and somatostatin-expressing CSF-c neuronal subtypes. The density of somatostatin-containing dense-core vesicles, resolved by stimulated emission depletion microscopy, was shown to be markedly reduced upon each exposure to either alkaline or acidic pH and being part of a homeostatic response inhibiting movements. Their cilia symmetry was unravelled by stimulated emission depletion microscopy in expanded tissues as sensory with 9 + 0 microtubule duplets. The dopaminergic CSF-c neurons on the other hand have a motile cilium with the characteristic 9 + 2 duplets and are insensitive to pH changes. This novel experimental workflow elucidates the functional role of CSF-c neuron subtypes in situ paving the way for further spatial and functional cell-type classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jalalvand
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Alvelid
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Coceano
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven Edwards
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Testa
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Oliveira I, Jacinto R, Pestana S, Nolasco F, Calado J, Lopes SS, Roxo-Rosa M. Zebrafish Model as a Screen to Prevent Cyst Inflation in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169013. [PMID: 34445719 PMCID: PMC8396643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), kidney cyst growth requires the recruitment of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), the chloride channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis. We have been studying cyst inflation using the zebrafish Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) as model system because we previously demonstrated that knocking down polycystin 2 (PC2) induced a CFTR-mediated enlargement of the organ. We have now quantified the PC2 knockdown by showing that it causes a 73% reduction in the number of KV cilia expressing PC2. According to the literature, this is an essential event in kidney cystogenesis in ADPKD mice. Additionally, we demonstrated that the PC2 knockdown leads to a significant accumulation of CFTR-GFP at the apical region of the KV cells. Furthermore, we determined that KV enlargement is rescued by the injection of Xenopus pkd2 mRNA and by 100 µM tolvaptan treatment, the unique and approved pharmacologic approach for ADPKD management. We expected vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist to lower the cAMP levels of KV-lining cells and, thus, to inactivate CFTR. These findings further support the use of the KV as an in vivo model for screening compounds that may prevent cyst enlargement in this ciliopathy, through CFTR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Oliveira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.O.); (R.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Raquel Jacinto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.O.); (R.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Pestana
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.O.); (R.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Fernando Nolasco
- Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Rua da Beneficência, 8, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Rua da Beneficência, 8, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.N.); (J.C.)
- ToxOmics, Center of ToxicoGenomics & Human Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Santos Lopes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.O.); (R.J.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.L.); (M.R.-R.)
| | - Mónica Roxo-Rosa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.O.); (R.J.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.L.); (M.R.-R.)
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22
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Structural basis for Ca 2+ activation of the heteromeric PKD1L3/PKD2L1 channel. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4871. [PMID: 34381056 PMCID: PMC8357825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heteromeric complex between PKD1L3, a member of the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) protein family, and PKD2L1, also known as TRPP2 or TRPP3, has been a prototype for mechanistic characterization of heterotetrametric TRP-like channels. Here we show that a truncated PKD1L3/PKD2L1 complex with the C-terminal TRP-fold fragment of PKD1L3 retains both Ca2+ and acid-induced channel activities. Cryo-EM structures of this core heterocomplex with or without supplemented Ca2+ were determined at resolutions of 3.1 Å and 3.4 Å, respectively. The heterotetramer, with a pseudo-symmetric TRP architecture of 1:3 stoichiometry, has an asymmetric selectivity filter (SF) guarded by Lys2069 from PKD1L3 and Asp523 from the three PKD2L1 subunits. Ca2+-entrance to the SF vestibule is accompanied by a swing motion of Lys2069 on PKD1L3. The S6 of PKD1L3 is pushed inward by the S4-S5 linker of the nearby PKD2L1 (PKD2L1-III), resulting in an elongated intracellular gate which seals the pore domain. Comparison of the apo and Ca2+-loaded complexes unveils an unprecedented Ca2+ binding site in the extracellular cleft of the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of PKD2L1-III, but not the other three VSDs. Structure-guided mutagenic studies support this unconventional site to be responsible for Ca2+-induced channel activation through an allosteric mechanism.
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Establishment of a Simplified System to Evaluate Salinity Preference and Validation of Behavioral Salinity Selection in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In fishes, it is necessary to select a salinity environment suitable for survival. However, little is known about the mechanisms regarding detection and selection of salinity environments in fish. This study involved the establishment of a simple aquarium system in which fish can swim between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) in a single tank. In this tank, the lower level contained SW, the upper level contained FW, and the FW and SW levels were clearly separated as different salinity areas. Behavioral experiments of salinity environment selection using this simplified system to evaluate salinity preference showed that FW-acclimated medakas preferred FW to SW. In contrast, SW-acclimated medakas preferred SW to FW. These results indicate that euryhaline medakas prefer the saline habitats to which they are acclimated, when able to select the salinity environment. We identified the taste receptor type-2 and polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 genes as possibly related to high-salinity taste in medaka. The expression of these genes increased at certain time points after SW challenges. In this study, we established an aquarium system to facilitate a simple experiment for salinity preference. Our results suggest that the medaka is good model for research related to seawater environment selection in fish.
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24
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Jacinto R, Sampaio P, Roxo-Rosa M, Pestana S, Lopes SS. Pkd2 Affects Cilia Length and Impacts LR Flow Dynamics and Dand5. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624531. [PMID: 33869175 PMCID: PMC8047213 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The left-right (LR) field recognizes the importance of the mechanism involving the calcium permeable channel Polycystin-2. However, whether the early LR symmetry breaking mechanism is exclusively via Polycystin-2 has not been tested. For that purpose, we need to be able to isolate the effects of decreasing the levels of Pkd2 protein from any eventual effects on flow dynamics. Here we demonstrate that curly-up (cup) homozygous mutants have abnormal flow dynamics. In addition, we performed one cell stage Pkd2 knockdowns and LR organizer specific Pkd2 knockdowns and observed that both techniques resulted in shorter cilia length and abnormal flow dynamics. We conclude that Pkd2 reduction leads to LR defects that cannot be assigned exclusively to its putative role in mediating mechanosensation because indirectly, by modifying cell shape or decreasing cilia length, Pkd2 deficit affects LR flow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Jacinto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sampaio
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Roxo-Rosa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Pestana
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana S Lopes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Correa ARE, Endrakanti M, Naini K, Kabra M, Gupta N. Hydrops fetalis in PKD1L1-related heterotaxy: Report of two foetuses and expanding the phenotypic and molecular spectrum. Ann Hum Genet 2021; 85:138-145. [PMID: 33655537 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the normal left-right axis asymmetry range from situs inversus totalis to situs ambiguous or heterotaxy. More than 80 genes have been described to have a role in the establishment of the normal situs of the internal organs. Pathogenic variants in the PKD1L1 gene have recently been described in heterotaxy and congenital heart disease. Till date, 11 families have been described with PKD1L1-related heterotaxy. We describe the first Indian family with two affected foetuses with PKD1L1-related nonimmune hydrops, congenital heart disease, situs inversus, and heterotaxy, with biallelic variants in the compound heterozygous state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Reginald Errol Correa
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mounika Endrakanti
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kamal Naini
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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26
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Little RB, Norris DP. Right, left and cilia: How asymmetry is established. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:11-18. [PMID: 32571625 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The initial breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in the embryo is controlled by a motile-cilia-driven leftward fluid flow in the left-right organiser (LRO), resulting in L-R asymmetric gene expression flanking the LRO. Ultimately this results in left- but not right-sided activation of the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway in more lateral tissues. While aspects of the initial breaking event clearly vary between vertebrates, events in the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (LPM) are conserved through the vertebrate lineage. Evidence from model systems and humans highlights the role of cilia both in the initial symmetry breaking and in the ability of more lateral tissues to exhibit asymmetric gene expression. In this review we concentrate on the process of L-R determination in mouse and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie B Little
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Dominic P Norris
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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27
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Corkins ME, Krneta-Stankic V, Kloc M, Miller RK. Aquatic models of human ciliary diseases. Genesis 2021; 59:e23410. [PMID: 33496382 PMCID: PMC8593908 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based structures that either transmit information into the cell or move fluid outside of the cell. There are many human diseases that arise from malfunctioning cilia. Although mammalian models provide vital insights into the underlying pathology of these diseases, aquatic organisms such as Xenopus and zebrafish provide valuable tools to help screen and dissect out the underlying causes of these diseases. In this review we focus on recent studies that identify or describe different types of human ciliopathies and outline how aquatic organisms have aided our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genes & Development, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist, Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Rachel K. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Houston Texas 77030
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28
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Turakhia Y, Chen HI, Marcovitz A, Bejerano G. A fully-automated method discovers loss of mouse-lethal and human-monogenic disease genes in 58 mammals. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e91. [PMID: 32614390 PMCID: PMC7498332 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene losses provide an insightful route for studying the morphological and physiological adaptations of species, but their discovery is challenging. Existing genome annotation tools focus on annotating intact genes and do not attempt to distinguish nonfunctional genes from genes missing annotation due to sequencing and assembly artifacts. Previous attempts to annotate gene losses have required significant manual curation, which hampers their scalability for the ever-increasing deluge of newly sequenced genomes. Using extreme sequence erosion (amino acid deletions and substitutions) and sister species support as an unambiguous signature of loss, we developed an automated approach for detecting high-confidence gene loss events across a species tree. Our approach relies solely on gene annotation in a single reference genome, raw assemblies for the remaining species to analyze, and the associated phylogenetic tree for all organisms involved. Using human as reference, we discovered over 400 unique human ortholog erosion events across 58 mammals. This includes dozens of clade-specific losses of genes that result in early mouse lethality or are associated with severe human congenital diseases. Our discoveries yield intriguing potential for translational medical genetics and evolutionary biology, and our approach is readily applicable to large-scale genome sequencing efforts across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatish Turakhia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heidi I Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amir Marcovitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gill Bejerano
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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29
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Maser RL, Calvet JP. Adhesion GPCRs as a paradigm for understanding polycystin-1 G protein regulation. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109637. [PMID: 32305667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1, whose mutation is the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, is an extremely large and multi-faceted membrane protein whose primary or proximal cyst-preventing function remains undetermined. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that modulation of cellular signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins is a critical function of polycystin-1. The presence of a cis-autocatalyzed, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolytic cleavage site, or GPS, in its extracellular N-terminal domain immediately preceding the first transmembrane domain is one of the notable conserved features of the polycystin-1-like protein family, and also of the family of cell adhesion GPCRs. Adhesion GPCRs are one of five families within the GPCR superfamily and are distinguished by a large N-terminal extracellular region consisting of multiple adhesion modules with a GPS-containing GAIN domain and bimodal functions in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Recent advances from studies of adhesion GPCRs provide a new paradigm for unraveling the mechanisms by which polycystin-1-associated G protein signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. This review highlights the structural and functional features shared by polycystin-1 and the adhesion GPCRs and discusses the implications of such similarities for our further understanding of the functions of this complicated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Maser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - James P Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Mutations in the polycystins PC1 or PC2 cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is characterized by the formation of fluid-filled renal cysts that disrupt renal architecture and function, ultimately leading to kidney failure in the majority of patients. Although the genetic basis of ADPKD is now well established, the physiological function of polycystins remains obscure and a matter of intense debate. The structural determination of both the homomeric PC2 and heteromeric PC1-PC2 complexes, as well as the electrophysiological characterization of PC2 in the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells, provided new valuable insights into the mechanisms of ADPKD pathogenesis. Current findings indicate that PC2 can function independently of PC1 in the primary cilium of renal collecting duct epithelial cells to form a channel that is mainly permeant to monovalent cations and is activated by both membrane depolarization and an increase in intraciliary calcium. In addition, PC2 functions as a calcium-activated calcium release channel at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Structural studies indicate that the heteromeric PC1-PC2 complex comprises one PC1 and three PC2 channel subunits. Surprisingly, several positively charged residues from PC1 occlude the ionic pore of the PC1-PC2 complex, suggesting that pathogenic polycystin mutations might cause ADPKD independently of an effect on channel permeation. Emerging reports of novel structural and functional findings on polycystins will continue to elucidate the molecular basis of ADPKD.
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31
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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32
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Cartwright JHE, Piro O, Tuval I. Chemosensing versus mechanosensing in nodal and Kupffer's vesicle cilia and in other left-right organizer organs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190566. [PMID: 31884912 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How is sensing carried out by cilia in the mouse node, zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle and similar left-right (LR) organizer organs in other species? Two possibilities have been put forward. In the former, cilia would detect some chemical species in the fluid; in the latter, they would detect fluid flow. In either case, the hypothesis is that an imbalance would be detected between this signalling coming from cilia on the left and right sides of the organizer, which would initiate a cascade of signals leading ultimately to the breaking of LR symmetry in the developing body plan of the organism. We review the evidence for both hypotheses. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Oreste Piro
- Departamento de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Departamento de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, CSIC-Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07190 Mallorca, Spain
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Berauer JP, Mezina AI, Okou DT, Sabo A, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Hegde MR, Chopra P, Cutler DJ, Perlmutter DH, Bull LN, Thompson RJ, Loomes KM, Spinner NB, Rajagopalan R, Guthery SL, Moore B, Yandell M, Harpavat S, Magee JC, Kamath BM, Molleston JP, Bezerra JA, Murray KF, Alonso EM, Rosenthal P, Squires RH, Wang KS, Finegold MJ, Russo P, Sherker AH, Sokol RJ, Karpen SJ. Identification of Polycystic Kidney Disease 1 Like 1 Gene Variants in Children With Biliary Atresia Splenic Malformation Syndrome. Hepatology 2019; 70:899-910. [PMID: 30664273 PMCID: PMC6642859 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in children and the primary indication for pediatric liver transplantation, yet underlying etiologies remain unknown. Approximately 10% of infants affected by BA exhibit various laterality defects (heterotaxy) including splenic abnormalities and complex cardiac malformations-a distinctive subgroup commonly referred to as the biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) syndrome. We hypothesized that genetic factors linking laterality features with the etiopathogenesis of BA in BASM patients could be identified through whole-exome sequencing (WES) of an affected cohort. DNA specimens from 67 BASM subjects, including 58 patient-parent trios, from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-supported Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN) underwent WES. Candidate gene variants derived from a prespecified set of 2,016 genes associated with ciliary dysgenesis and/or dysfunction or cholestasis were prioritized according to pathogenicity, population frequency, and mode of inheritance. Five BASM subjects harbored rare and potentially deleterious biallelic variants in polycystic kidney disease 1 like 1 (PKD1L1), a gene associated with ciliary calcium signaling and embryonic laterality determination in fish, mice, and humans. Heterozygous PKD1L1 variants were found in 3 additional subjects. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver from the one BASM subject available revealed decreased PKD1L1 expression in bile duct epithelium when compared to normal livers and livers affected by other noncholestatic diseases. Conclusion: WES identified biallelic and heterozygous PKD1L1 variants of interest in 8 BASM subjects from the ChiLDReN data set; the dual roles for PKD1L1 in laterality determination and ciliary function suggest that PKD1L1 is a biologically plausible, cholangiocyte-expressed candidate gene for the BASM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Berauer
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anya I. Mezina
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David T. Okou
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Madhuri R. Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David H. Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura N. Bull
- Department of Medicine; Institute for Human Genetics, and Liver Center Laboratory, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Division of Genomic Diagnostics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Division of Genomic Diagnostics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen L. Guthery
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; University of Utah; and Intermountain Primary Children’s Hospital Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Barry Moore
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sanjiv Harpavat
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John C. Magee
- University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jean P. Molleston
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Indiana University School of Medicine and Riley Hospital for Children; Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jorge A. Bezerra
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Karen F. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children’s Hospital; Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Estella M. Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago; Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert H. Squires
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Kasper S. Wang
- Department of Surgery; Division of Pediatric Surgery; Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles; University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CO, 90027, USA
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pediatrics; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pierre Russo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Averell H. Sherker
- Liver Diseases Research Branch; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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R Ferreira R, Fukui H, Chow R, Vilfan A, Vermot J. The cilium as a force sensor-myth versus reality. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/14/jcs213496. [PMID: 31363000 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to sense their mechanical environment during the growth of developing tissues and maintenance of adult tissues. The concept of force-sensing mechanisms that act through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions is now well established and accepted. Additionally, it is widely believed that force sensing can be mediated through cilia. Yet, this hypothesis is still debated. By using primary cilia sensing as a paradigm, we describe the physical requirements for cilium-mediated mechanical sensing and discuss the different hypotheses of how this could work. We review the different mechanosensitive channels within the cilium, their potential mode of action and their biological implications. In addition, we describe the biological contexts in which cilia are acting - in particular, the left-right organizer - and discuss the challenges to discriminate between cilium-mediated chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Throughout, we provide perspectives on how quantitative analysis and physics-based arguments might help to better understand the biological mechanisms by which cells use cilia to probe their mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Department of Living Matter Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany .,J. Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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35
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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36
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Le Fevre A, Baptista J, Ellard S, Overton T, Oliver A, Gradhand E, Scurr I. Compound heterozygous Pkd1l1 variants in a family with two fetuses affected by heterotaxy and complex Chd. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103657. [PMID: 31026592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotaxy and congenital heart defects associated with pathogenic variants in the PKD1L1 gene (autosomal visceral heterotaxy type 8, MIM 617205) has been reported in only four individuals from three unrelated families. We describe a further family with two affected fetuses and novel compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in PKD1L1. PKD1L1 has been shown to function in the ciliary sensation of nodal flow at the embryo primitive node and in the restriction of NODAL signalling to the left lateral. plate mesoderm, mechanisms involved in the development of laterality in vertebrates. Individuals affected with this autosomal recessive condition have variable thoracic and abdominal situs. Features of CHD and other anomalies vary between and within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Fevre
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia Baptista
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Sian Ellard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy Overton
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Ann Oliver
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elise Gradhand
- Paediatric and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingrid Scurr
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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37
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Lateralized expression of left-right axis formation genes is shared by adult brains of lefty and righty scale-eating cichlids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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38
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Neurocristopathies: New insights 150 years after the neural crest discovery. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S110-S143. [PMID: 29802835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent and migratory cell population that generates an astonishingly diverse array of cell types during vertebrate development. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies (NCP) are a class of pathologies occurring in vertebrates, especially in humans that result from the abnormal specification, migration, differentiation or death of neural crest cells during embryonic development. Various pigment, skin, thyroid and hearing disorders, craniofacial and heart abnormalities, malfunctions of the digestive tract and tumors can also be considered as neurocristopathies. In this review we revisit the current classification and propose a new way to classify NCP based on the embryonic origin of the affected tissues, on recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms that drive NC formation, and on the increased complexity of current molecular embryology techniques.
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39
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Burdine RD, Grimes DT. Antagonistic interactions in the zebrafish midline prior to the emergence of asymmetric gene expression are important for left-right patterning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0402. [PMID: 27821532 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of the internal organs of vertebrates is presaged by domains of asymmetric gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) during somitogenesis. Ciliated L-R coordinators (LRCs) are critical for biasing the initiation of asymmetrically expressed genes, such as nodal and pitx2, to the left LPM. Other midline structures, including the notochord and floorplate, are then required to maintain these asymmetries. Here we report an unexpected role for the zebrafish EGF-CFC gene one-eyed pinhead (oep) in the midline to promote pitx2 expression in the LPM. Late zygotic oep (LZoep) mutants have strongly reduced or absent pitx2 expression in the LPM, but this expression can be rescued to strong levels by restoring oep in midline structures only. Furthermore, removing midline structures from LZoep embryos can rescue pitx2 expression in the LPM, suggesting the midline is a source of an LPM pitx2 repressor that is itself inhibited by oep Reducing lefty1 activity in LZoep embryos mimics removal of the midline, implicating lefty1 in the midline-derived repression. Together, this suggests a model where Oep in the midline functions to overcome a midline-derived repressor, involving lefty1, to allow for the expression of left side-specific genes in the LPM.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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40
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Ma M, Gallagher AR, Somlo S. Ciliary Mechanisms of Cyst Formation in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a028209. [PMID: 28320755 PMCID: PMC5666631 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a disease of defective tissue homeostasis resulting in active remodeling of nephrons and bile ducts to form fluid-filled sacs called cysts. The causal genes PKD1 and PKD2 encode transmembrane proteins polycystin 1 (PC1) and polycystin 2 (PC2), respectively. Together, the polycystins localize to the solitary primary cilium that protrudes from the apical surface of most kidney tubule cells and is thought to function as a privileged compartment that the cell uses for signal integration of sensory inputs. It has been proposed that PC1 and PC2 form a receptor-channel complex that detects external stimuli and transmit a local calcium-mediated signal, which may control a multitude of cellular processes by an as-yet unknown mechanism. Genetic studies using mouse models of cilia and polycystin dysfunction have shown that polycystins regulate an unknown cilia-dependent signal that is normally part of the homeostatic maintenance of nephron structure. ADPKD ensues when this pathway is dysregulated by absence of polycystins from intact cilia, but disruption of cilia also disrupts this signaling mechanism and ameliorates ADPKD even in the absence of polycystins. Understanding the role of cilia and ciliary signaling in ADPKD is challenging, but success will provide saltatory advances in our understanding of how tubule structure is maintained in healthy kidneys and how disruption of polycystin or cilia function leads to the pathological tissue remodeling process underlying ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Anna-Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
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41
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Shinohara K, Hamada H. Cilia in Left-Right Symmetry Breaking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028282. [PMID: 28213464 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Visceral organs of vertebrates show left-right (L-R) asymmetry with regard to their position and morphology. Cilia play essential role in generating L-R asymmetry. A number of genes required for L-R asymmetry have now been identified in vertebrates, including human, many of which contribute to the formation and motility of cilia. In the mouse embryo, breaking of L-R symmetry occurs in the ventral node, where two types of cilia (motile and immotile) are present. Motile cilia are located at the central region of the node, and generate a leftward fluid flow. These motile cilia at the node are unique in that they rotate in the clockwise direction, unlike other immotile cilia such as airway cilia that show planar beating. The second type of cilia essential for L-R asymmetry is immotile cilia that are peripherally located immotile cilia. They sense a flow-dependent signal, which is either chemical or mechanical in nature. Although Ca2+ signaling is implicated in flow sensing, the precise mechanism remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Shinohara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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42
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Complete fusion of a transposon and herpesvirus created the Teratorn mobile element in medaka fish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:551. [PMID: 28916771 PMCID: PMC5601938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (e.g., transposable elements and viruses) display significant diversity with various life cycles, but how novel elements emerge remains obscure. Here, we report a giant (180-kb long) transposon, Teratorn, originally identified in the genome of medaka, Oryzias latipes. Teratorn belongs to the piggyBac superfamily and retains the transposition activity. Remarkably, Teratorn is largely derived from a herpesvirus of the Alloherpesviridae family that could infect fish and amphibians. Genomic survey of Teratorn-like elements reveals that some of them exist as a fused form between piggyBac transposon and herpesvirus genome in teleosts, implying the generality of transposon-herpesvirus fusion. We propose that Teratorn was created by a unique fusion of DNA transposon and herpesvirus, leading to life cycle shift. Our study supports the idea that recombination is the key event in generation of novel mobile genetic elements. Teratorn is a large mobile genetic element originally identified in the small teleost fish medaka. Here, the authors show that Teratorn is derived from the fusion of a piggyBac superfamily DNA transposon and an alloherpesvirus and that it is widely found across teleost fish.
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43
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Kobayashi D, Asano-Hoshino A, Nakakura T, Nishimaki T, Ansai S, Kinoshita M, Ogawa M, Hagiwara H, Yokoyama T. Loss of zinc finger MYND-type containing 10 (zmynd10) affects cilia integrity and axonemal localization of dynein arms, resulting in ciliary dysmotility, polycystic kidney and scoliosis in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Dev Biol 2017; 430:69-79. [PMID: 28823919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles that project from the cell surface and play important roles in motility and sensory perception. Motility defects in cilia and flagella lead to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare human disease. Recently zinc finger MYND-type containing 10 (ZMYND10) was identified in humans as a PCD-associated gene. In this study, we use medaka fish as a model to characterize the precise functions of zmynd10. In medaka, zmynd10 is exclusively expressed in cells with motile cilia. Embryos with zmynd10 Morpholino knockdown exhibited a left-right (LR) defect associated with loss of motility in Kupffer's vesicle (KV) cilia. This immotility was caused by loss of the outer dynein arms, which is a characteristic ultrastructural phenotype in PCD. In addition, KV cilia in zmynd10 knockdown embryos had a swollen and wavy morphology. Together, these results suggest that zmynd10 is a multi-functional protein that has independent roles in axonemal localization of dynein arms and in formation and/or maintenance of cilia. The C-terminal region of zmynd10 has a MYND-type zinc finger domain (zf-MYND) that is important for its function. Our rescue experiment showed that the zmynd10-ΔC truncated protein, which lacks zf-MYND, was still partially functional, suggesting that zmynd10 has another functional domain besides zf-MYND. To analyze the later stages of development, we generated a zmynd10 knockout mutant using transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology. Adult mutants exhibited sperm dysmotility, scoliosis and progressive polycystic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Anshin Asano-Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Nishimaki
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Motoyuki Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Haruo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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44
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Grimes DT, Burdine RD. Left-Right Patterning: Breaking Symmetry to Asymmetric Morphogenesis. Trends Genet 2017; 33:616-628. [PMID: 28720483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit striking left-right (L-R) asymmetries in the structure and position of the internal organs. Symmetry is broken by motile cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flow, resulting in a signaling cascade - the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway - being robustly established within mesodermal tissue on the left side only. This pathway impinges upon various organ primordia to instruct their side-specific development. Recently, progress has been made in understanding both the breaking of embryonic L-R symmetry and how the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway controls lateralized cell differentiation, migration, and other aspects of cell behavior, as well as tissue-level mechanisms, that drive asymmetries in organ formation. Proper execution of asymmetric organogenesis is critical to health, making furthering our understanding of L-R development an important concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Grimes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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45
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Busch T, Köttgen M, Hofherr A. TRPP2 ion channels: Critical regulators of organ morphogenesis in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2017; 66:25-32. [PMID: 28807147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels control the membrane potential and mediate transport of ions across membranes. Archetypical physiological functions of ion channels include processes such as regulation of neuronal excitability, muscle contraction, or transepithelial ion transport. In that regard, transient receptor potential ion channel polycystin 2 (TRPP2) is remarkable, because it controls complex morphogenetic processes such as the establishment of properly shaped epithelial tubules and left-right-asymmetry of organs. The fascinating question of how an ion channel regulates morphogenesis has since captivated the attention of scientists in different disciplines. Four loosely connected key insights on different levels of biological complexity ranging from protein to whole organism have framed our understanding of TRPP2 physiology: 1) TRPP2 is a non-selective cation channel; 2) TRPP2 is part of a receptor-ion channel complex; 3) TRPP2 localizes to primary cilia; and 4) TRPP2 is required for organ morphogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge in these key areas and highlight some of the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Busch
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Köttgen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Alexis Hofherr
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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46
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Ferreira RR, Vermot J. The balancing roles of mechanical forces during left-right patterning and asymmetric morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2017; 144:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Pintado P, Sampaio P, Tavares B, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Smith DJ, Lopes SS. Dynamics of cilia length in left-right development. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:161102. [PMID: 28405397 PMCID: PMC5383854 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in the length of motile cilia in the zebrafish left-right organizer (LRO), also known as Kupffer's vesicle, has a large impact on left-right development. Here we demonstrate through genetic overexpression in zebrafish embryos and mathematical modelling that the impact of increased motile cilia length in embryonic LRO fluid flow is milder than that of short cilia. Through Arl13b overexpression, which increases cilia length without impacting cilia beat frequency, we show that the increase in cilium length is associated with a decrease in beat amplitude, resulting in similar flow strengths for Arl13b overexpression and wild-type (WT) embryos, which were not predicted by current theory. Longer cilia exhibit pronounced helical beat patterns and, consequently, lower beat amplitudes relative to WT, a result of an elastohydrodynamic shape transition. For long helical cilia, fluid dynamics modelling predicts a mild (approx. 12%) reduction in the torque exerted on the fluid relative to the WT, resulting in a proportional reduction in flow generation. This mild reduction is corroborated by experiments, providing a mechanism for the mild impact on organ situs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Pintado
- NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, CEDOC, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P. Sampaio
- NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, CEDOC, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - B. Tavares
- NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, CEDOC, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - D. J. Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - S. S. Lopes
- NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, CEDOC, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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48
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England SJ, Campbell PC, Banerjee S, Swanson AJ, Lewis KE. Identification and Expression Analysis of the Complete Family of Zebrafish pkd Genes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:5. [PMID: 28271061 PMCID: PMC5318412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) proteins are trans-membrane proteins that have crucial roles in many aspects of vertebrate development and physiology, including the development of many organs as well as left–right patterning and taste. They can be divided into structurally-distinct PKD1-like and PKD2-like proteins and usually one PKD1-like protein forms a heteromeric polycystin complex with a PKD2-like protein. For example, PKD1 forms a complex with PKD2 and mutations in either of these proteins cause Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), which is the most frequent potentially-lethal single-gene disorder in humans. Here, we identify the complete family of pkd genes in zebrafish and other teleosts. We describe the genomic locations and sequences of all seven genes: pkd1, pkd1b, pkd1l1, pkd1l2a, pkd1l2b, pkd2, and pkd2l1. pkd1l2a/pkd1l2b are likely to be ohnologs of pkd1l2, preserved from the whole genome duplication that occurred at the base of the teleosts. However, in contrast to mammals and cartilaginous and holostei fish, teleosts lack pkd2l2, and pkdrej genes, suggesting that these have been lost in the teleost lineage. In addition, teleost, and holostei fish have only a partial pkd1l3 sequence, suggesting that this gene may be in the process of being lost in the ray-finned fish lineage. We also provide the first comprehensive description of the expression of zebrafish pkd genes during development. In most structures we detect expression of one pkd1-like gene and one pkd2-like gene, consistent with these genes encoding a heteromeric protein complex. For example, we found that pkd2 and pkd1l1 are expressed in Kupffer's vesicle and pkd1 and pkd2 are expressed in the developing pronephros. In the spinal cord, we show that pkd1l2a and pkd2l1 are co-expressed in KA cells. We also identify potential co-expression of pkd1b and pkd2 in the floor-plate. Interestingly, and in contrast to mouse, we observe expression of all seven pkd genes in regions that may correspond to taste receptors. Taken together, these results provide a crucial catalog of pkd genes in an important model system for elucidating cell and developmental processes and modeling human diseases and the most comprehensive analysis of embryonic pkd gene expression in any vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul C Campbell
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University Syracuse, NY, USA
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49
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Salehi-Najafabadi Z, Li B, Valentino V, Ng C, Martin H, Yu Y, Wang Z, Kashyap P, Yu Y. Extracellular Loops Are Essential for the Assembly and Function of Polycystin Receptor-Ion Channel Complexes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4210-4221. [PMID: 28154010 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin complexes, or TRPP-PKD complexes, made of transient receptor potential channel polycystin (TRPP) and polycystic kidney disease (PKD) proteins, play key roles in coupling extracellular stimuli with intracellular Ca2+ signals. For example, the TRPP2-PKD1 complex has a crucial function in renal physiology, with mutations in either protein causing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. In contrast, the TRPP3-PKD1L3 complex responds to low pH and was proposed to be a sour taste receptor candidate. It has been shown previously that the protein partners interact via association of the C-terminal or transmembrane segments, with consequences for the assembly, surface expression, and function of the polycystin complexes. However, the roles of extracellular components, especially the loops that connect the transmembrane segments, in the assembly and function of the polycystin complex are largely unknown. Here, with an immunoprecipitation method, we found that extracellular loops between the first and second transmembrane segments of TRPP2 and TRPP3 associate with the extracellular loops between the sixth and seventh transmembrane segments of PKD1 and PKD1L3, respectively. Immunofluorescence and electrophysiology data further confirm that the associations between these loops are essential for the trafficking and function of the complexes. Interestingly, most of the extracellular loops are also found to be involved in homomeric assembly. Furthermore, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease-associated TRPP2 mutant T448K significantly weakened TRPP2 homomeric assembly but had no obvious effect on TRPP2-PKD1 heteromeric assembly. Our results demonstrate a crucial role of these functionally underexplored extracellular loops in the assembly and function of the polycystin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Li
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Victoria Valentino
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Courtney Ng
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Hannah Martin
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Yang Yu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Zhifei Wang
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Parul Kashyap
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Yong Yu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
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50
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Trulioff A, Ermakov A, Malashichev Y. Primary Cilia as a Possible Link between Left-Right Asymmetry and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020048. [PMID: 28125008 PMCID: PMC5333037 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia have multiple functions in the development of the entire organism, and participate in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. In the last decade, studies have shown that they are implicated in the development of the visceral left-right asymmetry in different vertebrates. At the same time, some neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and dyslexia, are known to be associated with lateralization failure. In this review, we consider possible links in the mechanisms of determination of visceral asymmetry and brain lateralization, through cilia. We review the functions of seven genes associated with both cilia, and with neurodevelopmental diseases, keeping in mind their possible role in the establishment of the left-right brain asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Trulioff
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander Ermakov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlov, 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Yegor Malashichev
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlov, 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia.
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