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Martínez-Abarca Millán A, Martín-Bermudo MD. Integrins Can Act as Suppressors of Ras-Mediated Oncogenesis in the Drosophila Wing Disc Epithelium. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5432. [PMID: 38001693 PMCID: PMC10670217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Key to cancer initiation and progression is the crosstalk between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major component of the tumour microenvironment and integrins, main cell-ECM adhesion receptors, are involved in every step of cancer progression. However, accumulating evidence has shown that integrins can act as tumour promoters but also as tumour suppressor factors, revealing that the biological roles of integrins in cancer are complex. This incites a better understating of integrin function in cancer progression. To achieve this goal, simple model organisms, such as Drosophila, offer great potential to unravel underlying conceptual principles. Here, we find that in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium the βPS integrins act as suppressors of tumours induced by a gain of function of the oncogenic form of Ras, RasV12. We show that βPS integrin depletion enhances the growth, delamination and invasive behaviour of RasV12 tumour cells, as well as their ability to affect the tumour microenvironment. These results strongly suggest that integrin function as tumour suppressors might be evolutionarily conserved. Drosophila can be used to understand the complex tumour modulating activities conferred by integrins, thus facilitating drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María D. Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Colombani J, Andersen DS. Drosophila TNF/TNFRs: At the crossroad between metabolism, immunity, and tissue homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2416-2432. [PMID: 37567762 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a highly conserved proinflammatory cytokine with important functions in immunity, tissue repair, and cellular homeostasis. Due to the simplicity of the Drosophila TNF-TNF receptor (TNFR) system and a broad genetic toolbox, the fly has played a pivotal role in deciphering the mechanisms underlying TNF-mediated physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of how local and systemic sources of Egr/TNF contribute to its antitumor and tumor-promoting properties, and its emerging functions in adaptive growth responses, sleep regulation, and adult tissue homeostasis. The recent annotation of TNF as an adipokine and its indisputable contribution to obesity- and cancer-associated metabolic diseases have provoked a new area of research focusing on its dual function in regulating immunity and energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR signaling in coupling immune and metabolic processes and how this might be relevant in the adaption of host to environmental stresses, or, in the case of obesity, promote metabolic derangements and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colombani
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte S Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Martínez-Abarca Millán A, Soler Beatty J, Valencia Expósito A, Martín-Bermudo MD. Drosophila as Model System to Study Ras-Mediated Oncogenesis: The Case of the Tensin Family of Proteins. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1502. [PMID: 37510408 PMCID: PMC10379045 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the small GTPase Ras contribute to ~30% of human cancers. However, tissue growth induced by oncogenic Ras is restrained by the induction of cellular senescence, and additional mutations are required to induce tumor progression. Therefore, identifying cooperating cancer genes is of paramount importance. Recently, the tensin family of focal adhesion proteins, TNS1-4, have emerged as regulators of carcinogenesis, yet their role in cancer appears somewhat controversial. Around 90% of human cancers are of epithelial origin. We have used the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium as a model system to gain insight into the roles of two orthologs of human TNS2 and 4, blistery (by) and PVRAP, in epithelial cancer progression. We have generated null mutations in PVRAP and found that, as is the case for by and mammalian tensins, PVRAP mutants are viable. We have also found that elimination of either PVRAP or by potentiates RasV12-mediated wing disc hyperplasia. Furthermore, our results have unraveled a mechanism by which tensins may limit Ras oncogenic capacity, the regulation of cell shape and growth. These results demonstrate that Drosophila tensins behave as suppressors of Ras-driven tissue hyperplasia, suggesting that the roles of tensins as modulators of cancer progression might be evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Abarca Millán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jennifer Soler Beatty
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrea Valencia Expósito
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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4
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Proietto M, Crippa M, Damiani C, Pasquale V, Sacco E, Vanoni M, Gilardi M. Tumor heterogeneity: preclinical models, emerging technologies, and future applications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1164535. [PMID: 37188201 PMCID: PMC10175698 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1164535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity describes the differences among cancer cells within and between tumors. It refers to cancer cells describing variations in morphology, transcriptional profiles, metabolism, and metastatic potential. More recently, the field has included the characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment and the depiction of the dynamics underlying the cellular interactions promoting the tumor ecosystem evolution. Heterogeneity has been found in most tumors representing one of the most challenging behaviors in cancer ecosystems. As one of the critical factors impairing the long-term efficacy of solid tumor therapy, heterogeneity leads to tumor resistance, more aggressive metastasizing, and recurrence. We review the role of the main models and the emerging single-cell and spatial genomic technologies in our understanding of tumor heterogeneity, its contribution to lethal cancer outcomes, and the physiological challenges to consider in designing cancer therapies. We highlight how tumor cells dynamically evolve because of the interactions within the tumor immune microenvironment and how to leverage this to unleash immune recognition through immunotherapy. A multidisciplinary approach grounded in novel bioinformatic and computational tools will allow reaching the integrated, multilayered knowledge of tumor heterogeneity required to implement personalized, more efficient therapies urgently required for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Proietto
- Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Martina Crippa
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Damiani
- Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe /Centre of Systems Biology (ISBE/SYSBIO) Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, School of Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe /Centre of Systems Biology (ISBE/SYSBIO) Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, School of Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe /Centre of Systems Biology (ISBE/SYSBIO) Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, School of Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe /Centre of Systems Biology (ISBE/SYSBIO) Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, School of Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Vanoni, ; Mara Gilardi,
| | - Mara Gilardi
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Salk Cancer Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Marco Vanoni, ; Mara Gilardi,
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5
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Zhu JY, Huang X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Zheng P, Liu Y, Han Z. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of hypoxia signaling attenuates oncogenic RAS-induced cancer phenotypes. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:272327. [PMID: 34580712 PMCID: PMC8617310 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras mutations are highly prevalent in hematopoietic malignancies. However, it is difficult to directly target oncogenic RAS proteins for therapeutic intervention. We have developed a Drosophila acute myeloid leukemia model induced by human KRASG12V, which exhibits a dramatic increase in myeloid-like leukemia cells. We performed both genetic and drug screens using this model. The genetic screen identified 24 candidate genes able to attenuate the oncogenic RAS-induced phenotype, including two key hypoxia pathway genes HIF1A and ARNT (HIF1B). The drug screen revealed that echinomycin, an inhibitor of HIF1A, can effectively attenuate the leukemia phenotype caused by KRASG12V. Furthermore, we showed that echinomycin treatment can effectively suppress oncogenic RAS-driven leukemia cell proliferation, using both human leukemia cell lines and a mouse xenograft model. These data suggest that inhibiting the hypoxia pathway could be an effective treatment approach and that echinomycin is a promising targeted drug to attenuate oncogenic RAS-induced cancer phenotypes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Hypoxia pathway inhibition, either genetically or pharmacologically, rescues RAS-induced oncogenesis in a Drosophila acute myeloid leukemia model, mouse xenograft model and human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Zhu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Division of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiaohu Huang
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Division of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yulong Fu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Pan Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Division of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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6
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Soler Beatty J, Molnar C, Luque CM, de Celis JF, Martín-Bermudo MD. EGFRAP encodes a new negative regulator of the EGFR acting in both normal and oncogenic EGFR/Ras-driven tissue morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009738. [PMID: 34411095 PMCID: PMC8407591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Ras signaling occurs in ~30% of human cancers. However, activated Ras alone is insufficient to produce malignancy. Thus, it is imperative to identify those genes cooperating with activated Ras in driving tumoral growth. In this work, we have identified a novel EGFR inhibitor, which we have named EGFRAP, for EGFR adaptor protein. Elimination of EGFRAP potentiates activated Ras-induced overgrowth in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. We show that EGFRAP interacts physically with the phosphorylated form of EGFR via its SH2 domain. EGFRAP is expressed at high levels in regions of maximal EGFR/Ras pathway activity, such as at the presumptive wing margin. In addition, EGFRAP expression is up-regulated in conditions of oncogenic EGFR/Ras activation. Normal and oncogenic EGFR/Ras-mediated upregulation of EGRAP levels depend on the Notch pathway. We also find that elimination of EGFRAP does not affect overall organogenesis or viability. However, simultaneous downregulation of EGFRAP and its ortholog PVRAP results in defects associated with increased EGFR function. Based on these results, we propose that EGFRAP is a new negative regulator of the EGFR/Ras pathway, which, while being required redundantly for normal morphogenesis, behaves as an important modulator of EGFR/Ras-driven tissue hyperplasia. We suggest that the ability of EGFRAP to functionally inhibit the EGFR pathway in oncogenic cells results from the activation of a feedback loop leading to increase EGFRAP expression. This could act as a surveillance mechanism to prevent excessive EGFR activity and uncontrolled cell growth. Activation of Ras signalling occurs in ~30% of human cancers. However, activated Ras alone is insufficient to produce malignancy. Thus, the discovery of genes cooperating with Ras in cancer is imperative to understand tumoral growth driven by Ras activating mutations. A key output of over-activated EGFR/Ras signalling is the induction of a complex and dynamic set of transcriptional networks leading to changes in gene expression. As a result of these changes, the normal function of some genes can become adjusted in a tumorigenic context. In this work, using the Drosophila wing imaginal disc as model system, we have identified a new EGFR inhibitor, EGFRAP, which function is redundant for proper morphogenesis, yet becomes an important limiter of the overgrowth driven by oncogenic EGFR/Ras activity. We show that the specificity of EGFRAP in cells with high levels of EGFR activity arises from activation of a negative feedback loop resulting in increased EGFRAP levels. This could act to prevent excessive EGFR activity and uncontrolled cell growth. We believe the identification of other factors behaving like EGFRAP, will help in our fight against cancer, as it might lead to the identification of new therapeutic drugs affecting cancer but not normal cells, a top priority in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soler Beatty
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Molnar
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM/CSIC), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Luque
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM/CSIC), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose F. de Celis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM/CSIC), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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7
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Dong YL, Vadla GP, Lu JYJ, Ahmad V, Klein TJ, Liu LF, Glazer PM, Xu T, Chabu CY. Cooperation between oncogenic Ras and wild-type p53 stimulates STAT non-cell autonomously to promote tumor radioresistance. Commun Biol 2021; 4:374. [PMID: 33742110 PMCID: PMC7979758 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS mutations are associated with tumor resistance to radiation therapy. Cell-cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) profoundly influence therapy outcomes. However, the nature of these interactions and their role in Ras tumor radioresistance remain unclear. Here we use Drosophila oncogenic Ras tissues and human Ras cancer cell radiation models to address these questions. We discover that cellular response to genotoxic stress cooperates with oncogenic Ras to activate JAK/STAT non-cell autonomously in the TME. Specifically, p53 is heterogeneously activated in Ras tumor tissues in response to irradiation. This mosaicism allows high p53-expressing Ras clones to stimulate JAK/STAT cytokines, which activate JAK/STAT in the nearby low p53-expressing surviving Ras clones, leading to robust tumor re-establishment. Blocking any part of this cell-cell communication loop re-sensitizes Ras tumor cells to irradiation. These findings suggest that coupling STAT inhibitors to radiotherapy might improve clinical outcomes for Ras cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research, Fudan-Yale Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gangadhara P Vadla
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Yu Jim Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale-Waterbury Internal Medicine Residency Program, Waterbury, CT, USA
| | - Vakil Ahmad
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas J Klein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- South Florida Radiation Oncology, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Lu-Fang Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tian Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chiswili-Yves Chabu
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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8
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Ahmad V, Vadla GP, Chabu CY. Syd/JIP3 controls tissue size by regulating Diap1 protein turnover downstream of Yorkie/YAP. Dev Biol 2021; 469:37-45. [PMID: 33022230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How organisms control organ size is not fully understood. We found that Syd/JIP3 is required for proper wing size in Drosophila. JIP3 mutations are associated with organ size defects in mammals. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We discovered that Syd/JIP3 inhibition results in a downregulation of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (Diap1) in the Drosophila wing. Correspondingly, Syd/JIP3 deficient tissues exhibit ectopic cell death and yield smaller wings. Syd/JIP3 inhibition generated similar effects in mammalian cells, indicating a conserved mechanism. We found that Yorkie/YAP stimulates Syd/JIP3 in Drosophila and mammalian cells. Notably, Syd/JIP3 is required for the full effect of Yorkie-mediated tissue growth. Thus Syd/JIP3 regulation of Diap1 functions downstream of Yorkie/YAP to control growth. This study provides mechanistic insights into the recent and perplexing link between JIP3 mutations and organ size defects in mammals, including in humans where de novo JIP3 variants are associated with microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakil Ahmad
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gangadhar P Vadla
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chiswili Yves Chabu
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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9
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Wang X, Chen M, Zhong M, Hu Z, Qiu L, Rajagopalan S, Fossett NG, Chen LC, Ying Z. Exposure to Concentrated Ambient PM2.5 Shortens Lifespan and Induces Inflammation-Associated Signaling and Oxidative Stress in Drosophila. Toxicol Sci 2018; 156:199-207. [PMID: 28069988 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient PM 2.5 is associated with human premature mortality. However, it has not yet been toxicologically replicated, likely due to the lack of suitable animal models. Drosophila is frequently used in longevity research due to many incomparable merits. The present study aims to validate Drosophila models for PM 2.5 toxicity study through characterizing their biological responses to exposure to concentrated ambient PM 2.5 (CAP). The survivorship curve demonstrated that exposure to CAP markedly reduced lifespan of Drosophila. This antilongevity effect of CAP exposure was observed in both male and female Drosophila, and by comparison, the male was more sensitive [50% survivals: 20 and 48 days, CAP- and filtered air (FA)-exposed males, respectively; 21 and 40 days, CAP- and FA-exposed females, respectively]. Similar to its putative pathogenesis in humans, CAP exposure-induced premature mortality in Drosophila was also coincided with activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways including Jak, Jnk, and Nf-κb and increased systemic oxidative stress. Furthermore, like in humans and mammals, exposure to CAP significantly increased whole-body and circulating glucose levels and increased mRNA expression of Ilp2 and Ilp5 , indicating that CAP exposure induces dysregulated insulin signaling in Drosophila. Similar to effects on humans exposure to CAP leads to premature mortality likely through induction of inflammation-associated signaling, oxidative stress, and metabolic abnormality in Drosophila, strongly supporting that it can be a useful model organism for PM 2.5 toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.,Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Department of Environmental Health School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mianhua Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food hygiene School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Nancy G Fossett
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine School of Medicine, New York University Tuxedo, New York, New York 10987
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Department of Environmental Health School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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11
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Pérez E, Lindblad JL, Bergmann A. Tumor-promoting function of apoptotic caspases by an amplification loop involving ROS, macrophages and JNK in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:e26747. [PMID: 28853394 PMCID: PMC5779227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and its molecular mediators, the caspases, have long been regarded as tumor suppressors and one hallmark of cancer is 'Evading Apoptosis'. However, recent work has suggested that apoptotic caspases can also promote proliferation and tumor growth under certain conditions. How caspases promote proliferation and how cells are protected from the potentially harmful action of apoptotic caspases is largely unknown. Here, we show that although caspases are activated in a well-studied neoplastic tumor model in Drosophila, oncogenic mutations of the proto-oncogene Ras (RasV12) maintain tumorous cells in an 'undead'-like condition and transform caspases from tumor suppressors into tumor promotors. Instead of killing cells, caspases now promote the generation of intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). One function of the ROS is the recruitment and activation of macrophage-like immune cells which in turn signal back to tumorous epithelial cells to activate oncogenic JNK signaling. JNK further promotes and amplifies caspase activity, thereby constituting a feedback amplification loop. Interfering with the amplification loop strongly reduces the neoplastic behavior of these cells and significantly improves organismal survival. In conclusion, RasV12-modified caspases initiate a feedback amplification loop involving tumorous epithelial cells and macrophage-like immune cells that is necessary for uncontrolled tumor growth and invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pérez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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12
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Jo J, Im SH, Babcock DT, Iyer SC, Gunawan F, Cox DN, Galko MJ. Drosophila caspase activity is required independently of apoptosis to produce active TNF/Eiger during nociceptive sensitization. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2786. [PMID: 28492538 PMCID: PMC5520682 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling is required for inflammatory nociceptive (pain) sensitization in Drosophila and vertebrates. Nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae following UV-induced tissue damage is accompanied by epidermal apoptosis and requires epidermal-derived TNF/Eiger and the initiator caspase, Dronc. Major gaps remain regarding TNF function in sensitization, including the relationship between apoptosis/tissue damage and TNF production, the downstream signaling in this context, and the target genes that modulate nociceptive behaviors. Here, apoptotic cell death and thermal nociceptive sensitization are genetically and procedurally separable in a Drosophila model of UV-induced nociceptive sensitization. Activation of epidermal Dronc induces TNF-dependent but effector caspase-independent nociceptive sensitization in the absence of UV. In addition, knockdown of Dronc attenuated nociceptive sensitization induced by full-length TNF/Eiger but not by a constitutively soluble form. UV irradiation induced TNF production in both in vitro and in vivo, but TNF secretion into hemolymph was not sufficient to induce thermal nociceptive sensitization. Downstream mediators of TNF-induced sensitization included two TNF receptor-associated factors, a p38 kinase, and the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Finally, sensory neuron-specific microarray analysis revealed downstream TNF target genes induced during thermal nociceptive sensitization. One of these, enhancer of zeste (E(z)), functions downstream of TNF during thermal nociceptive sensitization. Our findings suggest that an initiator caspase is involved in TNF processing/secretion during nociceptive sensitization, and that TNF activation leads to a specific downstream signaling cascade and gene transcription required for sensitization. These findings have implications for both the evolution of inflammatory caspase function following tissue damage signals and the action of TNF during sensitization in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Jo
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genes and Development Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seol Hee Im
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel T Babcock
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srividya C Iyer
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felona Gunawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Galko
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genes and Development Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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EGFR/ARF6 regulation of Hh signalling stimulates oncogenic Ras tumour overgrowth. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14688. [PMID: 28281543 PMCID: PMC5353614 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple signalling events interact in cancer cells. Oncogenic Ras cooperates with Egfr, which cannot be explained by the canonical signalling paradigm. In turn, Egfr cooperates with Hedgehog signalling. How oncogenic Ras elicits and integrates Egfr and Hedgehog signals to drive overgrowth remains unclear. Using a Drosophila tumour model, we show that Egfr cooperates with oncogenic Ras via Arf6, which functions as a novel regulator of Hh signalling. Oncogenic Ras induces the expression of Egfr ligands. Egfr then signals through Arf6, which regulates Hh transport to promote Hh signalling. Blocking any step of this signalling cascade inhibits Hh signalling and correspondingly suppresses the growth of both, fly and human cancer cells harbouring oncogenic Ras mutations. These findings highlight a non-canonical Egfr signalling mechanism, centered on Arf6 as a novel regulator of Hh signalling. This explains both, the puzzling requirement of Egfr in oncogenic Ras-mediated overgrowth and the cooperation between Egfr and Hedgehog. EGFR signalling is required for oncogenic Ras driven tumorigenesis. In this study, using a Drosophila tumour model the authors demonstrate that depletion of Arf6, a Ras-related GTP-binding protein activated by EGFR, supresses oncogenic Ras driven overgrowth via modulation of Hedgehog signalling.
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14
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Guo PP, Yong JYA, Wang YM, Li CR. Sec15 links bud site selection to polarised cell growth and exocytosis in Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26464. [PMID: 27225289 PMCID: PMC4881018 DOI: 10.1038/srep26464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The exocyst plays a crucial role in the targeting of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. It has been shown to be involved in diverse cellular processes including yeast budding. However, the mechanism of the exocyst regulating yeast budding has not been fully elucidated. Here we report a novel interaction between the exocyst component Sec15 and the Ras-family GTPase Rsr1, a master regulator of bud-site-selection system, in the fungus Candida albicans. We present several lines of evidence indicating physical and genetic interaction of Sec15 with Rsr1. In vitro binding assays and co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that Sec15 associated physically with Rsr1. Deletion of RSR1 completely abolished the polarised localisation of Sec15 as well as all the other exocyst components in both yeast and hyphal cells, suggesting a functional interaction between Sec15 and Rsr1. We also show that C. albicans Sec15 interacts directly with the polarity determinant Bem1 and the type V myosin, Myo2. Disruption of the interaction by shutting off SEC15 results in mislocaliztion of Bem1-GFP. These findings highlight the important role of Sec15 in polarised cell growth by providing a direct functional link between bud-site-selection and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pan Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jie Ying Au Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Yan Ming Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Chang Run Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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15
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Agrawal N, Delanoue R, Mauri A, Basco D, Pasco M, Thorens B, Léopold P. The Drosophila TNF Eiger Is an Adipokine that Acts on Insulin-Producing Cells to Mediate Nutrient Response. Cell Metab 2016; 23:675-84. [PMID: 27076079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of organisms to ever-changing nutritional environments relies on sensor tissues and systemic signals. Identification of these signals would help understand the physiological crosstalk between organs contributing to growth and metabolic homeostasis. Here we show that Eiger, the Drosophila TNF-α, is a metabolic hormone that mediates nutrient response by remotely acting on insulin-producing cells (IPCs). In the condition of nutrient shortage, a metalloprotease of the TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) family is active in fat body (adipose-like) cells, allowing the cleavage and release of adipose Eiger in the hemolymph. In the brain IPCs, Eiger activates its receptor Grindelwald, leading to JNK-dependent inhibition of insulin production. Therefore, we have identified a humoral connexion between the fat body and the brain insulin-producing cells relying on TNF-α that mediates adaptive response to nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agrawal
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Renald Delanoue
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Alessandra Mauri
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Davide Basco
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Pasco
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France.
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16
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Enomoto M, Vaughen J, Igaki T. Non-autonomous overgrowth by oncogenic niche cells: Cellular cooperation and competition in tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1651-8. [PMID: 26362609 PMCID: PMC4714670 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is classically viewed as the Darwinian evolution of subclones that sequentially acquire genetic mutations and autonomously overproliferate. However, growing evidence suggests that tumor microenvironment and subclone heterogeneity contribute to non‐autonomous tumor progression. Recent Drosophila studies revealed a common mechanism by which clones of genetically altered cells trigger non‐autonomous overgrowth. Such “oncogenic niche cells” (ONCs) do not overgrow but instead stimulate neighbor overgrowth and metastasis. Establishment of ONCs depends on competition and cooperation between heterogeneous cell populations. This review characterizes diverse ONCs identified in Drosophila and describes the genetic basis of non‐autonomous tumor progression. Similar mechanisms may contribute to mammalian cancer progression and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Enomoto
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Vaughen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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