1
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Grapin-Botton A, Kim YH. Pancreas organoid models of development and regeneration. Development 2022; 149:278610. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Organoids have become one of the fastest progressing and applied models in biological and medical research, and various organoids have now been developed for most of the organs of the body. Here, we review the methods developed to generate pancreas organoids in vitro from embryonic, fetal and adult cells, as well as pluripotent stem cells. We discuss how these systems have been used to learn new aspects of pancreas development, regeneration and disease, as well as their limitations and potential for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden 2 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden 3 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yung Hae Kim
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
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2
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Malinova A, Veghini L, Real FX, Corbo V. Cell Lineage Infidelity in PDAC Progression and Therapy Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:795251. [PMID: 34926472 PMCID: PMC8675127 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.795251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infidelity to cell fate occurs when differentiated cells lose their original identity and either revert to a more multipotent state or transdifferentiate into a different cell type, either within the same embryonic lineage or in an entirely different one. Whilst in certain circumstances, such as in wound repair, this process is beneficial, it can be hijacked by cancer cells to drive disease initiation and progression. Cell phenotype switching has been shown to also serve as a mechanism of drug resistance in some epithelial cancers. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the role of lineage infidelity and phenotype switching is still unclear. Two consensus molecular subtypes of PDAC have been proposed that mainly reflect the existence of cell lineages with different degrees of fidelity to pancreatic endodermal precursors. Indeed, the classical subtype of PDAC is characterised by the expression of endodermal lineage specifying transcription factors, while the more aggressive basal-like/squamous subtype is defined by epigenetic downregulation of endodermal genes and alterations in chromatin modifiers. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of mechanisms (genetic and epigenetic) of cell fate switching in PDAC and discuss how pancreatic organoids might help increase our understanding of both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors governing lineage infidelity during the distinct phases of PDAC evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Malinova
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lisa Veghini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francisco X. Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Department de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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3
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Single-cell transcriptomes of pancreatic preinvasive lesions and cancer reveal acinar metaplastic cells' heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4516. [PMID: 32908137 PMCID: PMC7481797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinar metaplasia is an initial step in a series of events that can lead to pancreatic cancer. Here we perform single-cell RNA-sequencing of mouse pancreas during the progression from preinvasive stages to tumor formation. Using a reporter gene, we identify metaplastic cells that originated from acinar cells and express two transcription factors, Onecut2 and Foxq1. Further analyses of metaplastic acinar cell heterogeneity define six acinar metaplastic cell types and states, including stomach-specific cell types. Localization of metaplastic cell types and mixture of different metaplastic cell types in the same pre-malignant lesion is shown. Finally, single-cell transcriptome analyses of tumor-associated stromal, immune, endothelial and fibroblast cells identify signals that may support tumor development, as well as the recruitment and education of immune cells. Our findings are consistent with the early, premalignant formation of an immunosuppressive environment mediated by interactions between acinar metaplastic cells and other cells in the microenvironment.
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Rodríguez-Seguel E, Villamayor L, Arroyo N, De Andrés MP, Real FX, Martín F, Cano DA, Rojas A. Loss of GATA4 causes ectopic pancreas in the stomach. J Pathol 2020; 250:362-373. [PMID: 31875961 DOI: 10.1002/path.5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic heterotopia is defined as pancreatic tissue outside its normal location in the body and anatomically separated from the pancreas. In this work we have analyzed the stomach glandular epithelium of Gata4 flox/flox ; Pdx1-Cre mice (Gata4KO mice). We found that Gata4KO glandular epithelium displays an atypical morphology similar to the cornified squamous epithelium and exhibits upregulation of forestomach markers. The developing gastric units fail to form properly, and the glandular epithelial cells do not express markers of gastric gland in the absence of GATA4. Of interest, the developing glands of the Gata4KO stomach express pancreatic cell markers. Furthermore, a mass of pancreatic tissue located in the subserosa of the Gata4KO stomach is observed at adult stages. Heterotopic pancreas found in Gata4-deficient mice contains all three pancreatic cell lineages: ductal, acinar, and endocrine. Moreover, Gata4 expression is downregulated in ectopic pancreatic tissue of some human biopsy samples. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rodríguez-Seguel
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Villamayor
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Noelia Arroyo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco X Real
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Krah NM, Narayanan SM, Yugawa DE, Straley JA, Wright CVE, MacDonald RJ, Murtaugh LC. Prevention and Reversion of Pancreatic Tumorigenesis through a Differentiation-Based Mechanism. Dev Cell 2019; 50:744-754.e4. [PMID: 31422917 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in Kras are nearly ubiquitous in human pancreatic cancer and initiate precancerous pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) when induced in mouse acinar cells. PanINs normally take months to form but are accelerated by deletion of acinar cell differentiation factors such as Ptf1a, suggesting that loss of cell identity is rate limiting for pancreatic tumor initiation. Using a genetic mouse model that allows for independent control of oncogenic Kras and Ptf1a expression, we demonstrate that sustained Ptf1a is sufficient to prevent Kras-driven tumorigenesis, even in the presence of tumor-promoting inflammation. Furthermore, reintroducing Ptf1a into established PanINs reverts them to quiescent acinar cells in vivo. Similarly, Ptf1a re-expression in human pancreatic cancer cells inhibits their growth and colony-forming ability. Our results suggest that reactivation of an endogenous differentiation program can prevent and reverse oncogene-driven transformation in cells harboring tumor-driving mutations, introducing a potential paradigm for solid tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Krah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shuba M Narayanan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Deanne E Yugawa
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Julie A Straley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Raymond J MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - L Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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6
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Chen C, Shiota C, Agostinelli G, Ridley D, Jiang Y, Ma J, Prasadan K, Xiao X, Gittes GK. Evidence of a developmental origin for β-cell heterogeneity using a dual lineage-tracing technology. Development 2019; 146:dev.164913. [PMID: 31160417 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/loxP system has been used extensively in mouse models with a limitation of one lineage at a time. Differences in function and other properties among populations of adult β-cells is termed β-cell heterogeneity, which was recently associated with diabetic phenotypes. Nevertheless, the presence of a developmentally derived β-cell heterogeneity is unclear. Here, we have developed a novel dual lineage-tracing technology, using a combination of two recombinase systems, Dre/RoxP and Cre/LoxP, to independently trace green fluorescent Pdx1-lineage cells and red fluorescent Ptf1a-lineage cells in the developing and adult mouse pancreas. We detected a few Pdx1+/Ptf1a- lineage cells in addition to the vast majority of Pdx1+/Ptf1a+ lineage cells in the pancreas. Moreover, Pdx1+/Ptf1a+ lineage β-cells had fewer Ki-67+ proliferating β-cells, and expressed higher mRNA levels of insulin, Glut2, Pdx1, MafA and Nkx6.1, but lower CCND1 and CDK4 levels, compared with Pdx1+/Ptf1a- lineage β-cells. Furthermore, more TSQ-high, SSC-high cells were detected in the Pdx1+Ptf1a+ lineage population than in the Pdx1+Ptf1a- lineage population. Together, these data suggest that differential activation of Ptf1a in the developing pancreas may correlate with this β-cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congde Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Guy Agostinelli
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Daniel Ridley
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Orchard P, White JS, Thomas PE, Mychalowych A, Kiseleva A, Hensley J, Allen B, Parker SCJ, Keegan CE. Genome-wide chromatin accessibility and transcriptome profiling show minimal epigenome changes and coordinated transcriptional dysregulation of hedgehog signaling in Danforth's short tail mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:736-750. [PMID: 30380057 PMCID: PMC6381317 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Danforth's short tail (Sd) mice provide an excellent model for investigating the underlying etiology of human caudal birth defects, which affect 1 in 10 000 live births. Sd animals exhibit aberrant axial skeleton, urogenital and gastrointestinal development similar to human caudal malformation syndromes including urorectal septum malformation, caudal regression, vertebral-anal-cardiac-tracheo-esophageal fistula-renal-limb (VACTERL) association and persistent cloaca. Previous studies have shown that the Sd mutation results from an endogenous retroviral (ERV) insertion upstream of the Ptf1a gene resulting in its ectopic expression at E9.5. Though the genetic lesion has been determined, the resulting epigenomic and transcriptomic changes driving the phenotype have not been investigated. Here, we performed ATAC-seq experiments on isolated E9.5 tailbud tissue, which revealed minimal changes in chromatin accessibility in Sd/Sd mutant embryos. Interestingly, chromatin changes were localized to a small interval adjacent to the Sd ERV insertion overlapping a known Ptf1a enhancer region, which is conserved in mice and humans. Furthermore, mRNA-seq experiments revealed increased transcription of Ptf1a target genes and, importantly, downregulation of hedgehog pathway genes. Reduced sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling was confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence suggesting that the Sd phenotype results, in part, from downregulated SHH signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrate substantial transcriptome changes in the Sd mouse, and indicate that the effect of the ERV insertion on Ptf1a expression may be mediated by increased chromatin accessibility at a conserved Ptf1a enhancer. We propose that human caudal dysgenesis disorders may result from dysregulation of hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orchard
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James S White
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peedikayil E Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Mychalowych
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anya Kiseleva
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Hensley
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Jin K, Xiang M. Transcription factor Ptf1a in development, diseases and reprogramming. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:921-940. [PMID: 30470852 PMCID: PMC11105224 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Ptf1a is a crucial helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein selectively expressed in the pancreas, retina, spinal cord, brain, and enteric nervous system. Ptf1a is preferably assembled into a transcription trimeric complex PTF1 with an E protein and Rbpj (or Rbpjl). In pancreatic development, Ptf1a is indispensable in controlling the expansion of multipotent progenitor cells as well as the specification and maintenance of the acinar cells. In neural tissues, Ptf1a is transiently expressed in the post-mitotic cells and specifies the inhibitory neuronal cell fates, mostly mediated by downstream genes such as Tfap2a/b and Prdm13. Mutations in the coding and non-coding regulatory sequences resulting in Ptf1a gain- or loss-of-function are associated with genetic diseases such as pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis in the rodent and human. Surprisingly, Ptf1a alone is sufficient to reprogram mouse or human fibroblasts into tripotential neural stem cells. Its pleiotropic functions in many biological processes remain to be deciphered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Abstract
A small number of cells in the adult pancreas are endocrine cells. They are arranged in clusters called islets of Langerhans. The islets make insulin, glucagon, and other endocrine hormones, and release them into the blood circulation. These hormones help control the level of blood glucose. Therefore, a dysfunction of endocrine cells in the pancreas results in impaired glucose homeostasis, or diabetes mellitus. The pancreas is an organ that originates from the evaginations of pancreatic progenitor cells in the epithelium of the foregut endoderm. Pancreas organogenesis and maturation of the islets of Langerhans occurs via a coordinated and complex interplay of transcriptional networks and signaling molecules, which guide a stepwise and repetitive process of the propagation of progenitor cells and their maturation, eventually resulting in a fully functional organ. Increasing our understanding of the extrinsic, as well as intrinsic mechanisms that control these processes should facilitate the efforts to generate surrogate β cells from ES or iPS cells, or to reactivate the function of important cell types within pancreatic islets that are lost in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Fujitani
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
- AMED-CREST Program, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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McCracken KW, Wells JM. Mechanisms of embryonic stomach development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:36-42. [PMID: 28238948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stomach is a digestive organ that has important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. The developmental origin of the stomach is the embryonic foregut, which also gives rise a number of other structures. There are several signaling pathways and transcription factors that are known to regulate stomach development at different stages, including foregut patterning, stomach specification, and gastric regionalization. These developmental events have important implications in later homeostasis and disease in the adult stomach. Here we will review the literature that has shaped our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate gastric organogenesis. Further we will discuss how developmental paradigms have guided recent efforts to differentiate stomach tissue from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Division of Endocrinology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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11
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Larsen HL, Grapin-Botton A. The molecular and morphogenetic basis of pancreas organogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:51-68. [PMID: 28089869 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is an essential endoderm-derived organ that ensures nutrient metabolism via its endocrine and exocrine functions. Here we review the essential processes governing the embryonic and early postnatal development of the pancreas discussing both the mechanisms and molecules controlling progenitor specification, expansion and differentiation. We elaborate on how these processes are orchestrated in space and coordinated with morphogenesis. We draw mainly from experiments conducted in the mouse model but also from investigations in other model organisms, complementing a recent comprehensive review of human pancreas development (Jennings et al., 2015) [1]. The understanding of pancreas development in model organisms provides a framework to interpret how human mutations lead to neonatal diabetes and may contribute to other forms of diabetes and to guide the production of desired pancreatic cell types from pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte List Larsen
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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12
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Transcriptional Maintenance of Pancreatic Acinar Identity, Differentiation, and Homeostasis by PTF1A. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:3033-3047. [PMID: 27697859 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00358-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cell type identity is crucial for health, yet little is known of the regulation that sustains the long-term stability of differentiated phenotypes. To investigate the roles that key transcriptional regulators play in adult differentiated cells, we examined the effects of depletion of the developmental master regulator PTF1A on the specialized phenotype of the adult pancreatic acinar cell in vivo Transcriptome sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing results showed that PTF1A maintains the expression of genes for all cellular processes dedicated to the production of the secretory digestive enzymes, a highly attuned surveillance of unfolded proteins, and a heightened unfolded protein response (UPR). Control by PTF1A is direct on target genes and indirect through a ten-member transcription factor network. Depletion of PTF1A causes an imbalance that overwhelms the UPR, induces cellular injury, and provokes acinar metaplasia. Compromised cellular identity occurs by derepression of characteristic stomach genes, some of which are also associated with pancreatic ductal cells. The loss of acinar cell homeostasis, differentiation, and identity is directly relevant to the pathologies of pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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13
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Abstract
The stomach, an organ derived from foregut endoderm, secretes acid and enzymes and plays a key role in digestion. During development, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions drive stomach specification, patterning, differentiation and growth through selected signaling pathways and transcription factors. After birth, the gastric epithelium is maintained by the activity of stem cells. Developmental signals are aberrantly activated and stem cell functions are disrupted in gastric cancer and other disorders. Therefore, a better understanding of stomach development and stem cells can inform approaches to treating these conditions. This Review highlights the molecular mechanisms of stomach development and discusses recent findings regarding stomach stem cells and organoid cultures, and their roles in investigating disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Cras-Méneur C, Conlon M, Zhang Y, Pasca Di Magliano M, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Early pancreatic islet fate and maturation is controlled through RBP-Jκ. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26874. [PMID: 27240887 PMCID: PMC4886527 DOI: 10.1038/srep26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is known to control early pancreatic differentiation through Ngn3 repression. In later stages, downstream of Notch, the Presenilins are still required to maintain the endocrine fate allocation. Amongst their multiple targets, it remains unclear which one actually controls the maintenance of the fate of the early islets. Conditional deletions of the Notch effector RBP-Jκ with lineage tracing in Presenilin-deficient endocrine progenitors, demonstrated that this factor is central to the control of the fate through a non-canonical Notch mechanism. RBP-Jκ mice exhibit normal islet morphogenesis and function, however, a fraction of the progenitors fails to differentiate and develop into disorganized masses resembling acinar to ductal metaplasia and chronic pancreatitis. A subsequent deletion of RBP-Jκ in forming β-cells led to the transdifferentiation into the other endocrine cells types, indicating that this factor still mediates the maintenance of the fate within the endocrine lineage itself. These results highlight the dual importance of Notch signaling for the endocrine lineage. Even after Ngn3 expression, Notch activity is required to maintain both fate and maturation of the Ngn3 progenitors. In a subset of the cells, these alterations of Notch signaling halt their differentiation and leads to acinar to ductal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Cras-Méneur
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1912, USA
| | - Megan Conlon
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1912, USA
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Department of Surgery, General Surgery Division 4304 Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5936, USA
| | - Marina Pasca Di Magliano
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Department of Surgery, General Surgery Division 4304 Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5936, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism 1400 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136-1031, USA
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Abstract
Lineage tracing studies have revealed that transcription factors play a cardinal role in pancreatic development, differentiation and function. Three transitions define pancreatic organogenesis, differentiation and maturation. In the primary transition, when pancreatic organogenesis is initiated, there is active proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells. During the secondary transition, defined by differentiation, there is growth, branching, differentiation and pancreatic cell lineage allocation. The tertiary transition is characterized by differentiated pancreatic cells that undergo further remodeling, including apoptosis, replication and neogenesis thereby establishing a mature organ. Transcription factors function at multiple levels and may regulate one another and auto-regulate. The interaction between extrinsic signals from non-pancreatic tissues and intrinsic transcription factors form a complex gene regulatory network ultimately culminating in the different cell lineages and tissue types in the developing pancreas. Mutations in these transcription factors clinically manifest as subtypes of diabetes mellitus. Current treatment for diabetes is not curative and thus, developmental biologists and stem cell researchers are utilizing knowledge of normal pancreatic development to explore novel therapeutic alternatives. This review summarizes current knowledge of transcription factors involved in pancreatic development and β-cell differentiation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Dassaye
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Strini Naidoo
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Marlon E Cerf
- b Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa
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A Gene Regulatory Network Cooperatively Controlled by Pdx1 and Sox9 Governs Lineage Allocation of Foregut Progenitor Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:326-36. [PMID: 26440894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of pancreas, liver, and intestine from a common pool of progenitors in the foregut endoderm requires the establishment of organ boundaries. How dorsal foregut progenitors activate pancreatic genes and evade the intestinal lineage choice remains unclear. Here, we identify Pdx1 and Sox9 as cooperative inducers of a gene regulatory network that distinguishes the pancreatic from the intestinal lineage. Genetic studies demonstrate dual and cooperative functions for Pdx1 and Sox9 in pancreatic lineage induction and repression of the intestinal lineage choice. Pdx1 and Sox9 bind to regulatory sequences near pancreatic and intestinal differentiation genes and jointly regulate their expression, revealing direct cooperative roles for Pdx1 and Sox9 in gene activation and repression. Our study identifies Pdx1 and Sox9 as important regulators of a transcription factor network that initiates pancreatic fate and sheds light on the gene regulatory circuitry that governs the development of distinct organs from multi-lineage-competent foregut progenitors.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will discuss recent advances in understanding mouse and human pancreatic islet cell development, novel concepts related to β cell dysfunction and improved approaches for replenishing β cells to treat diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Considerable knowledge about pancreatic islet development and function has been gained using model systems with subsequent validation in human tissues. Recently, several rodent studies have revealed that differentiated adult islet cells retain remarkable plasticity and can be converted to other islet cell types by perturbing their transcription factor profiles. Furthermore, significant advances have been made in the generation of β-like cells from stem cell populations. Therefore, the generation of functionally mature β cells by the in-situ conversion of non-β cell populations or by the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells could represent novel mechanisms for replenishing β cells in diabetic patients. SUMMARY The overall conservation between mouse and human pancreatic development, islet physiology and etiology of diabetes encourages the translation of novel β cell replacement therapies to humans. Further deciphering the molecular mechanisms that direct islet cell regeneration, plasticity and function could improve and expand the β cell replacement strategies for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Romer
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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