1
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Ignatiou A, Pitsouli C. Host-diet-microbiota interplay in intestinal nutrition and health. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38946050 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The intestine is populated by a complex and dynamic assortment of microbes, collectively called gut microbiota, that interact with the host and contribute to its metabolism and physiology. Diet is considered a key regulator of intestinal microbiota, as ingested nutrients interact with and shape the resident microbiota composition. Furthermore, recent studies underscore the interplay of dietary and microbiota-derived nutrients, which directly impinge on intestinal stem cells regulating their turnover to ensure a healthy gut barrier. Although advanced sequencing methodologies have allowed the characterization of the human gut microbiome, mechanistic studies assessing diet-microbiota-host interactions depend on the use of genetically tractable models, such as Drosophila melanogaster. In this review, we first discuss the similarities between the human and fly intestines and then we focus on the effects of diet and microbiota on nutrient-sensing signaling cascades controlling intestinal stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, as well as disease. Finally, we underline the use of the Drosophila model in assessing the role of microbiota in gut-related pathologies and in understanding the mechanisms that mediate different whole-body manifestations of gut dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ignatiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysoula Pitsouli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Sun H, Shami Shah A, Chiu DC, Bonfini A, Buchon N, Baskin JM. Wnt/β-catenin signaling within multiple cell types dependent upon kramer regulates Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation. iScience 2024; 27:110113. [PMID: 38952681 PMCID: PMC11215309 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium is subject to constant renewal, a process reliant upon intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation that is driven by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Despite the importance of Wnt signaling within ISCs, the relevance of Wnt signaling within other gut cell types and the underlying mechanisms that modulate Wnt signaling in these contexts remain incompletely understood. Using challenge of the Drosophila midgut with a non-lethal enteric pathogen, we examine the cellular determinants of ISC proliferation, harnessing kramer, a recently identified regulator of Wnt signaling pathways, as a mechanistic tool. We find that Wnt signaling within Prospero-positive cells supports ISC proliferation and that kramer regulates Wnt signaling in this context by antagonizing kelch, a Cullin-3 E3 ligase adaptor that mediates Dishevelled polyubiquitination. This work establishes kramer as a physiological regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vivo and suggests enteroendocrine cells as a new cell type that regulates ISC proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adnan Shami Shah
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Din-Chi Chiu
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, P.R. China
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Gao J, Zhang S, Deng P, Wu Z, Lemaitre B, Zhai Z, Guo Z. Dietary L-Glu sensing by enteroendocrine cells adjusts food intake via modulating gut PYY/NPF secretion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3514. [PMID: 38664401 PMCID: PMC11045819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid availability is monitored by animals to adapt to their nutritional environment. Beyond gustatory receptors and systemic amino acid sensors, enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are believed to directly percept dietary amino acids and secrete regulatory peptides. However, the cellular machinery underlying amino acid-sensing by EECs and how EEC-derived hormones modulate feeding behavior remain elusive. Here, by developing tools to specifically manipulate EECs, we find that Drosophila neuropeptide F (NPF) from mated female EECs inhibits feeding, similar to human PYY. Mechanistically, dietary L-Glutamate acts through the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR to decelerate calcium oscillations in EECs, thereby causing reduced NPF secretion via dense-core vesicles. Furthermore, two dopaminergic enteric neurons expressing NPFR perceive EEC-derived NPF and relay an anorexigenic signal to the brain. Thus, our findings provide mechanistic insights into how EECs assess food quality and identify a conserved mode of action that explains how gut NPF/PYY modulates food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Gao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zongzhao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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4
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Nagai H, Nagai LAE, Tasaki S, Nakato R, Umetsu D, Kuranaga E, Miura M, Nakajima Y. Nutrient-driven dedifferentiation of enteroendocrine cells promotes adaptive intestinal growth in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1764-1781.e10. [PMID: 37689060 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-developmental organ resizing improves organismal fitness under constantly changing nutrient environments. Although stem cell abundance is a fundamental determinant of adaptive resizing, our understanding of its underlying mechanisms remains primarily limited to the regulation of stem cell division. Here, we demonstrate that nutrient fluctuation induces dedifferentiation in the Drosophila adult midgut to drive adaptive intestinal growth. From lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify a subpopulation of enteroendocrine (EE) cells that convert into functional intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to dietary glucose and amino acids by activating the JAK-STAT pathway. Genetic ablation of EE-derived ISCs severely impairs ISC expansion and midgut growth despite the retention of resident ISCs, and in silico modeling further indicates that EE dedifferentiation enables an efficient increase in the midgut cell number while maintaining epithelial cell composition. Our findings identify a physiologically induced dedifferentiation that ensures ISC expansion during adaptive organ growth in concert with nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| | | | - Sohei Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiki Umetsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
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5
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Jneid R, Loudhaief R, Zucchini-Pascal N, Nawrot-Esposito MP, Fichant A, Rousset R, Bonis M, Osman D, Gallet A. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins divert progenitor cells toward enteroendocrine fate by decreasing cell adhesion with intestinal stem cells in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:80179. [PMID: 36847614 PMCID: PMC9977296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) is a strong pathogen toward lepidopteran larvae thanks to specific Cry toxins causing leaky gut phenotypes. Hence, Btk and its toxins are used worldwide as microbial insecticide and in genetically modified crops, respectively, to fight crop pests. However, Btk belongs to the B. cereus group, some strains of which are well known human opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, ingestion of Btk along with food may threaten organisms not susceptible to Btk infection. Here we show that Cry1A toxins induce enterocyte death and intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation in the midgut of Drosophila melanogaster, an organism non-susceptible to Btk. Surprisingly, a high proportion of the ISC daughter cells differentiate into enteroendocrine cells instead of their initial enterocyte destiny. We show that Cry1A toxins weaken the E-Cadherin-dependent adherens junction between the ISC and its immediate daughter progenitor, leading the latter to adopt an enteroendocrine fate. Hence, although not lethal to non-susceptible organisms, Cry toxins can interfere with conserved cell adhesion mechanisms, thereby disrupting intestinal homeostasis and endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Jneid
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Fichant
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & SafetyMaisons-AlfortFrance
| | | | - Mathilde Bonis
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & SafetyMaisons-AlfortFrance
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | - Armel Gallet
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
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6
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Sun H, Shah AS, Bonfini A, Buchon NS, Baskin JM. Wnt/β-catenin signaling within multiple cell types dependent upon kramer regulates Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.529411. [PMID: 36865263 PMCID: PMC9980071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is subject to constant renewal, a process reliant upon intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation that is driven by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Despite the importance of Wnt signaling within ISCs, the relevance of Wnt signaling within other gut cell types and the underlying mechanisms that modulate Wnt signaling in these contexts remain incompletely understood. Using challenge of the Drosophila midgut with a non-lethal enteric pathogen, we examine the cellular determinants of ISC proliferation, harnessing kramer, a recently identified regulator of Wnt signaling pathways, as a mechanistic tool. We find that Wnt signaling within Prospero-positive cells supports ISC proliferation and that kramer regulates Wnt signaling in this context by antagonizing kelch, a Cullin-3 E3 ligase adaptor that mediates Dishevelled polyubiquitination. This work establishes kramer as a physiological regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vivo and suggests enteroendocrine cells as a new cell type that regulates ISC proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adnan Shami Shah
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nicolas S. Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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7
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Guo X, Zhang Y, Huang H, Xi R. A hierarchical transcription factor cascade regulates enteroendocrine cell diversity and plasticity in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6525. [PMID: 36316343 PMCID: PMC9622890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EEs) represent a heterogeneous cell population in intestine and exert endocrine functions by secreting a diverse array of neuropeptides. Although many transcription factors (TFs) required for specification of EEs have been identified in both mammals and Drosophila, it is not understood how these TFs work together to generate this considerable subtype diversity. Here we show that EE diversity in adult Drosophila is generated via an "additive hierarchical TF cascade". Specifically, a combination of a master TF, a secondary-level TF and a tertiary-level TF constitute a "TF code" for generating EE diversity. We also discover a high degree of post-specification plasticity of EEs, as changes in the code-including as few as one distinct TF-allow efficient switching of subtype identities. Our study thus reveals a hierarchically-organized TF code that underlies EE diversity and plasticity in Drosophila, which can guide investigations of EEs in mammals and inform their application in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
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8
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Liu W, Lim KL, Tan EK. Intestine-derived α-synuclein initiates and aggravates pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in Drosophila. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 36253844 PMCID: PMC9575256 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a key pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the precise role of intestinal α-syn in the progression of PD is unclear. In a number of genetic Drosophila models of PD, α-syn was frequently ectopically expressed in the neural system to investigate the pathobiology. Method We investigated the potential role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathogenesis using a Drosophila model. Human α-syn was overexpressed in Drosophila guts, and life span, survival, immunofluorescence and climbing were evaluated. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining were performed to assess the effects of intestinal α-syn on intestinal dysplasia. High‐throughput RNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantitative RT‐PCR, immunofluorescence, and ROS staining were performed to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. Results We found that the intestinal α-syn alone recapitulated many phenotypic and pathological features of PD, including impaired life span, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and progressive motor defects. The intestine-derived α-syn disrupted intestinal homeostasis and accelerated the onset of intestinal ageing. Moreover, intestinal expression of α-syn induced dysbiosis, while microbiome depletion was efficient to restore intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate the progression of PD. Intestinal α-syn triggered ROS, and eventually led to the activation of the dual oxidase (DUOX)–ROS–Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. In addition, α-syn from both the gut and the brain synergized to accelerate the progression of PD. Conclusions The intestinal expression of α-syn recapitulates many phenotypic and pathologic features of PD, and induces dysbiosis that aggravates the pathology through the DUOX–ROS–JNK pathway in Drosophila. Our findings provide new insights into the role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Research, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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9
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Tian A, Morejon V, Kohoutek S, Huang Y, Deng W, Jiang J. Damage-induced regeneration of the intestinal stem cell pool through enteroblast mitosis in the Drosophila midgut. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110834. [PMID: 35950466 PMCID: PMC9531297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult tissues and organs including the intestine rely on resident stem cells to maintain homeostasis and regeneration. In mammals, the progenies of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) can dedifferentiate to generate ISCs upon ablation of resident stem cells. However, whether and how mature tissue cells generate ISCs under physiological conditions remains unknown. Here, we show that infection of the Drosophila melanogaster intestine with pathogenic bacteria induces entry of enteroblasts (EBs), which are ISC progenies, into the mitotic cycle through upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras signaling. We also show that ectopic activation of EGFR-Ras signaling in EBs is sufficient to drive enteroblast mitosis cell autonomously. Furthermore, we find that the dividing enteroblasts do not gain ISC identity as a prerequisite to divide, and the regenerative ISCs are produced through EB mitosis. Taken together, our work uncovers a new role for EGFR-Ras signaling in driving EB mitosis and replenishing the ISC pool during fly intestinal regeneration, which may have important implications for tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- Tulane Aging CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Virginia Morejon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Sarah Kohoutek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Yi‐Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Wu‐Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
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10
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Roller L, Daubnerová I, Mizoguchi A, Satake H, Tanaka Y, Stano M, Klucar L, Žitňan D. Expression analysis of peptidergic enteroendocrine cells in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:385-407. [PMID: 35829810 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (ECs) in the insect midgut respond to physiological changes in the intestine by releasing multiple peptides to control food intake, gastrointestinal activity and systemic metabolism. Here, we performed a comprehensive mapping of ECs producing different regulatory peptides in the larval midgut of Bombyx mori. In total, we identified 20 peptide genes expressed in different ECs in specific regions of the midgut. Transcript-specific in situ hybridisation combined with antibody staining revealed approximately 30 subsets of ECs, each producing a unique peptide or a combination of several different peptides. Functional significance of this diversity and specific roles of different enteroendocrine peptides are largely unknown. Results of this study highlight the importance of the midgut as a major endocrine/paracrine source of regulatory molecules in insects and provide important information to clarify functions of ECs during larval feeding and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Roller
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivana Daubnerová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Matej Stano
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Klucar
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Žitňan
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Chen J, St Johnston D. Epithelial Cell Polarity During Drosophila Midgut Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886773. [PMID: 35846367 PMCID: PMC9281564 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Drosophila midgut epithelium is derived from a group of stem cells called adult midgut precursors (AMPs) that are specified during the migration of the endoderm in early embryogenesis. AMPs are maintained and expanded in AMP nests that lie on the basal side of the larval midgut throughout the larval development. During metamorphosis, the larval midgut undergoes histolysis and programmed cell death, while the central cells in the AMP nests form the future adult midgut and the peripheral cells form the transient pupal midgut. Here we review what is known about how cells polarise in the embryonic, larval, pupal and adult midgut, and discuss the open questions about the mechanisms that control the changes in cell arrangements, cell shape and cell polarity during midgut development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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VhaAC39-1 regulates gut homeostasis and affects the health span in Drosophila. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Holsopple JM, Cook KR, Popodi EM. Identification of novel split-GAL4 drivers for the characterization of enteroendocrine cells in the Drosophila melanogaster midgut. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac102. [PMID: 35485968 PMCID: PMC9157172 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster midgut is commonly studied as a model epithelial tissue for many reasons, one of which is the presence of a diverse population of secretory cells called enteroendocrine cells. Subpopulations of these cells secrete various combinations of peptide hormones which have systemic effects on the organism. Many of these hormones are also produced in the Drosophila brain. The split-GAL4 system has been useful for identifying and manipulating discrete groups of cells, but previously characterized split-GAL4 drivers have not driven expression in high proportions of enteroendocrine cells. In this study, we screened candidate split-GAL4 drivers for enteroendocrine cell expression using known reference drivers for this cell type and discovered a new split-GAL4 driver pair that confers expression in a greater number of enteroendocrine cells than previously characterized driver pairs. The new pair demonstrates less brain expression, thereby providing better tools for disentangling the physiological roles of gut- and brain-secreted peptides. We also identified additional split-GAL4 drivers that promote expression in discrete subpopulations of enteroendocrine cells. Overall, the tools reported here will help researchers better target enteroendocrine cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Holsopple
- Department of Biology, Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kevin R Cook
- Department of Biology, Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ellen M Popodi
- Department of Biology, Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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14
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Ho MT, Lu J, Vazquez-Pianzola P, Suter B. α-Phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase competes with Notch signaling through its N-terminal domain. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010185. [PMID: 35486661 PMCID: PMC9094542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha subunit of the cytoplasmic Phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (α-PheRS, FARSA in humans) displays cell growth and proliferation activities and its elevated levels can induce cell fate changes and tumor-like phenotypes that are neither dependent on the canonical function of charging tRNAPhe with phenylalanine nor on stimulating general translation. In intestinal stem cells of Drosophila midguts, α-PheRS levels are naturally slightly elevated and human FARSA mRNA levels are elevated in multiple cancers. In the Drosophila midgut model, elevated α-PheRS levels caused the accumulation of many additional proliferating cells resembling intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and enteroblasts (EBs). This phenotype partially resembles the tumor-like phenotype described as Notch RNAi phenotype for the same cells. Genetic interactions between α-PheRS and Notch suggest that their activities neutralize each other and that elevated α-PheRS levels attenuate Notch signaling when Notch induces differentiation into enterocytes, type II neuroblast stem cell proliferation, or transcription of a Notch reporter. These non-canonical functions all map to the N-terminal part of α-PheRS which accumulates naturally in the intestine. This truncated version of α-PheRS (α-S) also localizes to nuclei and displays weak sequence similarity to the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), suggesting that α-S might compete with the NICD for binding to a common target. Supporting this hypothesis, the tryptophan (W) residue reported to be key for the interaction between the NICD and the Su(H) BTD domain is not only conserved in α-PheRS and α-S, but also essential for attenuating Notch signaling. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acid to ensure proper decoding of the genetic code during translation. Independent of its aminoacylation function, the alpha subunit of Drosophila cytoplasmic Phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (α-PheRS, FARSA in humans) has an additional activity that promotes growth and proliferation. Here we describe that elevated α-PheRS levels also induce cell fate changes and tumorous phenotypes in Drosophila midguts. Excessive proliferating cells with stem and progenitor cell characteristics accumulate and the composition of the terminally differentiated cells changes, too. This phenotype together with observed genetic interactions between α-PheRS and Notch levels show that α-PheRS counteracts Notch signaling in many different tissues and developmental stages. This novel activity of α-PheRS maps to its N-terminal part, which is naturally produced. The fragment contains a DNA binding domain, translocates into nuclei, and displays essential similarities to a Notch domain that binds to the downstream transcription factor. This suggests that it might be competing with Notch for binding to a common target. Not only because Notch plays important roles in many tumors, but also because FARSA mRNA levels are considerably upregulated in many tumors, this novel activity deserves more attention for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tin Ho
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiongming Lu
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Microbes affect gut epithelial cell composition through immune-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110572. [PMID: 35354023 PMCID: PMC9078081 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play important roles in host physiology; however, the mechanisms underlying their impact remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that microbes not only influence gut physiology but also alter its epithelial composition. The microbiota and pathogens both influence intestinal stem cell (ISC) differentiation. Intriguingly, while the microbiota promotes ISC differentiation into enterocytes (EC), pathogens stimulate enteroendocrine cell (EE) fate and long-term accumulation of EEs in the midgut epithelium. Importantly, the evolutionarily conserved Drosophila NFKB (Relish) pushes stem cell lineage specification toward ECs by directly regulating differentiation factors. Conversely, the JAK-STAT pathway promotes EE fate in response to infectious damage. We propose a model in which the balance of microbial pattern recognition pathways, such as Imd-Relish, and damage response pathways, such as JAK-STAT, influence ISC differentiation, epithelial composition, and gut physiology.
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16
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Medina A, Bellec K, Polcowñuk S, Cordero JB. Investigating local and systemic intestinal signalling in health and disease with Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274860. [PMID: 35344037 PMCID: PMC8990086 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body health relies on complex inter-organ signalling networks that enable organisms to adapt to environmental perturbations and to changes in tissue homeostasis. The intestine plays a major role as a signalling centre by producing local and systemic signals that are relayed to the body and that maintain intestinal and organismal homeostasis. Consequently, disruption of intestinal homeostasis and signalling are associated with systemic diseases and multi-organ dysfunction. In recent years, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a prime model organism to study tissue-intrinsic and systemic signalling networks of the adult intestine due to its genetic tractability and functional conservation with mammals. In this Review, we highlight Drosophila research that has contributed to our understanding of how the adult intestine interacts with its microenvironment and with distant organs. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding intestinal and whole-body pathophysiology, and how future Drosophila studies might advance our knowledge of the complex interplay between the intestine and the rest of the body in health and disease. Summary: We outline work in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that has contributed knowledge on local and whole-body signalling coordinated by the adult intestine, and discuss its implications in intestinal pathophysiology and associated systemic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Medina
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Bellec
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sofia Polcowñuk
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Julia B Cordero
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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17
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How Gut Microbes Nurture Intestinal Stem Cells: A Drosophila Perspective. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020169. [PMID: 35208243 PMCID: PMC8878600 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-microbiota interactions are key modulators of host physiology and behavior. Accumulating evidence suggests that the complex interplay between microbiota, diet and the intestine controls host health. Great emphasis has been given on how gut microbes have evolved to harvest energy from the diet to control energy balance, host metabolism and fitness. In addition, many metabolites essential for intestinal homeostasis are mainly derived from gut microbiota and can alleviate nutritional imbalances. However, due to the high complexity of the system, the molecular mechanisms that control host-microbiota mutualism, as well as whether and how microbiota affects host intestinal stem cells (ISCs) remain elusive. Drosophila encompasses a low complexity intestinal microbiome and has recently emerged as a system that might uncover evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of microbiota-derived nutrient ISC regulation. Here, we review recent studies using the Drosophila model that directly link microbiota-derived metabolites and ISC function. This research field provides exciting perspectives for putative future treatments of ISC-related diseases based on monitoring and manipulating intestinal microbiota.
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18
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Abstract
In adult insects, as in vertebrates, the gut epithelium is a highly regenerative tissue that can renew itself rapidly in response to changing inputs from nutrition, the gut microbiota, ingested toxins, and signals from other organs. Because of its cellular and genetic similarities to the mammalian intestine, and its relevance as a target for the control of insect pests and disease vectors, many researchers have used insect intestines to address fundamental questions about stem cell functions during tissue maintenance and regeneration. In Drosophila, where most of the experimental work has been performed, not only are intestinal cell types and behaviors well characterized, but numerous cell signaling interactions have been detailed that mediate gut epithelial regeneration. A prevailing model for regenerative responses in the insect gut invokes stress sensing by damaged enterocytes (ECs) as a principal source for signaling that activates the division of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the growth and differentiation of their progeny. However, extant data also reveal alternative mechanisms for regeneration that involve ISC-intrinsic functions, active culling of healthy epithelial cells, enhanced EC growth, and even cytoplasmic shedding by infected ECs. This article reviews current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in gut regeneration in several insect models (Drosophila and Aedes of the order Diptera, and several Lepidoptera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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19
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Jin Z, Che M, Xi R. Identification of progenitor cells and their progenies in adult Drosophila midgut. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 170:169-187. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Silva JMF, Nagata T, Melo FL, Elena SF. Heterogeneity in the Response of Different Subtypes of Drosophila melanogaster Midgut Cells to Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2284. [PMID: 34835089 PMCID: PMC8623525 DOI: 10.3390/v13112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers the possibility to monitor both host and pathogens transcriptomes at the cellular level. Here, public scRNA-seq datasets from Drosophila melanogaster midgut cells were used to compare the differences in replication strategy and cellular responses between two fly picorna-like viruses, Thika virus (TV) and D. melanogaster Nora virus (DMelNV). TV exhibited lower levels of viral RNA accumulation but infected a higher number of cells compared to DMelNV. In both cases, viral RNA accumulation varied according to cell subtype. The cellular heat shock response to TV and DMelNV infection was cell-subtype- and virus-specific. Disruption of bottleneck genes at later stages of infection in the systemic response, as well as of translation-related genes in the cellular response to DMelNV in two cell subtypes, may affect the virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M. F. Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
| | - Fernando L. Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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21
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Jang S, Chen J, Choi J, Lim SY, Song H, Choi H, Kwon HW, Choi MS, Kwon JY. Spatiotemporal organization of enteroendocrine peptide expression in Drosophila. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:387-398. [PMID: 34670462 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1989425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients occurs in the gut. The nutritional value of food and its nutrients is detected by enteroendocrine cells, and peptide hormones produced by the enteroendocrine cells are thought to be involved in metabolic homeostasis, but the specific mechanisms are still elusive. The enteroendocrine cells are scattered over the entire gastrointestinal tract and can be classified according to the hormones they produce. We followed the changes in combinatorial expression of regulatory peptides in the enteroendocrine cells during metamorphosis from the larva to the adult fruit fly, and re-confirmed the diverse composition of enteroendocrine cell populations. Drosophila enteroendocrine cells appear to differentially regulate peptide expression spatially and temporally depending on midgut region and developmental stage. In the late pupa, Notch activity is known to determine which peptides are expressed in mature enteroendocrine cells of the posterior midgut, and we found that the loss of Notch activity in the anterior midgut results in classes of enteroendocrine cells distinct from the posterior midgut. These results suggest that enteroendocrine cells that populate the fly midgut can differentiate into distinct subtypes that express different combinations of peptides, which likely leads to functional variety depending on specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooin Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jaekyun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Hung RJ, Li JSS, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Defining cell types and lineage in the Drosophila midgut using single cell transcriptomics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:12-17. [PMID: 33609768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila midgut has emerged in recent years as a model system to study stem cell renewal and differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Histological, genetic and gene expression studies have provided a wealth of information on gut cell types, regionalization, genes and pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, stem cell renewal, and responses to changes in environmental factors such as the microbiota and nutrients. Here, we review the contribution of single cell transcriptomic methods to our understanding of gut cell type diversity, lineage and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Joshua Shing Shun Li
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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23
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Godoy RSM, Barbosa RC, Procópio TF, Costa BA, Jacobs-Lorena M, Martins GF. FMRF-related peptides in Aedes aegypti midgut: neuromuscular connections and enteric nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:585-602. [PMID: 33961128 PMCID: PMC9841599 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are a class of neuropeptides that participate in a variety of physiological processes in invertebrates. They occur in nerves of stomatogastric ganglia and enteroendocrine cells of the insect digestive tract, where they may control muscle functions. However, their direct involvement in muscle function has never been shown in situ. We studied the relationship between FaRPs and midgut muscle during larval-pupal transition of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. In late L4, FaRP-positive neuronal extensions attach to the bundles of the external circular muscle layer, and muscle stem cells start to undergo mitosis in the internal circular layer. Thereafter, the external muscle layer degenerates, disappearing during early pupal development, and is completely absent in the adult mosquito. Our results indicate that FaRP-based neural signals are involved in the reorganization of the muscle fibers of the mosquito midgut during the larval-pupal transition. In addition to confirming FaRP involvement in muscle function, we show that the mosquito midgut muscles are largely innervated, and that circular and longitudinal muscle have specific neuron bodies associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S. M. Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Renata C. Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thamara F. Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Breno A. Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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24
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Boumard B, Bardin AJ. An amuse-bouche of stem cell regulation: Underlying principles and mechanisms from adult Drosophila intestinal stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:58-68. [PMID: 34217969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have essential functions in the development and maintenance of our organs. Improper regulation of adult stem cells and tissue homeostasis can result in cancers and age-dependent decline. Therefore, understanding how tissue-specific stem cells can accurately renew tissues is an important aim of regenerative medicine. The Drosophila midgut harbors multipotent adult stem cells that are essential to renew the gut in homeostatic conditions and upon stress-induced regeneration. It is now a widely used model system to decipher regulatory mechanisms of stem cell biology. Here, we review recent findings on how adult intestinal stem cells differentiate, interact with their environment, and change during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boumard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.
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25
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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26
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Lim SY, You H, Lee J, Lee J, Lee Y, Lee KA, Kim B, Lee JH, Jeong J, Jang S, Kim B, Choi H, Hwang G, Choi MS, Yoon SE, Kwon JY, Lee WJ, Kim YJ, Suh GSB. Identification and characterization of GAL4 drivers that mark distinct cell types and regions in the Drosophila adult gut. J Neurogenet 2020; 35:33-44. [PMID: 33326321 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1853722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract in the adult Drosophila serves as a model system for exploring the mechanisms underlying digestion, absorption and excretion, stem cell plasticity, and inter-organ communication, particularly through the gut-brain axis. It is also useful for studying the cellular and adaptive responses to dietary changes, alterations in microbiota and immunity, and systematic and endocrine signals. Despite the various cell types and distinct regions in the gastrointestinal tract, few tools are available to target and manipulate the activity of each cell type and region, and their gene expression. Here, we report 353 GAL4 lines and several split-GAL4 lines that are expressed in enteric neurons (ENs), progenitors (ISCs and EBs), enterocytes (ECs), enteroendocrine cells (EEs), or/and other cell types that are yet to be identified in distinct regions of the gut. We had initially collected approximately 600 GAL4 lines that may be expressed in the gut based on RNA sequencing data, and then crossed them to UAS-GFP to perform immunohistochemistry to identify those that are expressed selectively in the gut. The cell types and regional expression patterns that are associated with the entire set of GAL4 drivers and split-GAL4 combinations are annotated online at http://kdrc.kr/index.php (K-Gut Project). This GAL4 resource can be used to target specific populations of distinct cell types in the fly gut, and therefore, should permit a more precise investigation of gut cells that regulate important biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin You
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for hologenomics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for hologenomics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for hologenomics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHyeon Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooin Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Hwang
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Yoon
- Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for hologenomics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Greg S B Suh
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Ariyapala IS, Holsopple JM, Popodi EM, Hartwick DG, Kahsai L, Cook KR, Sokol NS. Identification of Split-GAL4 Drivers and Enhancers That Allow Regional Cell Type Manipulations of the Drosophila melanogaster Intestine. Genetics 2020; 216:891-903. [PMID: 32988987 PMCID: PMC7768249 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila adult midgut is a model epithelial tissue composed of a few major cell types with distinct regional identities. One of the limitations to its analysis is the lack of tools to manipulate gene expression based on these regional identities. To overcome this obstacle, we applied the intersectional split-GAL4 system to the adult midgut and report 653 driver combinations that label cells by region and cell type. We first identified 424 split-GAL4 drivers with midgut expression from ∼7300 drivers screened, and then evaluated the expression patterns of each of these 424 when paired with three reference drivers that report activity specifically in progenitor cells, enteroendocrine cells, or enterocytes. We also evaluated a subset of the drivers expressed in progenitor cells for expression in enteroblasts using another reference driver. We show that driver combinations can define novel cell populations by identifying a driver that marks a distinct subset of enteroendocrine cells expressing genes usually associated with progenitor cells. The regional cell type patterns associated with the entire set of driver combinations are documented in a freely available website, providing information for the design of thousands of additional driver combinations to experimentally manipulate small subsets of intestinal cells. In addition, we show that intestinal enhancers identified with the split-GAL4 system can confer equivalent expression patterns on other transgenic reporters. Altogether, the resource reported here will enable more precisely targeted gene expression for studying intestinal processes, epithelial cell functions, and diseases affecting self-renewing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Holsopple
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
- Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Ellen M Popodi
- Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Dalton G Hartwick
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Lily Kahsai
- Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Kevin R Cook
- Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Nicholas S Sokol
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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28
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Willms RJ, Zeng J, Campbell SD. Myt1 Kinase Couples Mitotic Cell Cycle Exit with Differentiation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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29
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Koyama T, Texada MJ, Halberg KA, Rewitz K. Metabolism and growth adaptation to environmental conditions in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4523-4551. [PMID: 32448994 PMCID: PMC7599194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able to sense and respond to changes in external environmental conditions and their internal state. Metabolic adaptation in response to altered nutrient availability is key to maintaining energy homeostasis and sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, environmental variables exert major influences on growth and final adult body size in animals. This developmental plasticity depends on adaptive responses to internal state and external cues that are essential for developmental processes. Genetic studies have shown that the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly to mammals, regulates its metabolism, growth, and behavior in response to the environment through several key hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, and steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing that various environmental cues and internal conditions are sensed in different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information to neuroendocrine centers that control insulin and steroid signaling. This review focuses on endocrine regulation of development, metabolism, and behavior in Drosophila, highlighting recent advances in the role of the neuroendocrine system as a signaling hub that integrates environmental inputs and drives adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Halberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Guo X, Yin C, Yang F, Zhang Y, Huang H, Wang J, Deng B, Cai T, Rao Y, Xi R. The Cellular Diversity and Transcription Factor Code of Drosophila Enteroendocrine Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4172-4185.e5. [PMID: 31851941 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EEs) in the intestinal epithelium have important endocrine functions, yet this cell lineage exhibits great local and regional variations that have hampered detailed characterization of EE subtypes. Through single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis, combined with a collection of peptide hormone and receptor knockin strains, here we provide a comprehensive analysis of cellular diversity, spatial distribution, and transcription factor (TF) code of EEs in adult Drosophila midgut. We identify 10 major EE subtypes that totally produced approximately 14 different classes of hormone peptides. Each EE on average co-produces approximately 2-5 different classes of hormone peptides. Functional screen with subtype-enriched TFs suggests a combinatorial TF code that controls EE cell diversity; class-specific TFs Mirr and Ptx1 respectively define two major classes of EEs, and regional TFs such as Esg, Drm, Exex, and Fer1 further define regional EE identity. Our single-cell data should greatly facilitate Drosophila modeling of EE differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chang Yin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fu Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China.
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31
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Joly A, Rousset R. Tissue Adaptation to Environmental Cues by Symmetric and Asymmetric Division Modes of Intestinal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176362. [PMID: 32887329 PMCID: PMC7504256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues must adapt to the different external stimuli so that organisms can survive in their environments. The intestine is a vital organ involved in food processing and absorption, as well as in innate immune response. Its adaptation to environmental cues such as diet and biotic/abiotic stress involves regulation of the proliferative rate and a switch of division mode (asymmetric versus symmetric) of intestinal stem cells (ISC). In this review, we outline the current comprehension of the physiological and molecular mechanisms implicated in stem cell division modes in the adult Drosophila midgut. We present the signaling pathways and polarity cues that control the mitotic spindle orientation, which is the terminal determinant ensuring execution of the division mode. We review these events during gut homeostasis, as well as during its response to nutrient availability, bacterial infection, chemical damage, and aging. JNK signaling acts as a central player, being involved in each of these conditions as a direct regulator of spindle orientation. The studies of the mechanisms regulating ISC divisions allow a better understanding of how adult stem cells integrate different signals to control tissue plasticity, and of how various diseases, notably cancers, arise from their alterations.
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32
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Mehrotra S, Bansal P, Oli N, Pillai SJ, Galande S. Defective Proventriculus Regulates Cell Specification in the Gastric Region of Drosophila Intestine. Front Physiol 2020; 11:711. [PMID: 32760283 PMCID: PMC7372014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract in metazoans consists of diverse epithelial cells with distinct cell morphology and physiological functions. The development and homeostasis of gastrointestinal epithelia involve spatiotemporal regulation by many signaling pathways, essential to confer their region-specific function and identity. The adult Drosophila midgut and the mammalian intestine share a high degree of conservation between such signaling pathways. Due to availability of sophisticated techniques for genetic manipulation, Drosophila is an excellent model to study mechanisms of tissue homeostasis regulation in a regionally defined manner. The gastric region located in the Drosophila middle-midgut coincides with the region containing fewest number of stem cells. It is also known as the copper cell (CC) region since it is composed of specialized groups of acid-secreting CCs, along with interstitial cells and enteroendocrine cells. The generation and maintenance of these cell populations are determined by the bone morphogenic protein-like Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling pathway. The morphogenic gradient of the Dpp signaling activity induces differential expression of specific transcription factors labial (lab) and defective proventriculus (dve), which are required for the generation of various cell types specific to this region. In this study, we investigated the role of Dve in regulation of tissue homeostasis in the CC region. Our studies reveal that ectopic expression of dve in stem cells suppresses their self-renewal throughout the intestine. We further demonstrate that Dve is not required for generation of CCs. Higher levels of Dve can alter cell specification by inhibition of cut expression, which in turn prevents CC formation during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mehrotra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, India
| | - Priyanka Bansal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, India
| | - Neha Oli
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science and Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Galande
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science and Education and Research, Pune, India
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33
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Li S, Tian A, Li S, Han Y, Wang B, Jiang J. Gilgamesh (Gish)/CK1γ regulates tissue homeostasis and aging in adult Drosophila midgut. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133831. [PMID: 32328627 PMCID: PMC7147094 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult tissues and organs rely on resident stem cells to generate new cells that replenish damaged cells. To maintain homeostasis, stem cell activity needs to be tightly controlled throughout the adult life. Here, we show that the membrane-associated kinase Gilgamesh (Gish)/CK1γ maintains Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis by restricting JNK pathway activity and that Gish is essential for intestinal stem cell (ISC) maintenance under stress conditions. Inactivation of Gish resulted in aberrant JNK pathway activation and excessive production of multiple cytokines and growth factors that drive ISC overproliferation. Mechanistically, Gish restricts JNK activation by phosphorylating and destabilizing a small GTPase, Rho1. Interestingly, we find that Gish expression is down-regulated in aging guts and that increasing Gish activity in aging guts can restore tissue homeostasis. Hence, our study identifies Gish/CK1γ as a novel regulator of Rho1 and gatekeeper of tissue homeostasis whose activity is compromised in aging guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Aiguo Tian
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yuhong Han
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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34
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Colombani J, Andersen DS. The
Drosophila
gut: A gatekeeper and coordinator of organism fitness and physiology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e378. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colombani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen O Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Ditte S. Andersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen O Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen N Denmark
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35
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Arnaoutov A, Lee H, Plevock Haase K, Aksenova V, Jarnik M, Oliver B, Serpe M, Dasso M. IRBIT Directs Differentiation of Intestinal Stem Cell Progeny to Maintain Tissue Homeostasis. iScience 2020; 23:100954. [PMID: 32179478 PMCID: PMC7068126 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is ensured by the controlled proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and differentiation of their progeny into various cell types, including enterocytes (ECs) that both mediate nutrient absorption and provide a barrier against pathogens. The signals that regulate transition of proliferative ISCs into differentiated ECs are not fully understood. IRBIT is an evolutionarily conserved protein that regulates ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an enzyme critical for the generation of DNA precursors. Here, we show that IRBIT expression in ISC progeny within the Drosophila midgut epithelium cells regulates their differentiation via suppression of RNR activity. Disruption of this IRBIT-RNR regulatory circuit causes a premature loss of intestinal tissue integrity. Furthermore, age-related dysplasia can be reversed by suppression of RNR activity in ISC progeny. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a role of the IRBIT-RNR pathway in gut homeostasis. IRBIT is required for homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium IRBIT inhibition of RNR ensures proper intestinal stem cell differentiation Suppression of RNR in intestinal stem cell progeny reverses age-related dysplasia
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Arnaoutov
- Section on Cell Cycle Regulation, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hangnoh Lee
- Section on Cell Cycle Regulation, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Section on Cell Cycle Regulation, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian Oliver
- Developmental Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mihaela Serpe
- Section on Cellular Communications, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary Dasso
- Section on Cell Cycle Regulation, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Hung RJ, Hu Y, Kirchner R, Liu Y, Xu C, Comjean A, Tattikota SG, Li F, Song W, Ho Sui S, Perrimon N. A cell atlas of the adult Drosophila midgut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1514-1523. [PMID: 31915294 PMCID: PMC6983450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916820117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the adult Drosophila midgut have led to many insights in our understanding of cell-type diversity, stem cell regeneration, tissue homeostasis, and cell fate decision. Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing provide opportunities to identify new cell types and molecular features. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptome of midgut epithelial cells and identified 22 distinct clusters representing intestinal stem cells, enteroblasts, enteroendocrine cells (EEs), and enterocytes. This unbiased approach recovered most of the known intestinal stem cells/enteroblast and EE markers, highlighting the high quality of the dataset, and led to insights on intestinal stem cell biology, cell type-specific organelle features, the roles of new transcription factors in progenitors and regional variation along the gut, 5 additional EE gut hormones, EE hormonal expression diversity, and paracrine function of EEs. To facilitate mining of this rich dataset, we provide a web-based resource for visualization of gene expression in single cells. Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive resource for addressing functions of genes in the midgut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rory Kirchner
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chiwei Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aram Comjean
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Fangge Li
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shannan Ho Sui
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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37
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Reiff T, Antonello ZA, Ballesta-Illán E, Mira L, Sala S, Navarro M, Martinez LM, Dominguez M. Notch and EGFR regulate apoptosis in progenitor cells to ensure gut homeostasis in Drosophila. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101346. [PMID: 31566767 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative activity of adult stem cells carries a risk of cancer, particularly in highly renewable tissues. Members of the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) inhibit caspases and cell death, and are often deregulated in adult cancers; however, their roles in normal adult tissue homeostasis are unclear. Here, we show that regulation of the number of enterocyte-committed progenitor (enteroblast) cells in the adult Drosophila involves a caspase-mediated physiological apoptosis, which adaptively eliminates excess enteroblast cells produced by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and, when blocked, can also lead to tumorigenesis. Importantly, we found that Diap1 is expressed by enteroblast cells and that loss and gain of Diap1 led to changes in enteroblast numbers. We also found that antagonistic interplay between Notch and EGFR signalling governs enteroblast life/death decisions via the Klumpfuss/WT1 and Lozenge/RUNX transcription regulators, which also regulate enteroblast differentiation and cell fate plasticity. These data provide new insights into how caspases drive adult tissue renewal and protect against the formation of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reiff
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Zeus A Antonello
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Esther Ballesta-Illán
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Mira
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis M Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
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38
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Houtz P, Bonfini A, Bing X, Buchon N. Recruitment of Adult Precursor Cells Underlies Limited Repair of the Infected Larval Midgut in Drosophila. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:412-425.e5. [PMID: 31492656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surviving infection requires immune and repair mechanisms. Developing organisms face the additional challenge of integrating these mechanisms with tightly controlled developmental processes. The larval Drosophila midgut lacks dedicated intestinal stem cells. We show that, upon infection, larvae perform limited repair using adult midgut precursors (AMPs). AMPs differentiate in response to damage to generate new enterocytes, transiently depleting their pool. Developmental delay allows for AMP reconstitution, ensuring the completion of metamorphosis. Notch signaling is required for the differentiation of AMPs into the encasing, niche-like peripheral cells (PCs), but not to differentiate PCs into enterocytes. Dpp (TGF-β) signaling is sufficient, but not necessary, to induce PC differentiation into enterocytes. Infection-induced JAK-STAT pathway is both required and sufficient for differentiation of AMPs and PCs into new enterocytes. Altogether, this work highlights the constraints imposed by development on an organism's response to infection and demonstrates the transient use of adult precursors for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Houtz
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoli Bing
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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39
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Flint Brodsly N, Bitman-Lotan E, Boico O, Shafat A, Monastirioti M, Gessler M, Delidakis C, Rincon-Arano H, Orian A. The transcription factor Hey and nuclear lamins specify and maintain cell identity. eLife 2019; 8:44745. [PMID: 31310235 PMCID: PMC6634966 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of differentiated cells to maintain their identity is a hallmark of age-related diseases. We found that the transcription factor Hey supervises the identity of differentiated enterocytes (ECs) in the adult Drosophila midgut. Lineage tracing established that Hey-deficient ECs are unable to maintain their unique nuclear organization and identity. To supervise cell identity, Hey determines the expression of nuclear lamins, switching from a stem-cell lamin configuration to a differentiated lamin configuration. Moreover, continued Hey expression is required to conserve large-scale nuclear organization. During aging, Hey levels decline, and EC identity and gut homeostasis are impaired, including pathological reprograming and compromised gut integrity. These phenotypes are highly similar to those observed upon acute targeting of Hey or perturbation of lamin expression in ECs in young adults. Indeed, aging phenotypes were suppressed by continued expression of Hey in ECs, suggesting that a Hey-lamin network safeguards nuclear organization and differentiated cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Flint Brodsly
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eliya Bitman-Lotan
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Boico
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adi Shafat
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria Monastirioti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Biocenter of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Hector Rincon-Arano
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Amir Orian
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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40
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Takeda K, Okumura T, Terahata M, Yamaguchi M, Taniguchi K, Adachi-Yamada T. Drosophila Peptide Hormones Allatostatin A and Diuretic Hormone 31 Exhibiting Complementary Gradient Distribution in Posterior Midgut Antagonistically Regulate Midgut Senescence and Adult Lifespan. Zoolog Sci 2019; 35:75-85. [PMID: 29417892 DOI: 10.2108/zs160210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EEs) are evolutionarily conserved gastrointestinal secretory cells that show scattered distribution in the intestinal epithelium. These cells classified into several subtypes based on the hormones they produce in both mammals and insects. In the fruit fly Drosophila, it has been suggested that nearly equal numbers of two subtypes of EEs (Allatostatin A: AstA and Diuretic hormone 31 : Dh31) are alternately produced from the intestinal stem cells in the posterior midgut. However, we found that these two subtypes are not always present in this manner, but are rather distributed in a complementary frequency gradient along the posterior midgut. We show that midgut-preferential RNA knockdown of the peptide hormones AstA or Dh31 respectively results in decreased or increased adult lifespan. This effect on longevity is apparently correlated with the midgut senescence phenotypes as a result of direct hormone action through both hormone receptors expressed in the enteroblasts or other midgut cell types. However, gut senescence does not appear to be the direct cause for longevity regulation, as knockdown of both hormone receptors did not affect adult lifespan. Furthermore, these senescence phenotypes appear to be independent of insulin signaling and manifest in an organ-specific manner. These results indicate that the two intestinal secretory peptides antagonistically regulate adult lifespan and intestinal senescence through multiple pathways, irrespective of insulin, which implicates a complementary gradient distribution of each of the hormone-producing EEs, consistent with local requirements for cell activity along the posterior midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takeda
- 1 Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- 2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Mayu Terahata
- 2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Mio Yamaguchi
- 2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Taniguchi
- 1 Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.,2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Adachi-Yamada
- 1 Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.,2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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41
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Zwick RK, Ohlstein B, Klein OD. Intestinal renewal across the animal kingdom: comparing stem cell activity in mouse and Drosophila. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G313-G322. [PMID: 30543448 PMCID: PMC6415738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00353.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract renews frequently to sustain nutrient digestion and absorption in the face of consistent tissue stress. In many species, proliferative intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are responsible for the repair of the damage arising from chemical and mechanical aspects of food breakdown and exposure to pathogens. As the cellular source of all mature cell types of the intestinal epithelium throughout adulthood, ISCs hold tremendous therapeutic potential for understanding and treating GI disease in humans. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of ISC identity, behavior, and regulation during homeostasis and injury-induced repair, as revealed by two major animal models used to study regeneration of the small intestine: Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. We emphasize recent findings from Drosophila that are likely to translate to the mammalian GI system, as well as challenging topics in mouse ISC biology that may be ideally suited for investigation in flies. For context, we begin by reviewing major physiological similarities and distinctions between the Drosophila midgut and mouse small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Zwick
- 1Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin Ohlstein
- 2Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- 1Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California,3Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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42
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Miguel-Aliaga I, Jasper H, Lemaitre B. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive Tract of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 210:357-396. [PMID: 30287514 PMCID: PMC6216580 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has recently come to the forefront of multiple research fields. It is now recognized as a major source of signals modulating food intake, insulin secretion and energy balance. It is also a key player in immunity and, through its interaction with microbiota, can shape our physiology and behavior in complex and sometimes unexpected ways. The insect intestine had remained, by comparison, relatively unexplored until the identification of adult somatic stem cells in the Drosophila intestine over a decade ago. Since then, a growing scientific community has exploited the genetic amenability of this insect organ in powerful and creative ways. By doing so, we have shed light on a broad range of biological questions revolving around stem cells and their niches, interorgan signaling and immunity. Despite their relatively recent discovery, some of the mechanisms active in the intestine of flies have already been shown to be more widely applicable to other gastrointestinal systems, and may therefore become relevant in the context of human pathologies such as gastrointestinal cancers, aging, or obesity. This review summarizes our current knowledge of both the formation and function of the Drosophila melanogaster digestive tract, with a major focus on its main digestive/absorptive portion: the strikingly adaptable adult midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945-1400
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Obniski R, Sieber M, Spradling AC. Dietary Lipids Modulate Notch Signaling and Influence Adult Intestinal Development and Metabolism in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2018; 47:98-111.e5. [PMID: 30220569 PMCID: PMC6894183 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis involves a complex balance of developmental signals and environmental cues that dictate stem cell function. We found that dietary lipids control enteroendocrine cell production from Drosophila posterior midgut stem cells. Dietary cholesterol influences new intestinal cell differentiation in an Hr96-dependent manner by altering the level and duration of Notch signaling. Exogenous lipids modulate Delta ligand and Notch extracellular domain stability and alter their trafficking in endosomal vesicles. Lipid-modulated Notch signaling occurs in other nutrient-dependent tissues, suggesting that Delta trafficking in many cells is sensitive to cellular sterol levels. These diet-mediated alterations in young animals contribute to a metabolic program that persists after the diet changes. A low-sterol diet also slows the proliferation of enteroendocrine tumors initiated by Notch pathway disruption. Thus, a specific dietary nutrient can modify a key intercellular signaling pathway to shift stem cell differentiation and cause lasting changes in tissue structure and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Obniski
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Benguettat O, Jneid R, Soltys J, Loudhaief R, Brun-Barale A, Osman D, Gallet A. The DH31/CGRP enteroendocrine peptide triggers intestinal contractions favoring the elimination of opportunistic bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007279. [PMID: 30180210 PMCID: PMC6138423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the first organ affected by the ingestion of foodborne bacteria. While commensal bacteria become resident, opportunistic or virulent bacteria are eliminated from the gut by the local innate immune system. Here we characterize a new mechanism of defense, independent of the immune system, in Drosophila melanogaster. We observed strong contractions of longitudinal visceral muscle fibers for the first 2 hours following bacterial ingestion. We showed that these visceral muscle contractions are induced by immune reactive oxygen species (ROS) that accumulate in the lumen and depend on the ROS-sensing TRPA1 receptor. We then demonstrate that both ROS and TRPA1 are required in a subset of anterior enteroendocrine cells for the release of the DH31 neuropeptide which activates its receptor in the neighboring visceral muscles. The resulting contractions of the visceral muscles favors quick expulsion of the bacteria, limiting their presence in the gut. Our results unveil a precocious mechanism of defense against ingested opportunistic bacteria, whether they are Gram-positive like Bacillus thuringiensis or Gram-negative like Erwinia carotovora carotovora. Finally, we found that the human homolog of DH31, CGRP, has a conserved function in Drosophila. The intestine is the first barrier to fight non-commensal bacteria ingested along with the food. The innate immune system is the main mean mounted by the gut lining in response to ill-causing bacteria to avoid detrimental impact. Intestinal cells produce chlorine bleach and antimicrobial peptides that destroy exogenous bacteria. Here, we identified and characterized a new mechanism of gut defense that occurs rapidly after ingestion of exogenous bacteria. We found that the enteroendocrine cells perceive the presence of chlorine bleach in the lumen thanks to a sensor. This sensor promotes a calcium flux within enteroendocrine cells that allows the release of a hormone. This hormone acts locally on the visceral muscle surrounding the intestine by provoking its strong contractions (or spasms). We show that these strong but brief visceral contractions are helping to the quick expulsion of the ingested bacteria thus limiting their potential detrimental impact on the intestine. Markedly, the bleach-sensor is well known to be involved in pain. Therefore we have deciphered in this study a biological mechanism that has so far been described only empirically by medicine, potentially explaining intestinal pain and visceral spasms upon food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rouba Jneid
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INRA, ISA, France
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Armel Gallet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INRA, ISA, France
- * E-mail:
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45
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Xu K, Liu X, Wang Y, Wong C, Song Y. Temporospatial induction of homeodomain gene cut dictates natural lineage reprogramming. eLife 2018; 7:33934. [PMID: 29714689 PMCID: PMC5986271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cellular identity naturally interconverts with high efficiency and temporospatial precision is crucial for regenerative medicine. Here, we revealed a natural midgut-to-renal lineage conversion event during Drosophila metamorphosis and identified the evolutionarily-conserved homeodomain protein Cut as a master switch in this process. A steep Wnt/Wingless morphogen gradient intersects with a pulse of steroid hormone ecdysone to induce cut expression in a subset of midgut progenitors and reprogram them into renal progenitors. Molecularly, ecdysone-induced temporal factor Broad physically interacts with cut enhancer-bound Wnt pathway effector TCF/β-catenin and likely bridges the distant enhancer and promoter region of cut through its self-association. Such long-range enhancer-promoter looping could subsequently trigger timely cut transcription. Our results therefore led us to propose an unexpected poising-and-bridging mechanism whereby spatial and temporal cues intersect, likely via chromatin looping, to turn on a master transcription factor and dictate efficient and precise lineage reprogramming. As an embryo develops, an organism transforms from a single cell into an organized collection of different cells, tissues and organs. Regulated by genes and messenger molecules, non-specialized cells known as precursor cells, move, divide and adapt to produce the different cells in the adult body. However, sometimes already-specialized adult cells can acquire a new role in a process known as lineage reprogramming. Finding ways to artificially induce and control lineage reprogramming could be useful in regenerative medicine. This would allow cells to be reprogrammed to replace those that are lost or damaged. So far, scientists have been unable to develop a clear view of how lineage reprogramming happens naturally. Here, Xu et al. identified a cell-conversion event in the developing fruit fly. As the fly larva develops into an adult, a group of cells in the midgut reprogramme to become renal cells – the equivalent to human kidney cells. The experiments revealed that a combination of signals from a cell messenger system important for cell specialization (called Wnt) and the hormone that controls molting in insects, activate a gene called cut, which controls the midgut-to-renal lineage reprogramming. Together, Wnt and the hormone ensure that cut is activated only in a small, specific group of midgut precursor cells at a precise time. The reprogrammed cells then move into the excretory organs, the renal tubes, where they give rise to renal cells. Midgut precursor cells in which cut had been experimentally removed, still traveled into the renal tubes. However, they failed to switch their identity and gave rise to midgut cells instead. Further examination revealed that both Wnt and the ecdysone hormone are needed to activate the cut gene. This is probably achieved by creating loops in the DNA to bring together the two distantly located key regulatory elements of cut gene expression. If this mechanism can be seen in other contexts it may be possible to adapt it for medical purposes. The ability to reprogramme groups of cells with high specificity could transform medicine. It would make it easier for our bodies to regenerate and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chouin Wong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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46
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Autophagy maintains stem cells and intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4644. [PMID: 29545557 PMCID: PMC5854693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is maintained by tightly controlled proliferation and differentiation of tissue-resident multipotent stem cells during aging and regeneration, which ensures organismal adaptation. Here we show that autophagy is required in Drosophila intestinal stem cells to sustain proliferation, and preserves the stem cell pool. Autophagy-deficient stem cells show elevated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest during aging, and are frequently eliminated via JNK-mediated apoptosis. Interestingly, loss of Chk2, a DNA damage-activated kinase that arrests the cell cycle and promotes DNA repair and apoptosis, leads to uncontrolled proliferation of intestinal stem cells regardless of their autophagy status. Chk2 accumulates in the nuclei of autophagy-deficient stem cells, raising the possibility that its activation may contribute to the effects of autophagy inhibition in intestinal stem cells. Our study reveals the crucial role of autophagy in preserving proper stem cell function for the continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium in Drosophila.
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47
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Chen J, Xu N, Wang C, Huang P, Huang H, Jin Z, Yu Z, Cai T, Jiao R, Xi R. Transient Scute activation via a self-stimulatory loop directs enteroendocrine cell pair specification from self-renewing intestinal stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:152-161. [PMID: 29335529 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The process through which multiple types of cell-lineage-restricted progenitor cells are specified from multipotent stem cells is unclear. Here we show that, in intestinal stem cell lineages in adult Drosophila, in which the Delta-Notch-signalling-guided progenitor cell differentiation into enterocytes is the default mode, the specification of enteroendocrine cells (EEs) is initiated by transient Scute activation in a process driven by transcriptional self-stimulation combined with a negative feedback regulation between Scute and Notch targets. Scute activation induces asymmetric intestinal stem cell divisions that generate EE progenitor cells. The mitosis-inducing and fate-inducing activities of Scute guide each EE progenitor cell to divide exactly once prior to its terminal differentiation, yielding a pair of EEs. The transient expression of a fate inducer therefore specifies both type and numbers of committed progenitor cells originating from stem cells, which could represent a general mechanism used for diversifying committed progenitor cells from multipotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongsheng Yu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renjie Jiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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48
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Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as a promising cell source to heal, replace or regenerate tissue and organs damaged by aging, injury or diseases. The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly renewing tissue in our body, which is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), located at the bottom of the crypts. ISCs continuously replace lost or injured intestinal epithelial cells in organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans. The adult Drosophila midgut provides an excellent in vivo model system to study ISC behavior during stress, regeneration, aging and infection. There are several signaling pathways/genes have been identified to regulate ISCs self-renewal and differentiation during normal and pathological conditions. A significant number of genetic tools and markers have been developed in the last one decade to study Drosophila ISCs behavior. Here, we describe some of the markers and methods used to study ISCs behavior in adult midgut of Drosophila.
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49
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Takeda K, Okumura T, Taniguchi K, Adachi-Yamada T. Adult Intestine Aging Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1076:11-23. [PMID: 29951812 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0529-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila adult has an intestine composed of a series of differentiated cells and tissue stem cells, all of which are similar to the mammalian intestinal cells. The aged adult intestine shows apparent characteristics such as multilayering of absorptive cells, misexpression of cell type-specific genes, and hyperproliferation of stem cells. Recent studies have revealed various gene networks responsible for progression of these aged phenotypes. The molecular mechanism for senescence of the Drosophila adult midgut and its relation with the corresponding mechanism in mammals are overviewed. In addition, a basic method for observing aged phenotypes of the midgut is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takeda
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Strilbytska OM, Koliada AK, Storey KB, Mudra O, Vaiserman AM, Lushchak O. Longevity and stress resistance are affected by activation of TOR/Myc in progenitor cells of Drosophila gut. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDiverse physiological pathways have been shown to regulate longevity, stress resistance, fecundity and feeding rates, and metabolism in Drosophila. Here we tesed physiological traits in flies with Rheb and Myc- Rheb overexpressed in gut progenitor cells, known as enteroblasts (EBs). We found that activation of TOR signaling by overexpression of Rheb in EBs decreases survival and stress resistance. Additionall, we showed that Myc co-expression in EBs reduces fly fecundity and feeding rate. Rheb overexpression enhanced the level of whole body glucose. Higher relative expression of the metabolic genes dilps, akh, tobi and pepck was, however, observed. The role of TOR/Myc in the regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and protein synthesis was established. We showed a significant role of TOR/Myc in EBs in the regulation of the JAK/STAT, EGFR and insulin signaling pathways in Drosophila gut. These results highlight the importance of the balance between all different types of cells and confirm previous studies demonstrating that promotion of homeostasis in the intestine of Drosophila may function as a mechanism for the extension of organismal lifespan. Overall, the results demonstrate a role of TOR signaling and its downstream target Myc in EB cells in the regulation of Drosophila physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha M. Strilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Olha Mudra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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