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Griffiths SC, Tan J, Wagner A, Blazer LL, Adams JJ, Srinivasan S, Moghisaei S, Sidhu SS, Siebold C, Ho HYH. Structure and function of the ROR2 cysteine-rich domain in vertebrate noncanonical WNT5A signaling. eLife 2024; 13:e71980. [PMID: 38780011 PMCID: PMC11219042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2 mediates noncanonical WNT5A signaling to orchestrate tissue morphogenetic processes, and dysfunction of the pathway causes Robinow syndrome, brachydactyly B, and metastatic diseases. The domain(s) and mechanisms required for ROR2 function, however, remain unclear. We solved the crystal structure of the extracellular cysteine-rich (CRD) and Kringle (Kr) domains of ROR2 and found that, unlike other CRDs, the ROR2 CRD lacks the signature hydrophobic pocket that binds lipids/lipid-modified proteins, such as WNTs, suggesting a novel mechanism of ligand reception. Functionally, we showed that the ROR2 CRD, but not other domains, is required and minimally sufficient to promote WNT5A signaling, and Robinow mutations in the CRD and the adjacent Kr impair ROR2 secretion and function. Moreover, using function-activating and -perturbing antibodies against the Frizzled (FZ) family of WNT receptors, we demonstrate the involvement of FZ in WNT5A-ROR signaling. Thus, ROR2 acts via its CRD to potentiate the function of a receptor super-complex that includes FZ to transduce WNT5A signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Griffiths
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jia Tan
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Armin Wagner
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUnited Kingdom
| | - Levi L Blazer
- School of Pharmacy, University of WaterlooWaterlooCanada
| | | | - Srisathya Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Shayan Moghisaei
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | | | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
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2
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McLeod JJ, Rothschild SC, Francescatto L, Kim H, Tombes RM. Specific CaMKIIs mediate convergent extension cell movements in early zebrafish development. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:390-403. [PMID: 37860955 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncanonical Wnts are morphogens that can elevate intracellular Ca2+, activate the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, CaMKII, and promote cell movements during vertebrate gastrulation. RESULTS Zebrafish express seven CaMKII genes during embryogenesis; two of these, camk2b1 and camk2g1, are necessary for convergent extension (CE) cell movements. CaMKII morphant phenotypes were observed as early as epiboly. At the 1-3 somite stage, neuroectoderm and paraxial cells remained unconverged in both morphants. Later, somites lacked their stereotypical shape and were wider, more closely spaced, and body gap angles increased. At 24hpf, somite compression and notochord undulation coincided with a shorter and broader body axis. A camk2b1 crispant was generated which phenocopied the camk2b1 morphant. The levels of cell proliferation, apoptosis and paraxial and neuroectodermal markers were unchanged in morphants. Hyperactivation of CaMKII during gastrulation by transient pharmacological intervention (thapsigargin) also caused CE defects. Mosaically expressed dominant-negative CaMKII recapitulated these phenotypes and showed significant midline bifurcation. Finally, the introduction of CaMKII partially rescued Wnt11 morphant phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data support a model whereby cyclically activated CaMKII encoded from two genes enables cell migration during the process of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J McLeod
- Department of Biology and VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah C Rothschild
- Department of Biology and VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Haerin Kim
- Department of Biology and VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert M Tombes
- Department of Biology and VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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3
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Uchida Y, Tsutsumi M, Ichii S, Irie N, Furusawa C. Deciphering the origin of developmental stability: The role of intracellular expression variability in evolutionary conservation. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12473. [PMID: 38414112 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Progress in evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has deepened our understanding of how intrinsic properties of embryogenesis, along with natural selection and population genetics, shape phenotypic diversity. A focal point of recent empirical and theoretical research is the idea that highly developmentally stable phenotypes are more conserved in evolution. Previously, we demonstrated that in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), embryonic stages and genes with high stability, estimated through whole-embryo RNA-seq, are highly conserved in subsequent generations. However, the precise origin of the stability of gene expression levels evaluated at the whole-embryo level remained unclear. Such stability could be attributed to two distinct sources: stable intracellular expression levels or spatially stable expression patterns. Here we demonstrate that stability observed in whole-embryo RNA-seq can be attributed to stability at the cellular level (low variability in gene expression at the cellular levels). We quantified the intercellular variations in expression levels and spatial gene expression patterns for seven key genes involved in patterning dorsoventral and rostrocaudal regions during early development in medaka. We evaluated intracellular variability by counting transcripts and found its significant correlation with variation observed in whole-embryo RNA-seq data. Conversely, variation in spatial gene expression patterns, assessed through intraindividual left-right asymmetry, showed no correlation. Given the previously reported correlation between stability and conservation of expression levels throughout embryogenesis, our findings suggest a potential general trend: the stability or instability of developmental systems-and the consequent evolutionary diversity-may be primarily anchored in intrinsic fundamental elements such as the variability of intracellular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Uchida
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ichii
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Irie
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chikara Furusawa
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Stevenson MJ, Phanor SK, Patel U, Gisselbrecht SS, Bulyk ML, O'Brien LL. Altered binding affinity of SIX1-Q177R correlates with enhanced WNT5A and WNT pathway effector expression in Wilms tumor. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050208. [PMID: 37815464 PMCID: PMC10668032 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumors present as an amalgam of varying proportions of tissues located within the developing kidney, one being the nephrogenic blastema comprising multipotent nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). The recurring missense mutation Q177R in NPC transcription factors SIX1 and SIX2 is most correlated with tumors of blastemal histology and is significantly associated with relapse. Yet, the transcriptional regulatory consequences of SIX1/2-Q177R that might promote tumor progression and recurrence have not been investigated extensively. Utilizing multiple Wilms tumor transcriptomic datasets, we identified upregulation of the gene encoding non-canonical WNT ligand WNT5A in addition to other WNT pathway effectors in SIX1/2-Q177R mutant tumors. SIX1 ChIP-seq datasets from Wilms tumors revealed shared binding sites for SIX1/SIX1-Q177R within a promoter of WNT5A and at putative distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs). We demonstrate colocalization of SIX1 and WNT5A in Wilms tumor tissue and utilize in vitro assays that support SIX1 and SIX1-Q177R activation of expression from the WNT5A CREs, as well as enhanced binding affinity within the WNT5A promoter that may promote the differential expression of WNT5A and other WNT pathway effectors associated with SIX1-Q177R tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stevenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sabrina K. Phanor
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Urvi Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen S. Gisselbrecht
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martha L. Bulyk
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lori L. O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Konopelski Snavely SE, Srinivasan S, Dreyer CA, Tan J, Carraway KL, Ho HYH. Non-canonical WNT5A-ROR signaling: New perspectives on an ancient developmental pathway. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:195-227. [PMID: 36967195 PMCID: PMC11042798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering non-canonical WNT signaling has proven to be both fascinating and challenging. Discovered almost 30 years ago, non-canonical WNT ligands signal independently of the transcriptional co-activator β-catenin to regulate a wide range of morphogenetic processes during development. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie non-canonical WNT function, however, remain nebulous. Recent results from various model systems have converged to define a core non-canonical WNT pathway consisting of the prototypic non-canonical WNT ligand, WNT5A, the receptor tyrosine kinase ROR, the seven transmembrane receptor Frizzled and the cytoplasmic scaffold protein Dishevelled. Importantly, mutations in each of these signaling components cause Robinow syndrome, a congenital disorder characterized by profound tissue morphogenetic abnormalities. Moreover, dysregulation of the pathway has also been linked to cancer metastasis. As new knowledge concerning the WNT5A-ROR pathway continues to grow, modeling these mutations will likely provide crucial insights into both the physiological regulation of the pathway and the etiology of WNT5A-ROR-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Konopelski Snavely
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Srisathya Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Courtney A Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Jia Tan
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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6
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Distinctive Roles of Wnt Signaling in Chondrogenic Differentiation of BMSCs under Coupling of Pressure and Platelet-Rich Fibrin. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:823-837. [PMID: 35467329 PMCID: PMC9294129 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although newly formed constructs of feasible pressure-preadjusted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) showed biomechanical flexibility and superior capacity for cartilage regeneration, it is still not very clear how BMSCs and seed cells feel mechanical stimuli and convert them into biological signals, and the difference in signal transduction underlying mechanical and chemical cues is also unclear. METHODS To determine whether mechanical stimulation (hydrostatic pressure) and chemical cues (platelet-rich fibrin, PRF) activate canonical or noncanonical Wnt signaling in BMSCs, BMSCs cocultured with PRF were subjected to hydrostatic pressure loading, and the activation of the Wnt signaling molecules and expression of cartilage-associated proteins and genes were determined by western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Inhibitors of canonical or noncanonical Wnt signaling, XVX-939 or L690,330, were adopted to investigate the role of Wnt signaling molecules in mechanically promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. RESULTS Hydrostatic pressure of 120 kPa activated both Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Wnt/Ca2+ signaling, with the the maximum promotion effect at 60 min. PRF exerted no synergistic effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. However, the growth factors released by PRF might reverse the promotion effects of pressure on Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. Real-time PCR and Western blotting results showed that pressure could activate the expression of Col-II, Sox9, and aggrecan in BMSCs cocultured with PRF. Blocking experiment found a positive role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and a negative role of Wnt/Ca2+ signaling in chondrogenic differentiation of the BMSCs. Mutual inhibition exists between canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in BMSCs under pressure. CONCLUSION Wnt signaling participates in the pressure-promoted chondrogenesis of the BMSCs co-cultured with PRF, with canonical and noncanonical pathways playing distinct roles during the process.
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Abstract
The molecular complexes underlying planar cell polarity (PCP) were first identified in Drosophila through analysis of mutant phenotypes in the adult cuticle and the orientation of associated polarized protrusions such as wing hairs and sensory bristles. The same molecules are conserved in vertebrates and are required for the localization of polarized protrusions such as primary or sensory cilia and the orientation of hair follicles. Not only is PCP signaling required to align cellular structures across a tissue, it is also required to coordinate movement during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. PCP signaling allows cells to interpret positional cues within a tissue to move in the appropriate direction and to coordinate this movement with their neighbors. In this review we outline the molecular basis of the core Wnt-Frizzled/PCP pathway, and describe how this signaling orchestrates collective motility in Drosophila and vertebrates. Here we cover the paradigms of ommatidial rotation and border cell migration in Drosophila, and convergent extension in vertebrates. The downstream cell biological processes that underlie polarized motility include cytoskeletal reorganization, and adherens junctional and extracellular matrix remodeling. We discuss the contributions of these processes in the respective cell motility contexts. Finally, we address examples of individual cell motility guided by PCP factors during nervous system development and in cancer disease contexts.
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8
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Niehrs C. The role of Xenopus developmental biology in unraveling Wnt signalling and antero-posterior axis formation. Dev Biol 2021; 482:1-6. [PMID: 34818531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling plays an eminent role in development, stem cell growth, and tissue homeostasis. Much of what we know about Wnt signalling, we owe to research in developmental biology. Here I review some salient discoveries in the older literature, beginning with the Lithium experiments in sea urchin by Curt Herbst in the 1890ies, when unknown to him he observed the gradual effects of Wnt overactivation upon embryonic axis formation. After revisiting key discoveries into Wingless signalling in Drosophila, I examine the role that the Xenopus embryo has played as model system in this regard. Not only were components of the Wnt cascade dissected and secreted Wnt antagonists discovered in Xenopus, but it also played a key role in unveiling the evolutionary conserved role of Wnt signalling in primary body axis formation. I conclude that Xenopus developmental biology has played a major role in elucidating the mechanisms of embryonic Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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9
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Rogers S, Scholpp S. Vertebrate Wnt5a - At the crossroads of cellular signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:3-10. [PMID: 34686423 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is an essential pathway in embryogenesis, differentiation, cell motility, development, and adult tissue homeostasis in vertebrates. The Wnt signalling network can activate several downstream pathways such as the β-catenin-dependent TCF/LEF transcription, the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the Wnt/Calcium pathway. Wnt5a is a vertebrate Wnt ligand that is most often associated with the Wnt/PCP signalling pathway. Wnt5a/PCP signalling has a well-described role in embryogenesis via binding to a receptor complex of Frizzled and its co-receptors to initiate downstream activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling cascade and the Rho and Rac GTPases, Rho-Kinase (ROCK). This activation results in the cytoskeletal remodelling required for cell polarity, migration, and subsequently, tissue re-arrangement and organ formation. This review will focus on more recent work that has revealed new roles for Wnt5a ligands and consequently, an emerging broader function. This is partly due to our growing understanding of the crosstalk between the Wnt/PCP pathway with both the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and other signalling pathways, and in part due to the identification of novel atypical receptors for Wnt5a that demonstrate a far broader role for this ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Rogers
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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10
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Reis AH, Sokol SY. Rspo2 inhibits TCF3 phosphorylation to antagonize Wnt signaling during vertebrate anteroposterior axis specification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13433. [PMID: 34183732 PMCID: PMC8239024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway activates target genes by controlling the β-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF) transcriptional complex during embryonic development and cancer. This pathway can be potentiated by R-spondins, a family of proteins that bind RNF43/ZNRF3 E3 ubiquitin ligases and LGR4/5 receptors to prevent Frizzled degradation. Here we demonstrate that, during Xenopus anteroposterior axis specification, Rspo2 functions as a Wnt antagonist, both morphologically and at the level of gene targets and pathway mediators. Unexpectedly, the binding to RNF43/ZNRF3 and LGR4/5 was not required for the Wnt inhibitory activity. Moreover, Rspo2 did not influence Dishevelled phosphorylation in response to Wnt ligands, suggesting that Frizzled activity is not affected. Further analysis indicated that the Wnt antagonism is due to the inhibitory effect of Rspo2 on TCF3/TCF7L1 phosphorylation that normally leads to target gene activation. Consistent with this mechanism, Rspo2 anteriorizing activity has been rescued in TCF3-depleted embryos. These observations suggest that Rspo2 is a context-specific regulator of TCF3 phosphorylation and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Reis
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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11
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Proteomic analysis identifies the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104944118. [PMID: 34135125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104944118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a-Ror signaling is a conserved pathway that regulates morphogenetic processes during vertebrate development [R. T. Moon et al, Development 119, 97-111 (1993); I. Oishi et al, Genes Cells 8, 645-654 (2003)], but its downstream signaling events remain poorly understood. Through a large-scale proteomic screen in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Upon pathway activation, Pdzrn3 is degraded in a β-catenin-independent, ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent manner. We developed a flow cytometry-based reporter to monitor Pdzrn3 abundance and delineated a signaling cascade involving Frizzled, Dishevelled, Casein kinase 1, and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 that regulates Pdzrn3 stability. Epistatically, Pdzrn3 is regulated independently of Kif26b, another Wnt5a-Ror effector. Wnt5a-dependent degradation of Pdzrn3 requires phosphorylation of three conserved amino acids within its C-terminal LNX3H domain [M. Flynn, O. Saha, P. Young, BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 235 (2011)], which acts as a bona fide Wnt5a-responsive element. Importantly, this phospho-dependent degradation is essential for Wnt5a-Ror modulation of cell migration. Collectively, this work establishes a Wnt5a-Ror cell morphogenetic cascade involving Pdzrn3 phosphorylation and degradation.
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12
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Mechanical Coupling Coordinates the Co-elongation of Axial and Paraxial Tissues in Avian Embryos. Dev Cell 2020; 55:354-366.e5. [PMID: 32918876 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissues undergoing morphogenesis impose mechanical effects on one another. How developmental programs adapt to or take advantage of these effects remains poorly explored. Here, using a combination of live imaging, modeling, and microsurgical perturbations, we show that the axial and paraxial tissues in the forming avian embryonic body coordinate their rates of elongation through mechanical interactions. First, a cell motility gradient drives paraxial presomitic mesoderm (PSM) expansion, resulting in compression of the axial neural tube and notochord; second, elongation of axial tissues driven by PSM compression and polarized cell intercalation pushes the caudal progenitor domain posteriorly; finally, the axial push drives the lateral movement of midline PSM cells to maintain PSM growth and cell motility. These interactions form an engine-like positive feedback loop, which sustains a shared elongation rate for coupled tissues. Our results demonstrate a key role of inter-tissue forces in coordinating distinct body axis tissues during their co-elongation.
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13
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Merle T, Farge E. Trans-scale mechanotransductive cascade of biochemical and biomechanical patterning in embryonic development: the light side of the force. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Wiese KE, Nusse R, van Amerongen R. Wnt signalling: conquering complexity. Development 2018; 145:145/12/dev165902. [PMID: 29945986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The history of the Wnt pathway is an adventure that takes us from mice and flies to frogs, zebrafish and beyond, sketching the outlines of a molecular signalling cascade along the way. Here, we specifically highlight the instrumental role that developmental biology has played throughout. We take the reader on a journey, starting with developmental genetics studies that identified some of the main molecular players, through developmental model organisms that helped unravel their biochemical function and cell biological activities. Culminating in complex analyses of stem cell fate and dynamic tissue growth, these efforts beautifully illustrate how different disciplines provided missing pieces of a puzzle. Together, they have shaped our mechanistic understanding of the Wnt pathway as a conserved signalling process in development and disease. Today, researchers are still uncovering additional roles for Wnts and other members of this multifaceted signal transduction pathway, opening up promising new avenues for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin E Wiese
- Section of Molecular Cytology and Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5458, USA
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology and Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Wei X, Gong J, Ma J, Zhang T, Li Y, Lan T, Guo P, Qi S. Targeting the Dvl-1/β-arrestin2/JNK3 interaction disrupts Wnt5a-JNK3 signaling and protects hippocampal CA1 neurons during cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:11-21. [PMID: 29510185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that Wnt5a activation plays a pivotal role in brain injury and β-arrestin2 induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK3) activation is involved in neuronal cell death. Nonetheless, the relationship between Wnt5a and JNK3 remains unexplored during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Wnt5a-mediated JNK3 activation via the Wnt5a-Dvl-1-β-arrestin2-JNK3 signaling pathway was correlated with I/R brain injury. We found that cerebral I/R could enhance the assembly of the Dvl-1-β-arrestin2-JNK3 signaling module, Dvl-1 phosphorylation and JNK3 activation. Activated JNK3 could phosphorylate the transcription factor c-Jun, prompt caspase-3 activation and ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. To further explore specifically Wnt5a mediated JNK3 pathway activation in neuronal injury, we used Foxy-5 (a peptide that mimics the effects of Wnt5a) and Box5 (a Wnt5a antagonist) both in vitro and in vivo. AS-β-arrestin2 (an antisense oligonucleotide against β-arrestin2) and RRSLHL (a small peptide that competes with β-arrestin2 for binding to JNK3) were applied to confirm the positive signal transduction effect of the Dvl-1-β-arrestin2-JNK3 signaling module during cerebral I/R. Furthermore, Box5 and the RRSLHL peptide were found to play protective roles in neuronal death both in vivo global and focal cerebral I/R rat models and in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) neural cells. In summary, our results indicate that Wnt5a-mediated JNK3 activation participates in I/R brain injury by targeting the Dvl-1-β-arrestin2/JNK3 interaction. Our results also point to the possibility that disrupting Wnt5a-JNK3 signaling pathway may provide a new approach for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - JuanJuan Gong
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China
| | - Juyun Ma
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China
| | - Taiyu Zhang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China
| | - Yihang Li
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China
| | - Ting Lan
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China
| | - Peng Guo
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China
| | - Suhua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China; School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, PR China.
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16
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Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is best known for its role in polarizing epithelial cells within the plane of a tissue but it also plays a role in a range of cell migration events during development. The mechanism by which the PCP pathway polarizes stationary epithelial cells is well characterized, but how PCP signaling functions to regulate more dynamic cell behaviors during directed cell migration is much less understood. Here, we review recent discoveries regarding the localization of PCP proteins in migrating cells and their impact on the cell biology of collective and individual cell migratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal F Davey
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, B2-159, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, B2-159, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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17
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Susman MW, Karuna EP, Kunz RC, Gujral TS, Cantú AV, Choi SS, Jong BY, Okada K, Scales MK, Hum J, Hu LS, Kirschner MW, Nishinakamura R, Yamada S, Laird DJ, Jao LE, Gygi SP, Greenberg ME, Ho HYH. Kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates. eLife 2017; 6:e26509. [PMID: 28885975 PMCID: PMC5590807 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a-Ror signaling constitutes a developmental pathway crucial for embryonic tissue morphogenesis, reproduction and adult tissue regeneration, yet the molecular mechanisms by which the Wnt5a-Ror pathway mediates these processes are largely unknown. Using a proteomic screen, we identify the kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b as a downstream target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Wnt5a-Ror, through a process independent of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin-dependent pathway, regulates the cellular stability of Kif26b by inducing its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Through this mechanism, Kif26b modulates the migratory behavior of cultured mesenchymal cells in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. Genetic perturbation of Kif26b function in vivo caused embryonic axis malformations and depletion of primordial germ cells in the developing gonad, two phenotypes characteristic of disrupted Wnt5a-Ror signaling. These findings indicate that Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of morphogenetic cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates and reveal a new role for regulated proteolysis in noncanonical Wnt5a-Ror signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Susman
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Edith P Karuna
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Ryan C Kunz
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Taranjit S Gujral
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Division of Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Andrea V Cantú
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesCenter for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Shannon S Choi
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Brigette Y Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Kyoko Okada
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Michael K Scales
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Jennie Hum
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Linda S Hu
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney DevelopmentInstitute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUnited States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesCenter for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Li-En Jao
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
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18
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Chin AM, Hill DR, Aurora M, Spence JR. Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:81-93. [PMID: 28161556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a vital organ responsible for nutrient absorption, bile and waste excretion, and a major site of host immunity. In order to keep up with daily demands, the intestine has evolved a mechanism to expand the absorptive surface area by undergoing a morphogenetic process to generate finger-like units called villi. These villi house specialized cell types critical for both absorbing nutrients from food, and for protecting the host from commensal and pathogenic microbes present in the adult gut. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that coordinate intestinal development, growth, and maturation of the small intestine, starting from the formation of the early gut tube, through villus morphogenesis and into early postnatal life when the intestine must adapt to the acquisition of nutrients through food intake, and to interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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19
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Putnová I, Dosedělová H, Bryja V, Landová M, Buchtová M, Štembírek J. Angled Growth of the Dental Lamina Is Accompanied by Asymmetrical Expression of the WNT Pathway Receptor Frizzled 6. Front Physiol 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28197104 PMCID: PMC5281629 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzled 6 (FZD6) belongs to a family of proteins that serve as receptors in the WNT signaling pathway. FZD6 plays an important role in the establishment of planar cell polarity in many embryonic processes such as convergent extension during gastrulation, neural tube closure, or hair patterning. Based on its role during hair development, we hypothesized that FZD6 may have similar expression pattern and function in the dental lamina, which is also a distinct epithelial protrusion growing characteristically angled into the mesenchyme. Diphyodont minipig was selected as a model species because its dentition closely resemble human ones with successional generation of teeth initiated from the dental lamina. We revealed asymmetrical expression of FZD6 in the dental lamina of early as well as late stages during its regression with stronger expression located on the labial side of the dental lamina. During lamina regression, FZD6-positive cells were found in its superficial part and the signal coincided with the upregulation of molecules involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increased migratory potential of epithelial cells. FZD6-expression was also turned on during differentiation of cells producing hard tissues, in which mature odontoblasts, ameloblasts, or surrounding osteoblasts were FZD6-positive. On the other hand, the tip of successional lamina and its lingual part, in which progenitor cells are located, exhibited FZD6-negativity. In conclusion, asymmetrical expression of FZD6 correlates with the growth directionality and side-specific morphological differences in the dental lamina of diphyodont species. Based on observed expression pattern, we propose that the dental lamina is other epithelial tissue, where planar cell polarity signaling is involved during its asymmetrical growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Putnová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of SciencesBrno, Czechia; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical SciencesBrno, Czechia
| | - Hana Dosedělová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of SciencesBrno, Czechia; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical SciencesBrno, Czechia
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University Brno, Czechia
| | - Marie Landová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences Brno, Czechia
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of SciencesBrno, Czechia; Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Jan Štembírek
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of SciencesBrno, Czechia; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital OstravaOstrava, Czechia
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20
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Houston DW. Vertebrate Axial Patterning: From Egg to Asymmetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:209-306. [PMID: 27975274 PMCID: PMC6550305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the bilateral embryonic body axis from a symmetrical egg has been a long-standing question in developmental biology. Historical and modern experiments point to an initial symmetry-breaking event leading to localized Wnt and Nodal growth factor signaling and subsequent induction and formation of a self-regulating dorsal "organizer." This organizer forms at the site of notochord cell internalization and expresses primarily Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) growth factor antagonists that establish a spatiotemporal gradient of BMP signaling across the embryo, directing initial cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Although the basics of this model have been known for some time, many of the molecular and cellular details have only recently been elucidated and the extent that these events remain conserved throughout vertebrate evolution remains unclear. This chapter summarizes historical perspectives as well as recent molecular and genetic advances regarding: (1) the mechanisms that regulate symmetry-breaking in the vertebrate egg and early embryo, (2) the pathways that are activated by these events, in particular the Wnt pathway, and the role of these pathways in the formation and function of the organizer, and (3) how these pathways also mediate anteroposterior patterning and axial morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed on comparative aspects of the egg-to-embryo transition across vertebrates and their evolution. The future prospects for work regarding self-organization and gene regulatory networks in the context of early axis formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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21
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Zeng R, Huang J, Zhong MZ, Li L, Yang G, Liu L, Wu Y, Yao X, Shi J, Wu Z. Multiple Roles of WNT5A in Breast Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5058-5067. [PMID: 28005837 PMCID: PMC5201118 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of women. Modern combinatorial therapeutic regimens can reduce patient tumor burdens to undetectable levels, yet in many cases these tumors will relapse. Understanding of breast cancer biology, developing more potent therapeutic approaches, and overcoming resistance are of great importance. WNT5A is a non-canonical signaling member of the WNT family. Its role in breast cancer still remains unclear. Most of the evidence shows that WNT5A is a suppressor in breast cancer and loss of its expression is associated with poor prognosis, while some evidence suggests the tumorigenicity of WNT5A. WNT signaling molecules are potent targets for treatment of cancer. Therefore, understanding the role of WNT5A in breast cancer may provide new ideas and methods for breast cancer treatment. We review the evidence concerning WNT5A and breast cancer involving the signaling pathways and the molecular-targeted therapy of WNT5A. Our results show that the role WNT5A plays depends on the availability of key receptors and intercellular interactions among different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Junhui Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Mei-Zuo Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Guorong Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Li Liu
- 32th Department, Hunan Tumor Hospital, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyi Yao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhifu Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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22
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Liu Z, Guo J, Wang Y, Weng Z, Huang B, Yu MK, Zhang X, Yuan P, Zhao H, Chan WY, Jiang X, Chan HC. CFTR-β-catenin interaction regulates mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation and embryonic development. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:98-110. [PMID: 27834953 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated anion channel capable of conducting both Cl- and HCO3-, mutations of which cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a common autosomal recessive disease. Although CF patients are known to have varied degree of developmental problems, the biological role of CFTR in embryonic development remains elusive. Here, we show that CFTR is functionally expressed in mouse ESCs. CFTR-/- mESCs exhibit dramatic defect in mesendoderm differentiation. In addition, CFTR physically interacts with β-catenin, defect of which leads to premature degradation of β-catenin and suppressed activation of β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, knockdown of CFTR retards the early development of Xenopus laevis with impaired mesoderm/endoderm differentiation and β-catenin signaling. Our study reveals a previously undefined role of CFTR in controlling ESC differentiation and early embryonic development via its interaction with β-catenin, and provides novel insights into the understanding of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Liu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jinghui Guo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhihui Weng
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Biao Huang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Mei-Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hsiao-Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
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23
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Chen H, Cheng CY. Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:99-109. [PMID: 27108805 PMCID: PMC5071175 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammalian testes, spermatogenesis is comprised of several discrete cellular events that work in tandem to support the transformation and differentiation of diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium during the seminiferous epithelial cycle. These include: self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells via mitosis and their transformation into differentiated spermatogonia, meiosis I/II, spermiogenesis and the release of sperms at spermiation. Studies have shown that these cellular events are under precise and coordinated controls of multiple proteins and signaling pathways. These events are also regulated by polarity proteins that are known to confer classical apico-basal (A/B) polarity in other epithelia. Furthermore, spermatid development is likely supported by planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins since polarized spermatids are aligned across the plane of seminiferous epithelium in an orderly fashion, analogous to hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. Thus, the maximal number of spermatids can be packed and supported by a fixed population of differentiated Sertoli cells in the limited space of the seminiferous epithelium in adult testes. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings regarding the role of PCP proteins in the testis. This information should be helpful in future studies to better understand the role of PCP proteins in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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24
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Chu CW, Sokol SY. Wnt proteins can direct planar cell polarity in vertebrate ectoderm. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27658614 PMCID: PMC5055393 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated orientation of cells across the tissue plane, known as planar cell polarity (PCP), is manifested by the segregation of core PCP proteins to different sides of the cell. Secreted Wnt ligands are involved in many PCP-dependent processes, yet whether they act as polarity cues has been controversial. We show that in Xenopus early ectoderm, the Prickle3/Vangl2 complex was polarized to anterior cell edges and this polarity was disrupted by several Wnt antagonists. In midgastrula embryos, Wnt5a, Wnt11, and Wnt11b, but not Wnt3a, acted across many cell diameters to orient Prickle3/Vangl2 complexes away from their sources regardless of their positions relative to the body axis. The planar polarity of endogenous Vangl2 in the neuroectoderm was similarly redirected by an ectopic Wnt source and disrupted after depletion of Wnt11b in the presumptive posterior region of the embryo. These observations provide evidence for the instructive role of Wnt ligands in vertebrate PCP. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16463.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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25
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Cantú AV, Altshuler-Keylin S, Laird DJ. Discrete somatic niches coordinate proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells via Wnt signaling. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:215-29. [PMID: 27402951 PMCID: PMC4949447 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inheritance depends on the expansion of a small number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the early embryo. Proliferation of mammalian PGCs is concurrent with their movement through changing microenvironments; however, mechanisms coordinating these conflicting processes remain unclear. Here, we find that PGC proliferation varies by location rather than embryonic age. Ror2 and Wnt5a mutants with mislocalized PGCs corroborate the microenvironmental regulation of the cell cycle, except in the hindgut, where Wnt5a is highly expressed. Molecular and genetic evidence suggests that Wnt5a acts via Ror2 to suppress β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling in PGCs and limit their proliferation in specific locations, which we validate by overactivating β-catenin in PGCs. Our results suggest that the balance between expansion and movement of migratory PGCs is fine-tuned in different niches by the opposing β-catenin-dependent and Ror2-mediated pathways through Wnt5a This could serve as a selective mechanism to favor early and efficient migrators with clonal dominance in the ensuing germ cell pool while penalizing stragglers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Cantú
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94043
| | - Svetlana Altshuler-Keylin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94043
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94043
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26
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Wallkamm V, Rahm K, Schmoll J, Kaufmann LT, Brinkmann E, Schunk J, Kraft B, Wedlich D, Gradl D. Regulation of distinct branches of the non-canonical Wnt-signaling network in Xenopus dorsal marginal zone explants. BMC Biol 2016; 14:55. [PMID: 27380628 PMCID: PMC4932719 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A tight regulation of the Wnt-signaling network, activated by 19 Wnt molecules and numerous receptors and co-receptors, is required for the establishment of a complex organism. Different branches of this Wnt-signaling network, including the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and the non-canonical Wnt/PCP, Wnt/Ror2 and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways, are assigned to distinct developmental processes and are triggered by certain ligand/receptor complexes. The Wnt-signaling molecules are closely related and it is still on debate whether the information for activating a specific branch is encoded by specific sequence motifs within a particular Wnt protein. The model organism Xenopus offers tools to distinguish between Wnt-signaling molecules activating distinct branches of the network. Results We created chimeric Wnt8a/Wnt11 molecules and could demonstrate that the C-terminal part (containing the BS2) of Wnt8a is responsible for secondary axis formation. Chimeric Wnt11/Wnt5a molecules revealed that the N-terminus with the elements PS3-1 and PS3-2 defines Wnt11 specificity, while elements PS3-1, PS3-2 and PS3-3 are required for Wnt5a specificity. Furthermore, we used Xenopus dorsal marginal zone explants to identify non-canonical Wnt target genes regulated by the Wnt5a branch and the Wnt11 branch. We found that pbk was specifically regulated by Wnt5a and rab11fip5 by Wnt11. Overexpression of these target genes phenocopied the overexpression of their regulators, confirming the distinct roles of Wnt11 and Wnt5a triggered signaling pathways. Furthermore, knock-down of pbk was able to restore convergent extension movements in Wnt5a morphants. Conclusions The N-terminal part of non-canonical Wnt proteins decides whether the Wnt5a or the Wnt11 branch of the Wnt-signaling network gets activated. The different non-canonical Wnt branches not only regulate cellular behavior, but, surprisingly, also regulate the expression of different target genes. One of these target genes, pbk, seems to be the relevant target gene executing Wnt5a-mediated regulation of convergent extension movements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0278-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Wallkamm
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karolin Rahm
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Schmoll
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lilian T Kaufmann
- Section Developmental Genetics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Brinkmann
- Section Developmental Genetics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schunk
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bianca Kraft
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doris Wedlich
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dietmar Gradl
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Januskevicius A, Vaitkiene S, Gosens R, Janulaityte I, Hoppenot D, Sakalauskas R, Malakauskas K. Eosinophils enhance WNT-5a and TGF-β1 genes expression in airway smooth muscle cells and promote their proliferation by increased extracellular matrix proteins production in asthma. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:94. [PMID: 27297409 PMCID: PMC4906992 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that eosinophils may have a direct effect on airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC), causing their proliferation in patients with asthma, but the precise mechanism of the interaction between these cells remains unknown. We propose that changes in Wnt signaling activity and extracellular matrix (ECM) production may help explain these findings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eosinophils from asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects on Wnt-5a, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and ECM protein (fibronectin and collagen) gene expression and ASMC proliferation. Methods A total of 18 subjects were involved in the study: 8 steroid-free asthma patients and 10 healthy subjects. Peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated using centrifugation and magnetic separation. An individual co-culture of eosinophils with human ASMC was prepared for each study subject. Adhesion of eosinophils to ASMC (evaluated by assaying eosinophil peroxidase activity) was determined following various incubation periods (30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 min). The expression of Wnt-5a, TGF-β1, and ECM protein genes in ASMC was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after 24 h of co-culture. Proliferation of ASMC was measured using the Alamar blue method after 48 h and 72 h of co-culture with eosinophils. Results Eosinophils from asthmatic subjects demonstrated increased adhesion to ASMC compared with eosinophils from healthy subjects (p < 0.05) in vitro. The expression of Wnt-5a, TGF-β1, collagen, and fibronectin genes in ASMC was significantly higher after 24 h of co-culture with eosinophils from asthmatic subjects, while co-culture of ASMC with eosinophils from healthy subjects increased only TGF-β1 and fibronectin gene expression. ASMC proliferation was augmented after co-culture with eosinophils from asthma patients compared with co-culture with eosinophils from healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusions Eosinophils enhance Wnt-5a, TGF-β1, fibronectin, and collagen gene expression in ASMC and promote proliferation of these cells in asthma. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02648074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Januskevicius
- Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
| | - Simona Vaitkiene
- Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ieva Janulaityte
- Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
| | - Deimante Hoppenot
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
| | - Kestutis Malakauskas
- Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.,Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
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28
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Brinkmann EM, Mattes B, Kumar R, Hagemann AIH, Gradl D, Scholpp S, Steinbeisser H, Kaufmann LT, Özbek S. Secreted Frizzled-related Protein 2 (sFRP2) Redirects Non-canonical Wnt Signaling from Fz7 to Ror2 during Vertebrate Gastrulation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13730-42. [PMID: 27129770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent extension movements during vertebrate gastrulation require a balanced activity of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, but the factors regulating this interplay on the molecular level are poorly characterized. Here we show that sFRP2, a member of the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family, is required for morphogenesis and papc expression during Xenopus gastrulation. We further provide evidence that sFRP2 redirects non-canonical Wnt signaling from Frizzled 7 (Fz7) to the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2). During this process, sFRP2 promotes Ror2 signal transduction by stabilizing Wnt5a-Ror2 complexes at the membrane, whereas it inhibits Fz7 signaling, probably by blocking Fz7 receptor endocytosis. The cysteine-rich domain of sFRP2 is sufficient for Ror2 activation, and related sFRPs can substitute for this function. Notably, direct interaction of the two receptors via their cysteine-rich domains also promotes Ror2-mediated papc expression but inhibits Fz7 signaling. We propose that sFRPs can act as a molecular switch, channeling the signal input for different non-canonical Wnt pathways during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Brinkmann
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mattes
- the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rahul Kumar
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja I H Hagemann
- the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dietmar Gradl
- the Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, and
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Herbert Steinbeisser
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian T Kaufmann
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
| | - Suat Özbek
- the Centre of Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Kiecker C, Bates T, Bell E. Molecular specification of germ layers in vertebrate embryos. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:923-47. [PMID: 26667903 PMCID: PMC4744249 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to generate the tissues and organs of a multicellular organism, different cell types have to be generated during embryonic development. The first step in this process of cellular diversification is the formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis and various neural crest-derived tissues, the endoderm goes on to form the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary systems as well as many endocrine glands, and the mesoderm will form the notochord, axial skeleton, cartilage, connective tissue, trunk muscles, kidneys and blood. Classic experiments in amphibian embryos revealed the tissue interactions involved in germ layer formation and provided the groundwork for the identification of secreted and intracellular factors involved in this process. We will begin this review by summarising the key findings of those studies. We will then evaluate them in the light of more recent genetic studies that helped clarify which of the previously identified factors are required for germ layer formation in vivo, and to what extent the mechanisms identified in amphibians are conserved across other vertebrate species. Collectively, these studies have started to reveal the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying vertebrate germ layer specification and we will conclude our review by providing examples how our understanding of this GRN can be employed to differentiate stem cells in a targeted fashion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas Bates
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Bell
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
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30
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Di Maio A, Setar L, Tiozzo S, De Tomaso AW. Wnt affects symmetry and morphogenesis during post-embryonic development in colonial chordates. EvoDevo 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 26171140 PMCID: PMC4499891 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt signaling is one of the earliest and most highly conserved regulatory pathways for the establishment of the body axes during regeneration and early development. In regeneration, body axes determination occurs independently of tissue rearrangement and early developmental cues. Modulation of the Wnt signaling in either process has shown to result in unusual body axis phenotypes. Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial ascidian that can regenerate its entire body through asexual budding. This processes leads to an adult body via a stereotypical developmental pathway (called blastogenesis), without proceeding through any embryonic developmental stages. Results In this study, we describe the role of the canonical Wnt pathway during the early stages of asexual development. We characterized expression of three Wnt ligands (Wnt2B, Wnt5A, and Wnt9A) by in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. Chemical manipulation of the pathway resulted in atypical budding due to the duplication of the A/P axes, supernumerary budding, and loss of the overall cell apical-basal polarity. Conclusions Our results suggest that Wnt signaling is used for equivalent developmental processes both during embryogenesis and asexual development in an adult organism, suggesting that patterning mechanisms driving morphogenesis are conserved, independent of embryonic, or regenerative development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0009-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Maio
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B19 2TT UK.,Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Leah Setar
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Océanographique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Anthony W De Tomaso
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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31
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White J, Mazzeu J, Hoischen A, Jhangiani S, Gambin T, Alcino M, Penney S, Saraiva J, Hove H, Skovby F, Kayserili H, Estrella E, Vulto-van Silfhout A, Steehouwer M, Muzny D, Sutton V, Gibbs R, Lupski J, Brunner H, van Bon B, Carvalho C, Carvalho CMB. DVL1 frameshift mutations clustering in the penultimate exon cause autosomal-dominant Robinow syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:612-22. [PMID: 25817016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Robinow syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by mesomelic limb shortening, genital hypoplasia, and distinctive facial features and for which both autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant inheritance patterns have been described. Causative variants in the non-canonical signaling gene WNT5A underlie a subset of autosomal-dominant Robinow syndrome (DRS) cases, but most individuals with DRS remain without a molecular diagnosis. We performed whole-exome sequencing in four unrelated DRS-affected individuals without coding mutations in WNT5A and found heterozygous DVL1 exon 14 mutations in three of them. Targeted Sanger sequencing in additional subjects with DRS uncovered DVL1 exon 14 mutations in five individuals, including a pair of monozygotic twins. In total, six distinct frameshift mutations were found in eight subjects, and all were heterozygous truncating variants within the penultimate exon of DVL1. In five families in which samples from unaffected parents were available, the variants were demonstrated to represent de novo mutations. All variant alleles are predicted to result in a premature termination codon within the last exon, escape nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and most likely generate a C-terminally truncated protein with a distinct -1 reading-frame terminus. Study of the transcripts extracted from affected subjects' leukocytes confirmed expression of both wild-type and variant alleles, supporting the hypothesis that mutant mRNA escapes NMD. Genomic variants identified in our study suggest that truncation of the C-terminal domain of DVL1, a protein hypothesized to have a downstream role in the Wnt-5a non-canonical pathway, is a common cause of DRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia M B Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.
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Gentzel M, Schille C, Rauschenberger V, Schambony A. Distinct functionality of dishevelled isoforms on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CamKII) in Xenopus gastrulation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:966-77. [PMID: 25568338 PMCID: PMC4342031 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CamKII is a novel binding partner of Arrb2/Dvl2 protein complexes and is required for convergent extension movements in Xenopus. CamKII physically and functionally interacts with Dvl2, whereas CamKII activity is antagonistically modulated by Dvl1 and Dvl3. Wnt ligands trigger the activation of a variety of β-catenin–dependent and β-catenin–independent intracellular signaling cascades. Despite the variations in intracellular signaling, Wnt pathways share the effector proteins frizzled, dishevelled, and β-arrestin. It is unclear how the specific activation of individual branches and the integration of multiple signals are achieved. We hypothesized that the composition of dishevelled–β-arrestin protein complexes contributes to signal specificity and identified CamKII as an interaction partner of the dishevelled–β-arrestin protein complex by quantitative functional proteomics. Specifically, we found that CamKII isoforms interact differentially with the three vertebrate dishevelled proteins. Dvl1 is required for the activation of CamKII and PKC in the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. However, CamKII interacts with Dvl2 but not with Dvl1, and Dvl2 is necessary to mediate CamKII function downstream of Dvl1 in convergent extension movements in Xenopus gastrulation. Our findings indicate that the different Dvl proteins and the composition of dishevelled–β-arrestin protein complexes contribute to the specific activation of individual branches of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gentzel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carolin Schille
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Rauschenberger
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Endo M, Nishita M, Fujii M, Minami Y. Insight into the role of Wnt5a-induced signaling in normal and cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:117-48. [PMID: 25619716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnt5a is involved in the activation of noncanonical Wnt signaling, including planar cell polarity (PCP) and Wnt-Ca(2+) pathways. The Ror-family of receptor tyrosine kinases is composed of Ror1 and Ror2 in mammals. Ror2 acts as a receptor or coreceptor for Wnt5a and regulates Wnt5a-induced activation of PCP pathway, and Wnt5a-Ror2 axis indeed plays critical roles in the developmental morphogenesis by regulating cell polarity and migration. Furthermore, Wnt5a-Ror2 axis is constitutively activated in cancer cells and confers highly motile and invasive properties on cancer cells through the expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes and enhanced formation of invadopodia. Meanwhile, Wnt5a also exhibits a tumor-suppressive function in certain cancers, including breast and colorectal carcinomas. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the respective molecular mechanisms governing Wnt5a-mediated tumor-progressive and tumor-suppressive functions, in order to develop novel and proper diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting Wnt5a signaling for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Endo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujii
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
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34
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Le PN, McDermott JD, Jimeno A. Targeting the Wnt pathway in human cancers: therapeutic targeting with a focus on OMP-54F28. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 146:1-11. [PMID: 25172549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways that play an important role in cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell migration. Aberrant signaling in these pathways has been implicated in the development and progression of multiple cancers by allowing increased proliferation, angiogenesis, survival and metastasis. Activation of the Wnt pathway also contributes to the tumorigenicity of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Therefore, inhibiting this pathway has been a recent focus of cancer research with multiple targetable candidates in development. OMP-54F28 is a fusion protein that combines the cysteine-rich domain of frizzled family receptor 8 (Fzd8) with the immunoglobulin Fc domain that competes with the native Fzd8 receptor for its ligands and antagonizes Wnt signaling. Preclinical models with OMP-54F28 have shown reduced tumor growth and decreased CSC frequency as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Due to these findings, a phase 1a study is nearing completion with OMP-54F28 in advanced solid tumors and 3 phase 1b studies have been opened with OMP-54F28 in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy backbones in ovarian, pancreatic and hepatocellular cancers. This article will review the Wnt signaling pathway, preclinical data on OMP-54F28 and other Wnt pathway inhibitors and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong N Le
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, United States
| | - Jessica D McDermott
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, United States
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, United States.
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35
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Van Camp JK, Beckers S, Zegers D, Van Hul W. Wnt Signaling and the Control of Human Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 10:207-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Bauer M, Bénard J, Gaasterland T, Willert K, Cappellen D. WNT5A encodes two isoforms with distinct functions in cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80526. [PMID: 24260410 PMCID: PMC3832467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT5A, a member of the WNT family of secreted lipid-modified glycoproteins, is a critical regulator of a host of developmental processes, including limb formation, lung morphogenesis, intestinal elongation and mammary gland development. Altered WNT5A expression has been associated with a number of cancers. Interestingly, in certain types of cancers, such as hematological malignancies and colorectal carcinoma, WNT5A is inactivated and exerts a tumor suppressive function, while in other cancers, such as melanoma and gastric carcinoma, WNT5A is overexpressed and promotes tumor progression. The mechanism by which WNT5A achieves these distinct activities in cancers is poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that the WNT5A gene produces two protein isoforms, WNT5A-long (WNT5A-L) and WNT5A-short (WNT5A-S). Amino-terminal sequencing and a WNT5A-L specific antibody demonstrate that the mature and secreted isoforms are distinct, with WNT5A-L carrying an additional 18 N-terminal amino acids. Biochemical analysis indicates that both purified proteins are similar with respect to their stability, hydrophobicity and WNT/β-catenin signaling activity. Nonetheless, modulation of these two WNT5A isoforms, either through ectopic expression or knockdown, demonstrates that they exert distinct activities in cancer cell lines: while WNT5A-L inhibits proliferation of tumor cell lines, WNT5A-S promotes their growth. Finally, we show that expression of these two WNT5A isoforms is altered in breast and cervix carcinomas, as well as in the most aggressive neuroblastoma tumors. In these cancers, WNT5A-L is frequently down-regulated, whereas WNT5A-S is found overexpressed in a significant fraction of tumors. Altogether, our study provides evidence that the distinct activities of WNT5A in cancer can be attributed to the production of two WNT5A isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bauer
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jean Bénard
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Médicales, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- University of California San Diego and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DC); (KW)
| | - David Cappellen
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Histologie et Pathologie Moléculaire des Tumeurs, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (DC); (KW)
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Rodríguez-Seguel E, Mah N, Naumann H, Pongrac IM, Cerdá-Esteban N, Fontaine JF, Wang Y, Chen W, Andrade-Navarro MA, Spagnoli FM. Mutually exclusive signaling signatures define the hepatic and pancreatic progenitor cell lineage divergence. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1932-46. [PMID: 24013505 PMCID: PMC3778245 DOI: 10.1101/gad.220244.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A key question in stem cell biology is how distinct cell types arise from common multipotent progenitor cells. It is unknown how liver and pancreas cells diverge from a common endoderm progenitor population and adopt specific fates. Using RNA-seq, Spagnoli and colleagues define the gene expression programs of liver and pancreas progenitors and identify the noncanonical Wnt pathway as a potential developmental regulator of this fate decision. Furthermore, this study provides a framework for lineage-reprogramming strategies to convert adult hepatic cells into pancreatic cells. Understanding how distinct cell types arise from multipotent progenitor cells is a major quest in stem cell biology. The liver and pancreas share many aspects of their early development and possibly originate from a common progenitor. However, how liver and pancreas cells diverge from a common endoderm progenitor population and adopt specific fates remains elusive. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we defined the molecular identity of liver and pancreas progenitors that were isolated from the mouse embryo at two time points, spanning the period when the lineage decision is made. The integration of temporal and spatial gene expression profiles unveiled mutually exclusive signaling signatures in hepatic and pancreatic progenitors. Importantly, we identified the noncanonical Wnt pathway as a potential developmental regulator of this fate decision and capable of inducing the pancreas program in endoderm and liver cells. Our study offers an unprecedented view of gene expression programs in liver and pancreas progenitors and forms the basis for formulating lineage-reprogramming strategies to convert adult hepatic cells into pancreatic cells.
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Calpain2 protease: A new member of the Wnt/Ca(2+) pathway modulating convergent extension movements in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2013; 384:83-100. [PMID: 24076278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent intracellular cysteine proteases that regulate several physiological processes by limited cleavage of different substrates. The role of Calpain2 in embryogenesis is not clear with conflicting evidence from a number of mouse knockouts. Here we report the temporal and spatial expression of Calpain2 in Xenopus laevis embryos and address its role in Xenopus development. We show that Calpain2 is expressed maternally with elevated expression in neural tissues and that Calpain2 activity is spatially and temporally regulated. Using a Calpain inhibitor, a dominant negative and a morpholino oligonoucleotide we demonstrate that impaired Calpain2 activity results in defective convergent extension both in mesodermal and neural tissues. Specifically, Calpain2 downregulation results in loss of tissue polarity and blockage of mediolateral intercalation in Keller explants without affecting adherens junction turnover. We further show that Calpain2 is activated in response to Wnt5a and that the inhibitory effect of Wnt5a expression on animal cap elongation can be rescued by blocking Calpain2 function. This suggests that Calpain2 activity needs to be tightly regulated during convergent extension. Finally we show that expression of Xdd1 blocks the membrane translocation of Calpain2 suggesting that Calpain2 activation is downstream of Dishevelled. Overall our data show that Calpain2 activation through the Wnt/Ca(2+) pathway and Dishevelled can modulate convergent extension movements.
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Hayes M, Naito M, Daulat A, Angers S, Ciruna B. Ptk7 promotes non-canonical Wnt/PCP-mediated morphogenesis and inhibits Wnt/β-catenin-dependent cell fate decisions during vertebrate development. Development 2013; 140:1807-18. [PMID: 23533179 DOI: 10.1242/dev.090183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using zebrafish, we have characterised the function of Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (Ptk7), a transmembrane pseudokinase implicated in Wnt signal transduction during embryonic development and in cancer. Ptk7 is a known regulator of mammalian neural tube closure and Xenopus convergent extension movement. However, conflicting reports have indicated both positive and negative roles for Ptk7 in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling. To clarify the function of Ptk7 in vertebrate embryonic patterning and morphogenesis, we generated maternal-zygotic (MZ) ptk7 mutant zebrafish using a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene targeting approach. Early loss of zebrafish Ptk7 leads to defects in axial convergence and extension, neural tube morphogenesis and loss of planar cell polarity (PCP). Furthermore, during late gastrula and segmentation stages, we observe significant upregulation of β-catenin target gene expression and demonstrate a clear role for Ptk7 in attenuating canonical Wnt/β-catenin activity in vivo. MZptk7 mutants display expanded differentiation of paraxial mesoderm within the tailbud, suggesting an important role for Ptk7 in regulating canonical Wnt-dependent fate specification within posterior stem cell pools post-gastrulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a plasma membrane-tethered Ptk7 extracellular fragment is sufficient to rescue both PCP morphogenesis and Wnt/β-catenin patterning defects in MZptk7 mutant embryos. Our results indicate that the extracellular domain of Ptk7 acts as an important regulator of both non-canonical Wnt/PCP and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling in multiple vertebrate developmental contexts, with important implications for the upregulated PTK7 expression observed in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Hayes
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Nichols AS, Floyd DH, Bruinsma SP, Narzinski K, Baranski TJ. Frizzled receptors signal through G proteins. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1468-75. [PMID: 23524329 PMCID: PMC3640709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Frizzled receptors have long been thought to couple to G proteins but biochemical evidence supporting such an interaction has been lacking. Here we expressed mammalian Wnt-Frizzled fusion proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and tested the receptors' ability to activate the yeast mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway via heterotrimeric G proteins. Our results show that Frizzled receptors can interact with Gαi, Gαq, and Gαs proteins, thus confirming that Frizzled functions as a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). However, the activity level of Frizzled-mediated G protein signaling was much lower than that of a typical GPCR and, surprisingly, was highest when coupled to Gαs. The Frizzled/Gαs interaction was further established in vivo as Drosophila expressing a loss-of-function Gαs allele rescued the photoreceptor differentiation phenotype of Frizzled mutant flies. Together, these data point to an important role for Frizzled as a nontraditional GPCR that preferentially couples to Gαs heterotrimeric G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Desiree H. Floyd
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen P. Bruinsma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kirk Narzinski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas J. Baranski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sugimura R, He XC, Venkatraman A, Arai F, Box A, Semerad C, Haug JS, Peng L, Zhong XB, Suda T, Li L. Noncanonical Wnt signaling maintains hematopoietic stem cells in the niche. Cell 2012; 150:351-65. [PMID: 22817897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is involved in self-renewal and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, the particular role of noncanonical Wnt signaling in regulating HSCs in vivo is largely unknown. Here, we show Flamingo (Fmi) and Frizzled (Fz) 8, members of noncanonical Wnt signaling, both express in and functionally maintain quiescent long-term HSCs. Fmi regulates Fz8 distribution at the interface between HSCs and N-cadherin(+) osteoblasts (N-cad(+)OBs that enrich osteoprogenitors) in the niche. We further found that N-cad(+)OBs predominantly express noncanonical Wnt ligands and inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling under homeostasis. Under stress, noncanonical Wnt signaling is attenuated and canonical Wnt signaling is enhanced in activation of HSCs. Mechanistically, noncanonical Wnt signaling mediated by Fz8 suppresses the Ca(2+)-NFAT- IFNγ pathway, directly or indirectly through the CDC42-CK1α complex and also antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling in HSCs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt signaling maintains quiescent long-term HSCs through Fmi and Fz8 interaction in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohichi Sugimura
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Wallingford JB. Planar cell polarity and the developmental control of cell behavior in vertebrate embryos. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 28:627-53. [PMID: 22905955 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP), the orientation and alignment of cells within a sheet, is a ubiquitous cellular property that is commonly governed by the conserved set of proteins encoded by so-called PCP genes. The PCP proteins coordinate developmental signaling cues with individual cell behaviors in a wildly diverse array of tissues. Consequently, disruptions of PCP protein functions are linked to defects in axis elongation, inner ear patterning, neural tube closure, directed ciliary beating, and left/right patterning, to name only a few. This review attempts to synthesize what is known about PCP and the PCP proteins in vertebrate animals, with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which individual cells respond to PCP cues in order to execute specific cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Wallingford
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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Abstract
Wnt5a is a representative ligand that activates the β-catenin-independent pathway of Wnt signaling in mammals. This pathway might be related to planar cell polarity signaling in Drosophila. Because reliable biochemical assays to measure Wnt5a pathway activity have not yet been established, we examined whether Wnt5a signaling stimulates focal adhesion turnover in migrating cells using live immunofluorescence imaging and immunocytochemical analysis. These assays demonstrated that the Wnt5a pathway cooperates with integrin signaling to regulate cell migration and adhesion through focal adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Nishikawa S, Kawamoto T. Planar cell polarity protein localization in the secretory ameloblasts of rat incisors. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:376-85. [PMID: 22378702 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412438887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of the planar cell polarity proteins Vang12, frizzled-3, Vang11, and Celsr1 in the rat incisors was examined using immunocytochemistry. The results showed that Vang12 was localized at two regions of the Tomes' processes of inner enamel-secretory ameloblasts in rat incisors: a proximal and a distal region. In contrast, frizzled-3 was localized at adherens junctions of the proximal and distal areas of inner enamel- and outer enamel-secretory ameloblasts, where N-cadherin and β-catenin were localized. frizzled-3 was also localized in differentiating inner enamel epithelial cells. Vang11 was localized sparsely in differentiating preameloblasts and extensively at the cell boundary of stratum intermedium. Celsr1 was not localized in ameloblasts but localized in odontoblasts extensively. These results suggest the involvement of planar cell polarity proteins in odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Nishikawa
- Department of Biology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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Wnt5a-Ror-Dishevelled signaling constitutes a core developmental pathway that controls tissue morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4044-51. [PMID: 22343533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200421109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts make up a large family of extracellular signaling molecules that play crucial roles in development and disease. A subset of noncanonical Wnts signal independently of the transcription factor β-catenin by a mechanism that regulates key morphogenetic movements during embryogenesis. The best characterized noncanonical Wnt, Wnt5a, has been suggested to signal via a variety of different receptors, including the Ror family of receptor tyrosine kinases, the Ryk receptor tyrosine kinase, and the Frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors. Whether one or several of these receptors mediates the effects of Wnt5a in vivo is not known. Through loss-of-function experiments in mice, we provide conclusive evidence that Ror receptors mediate Wnt5a-dependent processes in vivo and identify Dishevelled phosphorylation as a physiological target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling. The absence of Ror signaling leads to defects that mirror phenotypes observed in Wnt5a null mutant mice, including decreased branching of sympathetic neuron axons and major defects in aspects of embryonic development that are dependent upon morphogenetic movements, such as severe truncation of the caudal axis, the limbs, and facial structures. These findings suggest that Wnt5a-Ror-Dishevelled signaling constitutes a core noncanonical Wnt pathway that is conserved through evolution and is crucial during embryonic development.
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Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by noncanonical Wnt signaling and PAR-1. Development 2012; 138:5441-50. [PMID: 22110058 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are multipotent progenitors that form at the neural plate border, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migrate to diverse locations in vertebrate embryos to give rise to many cell types. Multiple signaling factors, including Wnt proteins, operate during early embryonic development to induce the NC cell fate. Whereas the requirement for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in NC specification has been well established, a similar role for Wnt proteins that do not stabilize β-catenin has remained unclear. Our gain- and loss-of-function experiments implicate Wnt11-like proteins in NC specification in Xenopus embryos. In support of this conclusion, modulation of β-catenin-independent signaling through Dishevelled and Ror2 causes predictable changes in premigratory NC. Morpholino-mediated depletion experiments suggest that Wnt11R, a Wnt protein that is expressed in neuroectoderm adjacent to the NC territory, is required for NC formation. Wnt11-like signals might specify NC by altering the localization and activity of the serine/threonine polarity kinase PAR-1 (also known as microtubule-associated regulatory kinase or MARK), which itself plays an essential role in NC formation. Consistent with this model, PAR-1 RNA rescues NC markers in embryos in which noncanonical Wnt signaling has been blocked. These experiments identify novel roles for Wnt11R and PAR-1 in NC specification and reveal an unexpected connection between morphogenesis and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Katanaev VL, Kryuchkov MV. The eye of Drosophila as a model system for studying intracellular signaling in ontogenesis and pathogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:1556-81. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911130116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway of Wnt signaling plays a crucial role to establish the polarization of cells during tissue development. Our recent findings using in vitro analyses have revealed that Ror2, a member of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases, acts as a receptor or co-receptor for Wnt5a and plays a crucial role for Wnt5a-induced polarized cell migration through activating PCP pathway. Indeed, analyses of both Wnt5a and Ror2 mutant mice have shown that Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling is involved in establishing the PCP in epithelial tissues in vivo, indicating that in vitro analyses of polarized cell migration and PCP signaling induced by Wnt5a can be useful tools to explore putative regulators involved in Wnt/PCP pathway. Here, we introduce in vitro methods using cultured cells to monitor polarized cell migration and PCP signaling induced by Wnt5a.
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Kikuchi A, Yamamoto H, Sato A, Matsumoto S. Wnt5a: its signalling, functions and implication in diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:17-33. [PMID: 21518267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Wnt5a is a representative ligand that activates the β-catenin-independent pathways. Because the β-catenin-independent pathway includes multiple signalling cascades in addition to the planar cell polarity and Ca(2+) pathway, Wnt5a regulates a variety of cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion and polarity. Consistent with the multiple functions of Wnt5a signalling, Wnt5a knockout mice show various phenotypes, including an inability to extend the embryonic anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes in outgrowth tissues. Thus, many important roles of Wnt5a in developmental processes have been demonstrated. Moreover, recent reports suggest that the postnatal abnormalities in the Wnt5a signalling are involved in various diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders. Therefore, Wnt5a and its signalling pathways could be important targets for the diagnosis and therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Rigo-Watermeier T, Kraft B, Ritthaler M, Wallkamm V, Holstein T, Wedlich D. Functional conservation of Nematostella Wnts in canonical and noncanonical Wnt-signaling. Biol Open 2011; 1:43-51. [PMID: 23213367 PMCID: PMC3507168 DOI: 10.1242/bio.2011021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians surprise by the completeness of Wnt gene subfamilies (11) expressed in an overlapping pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. While the functional conservation of canonical Wnt-signaling components in cnidarian gastrulation and organizer formation is evident, a role of Nematostella Wnts in noncanonical Wnt-signaling has not been shown so far. In Xenopus, noncanonical Wnt-5a/Ror2 and Wnt-11 (PCP) signaling are distinguishable by different morphant phenotypes. They differ in PAPC regulation, cell polarization, cell protrusion formation, and the so far not reported reorientation of the microtubules. Based on these readouts, we investigated the evolutionary conservation of Wnt-11 and Wnt-5a function in rescue experiments with Nematostella orthologs and Xenopus morphants. Our results revealed that NvWnt-5 and -11 exhibited distinct noncanonical Wnt activities by disturbing convergent extension movements. However, NvWnt-5 rescued XWnt-11 and NvWnt-11 specifically XWnt-5a depleted embryos. This unexpected 'inverse' activity suggests that specific structures in Wnt ligands are important for receptor complex recognition in Wnt-signaling. Although we can only speculate on the identity of the underlying recognition motifs, it is likely that these crucial structural features have already been established in the common ancestor of cnidarians and vertebrates and were conserved throughout metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rigo-Watermeier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology , Kaiserstr. 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe
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