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Yuan Y, Duan W, Yang N, Sun C, Nie Q, Li J, Lian L. Transcriptome analysis of long non-coding RNA associated with embryonic muscle development in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38738875 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2335935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
1. Skeletal muscle is an important component of chicken carcass. In chickens, the number of muscle fibres is fixed during the embryonic period, and muscle development during the embryonic period determines the muscle development potential after hatching.2. Beijing-You (BY) and Cornish (CN) chickens show completely different growth rates and body types, and two breeds were used in this study to explore the role of lncRNAs in muscle development during different chicken embryonic periods. A systematic analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs were conducted in the pectoral muscle tissues of BY and CN chickens at embryonic days 11 (ED11), 13 (ED13), 15 (ED15), 17 (ED17), and 1-day-old (D1) using RNA-seq. A total of 4,104 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were identified among the five stages, including 2,359 lncRNAs and 1,745 mRNAs.3. The number of DETs between the two breeds at ED17 (1,658 lncRNAs and 1,016 mRNAs) was much higher than the total number of DET at all the other stages (692 lncRNAs and 729 mRNAs), indicating that the two breeds show the largest difference in gene regulation at ED17.4. Correlation analysis was performed for all differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs during the five periods. Forty-three, cis interaction pairs of lncRNA-mRNA related to chicken muscle development were predicted. The expression of four pairs was verified, and the results showed MSTRG.12395.2-FGFBP2 and MSTRG.18590.6-FMOD were significantly up-regulated in CN at ED11 compared to BY and might be important candidate genes for embryonic muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yuan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - W Duan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - N Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - C Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Lian
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Han S, Lee MC, Rodríguez-delaRosa A, Kim J, Barroso-Zuppa M, Pineda-Rosales M, Kim SS, Hatanaka T, Yazdi IK, Bassous N, Sinha I, Pourquié O, Park S, Shin SR. Engineering Stem Cell Fate Controlling Biomaterials to Develop Muscle Connective Tissue Layered Myofibers. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2024; 34:2304153. [PMID: 38707790 PMCID: PMC11068219 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202304153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle connective tissue (MCT) surrounds myofiber bundles to provide structural support, produce force transduction from tendons, and regulate satellite cell differentiation during muscle regeneration. Engineered muscle tissue composed of myofibers layered within MCT has not yet been developed. Herein, a bioengineering strategy to create MCT-layered myofibers through the development of stem cell fate-controlling biomaterials that achieve both myogenesis and fibroblast differentiation in a locally controlled manner at the single construct is introduced. The reciprocal role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and its inhibitor as well as 3D matrix stiffness to achieve co-differentiation of MCT fibroblasts and myofibers from a human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived paraxial mesoderm is studied. To avoid myogenic inhibition, TGF-β1 is conjugated on the gelatin-based hydrogel to control the fibroblasts' populations locally; the TGF-β1 degrades after 2 weeks, resulting in increased MCT-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) production. The locations of myofibers and fibroblasts are precisely controlled by using photolithography and co-axial wet spinning techniques, which results in the formation of MCT-layered functional myofibers in 3D constructs. This advanced engineering strategy is envisioned as a possible method for obtaining biomimetic human muscle grafts for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokgyu Han
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Lee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-delaRosa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jiseong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Margot Barroso-Zuppa
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
- School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Montserrat Pineda-Rosales
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76130, Mexico
| | - Seong Soo Kim
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Takaaki Hatanaka
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Future Mobility Research Department, Toyota Research Institute North America, Toyota Motor North America Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Iman K Yazdi
- School of Arts and Sciences, Regis College, Weston, MA 02493, USA
- LiquiGlide Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Bassous
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Indranil Sinha
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Deng K, Liu Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Fan Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Wang F. Targeted Demethylation of the TGFβ1 mRNA Promotes Myoblast Proliferation via Activating the SMAD2 Signaling Pathway. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071005. [PMID: 37048078 PMCID: PMC10093215 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggested that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation can determine m6A-modified mRNA fate and play an important role in skeletal muscle development. It was well known that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, little is known about the m6A-mediated TGFβ1 regulation in myogenesis. Here, we observed an increase in endogenous TGFβ1 expression and activity during myotube differentiation. However, the knockdown of TGFβ1 inhibits the proliferation and induces cell apoptosis of myoblast. Moreover, we found that m6A in 5′-untranslated regions (5′UTR) of TGFβ1 promote its decay and inhibit its expression, leading to the blockage of the TGFβ1/SMAD2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the targeted specific demethylation of TGFβ1 m6A using dCas13b-FTO significantly increased the TGFβ1-mediated activity of the SMAD2 signaling pathway, promoting myoblast proliferation. These findings suggest that TGFβ1 is an essential regulator of myoblast growth that is negatively regulated by m6A. Overall, these results highlight the critical role of m6A-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in myogenesis.
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4
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Liu J, Zhou Y, Hu X, Yang J, Lei Q, Liu W, Han H, Li F, Cao D. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Profile of Long Non-coding RNAs During Chicken Muscle Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660370. [PMID: 34040544 PMCID: PMC8141850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental complexity of muscle arises from elaborate gene regulation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in muscle development through the regulation of transcription and post-transcriptional gene expression. In chickens, previous studies have focused on the lncRNA profile during the embryonic periods, but there are no studies that explore the profile from the embryonic to post-hatching period. Here, we reconstructed 14,793 lncRNA transcripts and identified 2,858 differentially expressed lncRNA transcripts and 4,282 mRNAs from 12-day embryos (E12), 17-day embryos (E17), 1-day post-hatch chicks (D1), 14-day post-hatch chicks (D14), 56-day post-hatch chicks (D56), and 98-day post-hatch chicks (D98), based on our published RNA-seq datasets. We performed co-expression analysis for the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, using STEM, and identified two profiles with opposite expression trends: profile 4 with a downregulated pattern and profile 21 with an upregulated pattern. The cis- and trans-regulatory interactions between the lncRNAs and mRNAs were predicted within each profile. Functional analysis of the lncRNA targets showed that lncRNAs in profile 4 contributed to the cell proliferation process, while lncRNAs in profile 21 were mainly involved in metabolism. Our work highlights the lncRNA profiles involved in the development of chicken breast muscle and provides a foundation for further experiments on the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jingchao Yang
- Shandong Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuxia Lei
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Haixia Han
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dingguo Cao
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
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5
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Magli A, Baik J, Mills LJ, Kwak IY, Dillon BS, Mondragon Gonzalez R, Stafford DA, Swanson SA, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Garry DJ, Dynlacht BD, Perlingeiro RCR. Time-dependent Pax3-mediated chromatin remodeling and cooperation with Six4 and Tead2 specify the skeletal myogenic lineage in developing mesoderm. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000153. [PMID: 30807574 PMCID: PMC6390996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional mechanisms driving lineage specification during development are still largely unknown, as the interplay of multiple transcription factors makes it difficult to dissect these molecular events. Using a cell-based differentiation platform to probe transcription function, we investigated the role of the key paraxial mesoderm and skeletal myogenic commitment factors-mesogenin 1 (Msgn1), T-box 6 (Tbx6), forkhead box C1 (Foxc1), paired box 3 (Pax3), Paraxis, mesenchyme homeobox 1 (Meox1), sine oculis-related homeobox 1 (Six1), and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5)-in paraxial mesoderm and skeletal myogenesis. From this study, we define a genetic hierarchy, with Pax3 emerging as the gatekeeper between the presomitic mesoderm and the myogenic lineage. By assaying chromatin accessibility, genomic binding and transcription profiling in mesodermal cells from mouse and human Pax3-induced embryonic stem cells and Pax3-null embryonic day (E)9.5 mouse embryos, we identified conserved Pax3 functions in the activation of the skeletal myogenic lineage through modulation of Hedgehog, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways. In addition, we demonstrate that Pax3 molecular function involves chromatin remodeling of its bound elements through an increase in chromatin accessibility and cooperation with sine oculis-related homeobox 4 (Six4) and TEA domain family member 2 (Tead2) factors. To our knowledge, these data provide the first integrated analysis of Pax3 function, demonstrating its ability to remodel chromatin in mesodermal cells from developing embryos and proving a mechanistic footing for the transcriptional hierarchy driving myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - June Baik
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Il-Youp Kwak
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Mondragon Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David A. Stafford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James A. Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rita C. R. Perlingeiro
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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6
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Magli A, Perlingeiro RRC. Myogenic progenitor specification from pluripotent stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 72:87-98. [PMID: 29107681 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells represent important tools for both basic and translational science as they enable to study mechanisms of development, model diseases in vitro and provide a potential source of tissue-specific progenitors for cell therapy. Concomitantly with the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind activation of the skeletal myogenic program during embryonic development, novel findings in the stem cell field provided the opportunity to begin recapitulating in vitro the events occurring during specification of the myogenic lineage. In this review, we will provide a perspective of the molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal myogenic commitment in the embryo and how this knowledge was instrumental for specifying this lineage from pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we will discuss the current limitations for properly recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in the petri dish, and we will provide insights about future applications of pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rita R C Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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7
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Sakai-Takemura F, Narita A, Masuda S, Wakamatsu T, Watanabe N, Nishiyama T, Nogami K, Blanc M, Takeda S, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y. Premyogenic progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells expand in floating culture and differentiate into transplantable myogenic progenitors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6555. [PMID: 29700358 PMCID: PMC5920060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a potential source for cell therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To reliably obtain skeletal muscle progenitors from hiPSCs, we treated hiPS cells with a Wnt activator, CHIR-99021 and a BMP receptor inhibitor, LDN-193189, and then induced skeletal muscle cells using a previously reported sphere-based culture. This protocol greatly improved sphere formation efficiency and stably induced the differentiation of myogenic cells from hiPS cells generated from both healthy donors and a patient with congenital myasthenic syndrome. hiPSC-derived myogenic progenitors were enriched in the CD57(−) CD108(−) CD271(+) ERBB3(+) cell fraction, and their differentiation was greatly promoted by TGF-β inhibitors. TGF-β inhibitors down-regulated the NFIX transcription factor, and NFIX short hairpin RNA (shRNA) improved the differentiation of iPS cell-derived myogenic progenitors. These results suggest that NFIX inhibited differentiation of myogenic progenitors. hiPSC-derived myogenic cells differentiated into myofibers in muscles of NSG-mdx4Cv mice after direct transplantation. Our results indicate that our new muscle induction protocol is useful for cell therapy of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusako Sakai-Takemura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Asako Narita
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Masuda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakamatsu
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishiyama
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Ken'ichiro Nogami
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Matthias Blanc
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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8
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Hicks MR, Hiserodt J, Paras K, Fujiwara W, Eskin A, Jan M, Xi H, Young CS, Evseenko D, Nelson SF, Spencer MJ, Handel BV, Pyle AD. ERBB3 and NGFR mark a distinct skeletal muscle progenitor cell in human development and hPSCs. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:46-57. [PMID: 29255171 PMCID: PMC5962356 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be directed to differentiate into skeletal muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs). However, the myogenicity of hPSC-SMPCs relative to human fetal or adult satellite cells remains unclear. We observed that hPSC-SMPCs derived by directed differentiation are less functional in vitro and in vivo compared to human satellite cells. Using RNA sequencing, we found that the cell surface receptors ERBB3 and NGFR demarcate myogenic populations, including PAX7 progenitors in human fetal development and hPSC-SMPCs. We demonstrated that hPSC skeletal muscle is immature, but inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signalling during differentiation improved fusion efficiency, ultrastructural organization and the expression of adult myosins. This enrichment and maturation strategy restored dystrophin in hundreds of dystrophin-deficient myofibres after engraftment of CRISPR-Cas9-corrected Duchenne muscular dystrophy human induced pluripotent stem cell-SMPCs. The work provides an in-depth characterization of human myogenesis, and identifies candidates that improve the in vivo myogenic potential of hPSC-SMPCs to levels that are equal to directly isolated human fetal muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Differentiation
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Editing
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Myosins/genetics
- Myosins/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- PAX7 Transcription Factor/genetics
- PAX7 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hicks
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Hiserodt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katrina Paras
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wakana Fujiwara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Majib Jan
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haibin Xi
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Courtney S Young
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - April D Pyle
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Girardi F, Le Grand F. Wnt Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Development and Regeneration. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 153:157-179. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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In vitro supplementation with the porcine plasma product, betaGRO®, stimulates activity of porcine fetal myoblasts and neonatal satellite cells in a divergent manner. Animal 2017; 12:1912-1920. [PMID: 29208068 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of betaGRO® supplementation on in vitro porcine fetal myoblasts (PFM) and porcine satellite cells (PSC) proliferation, fusion and myotube thickness. The PFM and PSC were isolated from the m. longissimus dorsi of day 60 of gestation fetuses and piglets within 24 h of birth, respectively. Proliferation assays were conducted as 4×3 factorial arrangements with time of culture (24, 48, 72, 96 h) and media treatment (standard porcine media supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum (HS); HS without 10% fetal bovine serum (LS); and LS supplemented with 10 mg/ml betaGRO® (BG)) as main effects. Fusion and myotube growth assays were conducted as 2×2 factorial designs with serum concentration (HS or LS), and betaGRO® inclusion (0 or 10 mg/ml) as main effects. There was a treatment×time interaction and betaGRO®×serum interactions for proliferation, fusion and myotube thickness of PFM (P<0.01). At all-time points, HS and BG-PFM had greater proliferation rates compared LS (P<0.01). The HS treatment had greater proliferation rates than BG (P<0.02) except at 72 h of culture (P=0.44). When betaGRO® was added to LS media, fusion percentage and myotube thickness decreased (P<0.01), while fusion percentage increased (P<0.01) and myotube thickness was unaffected (P=0.63) when betaGRO® was added to HS media. There were treatment×time and betaGRO®×serum interactions for proliferation rate and fusion rate of PSC, respectively (P<0.01). At all-time points, HS had greater proliferation rates than LS and BG (P<0.01), and LS had greater proliferation rates than BG (P<0.02). When betaGRO® was added to LS and HS media, fusion percentage increased for both media types (P<0.01). There was no betaGRO®×serum interaction (P=0.63) for PSC myotube thickness; however, betaGRO® supplemented myotubes were thicker (P<0.01) than non-betaGRO® supplemented myotubes. These two experiments indicate in vitro betaGRO® supplementation stimulates divergent responses based on the age of cell examined.
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Taglietti V, Maroli G, Cermenati S, Monteverde S, Ferrante A, Rossi G, Cossu G, Beltrame M, Messina G. Nfix Induces a Switch in Sox6 Transcriptional Activity to Regulate MyHC-I Expression in Fetal Muscle. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2354-2366. [PMID: 27880909 PMCID: PMC5149531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox6 belongs to the Sox gene family and plays a pivotal role in fiber type differentiation, suppressing transcription of slow-fiber-specific genes during fetal development. Here, we show that Sox6 plays opposite roles in MyHC-I regulation, acting as a positive and negative regulator of MyHC-I expression during embryonic and fetal myogenesis, respectively. During embryonic myogenesis, Sox6 positively regulates MyHC-I via transcriptional activation of Mef2C, whereas during fetal myogenesis, Sox6 requires and cooperates with the transcription factor Nfix in repressing MyHC-I expression. Mechanistically, Nfix is necessary for Sox6 binding to the MyHC-I promoter and thus for Sox6 repressive function, revealing a key role for Nfix in driving Sox6 activity. This feature is evolutionarily conserved, since the orthologs Nfixa and Sox6 contribute to repression of the slow-twitch phenotype in zebrafish embryos. These data demonstrate functional cooperation between Sox6 and Nfix in regulating MyHC-I expression during prenatal muscle development. Sox6 has opposite roles in MyHC-I regulation during embryonic and fetal myogenesis In embryonic muscle, Sox6 enhances MyHC-I expression via regulation of Mef2C In fetal muscle, Nfix is required for Sox6-mediated repression of MyHC-I The Sox6 and Nfixa orthologs cooperate in repressing smyhc1 in zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Maroli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Solei Cermenati
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ferrante
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Monica Beltrame
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
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12
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A lncRNA promotes myoblast proliferation by up-regulating GH1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:699-705. [PMID: 28726188 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulatory factors for gene expression in a variety of biological processes; however, the role of lncRNAs in muscle formation and development is poorly understood, particularly in cattle. Here, we identified a highly expressed lncRNA in muscle, lncYYW, by high-throughput sequencing in bovine longissimus, scapular, intercostal, and gluteus muscles. The expression of lncYYW increased gradually during myoblast differentiation. Overexpression of lncYYW increased the number of cells in the DNA synthesis (S) stage of the cell cycle and upregulated the expression of two well-established myogenic markers, myogenin and myosin heavy chain. A microarray analysis showed that lncYYW positively regulates the expression of growth hormone 1 and its downstream genes, AKT1 and PIK3CD, in bovine myoblasts. This discovery provides a good foundation for further study of the mechanism of action of lncYYW during bovine myoblast development. Taken together, our results reveal a novel lncRNA associated with bovine myoblast proliferation and differentiation. This lncRNA will play a crucial and critical role in future studies of bovine muscle development.
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13
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Griger J, Schneider R, Lahmann I, Schöwel V, Keller C, Spuler S, Nazare M, Birchmeier C. Loss of Ptpn11 (Shp2) drives satellite cells into quiescence. eLife 2017; 6:21552. [PMID: 28463680 PMCID: PMC5441871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium between proliferation and quiescence of myogenic progenitor and stem cells is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate skeletal muscle growth and repair. The non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) is an important transducer of growth factor and cytokine signals. Here we combined complex genetic analyses, biochemical studies and pharmacological interference to demonstrate a central role of Ptpn11 in postnatal myogenesis of mice. Loss of Ptpn11 drove muscle stem cells out of the proliferative and into a resting state during muscle growth. This Ptpn11 function was observed in postnatal but not fetal myogenic stem cells. Furthermore, muscle repair was severely perturbed when Ptpn11 was ablated in stem cells due to a deficit in stem cell proliferation and survival. Our data demonstrate a molecular difference in the control of cell cycle withdrawal in fetal and postnatal myogenic stem cells, and assign to Ptpn11 signaling a key function in satellite cell activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21552.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Griger
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Schneider
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Schöwel
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, United States
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazare
- Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Delaney K, Kasprzycka P, Ciemerych MA, Zimowska M. The role of TGF-β1 during skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:706-715. [PMID: 28035727 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The injury of adult skeletal muscle initiates series of well-coordinated events that lead to the efficient repair of the damaged tissue. Any disturbances during muscle myolysis or reconstruction may result in the unsuccessful regeneration, characterised by strong inflammatory response and formation of connective tissue, that is, fibrosis. The switch between proper regeneration of skeletal muscle and development of fibrosis is controlled by various factors. Amongst them are those belonging to the transforming growth factor β family. One of the TGF-β family members is TGF-β1, a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of muscle repair via satellite cells activation, connective tissue formation, as well as regulation of the immune response intensity. Here, we present the role of TGF-β1 in myogenic differentiation and muscle repair. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes can contribute to the better understanding of skeletal muscle atrophy and diseases which consequence is fibrosis disrupting muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Delaney
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasprzycka
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zimowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Deries M, Thorsteinsdóttir S. Axial and limb muscle development: dialogue with the neighbourhood. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4415-4431. [PMID: 27344602 PMCID: PMC11108464 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system which also includes nerves, tendons, connective tissue, bones and blood vessels. Here we review the development of axial and limb muscles in amniotes within the context of their surrounding tissues in vivo. We highlight the reciprocal dialogue mediated by signalling factors between cells of these adjacent tissues and developing muscles and also demonstrate its importance from the onset of muscle cell differentiation well into foetal development. Early embryonic tissues secrete factors which are important regulators of myogenesis. However, later muscle development relies on other tissue collaborators, such as developing nerves and connective tissue, which are in turn influenced by the developing muscles themselves. We conclude that skeletal muscle development in vivo is a compelling example of the importance of reciprocal interactions between developing tissues for the complete and coordinated development of a functional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Deries
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Bursac N, Juhas M, Rando TA. Synergizing Engineering and Biology to Treat and Model Skeletal Muscle Injury and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 17:217-42. [PMID: 26643021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is one of the most regenerative organs in our body, various genetic defects, alterations in extrinsic signaling, or substantial tissue damage can impair muscle function and the capacity for self-repair. The diversity and complexity of muscle disorders have attracted much interest from both cell biologists and, more recently, bioengineers, leading to concentrated efforts to better understand muscle pathology and develop more efficient therapies. This review describes the biological underpinnings of muscle development, repair, and disease, and discusses recent bioengineering efforts to design and control myomimetic environments, both to study muscle biology and function and to aid in the development of new drug, cell, and gene therapies for muscle disorders. The synergy between engineering-aided biological discovery and biology-inspired engineering solutions will be the path forward for translating laboratory results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Mark Juhas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Rehabilitation Research & Development Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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17
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Chen JL, Colgan TD, Walton KL, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA. The TGF-β Signalling Network in Muscle Development, Adaptation and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:97-131. [PMID: 27003398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable ability to change its size and force-producing capacity in response to physiological stimuli. Impairment of the cellular processes that govern these attributes also affects muscle mass and function in pathological conditions. Myostatin, a member of the TGF-β family, has been identified as a key regulator of muscle development, and adaptation in adulthood. In muscle, myostatin binds to its type I (ALK4/5) and type II (ActRIIA/B) receptors to initiate Smad2/3 signalling and the regulation of target genes that co-ordinate the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Interestingly, evidence is emerging that other TGF-β proteins act in concert with myostatin to regulate the growth and remodelling of skeletal muscle. Consequently, dysregulation of TGF-β proteins and their associated signalling components is increasingly being implicated in muscle wasting associated with chronic illness, ageing, and inactivity. The growing understanding of TGF-β biology in muscle, and its potential to advance the development of therapeutics for muscle-related conditions is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Chen
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colgan
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
Protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) is a member of the novel calcium-independent PKC family, with a relatively selective tissue distribution. Most studies have focused on its unique role in T-lymphocyte activation and suggest that inhibition of PKCθ could represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic inflammation, autoimmunity and allograft rejection. However, considering that PKCθ is also expressed in other cell types, including skeletal muscle cells, it is important to understand its function in different tissues before proposing it as a molecular target for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. A number of studies have highlighted the role of PKCθ in mediating several intracellular pathways, regulating muscle cell development, homoeostasis and remodelling, although a comprehensive picture is still lacking. Moreover, we recently showed that lack of PKCθ in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ameliorates the progression of the disease. In the present article, we review new developments in our understanding of the involvement of PKCθ in intracellular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle development, growth and maintenance under physiological conditions and recent advances showing a hitherto unrecognized role of PKCθ in promoting muscular dystrophy.
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20
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Bai L, Liang R, Yang Y, Hou X, Wang Z, Zhu S, Wang C, Tang Z, Li K. MicroRNA-21 Regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling by Targeting TGFβI during Skeletal Muscle Development in Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119396. [PMID: 25950587 PMCID: PMC4423774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are short (22–24 base pairs), non-coding RNAs, play critical roles in myogenesis. Using Solexa deep sequencing, we detected the expression levels of 229 and 209 miRNAs in swine skeletal muscle at 90 days post-coitus (E90) and 100 days postnatal (D100), respectively. A total of 138 miRNAs were up-regulated on E90, and 31 were up-regulated on D100. Of these, 9 miRNAs were selected for the validation of the small RNA libraries by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). We found that miRNA-21 was down-regulated by 17-fold on D100 (P<0.001). Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFβI) gene was a potential target of miRNA-21. Both dual luciferase reporter assays and western blotting demonstrated that the TGFβI gene was regulated by miRNA-21. Co-expression analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of miRNA-21 and TGFβI were negatively correlated (r = -0.421, P = 0.026) in skeletal muscle during the 28 developmental stages. Our results revealed that more miRNAs are expressed in prenatal than in postnatal skeletal muscle. The miRNA-21 is a novel myogenic miRNA that is involved in skeletal muscle development and regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling by targeting the TGFβI gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zishuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuduan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Kutchuk L, Laitala A, Soueid-Bomgarten S, Shentzer P, Rosendahl AH, Eilot S, Grossman M, Sagi I, Sormunen R, Myllyharju J, Mäki JM, Hasson P. Muscle composition is regulated by a Lox-TGFβ feedback loop. Development 2015; 142:983-93. [PMID: 25715398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is an integrated tissue composed of distinct cell types and extracellular matrix. While much emphasis has been placed on the factors required for the specification of the cells that comprise muscle, little is known about the crosstalk between them that enables the development of a patterned and functional tissue. We find in mice that deletion of lysyl oxidase (Lox), an extracellular enzyme regulating collagen maturation and organization, uncouples the balance between the amount of myofibers and that of muscle connective tissue (MCT). We show that Lox secreted from the myofibers attenuates TGFβ signaling, an inhibitor of myofiber differentiation and promoter of MCT development. We further demonstrate that a TGFβ-Lox feedback loop between the MCT and myofibers maintains the dynamic developmental homeostasis between muscle components while also regulating MCT organization. Our results allow a better understanding of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in which LOX and TGFβ signaling have been implicated and the balance between muscle constituents is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Kutchuk
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Anu Laitala
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Sharon Soueid-Bomgarten
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Pessia Shentzer
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ann-Helen Rosendahl
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Shelly Eilot
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Joni M Mäki
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Peleg Hasson
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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22
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Zhong Z, Zhao H, Mayo J, Chai Y. Different requirements for Wnt signaling in tongue myogenic subpopulations. J Dent Res 2015; 94:421-9. [PMID: 25576472 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514566030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a muscular organ that is essential in vertebrates for important functions, such as food intake and communication. Little is known about regulation of myogenic progenitors during tongue development when compared with the limb or trunk region. In this study, we investigated the relationship between different myogenic subpopulations and the function of canonical Wnt signaling in regulating these subpopulations. We found that Myf5- and MyoD-expressing myogenic subpopulations exist during embryonic tongue myogenesis. In the Myf5-expressing myogenic progenitors, there is a cell-autonomous requirement for canonical Wnt signaling for cell migration and differentiation. In contrast, the MyoD-expressing subpopulation does not require canonical Wnt signaling during tongue myogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that canonical Wnt signaling differentially regulates the Myf5- and MyoD-expressing subpopulations during tongue myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Zhao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Mayo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Lu Y, Chen S, Yang N. Expression and methylation of FGF2, TGF-β and their downstream mediators during different developmental stages of leg muscles in chicken. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79495. [PMID: 24260234 PMCID: PMC3832633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of growth factors determine the proliferation of myoblasts and therefore the number of ultimate myofibers. The members of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family and the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) have profound effects on skeletal myoblasts proliferation in various animal systems. To investigate their involvement in different stages of avian skeletal muscle development in vivo, we detected the mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles of TGF-β2, TGF-β3, FGF2 and their downstream mediators in leg muscles at embryonic day 10, day of hatch and day 45 posthatch, using both Arbor Acres meat-type and White Leghorn egg-type chickens. By real-time PCR, we found that the expression levels of TGF-β2, TGF-β3, Smad3 and FGF2 were significantly (P≤0.01) higher at embryonic day 10, a developmental window of abundant fetal myoblasts expansion, by comparison to day of hatch and day 45 posthatch. The methylation status of the 5' end region of these four genes was examined subsequently. A section of a CpG island in the 5' end region of FGF2 was significantly hypomethylated (P≤0.01) at embryonic day 10, compared with neonatal and postnatal stages in both stocks. Our results suggested that TGF-β2, TGF-β3, Smad3 and FGF2 may play important roles in fetal myoblasts proliferation in chicken hindlimb, and the transcription of FGF2 in this wave of myogenesis could be affected by DNA methylation in 5' flanking region. These outcomes contribute to our knowledge of the growth factors in avian myogenesis. Further investigation is needed to confirm and fully understand their functions in fetal limb myogenesis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Narola J, Pandey SN, Glick A, Chen YW. Conditional expression of TGF-β1 in skeletal muscles causes endomysial fibrosis and myofibers atrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79356. [PMID: 24244485 PMCID: PMC3828351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) on fibrosis and failure of regeneration of skeletal muscles, we generated a tet-repressible muscle-specific TGF-β1 transgenic mouse in which expression of TGF-β1 is controlled by oral doxycycline. The mice developed muscle weakness and atrophy after TGF-β1 over-expression. We defined the group of mice that showed phenotype within 2 weeks as early onset (EO) and the rest as late onset (LO), which allowed us to further examine phenotypic differences between the groups. While only mice in the EO group showed significant muscle weakness, pathological changes including endomysial fibrosis and smaller myofibers were observed in both groups at two weeks after the TGF-β1 was over-expressed. In addition, the size of the myofibers and collagen accumulation were significantly different between the two groups. The amount of latent and active TGF-β1 in the muscle and circulation were significantly higher in the EO group compared to the LO or control groups. The up-regulation of the latent TGF-β1 indicated that endogenous TGF-β1 was induced by the expression of the TGF-β1 transgene. Our studies showed that the primary effects of TGF-β1 over-expression in skeletal muscles are muscle wasting and endomysial fibrosis. In addition, the severity of the pathology is associated with the total amount of TGF-β1 and the expression of endogenous TGF-β1. The findings suggest that an auto-feedback loop of TGF-β1 may contribute to the severity of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Narola
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sachchida Nand Pandey
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Adam Glick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marti M, Montserrat N, Pardo C, Mulero L, Miquel-Serra L, Rodrigues AMC, Andrés Vaquero J, Kuebler B, Morera C, Barrero MJ, Izpisua Belmonte JC. M-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions activate satellite cell division. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5116-31. [PMID: 24046443 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult muscle stem cells and their committed myogenic precursors, commonly referred to as the satellite cell population, are involved in both muscle growth after birth and regeneration after damage. It has been previously proposed that, under these circumstances, satellite cells first become activated, divide and differentiate, and only later fuse to the existing myofiber through M-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions. Our data show that satellite cells fuse with the myofiber concomitantly to cell division, and only when the nuclei of the daughter cells are inside the myofiber, do they complete the process of differentiation. Here we demonstrate that M-cadherin plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition and fusion, and is crucial for cell division activation. Treatment of satellite cells with M-cadherin in vitro stimulates cell division, whereas addition of anti-M-cadherin antibodies reduces the cell division rate. Our results suggest an alternative model for the contribution of satellite cells to muscle development, which might be useful in understanding muscle regeneration, as well as muscle-related dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merce Marti
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Lee ASJ, Harris J, Bate M, Vijayraghavan K, Fisher L, Tajbakhsh S, Duxson M. Initiation of primary myogenesis in amniote limb muscles. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1043-55. [PMID: 23765941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate muscles are defined and patterned at the stage of primary myotube formation, but there is no clear description of how these cells form in vivo. Of particular interest is whether primary myotubes are "seeded" by a unique myoblast population that differentiates as mononucleated myocytes, similar to the founder myoblasts of insects. RESULTS We analyzed the cell populations and processes leading to initiation of primary myogenesis in limb buds of rats and mice. Pax3(+ve) myogenic precursors migrate into the limb bud and initially consolidate into dorsal and ventral muscle masses in the absence of Pax7 expression. Approximately a day later, Pax7(+ve) cells appear in the central aspect of the limb base and subsequently throughout the limb muscle masses. Primary myogenesis is initiated within each muscle mass at a time when only Pax3, and not Pax7, protein can be detected. Primary myotubes form initially as elongate mononucleated myocytes, well before cleavage of the muscle masses has occurred. Multinucleate myotubes appear approximately a day later. A similar process is seen during initiation of chick limb primary myogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Primary myotubes of vertebrate limb muscles are initiated by mononucleated myocytes, that appear structurally analogous to the founder myoblasts of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S J Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mourikis P, Gopalakrishnan S, Sambasivan R, Tajbakhsh S. Cell-autonomous Notch activity maintains the temporal specification potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. Development 2012; 139:4536-48. [PMID: 23136394 DOI: 10.1242/dev.084756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During organogenesis, a continuum of founder stem cells produces temporally distinct progeny until development is complete. Similarly, in skeletal myogenesis, phenotypically and functionally distinct myoblasts and differentiated cells are generated during development. How this occurs in muscle and other tissues in vertebrates remains largely unclear. We showed previously that committed cells are required for maintaining muscle stem cells. Here we show that active Notch signalling specifies a subpopulation of myogenic cells with high Pax7 expression. By genetically modulating Notch activity, we demonstrate that activated Notch (NICD) blocks terminal differentiation in an Rbpj-dependent manner that is sufficient to sustain stem/progenitor cells throughout embryogenesis, despite the absence of committed progeny. Although arrested in lineage progression, NICD-expressing cells of embryonic origin progressively mature and adopt characteristics of foetal myogenic cells, including expression of the foetal myogenesis regulator Nfix. siRNA-mediated silencing of NICD promotes the temporally appropriate foetal myogenic fate in spite of expression of markers for multiple cell types. We uncover a differential effect of Notch, whereby high Notch activity is associated with stem/progenitor cell expansion in the mouse embryo, yet it promotes reversible cell cycle exit in the foetus and the appearance of an adult muscle stem cell state. We propose that active Notch signalling is sufficient to sustain an upstream population of muscle founder stem cells while suppressing differentiation. Significantly, Notch does not override other signals that promote temporal myogenic cell fates during ontology where spatiotemporal developmental cues produce distinct phenotypic classes of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippos Mourikis
- Stem Cells and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75105 Paris, France
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Suzuki E, Aoyama K, Fukui T, Nakamura Y, Yamane A. The function of platelet-derived growth factor in the differentiation of mouse tongue striated muscle. Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15:39-51. [PMID: 22264326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the final differentiation phase of tongue striated muscle cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the expressions of PDGF-A, -B, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α, and PDGFR-β in mouse tongues between embryonic days (E) 11 and 15. Furthermore, we examined the effects of human recombinant PDGF-AB and the peptide antagonist for PDGFRs using an organ culture system of mouse embryonic tongue. Mouse tongues at E12 were cultured in BGJb medium containing human recombinant PDGF-AB for 4 days or the peptide antagonist for PDGF receptors for 8 days. RESULTS PDGF-A, -B, PDGFR-α, and -β were expressed in the differentiating muscle cells between E11 and 15. The human recombinant PDGF-AB induced increases in the mRNA expressions of myogenin and muscle creatine kinase (MCK) and the number of fast myosin heavy chain (fMHC)-positive cells, markers for the differentiation of muscle cells. On the other hand, the peptide antagonist for PDGFRs induced suppressions in the mRNA expressions of myogenin and MCK, and the number of fMHC-positive cells. Both the PDGF-AB and the antagonist failed to affect the expressions of cell proliferation markers. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDGF functions as a positive regulator in the final differentiation phase of tongue muscle cells in mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suzuki
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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29
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Richard AF, Demignon J, Sakakibara I, Pujol J, Favier M, Strochlic L, Le Grand F, Sgarioto N, Guernec A, Schmitt A, Cagnard N, Huang R, Legay C, Guillet-Deniau I, Maire P. Genesis of muscle fiber-type diversity during mouse embryogenesis relies on Six1 and Six4 gene expression. Dev Biol 2011; 359:303-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Aoyama K, Yamane A, Suga T, Suzuki E, Fukui T, Nakamura Y. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 functions as a negative regulator in the differentiation of myoblasts, but not as an inducer for the formations of cartilage and bone in mouse embryonic tongue. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:44. [PMID: 21736745 PMCID: PMC3160908 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro studies using the myogenic cell line C2C12 demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) converts the developmental pathway of C2C12 from a myogenic cell lineage to an osteoblastic cell lineage. Further, in vivo studies using null mutation mice demonstrate that BMPs inhibit the specification of the developmental fate of myogenic progenitor cells. However, the roles of BMPs in the phases of differentiation and maturation in skeletal muscles have yet to be determined. The present study attempts to define the function of BMP-2 in the final stage of differentiation of mouse tongue myoblast. RESULTS Recombinant BMP-2 inhibited the expressions of markers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells, such as myogenin, muscle creatine kinase (MCK), and fast myosin heavy chain (fMyHC), whereas BMP-2 siRNA stimulated such markers. Neither the recombinant BMP-2 nor BMP-2 siRNA altered the expressions of markers for the formation of cartilage and bone, such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen II, and collagen X. Further, no formation of cartilage and bone was observed in the recombinant BMP-2-treated tongues based on Alizarin red and Alcian blue stainings. Neither recombinant BMP-2 nor BMP-2 siRNA affected the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 1 (Id1). The ratios of chondrogenic and osteogenic markers relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, a house keeping gene) were approximately 1000-fold lower than those of myogenic markers in the cultured tongue. CONCLUSIONS BMP-2 functions as a negative regulator for the final differentiation of tongue myoblasts, but not as an inducer for the formation of cartilage and bone in cultured tongue, probably because the genes related to myogenesis are in an activation mode, while the genes related to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are in a silencing mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Aoyama
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Chan CYX, Masui O, Krakovska O, Belozerov VE, Voisin S, Ghanny S, Chen J, Moyez D, Zhu P, Evans KR, McDermott JC, Siu KWM. Identification of differentially regulated secretome components during skeletal myogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.004804. [PMID: 21343469 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is a well-characterized program of cellular differentiation that is exquisitely sensitive to the extracellular milieu. Systematic characterization of the myogenic secretome (i.e. the ensemble of secreted proteins) is, therefore, warranted for the identification of novel secretome components that regulate both the pluripotency of these progenitor mesenchymal cells, and also their commitment and passage through the differentiation program. Previously, we have successfully identified 26 secreted proteins in the mouse skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 (1). In an effort to attain a more comprehensive picture of the regulation of myogenesis by its extracellular milieu, quantitative profiling employing stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture was implemented in conjunction with two parallel high throughput online reverse phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry systems. In summary, 34 secreted proteins were quantified, 30 of which were shown to be differentially expressed during muscle development. Intriguingly, our analysis has revealed several novel up- and down-regulated secretome components that may have critical biological relevance for both the maintenance of pluripotency and the passage of cells through the differentiation program. In particular, the altered regulation of secretome components, including follistatin-like protein-1, osteoglycin, spondin-2, and cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor-1, along with constitutively expressed factors, such as fibulin-2, illustrate dynamic changes in the secretome that take place when differentiation to a specific lineage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y X'avia Chan
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Schabort EJ, van der Merwe M, Niesler CU. TGF-β isoforms inhibit IGF-1-induced migration and regulate terminal differentiation in a cell-specific manner. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 31:359-67. [PMID: 21298471 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Following muscle injury, the damaged tissue and influx of inflammatory cells stimulate the secretion of growth factors and cytokines to initiate repair processes. This release of chemotactic signaling factors activates resident precursor cells and stimulates their mobilization and migration to the site of injury where terminal differentiation can occur. The three transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are among the known regulatory factors released following muscle damage. We investigated the effect of recombinant active TGF-β1, -β2, -β3 and IGF-1 on C2C12 skeletal muscle satellite cell and P19 embryonal carcinoma cell terminal differentiation and migration. C2C12 myoblast fusion as well as P19 embryoid body formation and myogenic differentiation was assessed following 72 h TGF-β treatment (5 ng/ml), whereas the effect of the TGF-β isoforms on migration was determined following 7 h incubation. Our results showed that TGF-β decreases C2C12 myoblast fusion in an isoform-independent manner, whereas in the P19 cell lineage, results demonstrate that TGF-β1 specifically and significantly increased P19 embryoid body formation, but not expression of Connexin-43 or Myosin Heavy Chain. IGF-1 significantly increased migration compared to TGF-β isoforms, which, on their own, had no significant effect on the mobilization of either C2C12 or P19 cells. TGF-β isoforms decreased IGF-1-induced migration of both cell lineages. By distinguishing the factors involved in, and the molecular signals required for, myoblast recruitment during repair processes, strategies can be developed towards improved cell-mediated therapies for muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske J Schabort
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Abstract
Muscle development, growth, and regeneration take place throughout vertebrate life. In amniotes, myogenesis takes place in four successive, temporally distinct, although overlapping phases. Understanding how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed from muscle progenitors and committed myoblasts is an area of active research. In this review we examine recent expression, genetic loss-of-function, and genetic lineage studies that have been conducted in the mouse, with a particular focus on limb myogenesis. We synthesize these studies to present a current model of how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed in the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malea Murphy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Tgfbeta2 and 3 are coexpressed with their extracellular regulator Ltbp1 in the early limb bud and modulate mesodermal outgrowth and BMP signaling in chicken embryos. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:69. [PMID: 20565961 PMCID: PMC2906442 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor β proteins (Tgfβs) are secreted cytokines with well-defined functions in the differentiation of the musculoskeletal system of the developing limb. Here we have studied in chicken embryos, whether these cytokines are implicated in the development of the embryonic limb bud at stages preceding tissue differentiation. Results Immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 indicates that signaling by this pathway is active in the undifferentiated mesoderm and AER. Gene expression analysis shows that transcripts of tgfβ2 and tgfβ3 but not tgfβ1 are abundant in the growing undifferentiated limb mesoderm. Transcripts of tgfβ2 are also found in the AER, which is the signaling center responsible for limb outgrowth. Furthermore, we show that Latent Tgfβ Binding protein 1 (LTBP1), which is a key extracellular modulator of Tgfβ ligand bioavailability, is coexpressed with Tgfβs in the early limb bud. Administration of exogenous Tgfβs to limb buds growing in explant cultures provides evidence of these cytokines playing a role in the regulation of mesodermal limb proliferation. In addition, analysis of gene regulation in these experiments revealed that Tgfβ signaling has no effect on the expression of master genes of musculoskeletal tissue differentiation but negatively regulates the expression of the BMP-antagonist Gremlin. Conclusion We propose the occurrence of an interplay between Tgfβ and BMP signaling functionally associated with the regulation of early limb outgrowth by modulating limb mesenchymal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria/IFIMAV, Santander 39011, Spain
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Ontogenesis of muscle and adipose tissues and their interactions in ruminants and other species. Animal 2010; 4:1093-109. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Hutcheson DA, Zhao J, Merrell A, Haldar M, Kardon G. Embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells are derived from developmentally distinct progenitors and have different requirements for beta-catenin. Genes Dev 2009; 23:997-1013. [PMID: 19346403 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1769009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate muscle arises sequentially from embryonic, fetal, and adult myoblasts. Although functionally distinct, it is unclear whether these myoblast classes develop from common or different progenitors. Pax3 and Pax7 are expressed by somitic myogenic progenitors and are critical myogenic determinants. To test the developmental origin of embryonic and fetal myogenic cells in the limb, we genetically labeled and ablated Pax3(+) and Pax7(+) cells. Pax3(+)Pax7(-) cells contribute to muscle and endothelium, establish and are required for embryonic myogenesis, and give rise to Pax7(+) cells. Subsequently, Pax7(+) cells give rise to and are required for fetal myogenesis. Thus, Pax3(+) and Pax7(+) cells contribute differentially to embryonic and fetal limb myogenesis. To investigate whether embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells have different genetic requirements we conditionally inactivated or activated beta-catenin, an important regulator of myogenesis, in Pax3- or Pax7-derived cells. beta-Catenin is necessary within the somite for dermomyotome and myotome formation and delamination of limb myogenic progenitors. In the limb, beta-catenin is not required for embryonic myoblast specification or myofiber differentiation but is critical for determining fetal progenitor number and myofiber number and type. Together, these studies demonstrate that limb embryonic and fetal myogenic cells develop from distinct, but related progenitors and have different cell-autonomous requirements for beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hutcheson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Bush JR, Wevrick R. The Prader–Willi syndrome protein necdin interacts with the E1A-like inhibitor of differentiation EID-1 and promotes myoblast differentiation. Differentiation 2008; 76:994-1005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2008.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Loss of transforming growth factor-beta 2 leads to impairment of central synapse function. Neural Dev 2008; 3:25. [PMID: 18854036 PMCID: PMC2576228 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of functional synapses is a crucial event in neuronal network formation, and with regard to regulation of breathing it is essential for life. Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily act as intercellular signaling molecules during synaptogenesis of the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila and are involved in synaptic function of sensory neurons of Aplysia. RESULTS Here we show that while TGF-beta2 is not crucial for the morphology and function of the neuromuscular junction of the diaphragm muscle of mice, it is essential for proper synaptic function in the pre-Bötzinger complex, a central rhythm organizer located in the brainstem. Genetic deletion of TGF-beta2 in mice strongly impaired both GABA/glycinergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the pre-Bötzinger complex area, while numbers and morphology of central synapses of knock-out animals were indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates at embryonic day 18.5. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that TGF-beta2 influences synaptic function, rather than synaptogenesis, specifically at central synapses. The functional alterations in the respiratory center of the brain are probably the underlying cause of the perinatal death of the TGF-beta2 knock-out mice.
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Biressi S, Molinaro M, Cossu G. Cellular heterogeneity during vertebrate skeletal muscle development. Dev Biol 2007; 308:281-93. [PMID: 17612520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscles appear superficially alike at different anatomical locations, in reality there is considerably more diversity than previously anticipated. Heterogeneity is not only restricted to completely developed fibers, but is clearly apparent during development at the molecular, cellular and anatomical level. Multiple waves of muscle precursors with different features appear before birth and contribute to muscular diversification. Recent cell lineage and gene expression studies have expanded our knowledge on how skeletal muscle is formed and how its heterogeneity is generated. This review will present a comprehensive view of relevant findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Stem Cell Research Institute, DiBiT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 58 via Olgettina, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Brunelli S, Relaix F, Baesso S, Buckingham M, Cossu G. Beta catenin-independent activation of MyoD in presomitic mesoderm requires PKC and depends on Pax3 transcriptional activity. Dev Biol 2007; 304:604-14. [PMID: 17275805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Early activation of myogenesis in the somite depends on signals from surrounding tissues. Canonical beta-catenin dependent Wnt signalling preferentially activates Myf5. We now show, in explant experiments with presomitic mesoderm, that the expression of another myogenic determination factor, MyoD, depends on non-canonical Wnt signalling, probably emanating from the dorsal ectoderm. Inhibitors of PKC block MyoD expression, indicating that the intracellular Wnt pathway depends on this kinase. In the absence of Myf5 and Mrf4, this activation is only minorily affected and we identify Pax3 as the transcriptional mediator responsible for MyoD expression. When embryos expressing a constitutively active form of Pax3, PAX3-FKHR, are used for these studies in the presence of PKC inhibitors, MyoD expression is not affected, suggesting that Wnt signalling acts on the transcriptional activity of Pax3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Brunelli
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
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41
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Biressi S, Tagliafico E, Lamorte G, Monteverde S, Tenedini E, Roncaglia E, Ferrari S, Ferrari S, Cusella-De Angelis MG, Tajbakhsh S, Cossu G. Intrinsic phenotypic diversity of embryonic and fetal myoblasts is revealed by genome-wide gene expression analysis on purified cells. Dev Biol 2007; 304:633-51. [PMID: 17292343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle development occurs asynchronously and it has been proposed to be dependent upon the generation of temporally distinct populations of myogenic cells. This long-held hypothesis has not been tested directly due to the inability to isolate and analyze purified populations of myoblasts derived from specific stages of prenatal development. Using a mouse strain with the GFP reporter gene targeted into the Myf5 locus, a cell-sorting method was developed for isolating embryonic and fetal myoblasts. The two types of myoblasts show an intrinsic difference in fusion ability, proliferation, differentiation and response to TGFbeta, TPA and BMP-4 in vitro. Microarray and quantitative PCR were used to identify differentially expressed genes both before and after differentiation, thus allowing a precise phenotypic analysis of the two populations. Embryonic and fetal myoblasts differ in the expression of a number of transcription factors and surface molecules, which may control different developmental programs. For example, only embryonic myoblasts express a Hox code along the antero-posterior axis, indicating that they possess direct positional information. Taken together, the data presented here demonstrate that embryonic and fetal myoblasts represent intrinsically different myogenic lineages and provide important information for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Dibit, H. San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Pisconti A, Brunelli S, Di Padova M, De Palma C, Deponti D, Baesso S, Sartorelli V, Cossu G, Clementi E. Follistatin induction by nitric oxide through cyclic GMP: a tightly regulated signaling pathway that controls myoblast fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:233-44. [PMID: 16401724 PMCID: PMC2063553 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200507083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of skeletal myoblast fusion is not well understood. We show that endogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation is required for myoblast fusion both in embryonic myoblasts and in satellite cells. The effect of NO is concentration and time dependent, being evident only at the onset of differentiation, and direct on the fusion process itself. The action of NO is mediated through a tightly regulated activation of guanylate cyclase and generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), so much so that deregulation of cGMP signaling leads to a fusion-induced hypertrophy of satellite-derived myotubes and embryonic muscles, and to the acquisition of fusion competence by myogenic precursors in the presomitic mesoderm. NO and cGMP induce expression of follistatin, and this secreted protein mediates their action in myogenesis. These results establish a hitherto unappreciated role of NO and cGMP in regulating myoblast fusion and elucidate their mechanism of action, providing a direct link with follistatin, which is a key player in myogenesis.
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Noirez P, Torres S, Cebrian J, Agbulut O, Peltzer J, Butler-Browne G, Daegelen D, Martelly I, Keller A, Ferry A. TGF-beta1 favors the development of fast type identity during soleus muscle regeneration. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2005; 27:1-8. [PMID: 16362724 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-005-9014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is known to be expressed in the environment of developing fast muscle fibres during ontogenesis. In the present study, we have examined effects of administration of either TGF-beta1 or neutralizing TGF-beta1 antibody on the induction of fast type phenotype in regenerating skeletal muscles in rats. Expressions of fast and slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were studied using protein electrophoresis, at 3 and 6 weeks after myotoxic treatment. Muscle contractile properties were also measured in situ. The results have shown that a single injection of TGF-beta1 into the regenerating slow soleus muscle increased the expression of fast MHC-2x/d and MHC-2a and decreases that of slow MHC-1 (P<0.05). Moreover, it reduced the degree of tetanic fusion during contraction (P<0.05). Conversely, injection of neutralizing antibody against TGF-beta1 into the regenerating fast EDL muscle increased the expression of MHC-2a and MHC-1 (P<0.05). In conclusion, when the slow muscle was regenerating in the presence of an increased level of TGF-beta1, it induced a shift to a less slow MHC phenotype and contractile characteristics. Conversely, neutralization of TGF-beta1 in the regenerating fast muscle induced a shift to a less fast MHC expression. Together these results suggest that TGF-beta1 influences some aspects of fast muscle-type patterning during skeletal muscle regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myosin Heavy Chains/drug effects
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Protein Isoforms/drug effects
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/drug effects
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Toxins, Biological/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Cossu G, Biressi S. Satellite cells, myoblasts and other occasional myogenic progenitors: Possible origin, phenotypic features and role in muscle regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2005; 16:623-31. [PMID: 16118057 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the vertebrate embryo, skeletal muscle originates from somites and is formed in discrete steps by different classes of progenitor cells. After myotome formation, embryonic myoblasts give rise to primary fibers in the embryo, while fetal myoblasts give rise to secondary fibers, initially smaller and surrounding primary fibers. Satellite cells appear underneath the newly formed basal lamina that develops around each fiber, and contribute to post-natal growth and regeneration of muscle fibers. Recently, different types of non somitic stem-progenitor cells have been shown to contribute to muscle regeneration. The origin of these different cell types and their possible lineage relationships with other myogenic cells as well as their possible role in muscle regeneration will be discussed. Finally, possible use of different myogenic cells in experimental protocols of cell therapy will be briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cossu
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Dibit, H. San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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45
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Füchtbauer EM. Inhibition of skeletal muscle development: less differentiation gives more muscle. Results Probl Cell Differ 2003; 38:143-61. [PMID: 12132393 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45686-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The fact that stem cells have to be protected from premature differentiation is true for many organs in the developing embryo and the adult organism. However, there are several arguments that this is particularly important for (skeletal) muscle. There are some evolutionary arguments that muscle is a "default" pathway for mesodermal cells, which has to be actively prevented in order to allow cells to differentiate into other tissues. Myogenic cells originate from very small areas of the embryo where only a minor portion of these cells is supposed to differentiate. Differentiated muscle fibres are unconditionally post-mitotic, leaving undifferentiated stem cells as the only source of regeneration. The mechanical usage of muscle and its superficial location in the vertebrate body makes regeneration a frequently used mechanism. Looking at the different inhibitory mechanisms that have been found within the past 10 or so years, it appears as if evolution has taken this issue very serious. At all possible levels we find regulatory mechanisms that help to fine tune the differentiation of myogenic cells. Secreted molecules specifying different populations of somitic cells, diffusing or membrane-bound signals among fellow myoblasts, modulating molecules within the extracellular matrix and last, but not least, a changing set of activating and repressing cofactors. We have come a long way from the simple model of MyoD just to be turned on at the right time in the right cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst-Martin Füchtbauer
- Institute of Molecular and Structural Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé, Bygn. 130, Arhus C, Denmark
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Department of Developmental Stem Cells & Development Biology, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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47
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Patel K, Christ B, Stockdale FE. Control of muscle size during embryonic, fetal, and adult life. Results Probl Cell Differ 2003; 38:163-86. [PMID: 12132394 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45686-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Patel
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU, UK
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48
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Wigmore PM, Evans DJR. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the generation of fiber diversity during myogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 216:175-232. [PMID: 12049208 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)16006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have a characteristic proportion and distribution of fiber types, a pattern which is set up early in development. It is becoming clear that different mechanisms produce this pattern during early and late stages of myogenesis. In addition, there are significant differences between the formation of muscles in head and those found in rest of the body. Early fiber type differentiation is dependent upon an interplay between patterning systems which include the Wnt and Hox gene families and different myoblast populations. During later stages, innervation, hormones, and functional demand increasingly act to determine fiber type, but individual muscles still retain an intrinsic commitment to form particular fiber types. Head muscle is the only muscle not derived from the somites and follows a different development pathway which leads to the formation of particular fiber types not found elsewhere. This review discusses the formation of fiber types in both head and other muscles using results from both chick and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Wigmore
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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49
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Shimizu-Nishikawa K, Shibota Y, Takei A, Kuroda M, Nishikawa A. Regulation of specific developmental fates of larval- and adult-type muscles during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus. Dev Biol 2002; 251:91-104. [PMID: 12413900 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2002.0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During anuran metamorphosis, larval-type myotubes in both trunk and tail are removed by apoptosis, and only trunk muscles are replaced by newly formed adult-type myotubes. In the present study, we clarified the regulatory mechanisms for specific developmental fates of adult and larval muscles. Two distinct (adult and larval) types of myoblasts were found to exist in the trunk, but no or very few adult myoblasts were found in the tail. Each type of myoblast responded differently to metamorphic trigger, 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)) in vitro. T(3)-induced cell death was observed in larval myoblasts but not in adult myoblasts. These results suggest that the fates (life or death) of trunk and tail muscles are determined primarily by the differential distribution of adult myoblasts within the muscles. However, a transplantation study clarified that each larval and adult myoblast was not committed to fuse into particular myotube types, and they could form heterokaryon myotubes in vivo. Cell culture experiments suggested that the following two mechanisms are involved in the specification of myotube fate: (1) Heterokaryon myotubes could escape T(3)-induced death only when the proportion of adult nuclei number was higher than 70% in the myotubes. Apoptosis was not observed in any larval nuclei within the surviving heterokaryon myotubes, suggesting the conversion of larval nuclei fate. (2) Differentiation of adult myoblasts was promoted by the factor(s) released from larval myoblasts in a cell type-specific manner. Taken together, the developmental fate of myotubes is determined by the ratio of nuclei types, and the formation of adult nuclei-rich myotubes was specifically enhanced by larval myoblast factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Shimizu-Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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Huet C, Li ZF, Liu HZ, Black RA, Galliano MF, Engvall E. Skeletal muscle cell hypertrophy induced by inhibitors of metalloproteases; myostatin as a potential mediator. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C1624-34. [PMID: 11600426 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth and differentiation are controlled in many tissues by paracrine factors, which often require proteolytic processing for activation. Metalloproteases of the metzincin family, such as matrix metalloproteases and ADAMs, recently have been shown to be involved in the shedding of growth factors, cytokines, and receptors. In the present study, we show that hydroxamate-based inhibitors of metalloproteases (HIMPs), such as TAPI and BB-3103, increase the fusion of C(2)C(12) myoblasts and provoke myotube hypertrophy. HIMPs did not seem to effect hypertrophy via proteins that have previously been shown to regulate muscle growth in vitro, such as insulin-like growth factor-I, calcineurin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Instead, the proteolytic maturation of myostatin (growth differentiation factor-8) seemed to be reduced in C(2)C(12) cells treated with HIMPs, as suggested by the presence of nonprocessed myostatin precursor only in hypertrophic myotubes. Myostatin is a known negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein superfamily. These results indicate that metalloproteases are involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation, that the proteolytic maturation of myostatin in C(2)C(12) cells may be directly or indirectly linked to the activity of some unidentified HIMP-sensitive metalloproteases, and that the lack of myostatin processing on HIMP treatment may be a mediator of myotube hypertrophy in this in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huet
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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