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Ghosh S, Bhatti GK, Sharma PK, Kandimalla R, Mastana SS, Bhatti JS. Potential of Nano-Engineered Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:6. [PMID: 38104307 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and degrading autoimmune disorder mainly targeting the central nervous system, leading to progressive neurodegeneration, demyelination, and axonal damage. Current treatment options for MS are limited in efficacy, generally linked to adverse side effects, and do not offer a cure. Stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for MS, potentially promoting remyelination, exerting immunomodulatory effects and protecting against neurodegeneration. Therefore, this review article focussed on the potential of nano-engineering in stem cells as a therapeutic approach for MS, focusing on the synergistic effects of combining stem cell biology with nanotechnology to stimulate the proliferation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) from neural stem cells and OL precursor cells, by manipulating neural signalling pathways-PDGF, BMP, Wnt, Notch and their essential genes such as Sox, bHLH, Nkx. Here we discuss the pathophysiology of MS, the use of various types of stem cells in MS treatment and their mechanisms of action. In the context of nanotechnology, we present an overview of its applications in the medical and research field and discuss different methods and materials used to nano-engineer stem cells, including surface modification, biomaterials and scaffolds, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. We further elaborate on nano-engineered stem cell techniques, such as nano script, nano-exosome hybrid, nano-topography and their potentials in MS. The article also highlights enhanced homing, engraftment, and survival of nano-engineered stem cells, targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents, and immunomodulatory and tissue repair effects with their challenges and limitations. This visual illustration depicts the process of utilizing nano-engineering in stem cells and exosomes for the purpose of delivering more accurate and improved treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This approach targets specifically the creation of oligodendrocytes, the breakdown of which is the primary pathological factor in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Ghosh
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences Central, University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences Central, University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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2
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. Spatiotemporal Localisation of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans throughout Mouse Lens Morphogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1364. [PMID: 37408198 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) consist of a core protein decorated with sulphated HS-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. These negatively charged HS-GAG chains rely on the activity of PAPSS synthesising enzymes for their sulfation, which allows them to bind to and regulate the activity of many positively charged HS-binding proteins. HSPGs are found on the surfaces of cells and in the pericellular matrix, where they interact with various components of the cell microenvironment, including growth factors. By binding to and regulating ocular morphogens and growth factors, HSPGs are positioned to orchestrate growth factor-mediated signalling events that are essential for lens epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and lens fibre differentiation. Previous studies have shown that HS sulfation is essential for lens development. Moreover, each of the full-time HSPGs, differentiated by thirteen different core proteins, are differentially localised in a cell-type specific manner with regional differences in the postnatal rat lens. Here, the same thirteen HSPG-associated GAGs and core proteins as well as PAPSS2, are shown to be differentially regulated throughout murine lens development in a spatiotemporal manner. These findings suggest that HS-GAG sulfation is essential for growth factor-induced cellular processes during embryogenesis, and the unique and divergent localisation of different lens HSPG core proteins indicates that different HSPGs likely play specialized roles during lens induction and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Huerga-Gómez I, Martini FJ, López-Bendito G. Building thalamic neuronal networks during mouse development. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1098913. [PMID: 36817644 PMCID: PMC9936079 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1098913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamic nuclear complex contains excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory local neurons, the two cell types driving the main circuits in sensory nuclei. While excitatory neurons are born from progenitors that reside in the proliferative zone of the developing thalamus, inhibitory local neurons are born outside the thalamus and they migrate there during development. In addition to these cell types, which occupy most of the thalamus, there are two small thalamic regions where inhibitory neurons target extra-thalamic regions rather than neighboring neurons, the intergeniculate leaflet and the parahabenular nucleus. Like excitatory thalamic neurons, these inhibitory neurons are derived from progenitors residing in the developing thalamus. The assembly of these circuits follows fine-tuned genetic programs and it is coordinated by extrinsic factors that help the cells find their location, associate with thalamic partners, and establish connections with their corresponding extra-thalamic inputs and outputs. In this review, we bring together what is currently known about the development of the excitatory and inhibitory components of the thalamocortical sensory system, in particular focusing on the visual pathway and thalamic interneurons in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Huerga-Gómez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
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4
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Ni YH, Deng HF, Zhou L, Huang CS, Wang NN, Yue LX, Li GF, Yu HJ, Zhou W, Gao Y. Ginsenoside Rb1 Ameliorated Bavachin-Induced Renal Fibrosis via Suppressing Bip/eIF2α/CHOP Signaling-Mediated EMT. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872474. [PMID: 35873571 PMCID: PMC9304982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nephrotoxicity of Fructus Psoraleae, an effective traditional Chinese medicine for vitiligo treatment, has been reported. As one of the main toxic components in Fructus Psoraleae, bavachin (BV) was considered to be related to Fructus Psoraleae-caused adverse outcomes, but the direct evidence and molecular mechanism underlying BV-induced nephrotoxicity are not well elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to confirm whether BV would cause toxic effects on the kidney and explore the possible mode of action. Our results demonstrated that days’ treatment with 0.5 μM BV indeed caused obvious renal fibrosis in the zebrafish kidney. The obvious E- to N-cadherin switch and the expressions of proteins promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed in BV-treated human renal tubular epithelial and zebrafish kidneys. In addition, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and Bip/eIF2α/CHOP-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) were caused by BV, both of which could be reversed by ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Also, blocking ER stress-caused cytoplasmic Ca2+ overload with 4-PBA notably alleviated BV-induced alterations in key molecular events related to EMT and renal fibrosis. Furthermore, of the natural compounds subjected to screening, ginsenoside Rb1 significantly downregulated BV-induced ER stress by inhibiting ROS generation and following the activation of Bip/eIF2α/CHOP signaling in HK2 cells. Subsequently, BV-triggered EMT and renal fibrosis were both ameliorated by ginsenoside Rb1. In summary, our findings suggested that BV-induced ROS promoted the appearance of EMT and renal fibrosis mainly via Bip/eIF2α/CHOP-mediated ER stress. This ER stress-related toxic pathway might be a potential intervention target for BV-caused renal fibrosis, and ginsenoside Rb1 would be a promising drug against BV- or Fructus Psoraleae-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Ni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Fang Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong-Shu Huang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning-Ning Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan-Xin Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gao-Fu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Jing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhou, ; Yue Gao,
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhou, ; Yue Gao,
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5
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Pulgar E, Schwayer C, Guerrero N, López L, Márquez S, Härtel S, Soto R, Heisenberg CP, Concha ML. Apical contacts stemming from incomplete delamination guide progenitor cell allocation through a dragging mechanism. eLife 2021; 10:66483. [PMID: 34448451 PMCID: PMC8460252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental strategies used by progenitor cells to allow a safe journey from their induction place towards the site of terminal differentiation are still poorly understood. Here, we uncovered a mechanism of progenitor cell allocation that stems from an incomplete process of epithelial delamination that allows progenitors to coordinate their movement with adjacent extra-embryonic tissues. Progenitors of the zebrafish laterality organ originate from the superficial epithelial enveloping layer by an apical constriction process of cell delamination. During this process, progenitors retain long-lasting apical contacts that enable the epithelial layer to pull a subset of progenitors on their way to the vegetal pole. The remaining delaminated cells follow the movement of apically attached progenitors by a protrusion-dependent cell-cell contact mechanism, avoiding sequestration by the adjacent endoderm, ensuring their collective fate and allocation at the site of differentiation. Thus, we reveal that incomplete delamination serves as a cellular platform for coordinated tissue movements during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pulgar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cornelia Schwayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Néstor Guerrero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Márquez
- Physics Department, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile.,National Center for Health Information Systems, CENS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Soto
- Physics Department, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Miguel L Concha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Zhang Q, Wang L, Gao Q, Zhang X, Lin Y, Huang S, Chen D. Toxicity of polymer-modified CuS nanoclusters on zebrafish embryo development. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:295-304. [PMID: 34247425 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast amount of research on the toxicity of copper-based nanoparticles, the toxicity of CuS nanoparticles is still largely unknown. Due to the application of CuS-based nanomaterials in biomedical engineering, it is necessary to study their potential toxicity and biological effects. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of polymer-modified CuS nanoclusters (PATA3-C4@CuS) on embryo development through exposing zebrafish embryos to 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/L PATA3-C4@CuS at 0.75-h post-fertilization. The morphological results demonstrated that PATA3-C4@CuS at concentrations greater than 1 mg/L PATA3-C4@CuS induced abnormal phenotypes including smaller heads and eyes, pericardial edema, and epiboly retardation and it increased mortality, lowered the hatching rate, and inhibited swim bladder inflation. In situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that PATA3-C4@CuS could alter the expression patterns of tbxta, dlx3, and cstlb and increase the expression levels of wnt5 and wnt11, which suggested that PATA3-C4@CuS disrupts cell migration by increasing the levels of wnt5 and wnt11 during gastrulation. It was also discovered that PATA3-C4@CuS exposure caused a slow heart rate and smaller ventricles in zebrafish larvae. Immunofluorescence and behavioral analyses showed that PATA3-C4@CuS could damage the ventral projection of the primary motor neurons CaP, which was in accordance with the reduction in locomotion ability. Together, our data demonstrated that functional PATA3-C4@CuS could disrupt cell migration during gastrulation, affect cardiac development and function, and decrease locomotive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yushuang Lin
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongyan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Kearns CA, Walker M, Ravanelli AM, Scott K, Arzbecker MR, Appel B. Zebrafish spinal cord oligodendrocyte formation requires boc function. Genetics 2021; 218:6289992. [PMID: 34057474 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The axis of the vertebrate neural tube is patterned, in part, by a ventral to dorsal gradient of Shh signaling. In the ventral spinal cord, Shh induces concentration-dependent expression of transcription factors, subdividing neural progenitors into distinct domains that subsequently produce distinct neuronal and glial subtypes. In particular, progenitors of the pMN domain express the bHLH transcription factor Olig2 and produce motor neurons followed by oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cell type of the central nervous system. In addition to its role in patterning ventral progenitors, Shh signaling must be maintained through development to specify pMN progenitors for oligodendrocyte fate. Using a forward genetic screen in zebrafish for mutations that disrupt development of oligodendrocytes, we identified a new mutant allele of boc, which encodes a type I transmembrane protein that functions as a coreceptor for Shh. Embryos homozygous for the bocco25 allele, which creates a missense mutation in a Fibronectin type III domain that binds Shh, have normally patterned spinal cords but fail to maintain pMN progenitors, resulting in a deficit of oligodendrocytes. Using a sensitive fluorescent detection method for in situ RNA hybridization, we found that spinal cord cells express boc in a graded fashion that is inverse to the gradient of Shh signaling activity and that boc function is necessary to maintain pMN progenitors by shaping the Shh signaling gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Kearns
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Macie Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew M Ravanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kayt Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Madeline R Arzbecker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
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8
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Tschaikner PM, Regele D, Röck R, Salvenmoser W, Meyer D, Bouvier M, Geley S, Stefan E, Aanstad P. Feedback control of the Gpr161-G αs-PKA axis contributes to basal Hedgehog repression in zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:dev.192443. [PMID: 33531430 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) ligands act as morphogens to direct patterning and proliferation during embryonic development. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a central negative regulator of Hh signalling, and in the absence of Hh ligands, PKA activity prevents inappropriate expression of Hh target genes. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 contributes to the basal Hh repression machinery by activating PKA. Gpr161 acts as an A-kinase-anchoring protein, and is itself phosphorylated by PKA, but the functional significance of PKA phosphorylation of Gpr161 in the context of Hh signalling remains unknown. Here, we show that loss of Gpr161 in zebrafish leads to constitutive activation of medium and low, but not maximal, levels of Hh target gene expression. Furthermore, we find that PKA phosphorylation-deficient forms of Gpr161, which we show directly couple to Gαs, display an increased sensitivity to Shh, resulting in excess high-level Hh signalling. Our results suggest that PKA feedback-mediated phosphorylation of Gpr161 may provide a mechanism for fine-tuning Gpr161 ciliary localisation and PKA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Tschaikner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.,Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dominik Regele
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Ruth Röck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dirk Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Pia Aanstad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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9
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Scott K, O'Rourke R, Gillen A, Appel B. Prdm8 regulates pMN progenitor specification for motor neuron and oligodendrocyte fates by modulating the Shh signaling response. Development 2020; 147:dev191023. [PMID: 32680935 PMCID: PMC7473643 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord pMN progenitors sequentially produce motor neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Some OPCs differentiate rapidly as myelinating oligodendrocytes, whereas others remain into adulthood. How pMN progenitors switch from producing motor neurons to OPCs with distinct fates is poorly understood. pMN progenitors express prdm8, which encodes a transcriptional repressor, during motor neuron and OPC formation. To determine whether prdm8 controls pMN cell fate specification, we used zebrafish as a model system to investigate prdm8 function. Our analysis revealed that prdm8 mutant embryos have fewer motor neurons resulting from a premature switch from motor neuron to OPC production. Additionally, prdm8 mutant larvae have excess oligodendrocytes and a concomitant deficit of OPCs. Notably, pMN cells of mutant embryos have elevated Shh signaling, coincident with the motor neuron to OPC switch. Inhibition of Shh signaling restored the number of motor neurons to normal but did not rescue the proportion of oligodendrocytes. These data suggest that Prdm8 regulates the motor neuron-OPC switch by controlling the level of Shh activity in pMN progenitors, and also regulates the allocation of oligodendrocyte lineage cell fates.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayt Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 40045, USA
| | - Rebecca O'Rourke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 40045, USA
| | - Austin Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 40045, USA
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 40045, USA
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 40045, USA
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10
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Ravanelli AM, Kearns CA, Powers RK, Wang Y, Hines JH, Donaldson MJ, Appel B. Sequential specification of oligodendrocyte lineage cells by distinct levels of Hedgehog and Notch signaling. Dev Biol 2018; 444:93-106. [PMID: 30347186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to both myelinating oligodendrocytes and NG2 glia, which are the most proliferative cells in the adult mammalian brain. NG2 glia retain characteristics of OPCs, and some NG2 glia produce oligodendrocytes, but many others persist throughout adulthood. Why some OPCs differentiate as oligodendrocytes during development whereas others persist as OPCs and acquire characteristics of NG2 glia is not known. Using zebrafish spinal cord as a model, we found that OPCs that differentiate rapidly as oligodendrocytes and others that remain as OPCs arise in sequential waves from distinct neural progenitors. Additionally, oligodendrocyte and persistent OPC fates are specified during a defined critical period by small differences in Shh signaling and Notch activity, which modulates Shh signaling response. Thus, our data indicate that OPCs fated to produce oligodendrocytes or remain as OPCs during development are specified as distinct cell types, raising the possibility that the myelinating potential of OPCs is set by graded Shh signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ravanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina A Kearns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rani K Powers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob H Hines
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maranda J Donaldson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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11
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Wang B, Yang F, Li R, Li X, Wu X, Sun Z, Zhai J, He Y, Qi J. Functional characterization of Cynoglossus semilaevis R-spondin2 and its role in muscle development during embryogenesis. Genes Genet Syst 2018; 93:181-190. [PMID: 30333384 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.18-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
R-spondin2 (Rspo2) is a member of the R-spondin family, which plays important roles in cell proliferation, cell fate determination and organogenesis. Rspo2 exhibits important functions during embryonic development and muscle maintenance in adult human, mouse and Xenopus. In the present study, the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Rspo2 (CsRspo2) gene was isolated and characterized, and its role in muscle development during embryogenesis was studied. Our results showed that CsRspo2 expression was abundant during gastrulation and significantly high during somite formation, but then decreased markedly after hatching. CsRspo2 expression was high in brain and gill, moderate in heart, ovary and testis, and almost undetectable in muscle and other tissues. Moreover, the potential involvement of Rspo2 in muscle development was investigated. We found that overexpression of CsRspo2 mRNA in zebrafish embryos resulted in slow development and abnormal muscle formation at the embryonic stage. Our work provides a fundamental understanding of the structure and potential functions of CsRspo2 during muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | | | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
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12
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IRE1α governs cytoskeleton remodelling and cell migration
through a direct interaction with filamin A. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:942-953. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Qian H, Liu G, Lu T, Sun L. Developmental neurotoxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa in the early life stages of zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:35-41. [PMID: 29304416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cyanotoxins can exert neurotoxic effects on exposed aquatic organisms but most studies have focused on purified toxins rather than on the more complex effects of cyanobacterial blooms. To evaluate this issue in an environmentally relevant model, we assessed the developmental neurotoxicity induced by Microcystis aeruginosa on newly hatched zebrafish. After four days of exposure, the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae was significantly decreased with increasing algae concentration. The levels of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dopamine (DA) were decreased, accompanied by a decline in ache, chrna7 and manf and a compensatory increase in nr4a2b transcription. Furthermore, the expression of nine marker genes for nervous system function or development, namely, elavl3, gap43, gfap, mbp, nestin, ngn1, nkx2.2a, shha and syn2a, similarly decreased after algal exposure. These results demonstrated that Microcystis aeruginosa exposure affected cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, the transcription of key nervous system genes, and consequently the activity level of larval zebrafish. Importantly, discrepancies in the neurotoxic effects observed in this study and in previous reports that were based on exposure to pure cyanotoxin highlight the necessity for further investigation of cyanobacterial bloom mixtures when assessing the ecotoxicity of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Guangfu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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14
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Basal Hypothalamus: Molecular Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:17. [PMID: 29593505 PMCID: PMC5861214 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key integrative center of the vertebrate brain. To better understand its ancestral morphological organization and evolution, we previously analyzed the segmental organization of alar subdivisions in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a cartilaginous fish and thus a basal representative of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). With the same aim, we deepen here in the segmental organization of the catshark basal hypothalamus by revisiting previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScNkx2.1, ScShh expression and Shh immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScLhx5, ScEmx2, ScLmx1b, ScPitx2, ScPitx3a, ScFoxa1, ScFoxa2 and ScNeurog2 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. Our study reveals a complex genoarchitecture for chondrichthyan basal hypothalamus on which a total of 21 microdomains were identified. Six belong to the basal acroterminal region, the rostral-most point of the basal neural tube; seven are described in the tuberal region (Tu/RTu); four in the perimamillar region (PM/PRM) and four in the mamillar one (MM/RM). Interestingly, the same set of genes does not necessarily describe the same microdomains in mice, which in part contributes to explain how forebrain diversity is achieved. This study stresses the importance of analyzing data from basal vertebrates to better understand forebrain diversity and hypothalamic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- UMR7355, CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, UMR7232, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Sonnack L, Klawonn T, Kriehuber R, Hollert H, Schäfers C, Fenske M. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome responses of zebrafish embryos after exposure to low concentrations of cadmium, cobalt and copper. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 25:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Chi L, Fan B, Feng D, Chen Z, Liu Z, Hui Y, Xu X, Ma L, Fang Y, Zhang Q, Jin G, Liu L, Guan F, Zhang X. The Dorsoventral Patterning of Human Forebrain Follows an Activation/Transformation Model. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2941-2954. [PMID: 27226442 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anteroposterior patterning of the central nervous system follows an activation/transformation model, which proposes that a prospective telencephalic fate will be activated by default during the neural induction stage, while this anterior fate could be transformed posteriorly according to caudalization morphogens. Although both extrinsic signals and intrinsic transcription factors have been implicated in dorsoventral (DV) specification of vertebrate telencephalon, the DV patterning model remains elusive. This is especially true in human considering its evolutionary trait and uniqueness of gene regulatory networks during neural induction. Here, we point to a model that human forebrain DV patterning also follows an activation/transformation paradigm. Human neuroectoderm (NE) will activate a forebrain dorsal fate automatically and this default anterior dorsal fate does not depend on Wnts activation or Pax6 expression. Forced expression of Pax6 in human NE hinders its ventralization even under sonic hedgehog (Shh) treatment, suggesting that the ventral fate is repressed by dorsal genes. Genetic manipulation of Nkx2.1, a key gene for forebrain ventral progenitors, shows that Nkx2.1 is neither necessary nor sufficient for Shh-driven ventralization. We thus propose that Shh represses dorsal genes of human NE and subsequently transforms the primitively activated dorsal fate ventrally in a repression release manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liankai Chi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.,Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Beibei Fan
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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17
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Concentration dependent transcriptome responses of zebrafish embryos after exposure to cadmium, cobalt and copper. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 24:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Whole Genome Sequencing-Based Mapping and Candidate Identification of Mutations from Fixed Zebrafish Tissue. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3415-3425. [PMID: 28855284 PMCID: PMC5633390 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As forward genetic screens in zebrafish become more common, the number of mutants that cannot be identified by gross morphology or through transgenic approaches, such as many nervous system defects, has also increased. Screening for these difficult-to-visualize phenotypes demands techniques such as whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) or antibody staining, which require tissue fixation. To date, fixed tissue has not been amenable for generating libraries for whole genome sequencing (WGS). Here, we describe a method for using genomic DNA from fixed tissue and a bioinformatics suite for WGS-based mapping of zebrafish mutants. We tested our protocol using two known zebrafish mutant alleles, gpr126st49 and egr2bfh227, both of which cause myelin defects. As further proof of concept we mapped a novel mutation, stl64, identified in a zebrafish WISH screen for myelination defects. We linked stl64 to chromosome 1 and identified a candidate nonsense mutation in the F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (fbxw7) gene. Importantly, stl64 mutants phenocopy previously described fbxw7vu56 mutants, and knockdown of fbxw7 in wild-type animals produced similar defects, demonstrating that stl64 disrupts fbxw7. Together, these data show that our mapping protocol can map and identify causative lesions in mutant screens that require tissue fixation for phenotypic analysis.
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19
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Hinaux H, Devos L, Blin M, Elipot Y, Bibliowicz J, Alié A, Rétaux S. Sensory evolution in blind cavefish is driven by early embryonic events during gastrulation and neurulation. Development 2017; 143:4521-4532. [PMID: 27899509 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural variations in sensory systems constitute adaptive responses to the environment. Here, we compared sensory placode development in the blind cave-adapted morph and the eyed river-dwelling morph of Astyanax mexicanus Focusing on the lens and olfactory placodes, we found a trade-off between these two sensory components in the two morphs: from neural plate stage onwards, cavefish have larger olfactory placodes and smaller lens placodes. In a search for developmental mechanisms underlying cavefish sensory evolution, we analyzed the roles of Shh, Fgf8 and Bmp4 signaling, which are known to be fundamental in patterning the vertebrate head and are subtly modulated in space and time during cavefish embryogenesis. Modulating these signaling systems at the end of gastrulation shifted the balance toward a larger olfactory derivative. Olfactory tests to assess potential behavioral outcomes of such developmental evolution revealed that Astyanax cavefish are able to respond to a 105-fold lower concentration of amino acids than their surface-dwelling counterparts. We suggest that similar evolutionary developmental mechanisms may be used throughout vertebrates to drive adaptive sensory specializations according to lifestyle and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hinaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Lucie Devos
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Maryline Blin
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Yannick Elipot
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Jonathan Bibliowicz
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Alexandre Alié
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
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20
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Brorin is required for neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and commissural axon guidance in the zebrafish forebrain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176036. [PMID: 28448525 PMCID: PMC5407822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmps regulate numerous neural functions with their regulators. We previously identified Brorin, a neural-specific secreted antagonist of Bmp signaling, in humans, mice, and zebrafish. Mouse Brorin has two cysteine-rich domains containing 10 cysteine residues in its core region, and these are located in similar positions to those in the cysteine-rich domains of Chordin family members, which are secreted Bmp antagonists. Zebrafish Brorin had two cysteine-rich domains with high similarity to those of mouse Brorin. We herein examined zebrafish brorin in order to elucidate its in vivo actions. Zebrafish brorin was predominantly expressed in developing neural tissues. The overexpression of brorin led to the inactivation of Bmp signaling. On the other hand, the knockdown of brorin resulted in the activation of Bmp signaling and brorin morphants exhibited defective development of the ventral domain in the forebrain. Furthermore, the knockdown of brorin inhibited the generation of γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and oligodendrocytes and promoted the generation of astrocytes in the forebrain. In addition, brorin was required for axon guidance in the forebrain. The present results suggest that Brorin is a secreted Bmp antagonist predominantly expressed in developing neural tissues and that it plays multiple roles in the development of the zebrafish forebrain.
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21
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Danesin C, Soula C. Moving the Shh Source over Time: What Impact on Neural Cell Diversification in the Developing Spinal Cord? J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5020004. [PMID: 29615562 PMCID: PMC5831764 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of data has highlighted the crucial influence of Shh signalling on the generation of diverse classes of neurons and glial cells throughout the developing central nervous system. A critical step leading to this diversity is the establishment of distinct neural progenitor cell domains during the process of pattern formation. The forming spinal cord, in particular, has served as an excellent model to unravel how progenitor cells respond to Shh to produce the appropriate pattern. In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of important parameters that control the temporal and spatial interpretation of the morphogen signal at the level of Shh-receiving progenitor cells. Although less studied, the identity and position of Shh source cells also undergo significant changes over time, raising the question of how moving the Shh source contributes to cell diversification in response to the morphogen. Here, we focus on the dynamics of Shh-producing cells and discuss specific roles for these time-variant Shh sources with regard to the temporal events occurring in the receiving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31520 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31520 Toulouse, France.
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22
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Alar Hypothalamus: Molecular Characterization of Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:113. [PMID: 27932958 PMCID: PMC5121248 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an important physiologic center of the vertebrate brain involved in the elaboration of individual and species survival responses. To better understand the ancestral organization of the alar hypothalamus we revisit previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScTbr1, ScNkx2.1 expression and Pax6 immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScNeurog2, ScLhx9, ScLhx5, and ScNkx2.8 expression, in addition to immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) and doublecortin (DCX) in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a key species for this purpose since cartilaginous fishes are basal representatives of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Our study revealed a complex genoarchitecture for the chondrichthyan alar hypothalamus. We identified terminal (rostral) and peduncular (caudal) subdivisions in the prosomeric paraventricular and subparaventricular areas (TPa/PPa and TSPa/PSPa, respectively) evidenced by the expression pattern of developmental genes like ScLhx5 (TPa) and immunoreactivity against Pax6 (PSPa) and 5-HT (PPa and PSPa). Dorso-ventral subdivisions were only evidenced in the SPa (SPaD, SPaV; respectively) by means of Pax6 and ScNkx2.8 (respectively). Interestingly, ScNkx2.8 expression overlaps over the alar-basal boundary, as Nkx2.2 does in other vertebrates. Our results reveal evidences for the existence of different groups of tangentially migrated cells expressing ScOtp, Pax6, and ScDlx2. The genoarchitectonic comparative analysis suggests alternative interpretations of the rostral-most alar plate in prosomeric terms and reveals a conserved molecular background for the vertebrate alar hypothalamus likely acquired before/during the agnathan-gnathostome transition, on which Otp, Pax6, Lhx5, and Neurog2 are expressed in the Pa while Dlx and Nkx2.2/Nkx2.8 are expressed in the SPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- CNRS, UMR 7355, University of Orleans Orleans, France
| | - Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS UMR7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Zhang Y, Alvarez-Bolado G. Differential developmental strategies by Sonic hedgehog in thalamus and hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Lien HW, Yuan RY, Chou CM, Chen YC, Hung CC, Hu CH, Hwang SPL, Hwang PP, Shen CN, Chen CL, Cheng CH, Huang CJ. Zebrafish cyclin Dx is required for development of motor neuron progenitors, and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28297. [PMID: 27323909 PMCID: PMC4915019 DOI: 10.1038/srep28297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclins play a central role in cell-cycle regulation; in mammals, the D family of cyclins consists of cyclin D1, D2, and D3. In Xenopus, only homologs of cyclins D1 and D2 have been reported, while a novel cyclin, cyclin Dx (ccndx), was found to be required for the maintenance of motor neuron progenitors during embryogenesis. It remains unknown whether zebrafish possess cyclin D3 or cyclin Dx. In this study, we identified a zebrafish ccndx gene encoding a protein which can form a complex with Cdk4. Through whole-mount in situ hybridization, we observed that zccndx mRNA is expressed in the motor neurons of hindbrain and spinal cord during development. Analysis of a 4-kb promoter sequence of the zccndx gene revealed the presence of HRE sites, which can be regulated by HIF2α. Morpholino knockdown of zebrafish Hif2α and cyclin Dx resulted in the abolishment of isl1 and oligo2 expression in the precursors of motor neurons, and also disrupted axon growth. Overexpression of cyclin Dx mRNA in Hif2α morphants partially rescued zccndx expression. Taken together, our data indicate that zebrafish cyclin Dx plays a role in maintaining the precursors of motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Yue Yuan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Hung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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25
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Zhao Z, Lee RTH, Pusapati GV, Iyu A, Rohatgi R, Ingham PW. An essential role for Grk2 in Hedgehog signalling downstream of Smoothened. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:739-52. [PMID: 27113758 PMCID: PMC5341524 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (adrbk2/GRK2) has been implicated in vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signalling based on the effects of its transient knock‐down in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos. Here, we show that the response to Hh signalling is effectively abolished in the absence of Grk2 activity. Zebrafish embryos lacking all Grk2 activity are refractory to both Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and oncogenic Smoothened (Smo) activity, but remain responsive to inhibition of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity. Mutation of the kinase domain abrogates the rescuing activity of grk2 mRNA, suggesting that Grk2 acts in a kinase‐dependent manner to regulate the response to Hh. Previous studies have suggested that Grk2 potentiates Smo activity by phosphorylating its C‐terminal tail (CTT). In the zebrafish embryo, however, phosphomimetic Smo does not display constitutive activity, whereas phospho‐null mutants retain activity, implying phosphorylation is neither sufficient nor necessary for Smo function. Since Grk2 rescuing activity requires the integrity of domains essential for its interaction with GPCRs, we speculate that Grk2 may regulate Hh pathway activity by downregulation of a GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Teck Ho Lee
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Iyu
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philip W Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is composed of the tuberal and anterodorsal hypothalamus, together with the median eminence/neurohypophysis. It centrally governs wide-ranging physiological processes, including homeostasis of energy balance, circadian rhythms and stress responses, as well as growth and reproductive behaviours. Homeostasis is maintained by integrating sensory inputs and effecting responses via autonomic, endocrine and behavioural outputs, over diverse time-scales and throughout the lifecourse of an individual. Here, we summarize studies that begin to reveal how different territories and cell types within the neuroendocrine hypothalamus are assembled in an integrated manner to enable function, thus supporting the organism's ability to survive and thrive. We discuss how signaling pathways and transcription factors dictate the appearance and regionalization of the hypothalamic primordium, the maintenance of progenitor cells, and their specification and differentiation into neurons. We comment on recent studies that harness such programmes for the directed differentiation of human ES/iPS cells. We summarize how developmental plasticity is maintained even into adulthood and how integration between the hypothalamus and peripheral body is established in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. Analysis of model organisms, including mouse, chick and zebrafish, provides a picture of how complex, yet elegantly coordinated, developmental programmes build glial and neuronal cells around the third ventricle of the brain. Such conserved processes enable the hypothalamus to mediate its function as a central integrating and response-control mediator for the homeostatic processes that are critical to life. Early indications suggest that deregulation of these events may underlie multifaceted pathological conditions and dysfunctional physiology in humans, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burbridge
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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27
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Sidik H, Talbot WS. A zinc finger protein that regulates oligodendrocyte specification, migration and myelination in zebrafish. Development 2015; 142:4119-28. [PMID: 26459222 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of oligodendrocyte migration and development is crucial for myelination of axons in the central nervous system (CNS), but important questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms controlling these processes. In a zebrafish screen for myelination mutants, we identified a mutation in zinc finger protein 16-like (znf16l). znf16l mutant larvae have reduced myelin basic protein (mbp) expression and reduced CNS myelin. Marker, time-lapse and ultrastructural studies indicated that oligodendrocyte specification, migration and myelination are disrupted in znf16l mutants. Transgenic studies indicated that znf16l acts autonomously in oligodendrocytes. Expression of Zfp488 from mouse rescued mbp expression in znf16l mutants, indicating that these homologs have overlapping functions. Our results defined the function of a new zinc finger protein with specific function in oligodendrocyte specification, migration and myelination in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harwin Sidik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Hernández-Bejarano M, Gestri G, Spawls L, Nieto-López F, Picker A, Tada M, Brand M, Bovolenta P, Wilson SW, Cavodeassi F. Opposing Shh and Fgf signals initiate nasotemporal patterning of the zebrafish retina. Development 2015; 142:3933-42. [PMID: 26428010 PMCID: PMC4712879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The earliest known determinants of retinal nasotemporal identity are the transcriptional regulators Foxg1, which is expressed in the prospective nasal optic vesicle, and Foxd1, which is expressed in the prospective temporal optic vesicle. Previous work has shown that, in zebrafish, Fgf signals from the dorsal forebrain and olfactory primordia are required to specify nasal identity in the dorsal, prospective nasal, optic vesicle. Here, we show that Hh signalling from the ventral forebrain is required for specification of temporal identity in the ventral optic vesicle and is sufficient to induce temporal character when activated in the prospective nasal retina. Consequently, the evaginating optic vesicles become partitioned into prospective nasal and temporal domains by the opposing actions of Fgfs and Shh emanating from dorsal and ventral domains of the forebrain primordium. In absence of Fgf activity, foxd1 expression is established irrespective of levels of Hh signalling, indicating that the role of Shh in promoting foxd1 expression is only required in the presence of Fgf activity. Once the spatially complementary expression of foxd1 and foxg1 is established, the boundary between expression domains is maintained by mutual repression between Foxd1 and Foxg1. Summary: In the fish eye, Hh signalling from the ventral forebrain regulates spatial identity in the retina by promoting foxd1 expression. This role is required only in the presence of Fgf activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Gestri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Lana Spawls
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Francisco Nieto-López
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Picker
- Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Masazumi Tada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Brand
- Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen W Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Bandín S, Morona R, González A. Prepatterning and patterning of the thalamus along embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:107. [PMID: 26321920 PMCID: PMC4530589 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous developmental studies of the thalamus (alar part of the diencephalic prosomere p2) have defined the molecular basis for the acquisition of the thalamic competence (preparttening), the subsequent formation of the secondary organizer in the zona limitans intrathalamica, and the early specification of two anteroposterior domains (rostral and caudal progenitor domains) in response to inducing activities and that are shared in birds and mammals. In the present study we have analyzed the embryonic development of the thalamus in the anuran Xenopus laevis to determine conserved or specific features in the amphibian diencephalon. From early embryonic stages to the beginning of the larval period, the expression patterns of 22 markers were analyzed by means of combined In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical techniques. The early genoarchitecture observed in the diencephalon allowed us to discern the boundaries of the thalamus with the prethalamus, pretectum, and epithalamus. Common molecular features were observed in the thalamic prepatterning among vertebrates in which Wnt3a, Fez, Pax6 and Xiro1 expression were of particular importance in Xenopus. The formation of the zona limitans intrathalamica was observed, as in other vertebrates, by the progressive expression of Shh. The largely conserved expressions of Nkx2.2 in the rostral thalamic domain vs. Gbx2 and Ngn2 (among others) in the caudal domain strongly suggest the role of Shh as morphogen in the amphibian thalamus. All these data showed that the molecular characteristics observed during preparttening and patterning in the thalamus of the anuran Xenopus (anamniote) share many features with those described during thalamic development in amniotes (common patterns in tetrapods) but also with zebrafish, strengthening the idea of a basic organization of this diencephalic region across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bandín
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
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30
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Pillai-Kastoori L, Wen W, Morris AC. Keeping an eye on SOXC proteins. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:367-376. [PMID: 25476579 PMCID: PMC4344926 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a mature, functional eye requires a complex series of cell proliferation, migration, induction among different germinal layers, and cell differentiation. These processes are regulated by extracellular cues such as the Wnt/BMP/Hh/Fgf signaling pathways, as well as cell intrinsic transcription factors that specify cell fate. In this review article, we provide an overview of stages of embryonic eye morphogenesis, extrinsic and intrinsic factors that are required for each stage, and pediatric ocular diseases that are associated with defective eye development. In addition, we focus on recent findings about the roles of the SOXC proteins in regulating vertebrate ocular development and implicating SOXC mutations in human ocular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ann C. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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31
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The adhesion GPCR Gpr56 regulates oligodendrocyte development via interactions with Gα12/13 and RhoA. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6122. [PMID: 25607772 PMCID: PMC4302765 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate central nervous system, myelinating oligodendrocytes are postmitotic and derive from proliferative oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). The molecular mechanisms that govern oligodendrocyte development are incompletely understood, but recent studies implicate the adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) as important regulators of myelination. Here, we use zebrafish and mouse models to dissect the function of the aGPCR Gpr56 in oligodendrocyte development. We show that gpr56 is expressed during early stages of oligodendrocyte development. In addition, we observe a significant reduction of mature oligodendrocyte number and myelinated axons in gpr56 zebrafish mutants. This reduction results from decreased OPC proliferation, rather than increased cell death or altered neural precursor differentiation potential. Finally, we show that these functions are mediated by Gα12/13 proteins and Rho activation. Together, our data establish Gpr56 as a regulator of oligodendrocyte development.
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32
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Blaess S, Szabó N, Haddad-Tóvolli R, Zhou X, Álvarez-Bolado G. Sonic hedgehog signaling in the development of the mouse hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:156. [PMID: 25610374 PMCID: PMC4285088 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression pattern of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in the developing hypothalamus changes over time. Shh is initially expressed in the prechordal mesoderm and later in the hypothalamic neuroepithelium—first medially, and then in two off-medial domains. This dynamic expression suggests that Shh might regulate several aspects of hypothalamic development. To gain insight into them, lineage tracing, (conditional) gene inactivation in mouse, in ovo loss- and gain-of-function approaches in chick and analysis of Shh expression regulation have been employed. We will focus on mouse studies and refer to chick and fish when appropriate to clarify. These studies show that Shh-expressing neuroepithelial cells serve as a signaling center for neighboring precursors, and give rise to most of the basal hypothalamus (tuberal and mammillary regions). Shh signaling is initially essential for hypothalamic induction. Later, Shh signaling from the neuroepithelium controls specification of the lateral hypothalamic area and growth-patterning coordination in the basal hypothalamus. To further elucidate the role of Shh in hypothalamic development, it will be essential to understand how Shh regulates the downstream Gli transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Nora Szabó
- Department of Neurobiology and Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xunlei Zhou
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Bolado
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Klarić T, Lardelli M, Key B, Koblar S, Lewis M. Activity-dependent expression of neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 4 (npas4a) in the developing zebrafish brain. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:148. [PMID: 25538572 PMCID: PMC4255624 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the Npas4 gene has recently been identified as being an important regulator of synaptic plasticity and memory. Homologs of Npas4 have been found in invertebrate species though their functions appear to be too divergent for them to be studied as a proxy for the mammalian proteins. The aim of this study, therefore, was to ascertain the suitability of the zebrafish as a model organism for investigating the function of Npas4 genes. We show here that the expression and regulation of the zebrafish Npas4 homolog, npas4a, is remarkably similar to that of the rodent Npas4 genes. As in mammals, expression of the zebrafish npas4a gene is restricted to the brain where it is up-regulated in response to neuronal activity. Furthermore, we also show that knockdown of npas4a during embryonic development results in a number of forebrain-specific defects including increased apoptosis and misexpression of the forebrain marker genes dlx1a and shha. Our work demonstrates that the zebrafish is a suitable model organism for investigating the role of the npas4a gene and one that is likely to provide valuable insights into the function of the mammalian homologs. Furthermore, our findings highlight a potential role for npas4a in forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klarić
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brian Key
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Koblar
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Martin Lewis
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
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34
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Ware M, Hamdi-Rozé H, Dupé V. Notch signaling and proneural genes work together to control the neural building blocks for the initial scaffold in the hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:140. [PMID: 25520625 PMCID: PMC4251447 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic prosencephalon gives rise to the hypothalamus, which plays essential roles in sensory information processing as well as control of physiological homeostasis and behavior. While patterning of the hypothalamus has received much attention, initial neurogenesis in the developing hypothalamus has mostly been neglected. The first differentiating progenitor cells of the hypothalamus will give rise to neurons that form the nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure (nTPOC) and the nucleus of the mammillotegmental tract (nMTT). The formation of these neuronal populations has to be highly controlled both spatially and temporally as these tracts will form part of the ventral longitudinal tract (VLT) and act as a scaffold for later, follower axons. This review will cumulate and summarize the existing data available describing initial neurogenesis in the vertebrate hypothalamus. It is well-known that the Notch signaling pathway through the inhibition of proneural genes is a key regulator of neurogenesis in the vertebrate central nervous system. It has only recently been proposed that loss of Notch signaling in the developing chick embryo causes an increase in the number of neurons in the hypothalamus, highlighting an early function of the Notch pathway during hypothalamus formation. Further analysis in the chick and mouse hypothalamus confirms the expression of Notch components and Ascl1 before the appearance of the first differentiated neurons. Many newly identified proneural target genes were also found to be expressed during neuronal differentiation in the hypothalamus. Given the critical role that hypothalamic neural circuitry plays in maintaining homeostasis, it is particularly important to establish the targets downstream of this Notch/proneural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ware
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, CNRS UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1 Rennes, France
| | - Houda Hamdi-Rozé
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, CNRS UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1 Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, CNRS UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1 Rennes, France
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35
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Manoli M, Driever W. nkx2.1 and nkx2.4 genes function partially redundant during development of the zebrafish hypothalamus, preoptic region, and pallidum. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:145. [PMID: 25520628 PMCID: PMC4251446 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During ventral forebrain development, orthologs of the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.1 control patterning of hypothalamus, preoptic region, and ventral telencephalon. However, the relative contributions of Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.4 to prosencephalon development are poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed functions of the previously uncharacterized nkx2.4-like zgc:171531 as well as of the presumed nkx2.1 orthologs nkx2.1a and nkx2.1b in zebrafish forebrain development. Our results show that zgc:171531 and nkx2.1a display overlapping expression patterns and a high sequence similarity. Together with a high degree of synteny conservation, these findings indicate that both these genes indeed are paralogs of nkx2.4. As a result, we name zgc:171531 now nkx2.4a, and changed the name of nkx2.1a to nkx2.4b, and of nkx2.1b to nkx2.1. In nkx2.1, nkx2.4a, and nkx2.4b triple morpholino knockdown (nkx2TKD) embryos we observed a loss of the rostral part of prosomere 3 and its derivative posterior tubercular and hypothalamic structures. Furthermore, there was a loss of rostral and intermediate hypothalamus, while a residual preoptic region still develops. The reduction of the ventral diencephalon was accompanied by a ventral expansion of the dorsally expressed pax6, revealing a dorsalization of the basal hypothalamus. Within the telencephalon we observed a loss of pallidal markers, while striatum and pallium are forming. At the neuronal level, nkx2TKD morphants lacked several neurosecretory neuron types, including avp, crh, and pomc expressing cells in the hypothalamus, but still form oxt neurons in the preoptic region. Our data reveals that, while nkx2.1, nkx2.4a, and nkx2.4b genes act partially redundant in hypothalamic development, nkx2.1 is specifically involved in the development of rostral ventral forebrain including the pallidum and preoptic regions, whereas nkx2.4a and nkx2.4b control the intermediate and caudal hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Manoli
- Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute Biology I, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute Biology I, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Boeckx C, Benítez-Burraco A. Globularity and language-readiness: generating new predictions by expanding the set of genes of interest. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1324. [PMID: 25505436 PMCID: PMC4243498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study builds on the hypothesis put forth in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014), according to which the developmental changes expressed at the levels of brain morphology and neural connectivity that resulted in a more globular braincase in our species were crucial to understand the origins of our language-ready brain. Specifically, this paper explores the links between two well-known 'language-related' genes like FOXP2 and ROBO1 implicated in vocal learning and the initial set of genes of interest put forth in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014), with RUNX2 as focal point. Relying on the existing literature, we uncover potential molecular links that could be of interest to future experimental inquiries into the biological foundations of language and the testing of our initial hypothesis. Our discussion could also be relevant for clinical linguistics and for the interpretation of results from paleogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Boeckx
- Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Linguistics, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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37
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Choi JJY, Ting CT, Trogrlic L, Milevski SV, Familari M, Martinez G, de Iongh RU. A role for smoothened during murine lens and cornea development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108037. [PMID: 25268479 PMCID: PMC4182430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies suggest that Hedgehog (Hh) signalling plays roles in human and zebrafish ocular development. Recent studies (Kerr et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53, 3316–30) showed that conditionally activating Hh signals promotes murine lens epithelial cell proliferation and disrupts fibre differentiation. In this study we examined the expression of the Hh pathway and the requirement for the Smoothened gene in murine lens development. Expression of Hh pathway components in developing lens was examined by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridisation. The requirement of Smo in lens development was determined by conditional loss-of-function mutations, using LeCre and MLR10 Cre transgenic mice. The phenotype of mutant mice was examined by immunofluorescence for various markers of cell cycle, lens and cornea differentiation. Hh pathway components (Ptch1, Smo, Gli2, Gli3) were detected in lens epithelium from E12.5. Gli2 was particularly localised to mitotic nuclei and, at E13.5, Gli3 exhibited a shift from cytosol to nucleus, suggesting distinct roles for these transcription factors. Conditional deletion of Smo, from ∼E12.5 (MLR10 Cre) did not affect ocular development, whereas deletion from ∼E9.5 (LeCre) resulted in lens and corneal defects from E14.5. Mutant lenses were smaller and showed normal expression of p57Kip2, c-Maf, E-cadherin and Pax6, reduced expression of FoxE3 and Ptch1 and decreased nuclear Hes1. There was normal G1-S phase but decreased G2-M phase transition at E16.5 and epithelial cell death from E14.5-E16.5. Mutant corneas were thicker due to aberrant migration of Nrp2+ cells from the extraocular mesenchyme, resulting in delayed corneal endothelial but normal epithelial differentiation. These results indicate the Hh pathway is required during a discrete period (E9.5–E12.5) in lens development to regulate lens epithelial cell proliferation, survival and FoxE3 expression. Defective corneal development occurs secondary to defects in lens and appears to be due to defective migration of peri-ocular Nrp2+ neural crest/mesenchymal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Movement
- Cornea/growth & development
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/pathology
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/growth & development
- Lens, Crystalline/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/pathology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Morphogenesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuropilin-2/genetics
- Neuropilin-2/metabolism
- Patched Receptors
- Patched-1 Receptor
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smoothened Receptor
- Zebrafish Proteins
- Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
- Zinc Finger Protein Gli3
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J. Y. Choi
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chao-Tung Ting
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lidia Trogrlic
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stefan V. Milevski
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mary Familari
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gemma Martinez
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robb U de Iongh
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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38
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Radonjić NV, Memi F, Ortega JA, Glidden N, Zhan H, Zecevic N. The Role of Sonic Hedgehog in the Specification of Human Cortical Progenitors In Vitro. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:131-43. [PMID: 25146370 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is involved in the pathology of cortical formation found in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its role in the specification of human cortical progenitors is not known. Here, we report that Shh is expressed in the human developing cortex at mid-gestation by radial glia cells (RGCs) and cortical neurons. We used RGC cultures, established from the dorsal (cortical) telencephalon of human brain at mid-gestation to study the effect of Shh signaling. Cortical RGCs in vitro maintained their regional characteristics, expressed components of Shh signaling, and differentiated into Nkx2.1, Lhx6, and calretinin-positive (CalR(+)) cells, potential cortical interneuron progenitors. Treatment with exogenous Shh increased the pool of Nkx2.1(+) progenitors, decreased Lhx6 expression, and suppressed the generation of CalR(+) cells. The blockade of endogenous Shh signaling increased the number of CalR(+) cells, but did not affect Nkx2.1 expression, implying the existence of parallel Shh-independent pathways for cortical Nkx2.1 regulation. These results support the idea that, during human brain development, Shh plays an important role in the specification of cortical progenitors. Since direct functional studies in humans are limited, the in vitro system that we established here could be of great interest for modeling the development of human cortical progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena V Radonjić
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Juan Alberto Ortega
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nicole Glidden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Haiying Zhan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Al Oustah A, Danesin C, Khouri-Farah N, Farreny MA, Escalas N, Cochard P, Glise B, Soula C. Dynamics of sonic hedgehog signaling in the ventral spinal cord are controlled by intrinsic changes in source cells requiring sulfatase 1. Development 2014; 141:1392-403. [PMID: 24595292 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the ventral spinal cord, generation of neuronal and glial cell subtypes is controlled by Sonic hedgehog (Shh). This morphogen contributes to cell diversity by regulating spatial and temporal sequences of gene expression during development. Here, we report that establishing Shh source cells is not sufficient to induce the high-threshold response required to specify sequential generation of ventral interneurons and oligodendroglial cells at the right time and place in zebrafish. Instead, we show that Shh-producing cells must repeatedly upregulate the secreted enzyme Sulfatase1 (Sulf1) at two critical time points of development to reach their full inductive capacity. We provide evidence that Sulf1 triggers Shh signaling activity to establish and, later on, modify the spatial arrangement of gene expression in ventral neural progenitors. We further present arguments in favor of Sulf1 controlling Shh temporal activity by stimulating production of active forms of Shh from its source. Our work, by pointing out the key role of Sulf1 in regulating Shh-dependent neural cell diversity, highlights a novel level of regulation, which involves temporal evolution of Shh source properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Al Oustah
- University of Toulouse, Center for Developmental Biology, UMR 5547 CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Expression patterns of dnmt3aa, dnmt3ab, and dnmt4 during development and fin regeneration in zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 14:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sept6 is required for ciliogenesis in Kupffer's vesicle, the pronephros, and the neural tube during early embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1310-21. [PMID: 24469395 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01409-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Septins are conserved filament-forming GTP-binding proteins that act as cellular scaffolds or diffusion barriers in a number of cellular processes. However, the role of septins in vertebrate development remains relatively obscure. Here, we show that zebrafish septin 6 (sept6) is first expressed in the notochord and then in nearly all of the ciliary organs, including Kupffer's vesicle (KV), the pronephros, eye, olfactory bulb, and neural tube. Knockdown of sept6 in zebrafish embryos results in reduced numbers and length of cilia in KV. Consequently, cilium-related functions, such as the left-right patterning of internal organs and nodal/spaw signaling, are compromised. Knockdown of sept6 also results in aberrant cilium formation in the pronephros and neural tube, leading to cilium-related defects in pronephros development and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. We further demonstrate that SEPT6 associates with acetylated α-tubulin in vivo and localizes along the axoneme in the cilia of zebrafish pronephric duct cells as well as cultured ZF4 cells. Our study reveals a novel role of sept6 in ciliogenesis during early embryonic development in zebrafish.
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Maurya AK, Ben J, Zhao Z, Lee RTH, Niah W, Ng ASM, Iyu A, Yu W, Elworthy S, van Eeden FJM, Ingham PW. Positive and negative regulation of Gli activity by Kif7 in the zebrafish embryo. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003955. [PMID: 24339784 PMCID: PMC3854788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations of Kif7, the vertebrate orthologue of the Drosophila Hh pathway component Costal2, cause defects in the limbs and neural tubes of mice, attributable to ectopic expression of Hh target genes. While this implies a functional conservation of Cos2 and Kif7 between flies and vertebrates, the association of Kif7 with the primary cilium, an organelle absent from most Drosophila cells, suggests their mechanisms of action may have diverged. Here, using mutant alleles induced by Zinc Finger Nuclease-mediated targeted mutagenesis, we show that in zebrafish, Kif7 acts principally to suppress the activity of the Gli1 transcription factor. Notably, we find that endogenous Kif7 protein accumulates not only in the primary cilium, as previously observed in mammalian cells, but also in cytoplasmic puncta that disperse in response to Hh pathway activation. Moreover, we show that Drosophila Costal2 can substitute for Kif7, suggesting a conserved mode of action of the two proteins. We show that Kif7 interacts with both Gli1 and Gli2a and suggest that it functions to sequester Gli proteins in the cytoplasm, in a manner analogous to the regulation of Ci by Cos2 in Drosophila. We also show that zebrafish Kif7 potentiates Gli2a activity by promoting its dissociation from the Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) protein and present evidence that it mediates a Smo dependent modification of the full length form of Gli2a. Surprisingly, the function of Kif7 in the zebrafish embryo appears restricted principally to mesodermal derivatives, its inactivation having little effect on neural tube patterning, even when Sufu protein levels are depleted. Remarkably, zebrafish lacking all Kif7 function are viable, in contrast to the peri-natal lethality of mouse kif7 mutants but similar to some Acrocallosal or Joubert syndrome patients who are homozygous for loss of function KIF7 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Maurya
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Ben
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | | | - Weixin Niah
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | | | - Audrey Iyu
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Weimiao Yu
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Stone Elworthy
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fredericus J. M. van Eeden
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Philip William Ingham
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Ferg M, Armant O, Yang L, Dickmeis T, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Gene transcription in the zebrafish embryo: regulators and networks. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:131-43. [PMID: 24152666 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression is a key process in the development, maintenance and regeneration of the vertebrate body. A substantial proportion of vertebrate genomes encode genes that control the transcription of the genetic information into mRNA. The zebrafish is particularly well suited to investigate gene regulatory networks underlying the control of gene expression during development due to the external development of its transparent embryos and the increasingly sophisticated tools for genetic manipulation available for this model system. We review here recent data on the analysis of cis-regulatory modules, transcriptional regulators and their integration into gene regulatory networks in the zebrafish, using the developing spinal cord as example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ferg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Jacob J, Ribes V, Moore S, Constable SC, Sasai N, Gerety SS, Martin DJ, Sergeant CP, Wilkinson DG, Briscoe J. Valproic acid silencing of ascl1b/Ascl1 results in the failure of serotonergic differentiation in a zebrafish model of fetal valproate syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2013; 7:107-17. [PMID: 24135485 PMCID: PMC3882053 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal valproate syndrome (FVS) is caused by in utero exposure to the drug sodium valproate. Valproate is used worldwide for the treatment of epilepsy, as a mood stabiliser and for its pain-relieving properties. In addition to birth defects, FVS is associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterised by abnormal behaviours. Valproate perturbs multiple biochemical pathways and alters gene expression through its inhibition of histone deacetylases. Which, if any, of these mechanisms is relevant to the genesis of its behavioural side effects is unclear. Neuroanatomical changes associated with FVS have been reported and, among these, altered serotonergic neuronal differentiation is a consistent finding. Altered serotonin homeostasis is also associated with autism. Here we have used a chemical-genetics approach to investigate the underlying molecular defect in a zebrafish FVS model. Valproate causes the selective failure of zebrafish central serotonin expression. It does so by downregulating the proneural gene ascl1b, an ortholog of mammalian Ascl1, which is a known determinant of serotonergic identity in the mammalian brainstem. ascl1b is sufficient to rescue serotonin expression in valproate-treated embryos. Chemical and genetic blockade of the histone deacetylase Hdac1 downregulates ascl1b, consistent with the Hdac1-mediated silencing of ascl1b expression by valproate. Moreover, tonic Notch signalling is crucial for ascl1b repression by valproate. Concomitant blockade of Notch signalling restores ascl1b expression and serotonin expression in both valproate-exposed and hdac1 mutant embryos. Together, these data provide a molecular explanation for serotonergic defects in FVS and highlight an epigenetic mechanism for genome-environment interaction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jacob
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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45
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Corallo D, Schiavinato A, Trapani V, Moro E, Argenton F, Bonaldo P. Emilin3 is required for notochord sheath integrity and interacts with Scube2 to regulate notochord-derived Hedgehog signals. Development 2013; 140:4594-601. [PMID: 24131633 DOI: 10.1242/dev.094078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The notochord is a transient and essential structure that provides both mechanical and signaling cues to the developing vertebrate embryo. In teleosts, the notochord is composed of a core of large vacuolated cells and an outer layer of cells that secrete the notochord sheath. In this work, we have identified the extracellular matrix glycoprotein Emilin3 as a novel essential component of the zebrafish notochord sheath. The development of the notochord sheath is impaired in Emilin3 knockdown embryos. The patterning activity of the notochord is also affected by Emilin3, as revealed by the increase of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in Emilin3-depleted embryos and the decreased Hh signaling in embryos overexpressing Emilin3 in the notochord. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that Emilin3 modulates the availability of Hh ligands by interacting with the permissive factor Scube2 in the notochord sheath. Overall, this study reveals a new role for an EMILIN protein and reinforces the concept that structure and function of the notochord are strictly linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Corallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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46
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Schwend T, Jin Z, Jiang K, Mitchell BJ, Jia J, Yang J. Stabilization of speckle-type POZ protein (Spop) by Daz interacting protein 1 (Dzip1) is essential for Gli turnover and the proper output of Hedgehog signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32809-32820. [PMID: 24072710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The Gli/Cubitus interruptus (Ci) family of transcription factors acts at the downstream end of the pathway to mediate Hh signaling. Both Hh-dependent and -independent Gli regulatory mechanisms are important for the output of Hh signaling. Daz interacting protein 1 (Dzip1) has bipartite positive and negative functions in the Hh pathway. The positive Hh regulatory function appears to be attributed to a requirement for Dzip1 during ciliogenesis. The mechanism by which Dzip1 inhibits Hh signaling, however, remains largely unclear. We recently found that Dzip1 is required for Gli turnover, which may account for its inhibitory function in Hh signaling. Here, we report that Dzip1 regulates Gli/Ci turnover by preventing degradation of speckle-type POZ protein (Spop), a protein that promotes proteasome-dependent turnover of Gli proteins. We provide evidence that Dzip1 regulates the stability of Spop independent of its function in ciliogenesis. Partial knockdown of Dzip1 to levels insufficient for perturbing ciliogenesis, sensitized Xenopus embryos to Hh signaling, leading to phenotypes that resemble activation of Hh signaling. Importantly, overexpression of Spop was able to restore proper Gli protein turnover and rescue phenotypes in Dzip1-depleted embryos. Consistently, depletion of Dzip1 in Drosophila S2 cells destabilized Hh-induced BTB protein (HIB), the Drosophila homolog of Spop, and increased the level of Ci. Thus, Dzip1-dependent stabilization of Spop/HIB is evolutionarily conserved and essential for proper regulation of Gli/Ci proteins in the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Schwend
- From the Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Zhigang Jin
- From the Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Kai Jiang
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509
| | - Jing Yang
- From the Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802,.
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Leyva-Díaz E, López-Bendito G. In and out from the cortex: development of major forebrain connections. Neuroscience 2013; 254:26-44. [PMID: 24042037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the development of forebrain projections attending to their origin, fate determination, and axon guidance. Major forebrain connections include callosal, corticospinal, corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections. Although distinct transcriptional programs specify these subpopulations of projecting neurons, the mechanisms involved in their axonal development are similar. Guidance by short- and long-range molecular cues, interaction with intermediate target populations and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to their development. Moreover, some of these connections interact with each other showing that the development of these axonal tracts is a well-orchestrated event. Finally, we will recapitulate recent discoveries that challenge the field of neural wiring that show that these forebrain connections can be changed once formed. The field of reprogramming has arrived to postmitotic cortical neurons and has showed us that forebrain connectivity is not immutable and might be changed by manipulations in the transcriptional program of matured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leyva-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC & Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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48
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Muller J, Iyu A, Khng AJ, Guccione E, Ruan Y, Ingham PW. Targeted inactivation and identification of targets of the Gli2a transcription factor in the zebrafish. Biol Open 2013; 2:1203-13. [PMID: 24244857 PMCID: PMC3828767 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20136262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is mediated by the Gli transcription factors and, in the zebrafish, plays an important role in patterning both the neural tube and myotome. Using a null allele of the gli2a gene induced by targeted mutagenesis, we show that Gli2a is completely dispensable in the fish but acts redundantly with Gli1 to regulate expression of known Hh targets, such as ptch2, prdm1a and eng2a, in the myotome and neural tube. To identify novel targets of Hh signaling, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) of whole embryo extracts. Samples were significantly enriched for 192 genomic regions, some of which are associated with four known Hh target genes, ptch1, ptch2, gli1 and olig2. Sequence analysis of these regions reveals a high level of conservation of Gli-binding sites from fish to mammals in some, but not all, cases. Expression analysis of other transcription units that are closely associated with peaks identified several putative targets not previously implicated as Hh targets, including myl10, hnmt, lrp4, efemp2, fras1, quo, and lamc1. Each of these genes shows loss of, or reduced expression in, embryos homozygous for an antimorphic allele of gli2a, you-too (yot), consistent with their being direct targets of Gli2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , 61 Biopolis Drive , Singapore 138673 ; Present address: High Throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
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49
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Lauter G, Söll I, Hauptmann G. Molecular characterization of prosomeric and intraprosomeric subdivisions of the embryonic zebrafish diencephalon. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1093-118. [PMID: 22949352 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During development of the early neural tube, positional information provided by signaling gradients is translated into a grid of transverse and longitudinal transcription factor expression domains. Transcription factor specification codes defining distinct histogenetic domains within this grid are evolutionarily conserved across vertebrates and may reflect an underlying common vertebrate bauplan. When compared to the rich body of comparative gene expression studies of tetrapods, there is considerably less comparative data available for teleost fish. We used sensitive multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization to generate a detailed map of regulatory gene expression domains in the embryonic zebrafish diencephalon. The high resolution of this technique allowed us to resolve abutting and overlapping gene expression of different transcripts. We found that the relative topography of gene expression patterns in zebrafish was highly similar to those of orthologous genes in tetrapods and consistent with a three-prosomere organization of the alar and basal diencephalon. Our analysis further demonstrated a conservation of intraprosomeric subdivisions within prosomeres 1, 2, and 3 (p1, p2, and p3). A tripartition of zebrafish p1 was identified reminiscent of precommissural (PcP), juxtacommissural (JcP), and commissural (CoP) pretectal domains of tetrapods. The constructed detailed diencephalic transcription factor gene expression map further identified molecularly distinct thalamic and prethalamic rostral and caudal domains and a prethalamic eminence histogenetic domain in zebrafish. Our comparative gene expression analysis conformed with the idea of a common bauplan for the diencephalon of anamniote and amniote vertebrates from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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50
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Teslaa JJ, Keller AN, Nyholm MK, Grinblat Y. Zebrafish Zic2a and Zic2b regulate neural crest and craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2013; 380:73-86. [PMID: 23665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the human forebrain, is associated with defects of the craniofacial skeleton. ZIC2, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is strongly linked to HPE and to a characteristic set of dysmorphic facial features in humans. We have previously identified important functions for zebrafish Zic2 in the developing forebrain. Here, we demonstrate that ZIC2 orthologs zic2a and zic2b also regulate the forming zebrafish craniofacial skeleton, including the jaw and neurocranial cartilages, and use the zebrafish to study Zic2-regulated processes that may contribute to the complex etiology of HPE. Using temporally controlled Zic2a overexpression, we show that the developing craniofacial cartilages are sensitive to Zic2 elevation prior to 24hpf. This window of sensitivity overlaps the critical expansion and migration of the neural crest (NC) cells, which migrate from the developing neural tube to populate vertebrate craniofacial structures. We demonstrate that zic2b influences the induction of NC at the neural plate border, while both zic2a and zic2b regulate NC migratory onset and strongly contribute to chromatophore development. Both Zic2 depletion and early ectopic Zic2 expression cause moderate, incompletely penetrant mispatterning of the NC-derived jaw precursors at 24hpf, yet by 2dpf these changes in Zic2 expression result in profoundly mispatterned chondrogenic condensations. We attribute this discrepancy to an additional role for Zic2a and Zic2b in patterning the forebrain primordium, an important signaling source during craniofacial development. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that transplanted Zic2-deficient cells can contribute to craniofacial cartilages in a wild-type background. Collectively, these data suggest that zebrafish Zic2 plays a dual role during craniofacial development, contributing to two disparate aspects of craniofacial morphogenesis: (1) neural crest induction and migration, and (2) early patterning of tissues adjacent to craniofacial chondrogenic condensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Teslaa
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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