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de Groen PC. Muons, mutations, and planetary shielding. FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES 2022; 9:1067491. [PMID: 36688079 PMCID: PMC9854335 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2022.1067491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Life on earth is protected from astrophysical cosmic rays by the heliospheric magnetic and slowly varying geomagnetic fields, and by collisions with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere. The collisions generate showers of particles of lesser energy; only muons, a charged particle with a mass between that of an electron and a proton, can reach earth's surface in substantial quantities. Muons are easily detected, used to image interior spaces of pyramids, and known to limit the stability of qubits in quantum computing; yet, despite their charge, average energy of 4 GeV and ionizing properties, muons are not considered to affect chemical reactions or biology. In this Perspective the potential damaging effects of muons on DNA, and hence the repercussions for evolution and disease, are examined. It is argued here that the effect of muons on life through DNA mutations should be considered when investigating the protection provided by the magnetic environment and atmosphere from cosmic rays on earth and exoplanets.
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2
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Takasawa K, Kanegane H, Kashimada K, Morio T. Endocrinopathies in Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786241. [PMID: 34887872 PMCID: PMC8650088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), caused by hereditary or genetic defects, are a group of more than 400 disorders, in which the immune system, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and complements, does not function properly. The endocrine system is frequently affected by IEI as an associated clinical feature and a complex network of glands which regulate many important body functions, including growth, reproduction, homeostasis, and energy regulation. Most endocrine disorders associated with IEI are hypofunction which would be treated with supplementation therapy, and early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for favorable long-term outcomes in patients with IEI. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize and discuss the current understanding on the clinical features and the pathophysiology of endocrine disorders in IEI. This review is composed with three parts. First, we discuss the two major pathophysiology of endocrinopathy in IEI, autoimmune response and direct effects of the responsible genes. Next, the details of each endocrinopathy, such as growth failure, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus (DM) are specified. We also illustrated potential endocrinopathy due to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including hypogonadism and adrenal insufficiency due to glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Deparment of Child Health Development, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Lukaszewicz A, Lange J, Keeney S, Jasin M. De novo deletions and duplications at recombination hotspots in mouse germlines. Cell 2021; 184:5970-5984.e18. [PMID: 34793701 PMCID: PMC8616837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) arise during meiosis to initiate homologous recombination. These DSBs are usually repaired faithfully, but here, we uncover a distinct type of mutational event in which deletions form via joining of ends from two closely spaced DSBs (double cuts) within a single hotspot or at adjacent hotspots on the same or different chromatids. Deletions occur in normal meiosis but are much more frequent when DSB formation is dysregulated in the absence of the ATM kinase. Events between chromosome homologs point to multi-chromatid damage and aborted gap repair. Some deletions contain DNA from other hotspots, indicating that double cutting at distant sites creates substrates for insertional mutagenesis. End joining at double cuts can also yield tandem duplications or extrachromosomal circles. Our findings highlight the importance of DSB regulation and reveal a previously hidden potential for meiotic mutagenesis that is likely to affect human health and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukaszewicz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Kim S, Lee S, Park HT, Song JY, Kim T. Genomic Consideration in Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Damage and Fertility Preservation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1525. [PMID: 34680919 PMCID: PMC8535252 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage and fertility preservation in young patients with cancer are emerging disciplines. The mechanism of treatment-related gonadal damage provides important information for targeting prevention methods. The genomic aspects of ovarian damage after chemotherapy are not fully understood. Several studies have demonstrated that gene alterations related to follicular apoptosis or accelerated follicle activation are related to ovarian insufficiency and susceptibility to ovarian damage following chemotherapy. This may accelerate follicular apoptosis and follicle reservoir utilization and damage the ovarian stroma via multiple molecular reactions after chemotherapy. This review highlights the importance of genomic considerations in chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage and multidisciplinary oncofertility strategies for providing high-quality care to young female cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Kim
- Gynecologic Cancer Center, CHA Ilsan Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 1205 Jungang-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10414, Korea;
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.-T.P.); (J.-Y.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Hyun-Tae Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.-T.P.); (J.-Y.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Jae-Yun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.-T.P.); (J.-Y.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tak Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.-T.P.); (J.-Y.S.); (T.K.)
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5
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Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 Is Essential for the Meiosis of Male Germ Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157951. [PMID: 34360715 PMCID: PMC8348183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is a major enzyme responsible for the formation of methylarginine in mammalian cells; however, its function in vivo is not well understood due to its early embryonic lethality in null mice exhibiting spontaneous DNA damage, cell cycle delays, and defects in check point activation. Here, we generated germ cell-specific Prmt1 knock-out (KO) mice to evaluate the function of PRMT1 in spermatogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that PRMT1 is vital for male fertility in mice. Spermatogenesis in Prmt1 KO mice was arrested at the zygotene-like stage of the first meiotic division due to an elevated number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). There was a loss of methylation in meiotic recombination 11 (MRE11), the key endonuclease in MRE11/RAD50/NBS 1 (MRN) complex, resulting in the accumulation of SPO11 protein in DSBs. The ATM-mediated negative feedback control over SPO11 was lost and, consequently, the repair pathway of DSBs was highly affected in PRMT1 deficient male germ cells. Our findings provide a novel insight into the role of PRMT1-mediated asymmetric demethylation in mouse spermatogenesis.
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6
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Non-Coding RNAs and Splicing Activity in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080736. [PMID: 34440480 PMCID: PMC8399856 DOI: 10.3390/life11080736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common tumors in adolescent and young men. Recently, genome-wide studies have made it possible to progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of tumors. It is becoming increasingly clear that aberrant regulation of RNA metabolism can drive tumorigenesis and influence chemotherapeutic response. Notably, the expression of non-coding RNAs as well as specific splice variants is deeply deregulated in human cancers. Since these cancer-related RNA species are considered promising diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets, understanding their function in cancer development is becoming a major challenge. Here, we summarize how the different expression of RNA species repertoire, including non-coding RNAs and protein-coding splicing variants, impacts on TGCTs’ onset and progression and sustains therapeutic resistance. Finally, the role of transcription-associated R-loop misregulation in the maintenance of genomic stability in TGCTs is also discussed.
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Clark KL, Keating AF. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated coordinates the ovarian DNA repair and atresia-initiating response to phosphoramide mustard. Biol Reprod 2020; 102:248-260. [PMID: 31435664 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) protein recognizes and repairs DNA double strand breaks through activation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair proteins. Atm gene mutations increase female reproductive cancer risk. Phosphoramide mustard (PM) induces ovarian DNA damage and destroys primordial follicles, and pharmacological ATM inhibition prevents PM-induced follicular depletion. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 or Atm+/- mice were dosed once intraperitoneally with sesame oil (95%) or PM (25 mg/kg) in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle and ovaries harvested 3 days thereafter. Atm+/- mice spent ~25% more time in diestrus phase than WT. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on ovarian protein was performed and bioinformatically analyzed. Relative to WT, Atm+/- mice had 64 and 243 proteins increased or decreased in abundance, respectively. In WT mice, PM increased 162 and decreased 20 proteins. In Atm+/- mice, 173 and 37 proteins were increased and decreased, respectively, by PM. Exportin-2 (XPO2) was localized to granulosa cells of all follicle stages and was 7.2-fold greater in Atm+/- than WT mice. Cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 1 was 6.8-fold lower in Atm+/- mice and was located in the surface epithelium with apparent translocation to the ovarian medulla post-PM exposure. PM induced γH2AX, but fewer γH2AX-positive foci were identified in Atm+/- ovaries. Similarly, cleaved caspase-3 was lower in the Atm+/- PM-treated, relative to WT mice. These findings support ATM involvement in ovarian DNA repair and suggest that ATM functions to regulate ovarian atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Clark
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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8
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Rozpędek W, Pytel D, Nowak-Zduńczyk A, Lewko D, Wojtczak R, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. Breaking the DNA Damage Response via Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitors to Improve Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1425-1445. [PMID: 29345572 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180117102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple, both endogenous and exogenous, sources may induce DNA damage and DNA replication stress. Cells have developed DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathways to maintain genomic stability and effectively detect and repair DNA lesions. Serine/ threonine kinases such as Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-Related (ATR) are the major regulators of DDR, since after sensing stalled DNA replication forks, DNA double- or single-strand breaks, may directly phosphorylate and activate their downstream targets, that play a key role in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, key components of DDR signaling networks may constitute an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy through two distinct potential approaches: as chemoand radiosensitizers to enhance the effectiveness of currently used genotoxic treatment or as single agents to exploit defects in DDR in cancer cells via synthetic lethal approach. Moreover, the newest data reported that serine/threonine protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) is also closely associated with cancer development and progression. Thereby, utilization of small-molecule, serine/threonine kinase inhibitors may provide a novel, groundbreaking, anti-cancer treatment strategy. Currently, a range of potent, highlyselective toward ATM, ATR and PERK inhibitors has been discovered, but after foregoing study, additional investigations are necessary for their future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Alicja Nowak-Zduńczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dawid Lewko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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9
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ATM and ATR Influence Meiotic Crossover Formation Through Antagonistic and Overlapping Functions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 212:431-443. [PMID: 31015193 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and repair by homologous recombination between homologs creates crossovers (COs) that facilitate chromosome segregation. CO formation is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity of this process. The DNA damage response kinases, Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and RAD3-related (ATR) have emerged as key regulators of CO formation in yeast, flies, and mice, influencing DSB formation, repair pathway choice, and cell cycle progression. The molecular networks that ATM and ATR influence during meiosis are still being resolved in other organisms. Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans ATM and ATR homologs, ATM-1 and ATL-1 respectively, act at multiple steps in CO formation to ultimately ensure that COs are formed on all chromosomes. We show a role for ATM-1 in regulating the choice of repair template, biasing use of the homologous chromosome instead of the sister chromatid. Our data suggest a model in which ATM-1 and ATL-1 have antagonistic roles in very early repair processing, but are redundantly required for accumulation of the RAD-51 recombinase at DSB sites. We propose that these features of ATM-1 and ATL-1 ensure both CO formation on all chromosomes and accurate repair of additional DSBs.
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10
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Larose H, Shami AN, Abbott H, Manske G, Lei L, Hammoud SS. Gametogenesis: A journey from inception to conception. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:257-310. [PMID: 30797511 PMCID: PMC7133493 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gametogenesis, the process of forming mature germ cells, is an integral part of both an individual's and a species' health and well-being. This chapter focuses on critical male and female genetic and epigenetic processes underlying normal gamete formation through their differentiation to fertilization. Finally, we explore how knowledge gained from this field has contributed to progress in areas with great clinical promise, such as in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Larose
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Haley Abbott
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gabriel Manske
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Saher Sue Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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11
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Stringer JM, Winship A, Liew SH, Hutt K. The capacity of oocytes for DNA repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2777-2792. [PMID: 29748894 PMCID: PMC11105623 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female fertility and offspring health are critically dependent on the maintenance of an adequate supply of high-quality oocytes. Like somatic cells, oocytes are subject to a variety of different types of DNA damage arising from endogenous cellular processes and exposure to exogenous genotoxic stressors. While the repair of intentionally induced DNA double strand breaks in gametes during meiotic recombination is well characterised, less is known about the ability of oocytes to repair pathological DNA damage and the relative contribution of DNA repair to oocyte quality is not well defined. This review will discuss emerging data suggesting that oocytes are in fact capable of efficient DNA repair and that DNA repair may be an important mechanism for ensuring female fertility, as well as the transmission of high-quality genetic material to subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stringer
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Winship
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seng H Liew
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karla Hutt
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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12
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Lukaszewicz A, Lange J, Keeney S, Jasin M. Control of meiotic double-strand-break formation by ATM: local and global views. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1155-1172. [PMID: 29963942 PMCID: PMC6110601 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1464847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by the SPO11 protein initiate meiotic recombination, an essential process for successful chromosome segregation during gametogenesis. The activity of SPO11 is controlled by multiple factors and regulatory mechanisms, such that the number of DSBs is limited and DSBs form at distinct positions in the genome and at the right time. Loss of this control can affect genome integrity or cause meiotic arrest by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here we focus on the DSB-responsive kinase ATM and its functions in regulating meiotic DSB numbers and distribution. We review the recently discovered roles of ATM in this context, discuss their evolutionary conservation, and examine future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukaszewicz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Widger A, Mahadevaiah SK, Lange J, ElInati E, Zohren J, Hirota T, Pacheco S, Maldonado-Linares A, Stanzione M, Ojarikre O, Maciulyte V, de Rooij DG, Tóth A, Roig I, Keeney S, Turner JMA. ATR is a multifunctional regulator of male mouse meiosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2621. [PMID: 29976923 PMCID: PMC6033951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic cells undergo genetic exchange between homologs through programmed DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation, recombination and synapsis. In mice, the DNA damage-regulated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-like kinase (PIKK) ATM regulates all of these processes. However, the meiotic functions of the PIKK ATR have remained elusive, because germline-specific depletion of this kinase is challenging. Here we uncover roles for ATR in male mouse prophase I progression. ATR deletion causes chromosome axis fragmentation and germ cell elimination at mid pachynema. This elimination cannot be rescued by deletion of ATM and the third DNA damage-regulated PIKK, PRKDC, consistent with the existence of a PIKK-independent surveillance mechanism in the mammalian germline. ATR is required for synapsis, in a manner genetically dissociable from DSB formation. ATR also regulates loading of recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 to DSBs and recombination focus dynamics on synapsed and asynapsed chromosomes. Our studies reveal ATR as a critical regulator of mouse meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Widger
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Shantha K Mahadevaiah
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elias ElInati
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jasmin Zohren
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Takayuki Hirota
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sarai Pacheco
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Cytology and Histology Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Andros Maldonado-Linares
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Cytology and Histology Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Marcello Stanzione
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Obah Ojarikre
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valdone Maciulyte
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Attila Tóth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ignasi Roig
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Cytology and Histology Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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14
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Quek H, Luff J, Cheung K, Kozlov S, Gatei M, Lee CS, Bellingham MC, Noakes PG, Lim YC, Barnett NL, Dingwall S, Wolvetang E, Mashimo T, Roberts TL, Lavin MF. A rat model of ataxia-telangiectasia: evidence for a neurodegenerative phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:109-123. [PMID: 28007901 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the ATM gene is characterised by cerebellar atrophy and progressive neurodegeneration which has been poorly recapitulated in Atm mutant mice. Consequently, pathways leading to neurodegeneration in A-T are poorly understood. We describe here the generation of an Atm knockout rat model that does not display cerebellar atrophy but instead paralysis and spinal cord atrophy, reminiscent of that seen in older patients and milder forms of the disorder. Loss of Atm in neurons and glia leads to accumulation of cytosolic DNA, increased cytokine production and constitutive activation of microglia consistent with a neuroinflammatory phenotype. Rats lacking ATM had significant loss of motor neurons and microgliosis in the spinal cord, consistent with onset of paralysis. Since short term treatment with steroids has been shown to improve the neurological signs in A-T patients we determined if that was also the case for Atm-deficient rats. Betamethasone treatment extended the lifespan of Atm knockout rats, prevented microglial activation and significantly decreased neuroinflammatory changes and motor neuron loss. These results point to unrepaired damage to DNA leading to significant levels of cytosolic DNA in Atm-deficient neurons and microglia and as a consequence activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and cytokine production. This in turn would increase the inflammatory microenvironment leading to dysfunction and death of neurons. Thus the rat model represents a suitable one for studying neurodegeneration in A-T and adds support for the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of neurodegeneration in A-T patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Quek
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - John Luff
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - KaGeen Cheung
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Magtouf Gatei
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - C Soon Lee
- The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark C Bellingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter G Noakes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Nigel L Barnett
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.,Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Steven Dingwall
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tara L Roberts
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia.,The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
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15
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ATM is required for SOD2 expression and homeostasis within the mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:725-741. [PMID: 28849346 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ATM activates the NF-κB transcriptional complex in response to genotoxic and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine if the NF-κB target gene and critical antioxidant SOD2 (MnSOD) in cultured mammary epithelium is also ATM-dependent, and what phenotypes arise from deletion of ATM and SOD2 within the mammary gland. METHODS SOD2 expression was studied in human mammary epithelial cells and MCF10A using RNAi to knockdown ATM or the NF-κB subunit RelA. To study ATM and SOD2 function in mammary glands, mouse lines containing Atm or Sod2 genes containing LoxP sites were mated with mice harboring Cre recombinase under the control of the whey acidic protein promoter. Quantitative PCR was used to measure gene expression, and mammary gland structure was studied using histology. RESULTS SOD2 expression is ATM- and RelA-dependent, ATM knockdown renders cells sensitive to pro-oxidant exposure, and SOD mimetics partially rescue this sensitivity. Mice with germline deletion of Atm fail to develop mature mammary glands, but using a conditional knockout approach, we determined that Atm deletion significantly diminished the expression of Sod2. We also observed that these mice (termed AtmΔ/Δ) displayed a progressive lactation defect as judged by reduced pup growth rate, aberrant lobulo-alveolar structure, diminished milk protein gene expression, and increased apoptosis within lactating glands. This phenotype appears to be linked to dysregulated Sod2 expression as mammary gland-specific deletion of Sod2 phenocopies defects observed in AtmΔ/Δ dams. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ATM is required to promote expression of SOD2 within the mammary epithelium, and that both ATM and SOD2 play a crucial role in mammary gland homeostasis.
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16
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Sun X, Ito J, Potter SJ, Dey SK, DeFalco T. Extragonadal oocytes residing in the mouse ovarian hilum contribute to fertility. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:1060-1070. [PMID: 28339687 PMCID: PMC6279060 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.145631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of pups born from recipient and donor mice after ovariectomy followed by ovarian transplant poses the interesting possibility of an extraovarian source of oocytes. However, whether mammalian adult oocytes reside in extragonadal tissues remains elusive. Using transgenic fluorescent reporter mice and transplantation surgeries, we demonstrate the presence of both donor- and recipient-derived corpora lutea and recovery of both donor- and recipient-derived offspring from ovariectomized mice after transplantation of donor ovaries. A potential region for extraovarian oocytes is the hilum, a ligament-like structure between the ovary and the reproductive tract. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy of mouse ovaries and reproductive tracts revealed that a population of primordial follicles resides outside the ovary within the hilum. Ovariectomy-only controls confirmed that oocytes remain in the recipient hilum after surgery. These results provide evidence that the hilum is a reserve source of follicles, which likely return to the ovary for maturation and ovulation. By identifying a new follicle reservoir, our study addresses a long-standing question in reproductive biology and contributes to new conceptual knowledge about ovarian function and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Junya Ito
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah J. Potter
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tony DeFalco
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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17
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Maize defective kernel mutant generated by insertion of a Ds element in a gene encoding a highly conserved TTI2 cochaperone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5165-5170. [PMID: 28461460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703498114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the newly engineered transposable element Dsg to tag a gene that gives rise to a defective kernel (dek) phenotype. Dsg requires the autonomous element Ac for transposition. Upon excision, it leaves a short DNA footprint that can create in-frame and frameshift insertions in coding sequences. Therefore, we could create alleles of the tagged gene that confirmed causation of the dek phenotype by the Dsg insertion. The mutation, designated dek38-Dsg, is embryonic lethal, has a defective basal endosperm transfer (BETL) layer, and results in a smaller seed with highly underdeveloped endosperm. The maize dek38 gene encodes a TTI2 (Tel2-interacting protein 2) molecular cochaperone. In yeast and mammals, TTI2 associates with two other cochaperones, TEL2 (Telomere maintenance 2) and TTI1 (Tel2-interacting protein 1), to form the triple T complex that regulates DNA damage response. Therefore, we cloned the maize Tel2 and Tti1 homologs and showed that TEL2 can interact with both TTI1 and TTI2 in yeast two-hybrid assays. The three proteins regulate the cellular levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) and localize to the cytoplasm and the nucleus, consistent with known subcellular locations of PIKKs. dek38-Dsg displays reduced pollen transmission, indicating TTI2's importance in male reproductive cell development.
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18
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Hirozane T, Tohmonda T, Yoda M, Shimoda M, Kanai Y, Matsumoto M, Morioka H, Nakamura M, Horiuchi K. Conditional abrogation of Atm in osteoclasts extends osteoclast lifespan and results in reduced bone mass. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34426. [PMID: 27677594 PMCID: PMC5039636 DOI: 10.1038/srep34426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a central component involved in the signal transduction of the DNA damage response (DDR) and thus plays a critical role in the maintenance of genomic integrity. Although the primary functions of ATM are associated with the DDR, emerging data suggest that ATM has many additional roles that are not directly related to the DDR, including the regulation of oxidative stress signaling, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial homeostasis, and lymphocyte development. Patients and mice lacking ATM exhibit growth retardation and lower bone mass; however, the mechanisms underlying the skeletal defects are not fully understood. In the present study, we generated mutant mice in which ATM is specifically inactivated in osteoclasts. The mutant mice did not exhibit apparent developmental defects but showed reduced bone mass due to increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclasts lacking ATM were more resistant to apoptosis and showed a prolonged lifespan compared to the controls. Notably, the inactivation of ATM in osteoclasts resulted in enhanced NF-κB signaling and an increase in the expression of NF-κB-targeted genes. The present study reveals a novel function for ATM in regulating bone metabolism by suppressing the lifespan of osteoclasts and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hirozane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Takahide Tohmonda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideo Morioka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Abstract
DNA damage response is required for male fertility. DNA damage repair mediates recombination between homologous chromosomes in meiotic prophase, which is essential for proper chromosome segregation during meiotic division. Interestingly, some DNA damage response proteins are also required for the survival of premeiotic germ cells, but their roles in these cells are still unclear. CHFR was recently shown to participate in DNA damage response, but it remains to be established if CHFR is required for male fertility. In this study, we characterized Chfr knockout male mice and found that around 30% of them were infertile. The onset of spermatogenesis was delayed and there was significant increase in apoptosis in premeiotic germ cells. This resulted in complete loss of germ cells in testes in 3 months and azoospermia in these mice. We further demonstrated that ATM activation was compromised in the testes of these mice. Therefore, CHFR is important for the survival of male premeiotic germ cells, which is likely through maintaining genomic stability in spermatogonial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Lu
- a Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics; Ministry of Education and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.,b Institute of Translational Medicine; Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- c Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics ; Beckman Research Institute; City of Hope ; Duarte , CA USA
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20
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Velarde MC, Menon R. Positive and negative effects of cellular senescence during female reproductive aging and pregnancy. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:R59-76. [PMID: 27325241 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a phenomenon occurring when cells are no longer able to divide even after treatment with growth stimuli. Because senescent cells are typically associated with aging and age-related diseases, cellular senescence is hypothesized to contribute to the age-related decline in reproductive function. However, some data suggest that senescent cells may also be important for normal physiological functions during pregnancy. Herein, we review the positive and negative effects of cellular senescence on female reproductive aging and pregnancy. We discuss how senescent cells accelerate female reproductive aging by promoting the decline in the number of ovarian follicles and increasing complications during pregnancy. We also describe how cellular senescence plays an important role in placental and fetal development as a beneficial process, ensuring proper homeostasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Velarde
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovato, California, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Clinical Medicine and Obstetrics and GynecologyAarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Vaithiyanathan K, Liew SH, Zerafa N, Gamage T, Cook M, O’Reilly LA, Bouillet P, Scott CL, Strasser A, Findlay JK, Hutt KJ. BCL2-modifying factor promotes germ cell loss during murine oogenesis. Reproduction 2016; 151:553-62. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a prominent role during ovarian development by eliminating large numbers of germ cells from the female germ line. However, the precise mechanisms and regulatory proteins involved in germ cell death are yet to be determined. In this study, we characterised the role of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein, BCL2-modifying factor (BMF), in germ cell apoptosis in embryonic and neonatal mouse ovaries. BMF protein was immunohistochemically localised to germ cells at embryonic days 15.5 (E15.5) and E17.5 and postnatal day 1 (PN1), coincident with entry into the meiotic prophase, but was undetectable at E13.5, and only present at low levels at PN3 and PN5. Consistent with this expression pattern, loss of BMF in female mice was associated with a decrease in apoptosis at E15.5 and E17.5. Furthermore, increased numbers of germ cells were found in ovaries from Bmf−/− mice compared with WT animals at E15.5 and PN1. However, germ cell numbers were comparable between Bmf−/− and WT ovaries at PN3, PN5 and PN10. Collectively, these data indicate that BMF mediates foetal oocyte loss and its action limits the maximal number of germ cells attained in the developing ovary, but does not influence the number of primordial follicles initially established in ovarian reserve.
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22
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Vazharova R, Kremensky I. Individual capacity for DNA repair and maintenance of genomic integrity: a fertile ground for studies in the field of assisted reproduction. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1159923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Radoslava Vazharova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivo Kremensky
- Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology “Maichin Dom”, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Cooper TJ, Garcia V, Neale MJ. Meiotic DSB patterning: A multifaceted process. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:13-21. [PMID: 26730703 PMCID: PMC4825777 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1093709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized two-step cell division responsible for genome haploidization and the generation of genetic diversity during gametogenesis. An integral and distinctive feature of the meiotic program is the evolutionarily conserved initiation of homologous recombination (HR) by the developmentally programmed induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The inherently dangerous but essential act of DSB formation is subject to multiple forms of stringent and self-corrective regulation that collectively ensure fruitful and appropriate levels of genetic exchange without risk to cellular survival. Within this article we focus upon an emerging element of this control--spatial regulation--detailing recent advances made in understanding how DSBs are evenly distributed across the genome, and present a unified view of the underlying patterning mechanisms employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Cooper
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Valerie Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Matthew J. Neale
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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24
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Lu LY, Yu X. Double-strand break repair on sex chromosomes: challenges during male meiotic prophase. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:516-25. [PMID: 25565522 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2014.998070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiotic prophase, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair-mediated homologous recombination (HR) occurs for exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes. Unlike autosomes or female sex chromosomes, human male sex chromosomes X and Y share little homology. Although DSBs are generated throughout male sex chromosomes, homologous recombination does not occur for most regions and DSB repair process is significantly prolonged. As a result, male sex chromosomes are coated with many DNA damage response proteins and form a unique chromatin structure known as the XY body. Interestingly, associated with the prolonged DSB repair, transcription is repressed in the XY body but not in autosomes, a phenomenon known as meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), which is critical for male meiosis. Here using mice as model organisms, we briefly summarize recent progress on DSB repair in meiotic prophase and focus on the mechanism and function of DNA damage response in the XY body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Lu
- a Women's Hospital ; School of Medicine ; Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
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25
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Campbell A, Bushman J, Munger J, Noble M, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. Mutation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is associated with dysfunctional glutathione homeostasis in cerebellar astroglia. Glia 2015; 64:227-39. [PMID: 26469940 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial dysfunction plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases otherwise attributed to neuronal loss of function. Here we focus on the role of astroglia in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a disease caused by mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. A hallmark of A-T pathology is progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, but the mechanisms that impact neuronal survival are unclear. We now provide a possible mechanism by which A-T astroglia affect the survival of cerebellar neurons. As astroglial functions are difficult to study in an in vivo setting, particularly in the cerebellum where these cells are intertwined with the far more numerous neurons, we conducted in vitro coculture experiments that allow for the generation and pharmacological manipulation of purified cell populations. Our analyses revealed that cerebellar astroglia isolated from Atm mutant mice show decreased expression of the cystine/glutamate exchanger subunit xCT, glutathione (GSH) reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. We also found decreased levels of intercellular and secreted GSH in A-T astroglia. Metabolic labeling of l-cystine, the major precursor for GSH, revealed that a key component of the defect in A-T astroglia is an impaired ability to import this rate-limiting precursor for the production of GSH. This impairment resulted in suboptimal extracellular GSH supply, which in turn impaired survival of cerebellar neurons. We show that by circumventing the xCT-dependent import of L-cystine through addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as an alternative cysteine source, we were able to restore GSH levels in A-T mutant astroglia providing a possible future avenue for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Jared Bushman
- School of Pharmacy Health Sciences Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
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26
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Pelosi E, Forabosco A, Schlessinger D. Genetics of the ovarian reserve. Front Genet 2015; 6:308. [PMID: 26528328 PMCID: PMC4606124 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial follicles or non-growing follicles (NGFs) are the functional unit of reproduction, each comprising a single germ cell surrounded by supporting somatic cells. NGFs constitute the ovarian reserve (OR), prerequisite for germ cell ovulation and the continuation of the species. The dynamics of the reserve is determined by the number of NGFs formed and their complex subsequent fates. During the reproductive lifespan, the OR progressively diminishes due to follicle atresia as well as recruitment, maturation, and ovulation. The depletion of the OR is the major determining driver of menopause, which ensues when the number of primordial follicles falls below a threshold of ∼1,000. Therefore, genes and processes involved in follicle dynamics are particularly important to understand the process of menopause, both in the typical reproductive lifespan and in conditions like primary ovarian insufficiency, defined as menopause before age 40. Genes and their variants that affect the timing of menopause thereby provide candidates for diagnosis of and intervention in problems of reproductive lifespan. We review the current knowledge of processes and genes involved in the development of the OR and in the dynamics of ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pelosi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David Schlessinger
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Anderson CM, Oke A, Yam P, Zhuge T, Fung JC. Reduced Crossover Interference and Increased ZMM-Independent Recombination in the Absence of Tel1/ATM. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005478. [PMID: 26305689 PMCID: PMC4549261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination involves the repair of double-strand break (DSB) precursors as crossovers (COs) or noncrossovers (NCOs). The proper number and distribution of COs is critical for successful chromosome segregation and formation of viable gametes. In budding yeast the majority of COs occurs through a pathway dependent on the ZMM proteins (Zip2-Zip3-Zip4-Spo16, Msh4-Msh5, Mer3), which form foci at CO-committed sites. Here we show that the DNA-damage-response kinase Tel1/ATM limits ZMM-independent recombination. By whole-genome mapping of recombination products, we find that lack of Tel1 results in higher recombination and reduced CO interference. Yet the number of Zip3 foci in tel1Δ cells is similar to wild type, and these foci show normal interference. Analysis of recombination in a tel1Δ zip3Δ double mutant indicates that COs are less dependent on Zip3 in the absence of Tel1. Together these results reveal that in the absence of Tel1, a significant proportion of COs occurs through a non-ZMM-dependent pathway, contributing to a CO landscape with poor interference. We also see a significant change in the distribution of all detectable recombination products in the absence of Tel1, Sgs1, Zip3, or Msh4, providing evidence for altered DSB distribution. These results support the previous finding that DSB interference depends on Tel1, and further suggest an additional level of DSB interference created through local repression of DSBs around CO-designated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M. Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashwini Oke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Phoebe Yam
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tangna Zhuge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Fung
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Fedoriw AM, Menon D, Kim Y, Mu W, Magnuson T. Key mediators of somatic ATR signaling localize to unpaired chromosomes in spermatocytes. Development 2015. [PMID: 26209650 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic silencing of unpaired chromatin (MSUC) occurs during the first meiotic prophase, as chromosomes that fail to pair are sequestered into a transcriptionally repressive nuclear domain. This phenomenon is exemplified by the heterologous sex chromosomes of male mammals, where the ATR DNA damage response kinase is crucial for this silencing event. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of MSUC remain unknown. Here, we show that essential components of ATR signaling in murine somatic cells are spatially confined to unpaired chromosomes in spermatocytes, including the ATR-dependent phosphorylation of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding complex replication protein A (RPA) and the checkpoint kinase CHK1. These observations support a model in which ssDNA plays a central role in the recruitment of ATR during MSUC, and provide a link to meiotic progression through activation of CHK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fedoriw
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Debashish Menon
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weipeng Mu
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Modzelewski AJ, Hilz S, Crate EA, Schweidenback CTH, Fogarty EA, Grenier JK, Freire R, Cohen PE, Grimson A. Dgcr8 and Dicer are essential for sex chromosome integrity during meiosis in males. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2314-27. [PMID: 25934699 PMCID: PMC4487015 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs play crucial roles in regulating gene expression during mammalian meiosis. To investigate the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) during meiosis in males, we generated germ-cell-specific conditional deletions of Dgcr8 and Dicer in mice. Analysis of spermatocytes from both conditional knockout lines revealed that there were frequent chromosomal fusions during meiosis, always involving one or both sex chromosomes. RNA sequencing indicates upregulation of Atm in spermatocytes from miRNA-deficient mice, and immunofluorescence imaging demonstrates an increased abundance of activated ATM kinase and mislocalization of phosphorylated MDC1, an ATM phosphorylation substrate. The Atm 3′UTR contains many potential microRNA target sites, and, notably, target sites for several miRNAs depleted in both conditional knockout mice were highly effective at promoting repression. RNF8, a telomere-associated protein whose localization is controlled by the MDC1–ATM kinase cascade, normally associates with the sex chromosomes during pachytene, but in both conditional knockouts redistributed to the autosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that Atm dysregulation in microRNA-deficient germ lines contributes to the redistribution of proteins involved in chromosomal stability from the sex chromosomes to the autosomes, resulting in sex chromosome fusions during meiotic prophase I. Highlighted Article: miRNA-deficient spermatocytes display frequent sex chromosome fusions and fail to progress through meiosis in a process that is probably mediated by dysregulation of Atm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Hilz
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Crate
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Paula E Cohen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Cooper TJ, Wardell K, Garcia V, Neale MJ. Homeostatic regulation of meiotic DSB formation by ATM/ATR. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:124-31. [PMID: 25116420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and RAD3-related (ATR) are widely known as being central players in the mitotic DNA damage response (DDR), mounting responses to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) respectively. The DDR signalling cascade couples cell cycle control to damage-sensing and repair processes in order to prevent untimely cell cycle progression while damage still persists [1]. Both ATM/ATR are, however, also emerging as essential factors in the process of meiosis; a specialised cell cycle programme responsible for the formation of haploid gametes via two sequential nuclear divisions. Central to achieving accurate meiotic chromosome segregation is the introduction of numerous DSBs spread across the genome by the evolutionarily conserved enzyme, Spo11. This review seeks to explore and address how cells utilise ATM/ATR pathways to regulate Spo11-DSB formation, establish DSB homeostasis and ensure meiosis is completed unperturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Cooper
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Kayleigh Wardell
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Valerie Garcia
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Matthew J Neale
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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31
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The T657C polymorphism on the SYCP3 gene is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:1377-81. [PMID: 25059562 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SYCP3 (Sinaptonemal complex protein 3) plays a critical role in pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1. It has been shown that lack of this gene leads to infertility in male and weakened fertility in female mice. In a case-control study, we investigated the SYCP3T657C polymorphism in the genome of 100 Iranian women with recurrent pregnancy losses of unknown causes as well as 100 control samples of normal fertile women having at least one healthy child. The general aim of our study was to determine whether there is a relationship between genetic changes in the SYCP3 gene and recurrent pregnancy loss in human or not. Frequency of the heterozygous genotype and mutated allele C were significantly higher in women with recurrent pregnancy losses (P-value < 0.005). Our findings suggest that the T657C polymorphism of the SYCP3 gene is possibly associated with recurrent pregnancy loss of unknown cause in human.
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Kotsinas A, Papanagnou P, Evangelou K, Trigas GC, Kostourou V, Townsend P, Gorgoulis VG. ARF: a versatile DNA damage response ally at the crossroads of development and tumorigenesis. Front Genet 2014; 5:236. [PMID: 25101116 PMCID: PMC4106421 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative reading frame (ARF) is a tumor suppressor protein that senses oncogenic and other stressogenic signals. It can trigger p53-dependent and -independent responses with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction being the most prominent ones. Other ARF activities, particularly p53-independent ones, that could help in understanding cancer development and provide potential therapeutic exploitation are underrated. Although ARF is generally not expressed in normal tissues, it is essential for ocular and male germ cells development. The underlying mechanism(s) in these processes, while not clearly defined, point toward a functional link between ARF, DNA damage and angiogenesis. Based on a recent study from our group demonstrating a functional interplay between ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ARF during carcinogenesis, we discuss the role of ARF at the crossroads of cancer and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Kotsinas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papanagnou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - George C Trigas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kostourou
- Vascular Adhesion Lab, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Townsend
- Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK ; Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens Athens, Greece ; Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK ; Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK ; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
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Malki S, van der Heijden GW, O'Donnell KA, Martin SL, Bortvin A. A role for retrotransposon LINE-1 in fetal oocyte attrition in mice. Dev Cell 2014; 29:521-533. [PMID: 24882376 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal oocyte attrition (FOA) is a conserved but poorly understood process of elimination of more than two-thirds of meiotic prophase I (MPI) oocytes before birth. We now implicate retrotransposons LINE-1 (L1), activated during epigenetic reprogramming of the embryonic germline, in FOA in mice. We show that wild-type fetal oocytes possess differential nuclear levels of L1ORF1p, an L1-encoded protein essential for L1 ribonucleoprotein particle (L1RNP) formation and L1 retrotransposition. We demonstrate that experimental elevation of L1 expression correlates with increased MPI defects, FOA, oocyte aneuploidy, and embryonic lethality. Conversely, reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor AZT has a profound effect on the FOA dynamics and meiotic recombination, and it implicates an RT-dependent trigger in oocyte elimination in early MPI. We propose that FOA serves to select oocytes with limited L1 activity that are therefore best suited for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Malki
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Kathryn A O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sandra L Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alex Bortvin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Yoshida T, Awaya T, Shibata M, Kato T, Numabe H, Kobayashi J, Komatsu K, Heike T. Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hypersegmented neutrophils in a patient with ataxia‐telangiectasia‐like disorder: Potential diagnostic clues? Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1830-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of PediatricsKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Tomonari Awaya
- Department of PediatricsKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Minoru Shibata
- Department of PediatricsKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takeo Kato
- Department of PediatricsKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hironao Numabe
- Department of PediatricsKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesOchanomizu UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair DynamicsRadiation Biology CenterKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kenshi Komatsu
- Department of Genome Repair DynamicsRadiation Biology CenterKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of PediatricsKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
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35
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Yeo AJ, Becherel OJ, Luff JE, Cullen JK, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpoon P, Kuznetsov VA, McKinnon PJ, Lavin MF. R-loops in proliferating cells but not in the brain: implications for AOA2 and other autosomal recessive ataxias. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90219. [PMID: 24637776 PMCID: PMC3956458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the Setx gene, defective in ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) leads to the accumulation of DNA/RNA hybrids (R-loops), failure of meiotic recombination and infertility in mice. We report here the presence of R-loops in the testes from other autosomal recessive ataxia mouse models, which correlate with fertility in these disorders. R-loops were coincident in cells showing high basal levels of DNA double strand breaks and in those cells undergoing apoptosis. Depletion of Setx led to high basal levels of R-loops and these were enhanced further by DNA damage both in vitro and in vivo in tissues with proliferating cells. There was no evidence for accumulation of R-loops in the brains of mice where Setx, Atm, Tdp1 or Aptx genes were disrupted. These data provide further evidence for genome destabilization as a consequence of disrupted transcription in the presence of DNA double strand breaks arising during DNA replication or recombination. They also suggest that R-loop accumulation does not contribute to the neurodegenerative phenotype in these autosomal recessive ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrey J. Yeo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivier J. Becherel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John E. Luff
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason K. Cullen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpoon
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir A. Kuznetsov
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Department of Genetics and Tumour Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Freitas MJ, Korrodi-Gregório L, Morais-Santos F, Cruz e Silva ED, Fardilha M. TCTEX1D4 interactome in human testis: unraveling the function of dynein light chain in spermatozoa. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:242-53. [PMID: 24606217 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies were designed to identify the TCTEX1D4 interactome in human testis, with the purpose of unraveling putative protein complexes essential to male reproduction and thus novel TCTEX1D4 functions. TCTEX1D4 is a dynein light chain that belongs to the DYNT1/TCTEX1 family. In spermatozoa, it appears to be important to sperm motility, intraflagellar transport, and acrosome reaction. To contribute to the knowledge on TCTEX1D4 function in testis and spermatozoa, a yeast two-hybrid assay was performed in testis, which allowed the identification of 40 novel TCTEX1D4 interactors. Curiously, another dynein light chain, TCTEX1D2, was identified and its existence demonstrated for the first time in human spermatozoa. Immunofluorescence studies proved that TCTEX1D2 is an intra-acrosomal protein also present in the midpiece, suggesting a role in cargo movement in human spermatozoa. Further, an in silico profile of TCTEX1D4 revealed that most TCTEX1D4 interacting proteins were not previously characterized and the ones described present a very broad nature. This reinforces TCTEX1D4 as a dynein light chain that is capable of interacting with a variety of functionally different proteins. These observations collectively contribute to a deeper molecular understanding of the human spermatozoa function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Freitas
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centre for Cell Biology, Biology Department, Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro , Aveiro, Portugal
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Ehrlich LA, Yang-Iott K, Bassing CH. Tcrδ translocations that delete the Bcl11b haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene promote atm-deficient T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:3076-82. [PMID: 25486566 PMCID: PMC4615123 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.949144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM is the master regulator of the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Deficiency of ATM predisposes humans and mice to αβ T lymphoid cancers with clonal translocations between the T cell receptor (TCR) α/δ locus and a 450 kb region of synteny on human chromosome 14 and mouse chromosome 12. While these translocations target and activate the TCL1 oncogene at 14q32 to cause T cell pro-lymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), the TCRα/δ;14q32 translocations in ATM-deficient T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have not been characterized and their role in cancer pathogenesis remains unknown. The corresponding lesion in Atm-deficient mouse T-ALLs is a chromosome t(12;14) translocation with Tcrδ genes fused to sequences on chromosome 12; although these translocations do not activate Tcl1, they delete the Bcl11b haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene. To assess whether Tcrδ translocations that inactivate one copy of Bcl11b promote transformation of Atm-deficient cells, we analyzed Atm(-/-) mice with mono-allelic Bcl11b deletion initiating in thymocytes concomitant with Tcrδ recombination. Inactivation of one Bcl11b copy had no effect on the predisposition of Atm(-/-) mice to clonal T-ALLs. Yet, none of these T-ALLs had a clonal chromosome t(12;14) translocation that deleted Bcl11b indicating that Tcrδ translocations that inactivate a copy of Bcl11b promote transformation of Atm-deficient thymocytes. Our data demonstrate that antigen receptor locus translocations can cause cancer by deleting a tumor suppressor gene. We discuss the implications of these findings for the etiology and therapy of T-ALLs associated with ATM deficiency and TCRα/δ translocations targeting the 14q32 cytogenetic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Ehrlich
- Division of Oncology; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Childhood Cancer Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Katherine Yang-Iott
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Childhood Cancer Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Childhood Cancer Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Shin YH, McGuire MM, Rajkovic A. Mouse HORMAD1 is a meiosis i checkpoint protein that modulates DNA double- strand break repair during female meiosis. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:29. [PMID: 23759310 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocytes in embryonic ovaries enter meiosis I and arrest in the diplonema stage. Perturbations in meiosis I, such as abnormal double-strand break (DSB) formation and repair, adversely affect oocyte survival. We previously discovered that HORMAD1 is a critical component of the synaptonemal complex but not essential for oocyte survival. No significant differences were observed in the number of primordial, primary, secondary, and developing follicles between wild-type and Hormad1(−/−)newborn, 8-day, and 80-day ovaries. Meiosis I progression in Hormad1(−/−) embryonic ovaries was normal through the zygotene stage and in oocytes arrested in diplonema; however, we did not visualize oocytes with completely synapsed chromosomes. We investigated effects of HORMAD1 deficiency on the kinetics of DNA DSB formation and repair in the mouse ovary. We irradiated Embryonic Day 16.5 wild-type and Hormad1(−/−) ovaries and monitored DSB repair using gammaH2AX, RAD51, and DMC1 immunofluorescence. Our results showed a significant drop in unrepaired DSBs in the irradiated Hormad1(−/−) zygotene oocytes as compared to the wild-type oocytes. Moreover, Hormad1 deficiency rescued Dmc1(−/−) oocytes. These results indicate that Hormad1 deficiency promotes DMC1-independent DSB repairs, which in turn helps asynaptic Hormad1(−/−) oocytes resist perinatal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Shin
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Li Z, Yu J, Zhang T, Li H, Ni Y. rs189037, a functional variant in ATM gene promoter, is associated with idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1536-41.e1. [PMID: 23993922 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between a functional variant rs189037(G>A) in ATM promoter and idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia (INOA) in a Chinese population. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Medical academy and hospital. PATIENT(S) Two hundred twenty-nine INOA patients and 236 fertile male controls. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and subsequently confirmed by DNA sequencing. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for the risk genotype and allele. Bioinformatic analysis was also performed to predict the biological function of rs189037(G>A). RESULT(S) The AA genotype and A allele at rs189037(G>A) locus were both associated with an increased risk of INOA, with OR 1.90 (95% CI 1.214-3.007) for AA and 1.41 (95% CI 1.112-1.775) for A allele. The heterozygous GA and GA+AA had no relationship with INOA risk, with OR 1.06 (95% CI 0.761-1.472) and 1.28 (95% CI 0.954-1.708), respectively. Meanwhile, stratification by genotype showed that INOA patients with AA had higher FSH level, lower total T level, and smaller testicular size than those patients with GG. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis predicted that the rs189037(G>A) variant was located in a well-conserved region in ATM promoter and that the transition of allele G to allele A might lead to differential allelic expression of ATM gene via modifying of the DNA-binding ability of transcription factor E2F1. CONCLUSION(S) The genetic variant rs189037(G>A) in ATM gene promoter contributes to an increased risk of INOA in a Chinese population, possibly through affecting the DNA-binding ability of E2F1 and subsequent ATM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Ganesan S, Bhattacharya P, Keating AF. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene exposure induces the DNA repair response in neonatal rat ovaries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:690-6. [PMID: 23969067 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) destroys ovarian follicles at all stages of development. This study investigated DMBA-induced DNA double strand break (DSB) formation with subsequent activation of the ovarian DNA repair response in models of pre-antral or pre-ovulatory follicle loss. Postnatal day (PND) 4 Fisher 344 (F344) rat ovaries were cultured for 4 days followed by single exposures of vehicle control (1% DMSO) or DMBA (12.5 nM or 75 nM) and maintained in culture for 4 or 8 days. Alternately, PND4 F344 rat ovaries were exposed to 1 μM DMBA at the start of culture for 2 days. Total RNA or protein was isolated, followed by qPCR or Western blotting to quantify mRNA or protein level, respectively. γH2AX and phosphorylated ATM were localized and quantified using immunofluorescence staining. DMBA exposure increased caspase 3 and γH2AX protein. Additionally, DMBA (12.5 nM and 1 μM) increased levels of mRNA encoding Atm, Xrcc6, Brca1 and Rad51. In contrast, Parp1 mRNA was decreased on d4 and increased on d8 of DMBA exposure, while PARP1 protein increased after 8 days of DMBA exposure. Total ATM increased in a concentration-dependent temporal pattern (75 nM d4; 12.5 nM d8), while pATM was localized in large primary and secondary follicles and increased after 8 days of 75 nM DMBA exposure compared to both control and 12.5 nM DMBA. These findings support that, despite some concentration effects, DMBA induces ovarian DNA damage and that DNA repair mechanisms are induced as a potential mechanism to prevent follicle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Abstract
RanBPM is a multimodular scaffold protein that interacts with a great variety of molecules including nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane proteins. By building multiprotein complexes, RanBPM is thought to regulate various signaling pathways, especially in the immune and nervous system. However, the diversity of these interactions does not facilitate the identification of its precise mechanism of action, and therefore the physiological role of RanBPM still remains unclear. Recently, RanBPM has been shown to be critical for the fertility of both genders in mouse. Although mechanistically it is still unclear how RanBPM affects gametogenesis, the data collected so far suggest that it is a key player in this process. Here, we examine the RanBPM sterility phenotype in the context of other genetic mutations affecting mouse gametogenesis to investigate whether this scaffold protein affects the function of other known proteins whose deficiency results in similar sterility phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Puverel
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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42
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Schwab KR, Smith GD, Dressler GR. Arrested spermatogenesis and evidence for DNA damage in PTIP mutant testes. Dev Biol 2012; 373:64-71. [PMID: 23063797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of mature sperm from male germ cells requires both chromatin remodeling and compaction as well as DNA double stranded break repair of sister chromatids. We examined the function of PTIP, a protein implicated in both DNA repair and histone methylation, during spermatogenesis by using a conditional, inducible mutation in adult male mice. Loss of PTIP led to the developmental arrest of spermatocytes, testicular atrophy, and infertility. By immunostaining with specific markers for different stages of spermatogenesis and for proteins involved in DNA damage and repair mechanisms, we conclude that the lack of PTIP results in genomic instability and DNA damage resulting in the cessation of spermatogenesis in meiosis I. These data underscore the importance of PTIP in the DNA repair process associated with the development of mature spermatozoa.
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43
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Blanco-Rodríguez J. Programmed phosphorylation of histone H2AX precedes a phase of DNA double-strand break-independent synapsis in mouse meiosis. Reproduction 2012; 144:699-712. [PMID: 23035256 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate homologue synapsis during meiosis is essential for faithful chromosome segregation and formation of viable gametes. The finding of Spo11-dependent gamma-H2AX (γH2AX) formation during leptotene and data on mutant mice have led to the notion that synapsis in mammals depends on meiotic DNA double-stranded break (DSB) repair. A second wave of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR)-dependent γH2AX formation has been observed in Atm-null mice during zygotene, suggesting that this wave of phosphorylation also occurs in normal mice. Here I aimed to confirm and to analyse in deep this wave of phosphorylation. Immunostaining of spread spermatocytes shows that γH2AX accumulates on the short last axis stretches to pair. This accumulation appears within all the nuclei undergoing a specific step of late zygotene and disappears from every spermatocyte immediately after pairing completion. This γH2AX signal co-localises with ATR, is Spo11-independent and does not co-localise with free DNA 3'-end labelling. I conclude that ATR/γH2AX asynapsis signalling at the end of zygotene belongs to a physiologically programmed pathway operating at a specific meiotic step, and I propose that this pathway is involved in the triggering of a phase of DSB-independent chromosome pairing that leads to synapsis completion in normal mouse meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Blanco-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
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44
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Lahijani MS, Farivar S, Amiri M, Sarhady M. Roles of Bax and Caspase2 genes in the apoptosis of fetal ovary germ cell induced by 4 (3H) quinazolinone-2-ethyl-2-phenyl ethyl. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-012-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Evans EB, Hogarth C, Evanoff RM, Mitchell D, Small C, Griswold MD. Localization and regulation of murine Esco2 during male and female meiosis. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:61. [PMID: 22699483 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.099978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is essential for generation of healthy gametes in both sexes and involves recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes to produce haploid gametes. The initiation of meiosis in both sexes relies upon retinoic acid (RA) (Griswold MD, Hogarth CA, Bowles J, Koopman P. Initiating Meiosis: The Case for Retinoic Acid. Biol Reprod 2012; 86(35):1-7). Previous studies have demonstrated that the stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (Stra8) was required for meiotic progression in both the mouse ovary and postnatal testis. To identify additional candidates that may play a role during meiosis, we used microarray databases to generate lists of transcripts with expression profiles similar to that of Stra8 in the embryonic ovary and postnatal testis. One such gene, establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Esco2), has been described as a regulator of sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis. This study describes the first in-depth analysis of ESCO2 localization and regulation during meiosis in both males and females. ESCO2 colocalized with the gamma H2A histone family member X (H2AFX) in pachytene spermatocytes, indicating that ESCO2 is a component of the XY body. In pachytene cells of the embryonic ovary, ESCO2 colocalized with H2AFX, which is consistent with the presence of ESCO2 in areas of double-stranded breaks. In addition, the expression of Esco2 was found to be regulated by RA in the postnatal testis. These data indicate that ESCO2 may play a vital role in meiosis in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Evans
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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46
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Lutzmann M, Grey C, Traver S, Ganier O, Maya-Mendoza A, Ranisavljevic N, Bernex F, Nishiyama A, Montel N, Gavois E, Forichon L, de Massy B, Méchali M. MCM8- and MCM9-deficient mice reveal gametogenesis defects and genome instability due to impaired homologous recombination. Mol Cell 2012; 47:523-34. [PMID: 22771120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We generated knockout mice for MCM8 and MCM9 and show that deficiency for these genes impairs homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair during gametogenesis and somatic cells cycles. MCM8(-/-) mice are sterile because spermatocytes are blocked in meiotic prophase I, and females have only arrested primary follicles and frequently develop ovarian tumors. MCM9(-/-) females also are sterile as ovaries are completely devoid of oocytes. In contrast, MCM9(-/-) testes produce spermatozoa, albeit in much reduced quantity. Mcm8(-/-) and Mcm9(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts show growth defects and chromosomal damage and cannot overcome a transient inhibition of replication fork progression. In these cells, chromatin recruitment of HR factors like Rad51 and RPA is impaired and HR strongly reduced. We further demonstrate that MCM8 and MCM9 form a complex and that they coregulate their stability. Our work uncovers essential functions of MCM8 and MCM9 in HR-mediated DSB repair during gametogenesis, replication fork maintenance, and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Lutzmann
- DNA Replication and Genome Dynamics, Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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47
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UBR2 of the N-end rule pathway is required for chromosome stability via histone ubiquitylation in spermatocytes and somatic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37414. [PMID: 22616001 PMCID: PMC3355131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system in which its recognition components (N-recognins) recognize destabilizing N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins as an essential element of specific degrons, called N-degrons. The RING E3 ligases UBR2 and UBR1 are major N-recognins that share size (200 kDa), conserved domains and substrate specificities to N-degrons. Despite the known function of the N-end rule pathway in degradation of cytosolic proteins, the major phenotype of UBR2-deficient male mice is infertility caused by arrest of spermatocytes at meiotic prophase I. UBR2-deficient spermatocytes are impaired in transcriptional silencing of sex chromosome-linked genes and ubiquitylation of histone H2A. In this study we show that the recruitment of UBR2 to meiotic chromosomes spatiotemporally correlates to the induction of chromatin-associated ubiquitylation, which is significantly impaired in UBR2-deficient spermatocytes. UBR2 functions as a scaffold E3 that promotes HR6B/UbcH2-dependent ubiquitylation of H2A and H2B but not H3 and H4, through a mechanism distinct from typical polyubiquitylation. The E3 activity of UBR2 in histone ubiquitylation is allosterically activated by dipeptides bearing destabilizing N-terminal residues. Insufficient monoubiquitylation and polyubiquitylation on UBR2-deficient meiotic chromosomes correlate to defects in double strand break (DSB) repair and other meiotic processes, resulting in pachytene arrest at stage IV and apoptosis. Some of these functions of UBR2 are observed in somatic cells, in which UBR2 is a chromatin-binding protein involved in chromatin-associated ubiquitylation upon DNA damage. UBR2-deficient somatic cells show an array of chromosomal abnormalities, including hyperproliferation, chromosome instability, and hypersensitivity to DNA damage-inducing reagents. UBR2-deficient mice enriched in C57 background die upon birth with defects in lung expansion and neural development. Thus, UBR2, known as the recognition component of a major cellular proteolytic system, is associated with chromatin and controls chromatin dynamics and gene expression in both germ cells and somatic cells.
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48
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La Salle S, Palmer K, O'Brien M, Schimenti JC, Eppig J, Handel MA. Spata22, a novel vertebrate-specific gene, is required for meiotic progress in mouse germ cells. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:45. [PMID: 22011390 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.095752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced repro42 mutation, identified by a forward genetics strategy, causes both male and female infertility, with no other apparent phenotypes. Positional cloning led to the discovery of a nonsense mutation in Spata22, a hitherto uncharacterized gene conserved among bony vertebrates. Expression of both transcript and protein is restricted predominantly to germ cells of both sexes. Germ cells of repro42 mutant mice express Spata22 transcript, but not SPATA22 protein. Gametogenesis is profoundly affected by the mutation, and germ cells in repro42 mutant mice do not progress beyond early meiotic prophase, with subsequent germ cell loss in both males and females. The Spata22 gene is essential for one or more key events of early meiotic prophase, as homologous chromosomes of mutant germ cells do not achieve normal synapsis or repair meiotic DNA double-strand breaks. The repro42 mutation thus identifies a novel mammalian germ cell-specific gene required for meiotic progression.
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49
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Jan SZ, Hamer G, Repping S, de Rooij DG, van Pelt AMM, Vormer TL. Molecular control of rodent spermatogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1838-50. [PMID: 22366765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process that ultimately generates mature spermatozoa. This process involves a phase of proliferative expansion, meiosis, and cytodifferentiation. Mouse models have been widely used to study spermatogenesis and have revealed many genes and molecular mechanisms that are crucial in this process. Although meiosis is generally considered as the most crucial phase of spermatogenesis, mouse models have shown that pre-meiotic and post-meiotic phases are equally important. Using knowledge generated from mouse models and in vitro studies, the current review provides an overview of the molecular control of rodent spermatogenesis. Finally, we briefly relate this knowledge to fertility problems in humans and discuss implications for future research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular Genetics of Human Reproductive Failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Z Jan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Fukuda T, Pratto F, Schimenti JC, Turner JMA, Camerini-Otero RD, Höög C. Phosphorylation of chromosome core components may serve as axis marks for the status of chromosomal events during mammalian meiosis. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002485. [PMID: 22346761 PMCID: PMC3276554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination and chromosome synapsis between homologous chromosomes are essential for proper chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. While recombination and synapsis, as well as checkpoints that monitor these two events, take place in the context of a prophase I-specific axial chromosome structure, it remains unclear how chromosome axis components contribute to these processes. We show here that many protein components of the meiotic chromosome axis, including SYCP2, SYCP3, HORMAD1, HORMAD2, SMC3, STAG3, and REC8, become post-translationally modified by phosphorylation during the prophase I stage. We found that HORMAD1 and SMC3 are phosphorylated at a consensus site for the ATM/ATR checkpoint kinase and that the phosphorylated forms of HORMAD1 and SMC3 localize preferentially to unsynapsed chromosomal regions where synapsis has not yet occurred, but not to synapsed or desynapsed regions. We investigated the genetic requirements for the phosphorylation events and revealed that the phosphorylation levels of HORMAD1, HORMAD2, and SMC3 are dramatically reduced in the absence of initiation of meiotic recombination, whereas BRCA1 and SYCP3 are required for normal levels of phosphorylation of HORMAD1 and HORMAD2, but not of SMC3. Interestingly, reduced HORMAD1 and HORMAD2 phosphorylation is associated with impaired targeting of the MSUC (meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin) machinery to unsynapsed chromosomes, suggesting that these post-translational events contribute to the regulation of the synapsis surveillance system. We propose that modifications of chromosome axis components serve as signals that facilitate chromosomal events including recombination, checkpoint control, transcription, and synapsis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Fukuda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (TF); (CH)
| | - Florencia Pratto
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John C. Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - James M. A. Turner
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Daniel Camerini-Otero
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christer Höög
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (TF); (CH)
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