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Maier D, Bauer M, Boger M, Sanchez Jimenez A, Yuan Z, Fechner J, Scharpf J, Kovall RA, Preiss A, Nagel AC. Genetic and Molecular Interactions between HΔCT, a Novel Allele of the Notch Antagonist Hairless, and the Histone Chaperone Asf1 in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:205. [PMID: 36672946 PMCID: PMC9858708 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation relies on the highly conserved Notch signaling pathway. Notch activity induces gene expression changes that are highly sensitive to chromatin landscape. We address Notch gene regulation using Drosophila as a model, focusing on the genetic and molecular interactions between the Notch antagonist Hairless and the histone chaperone Asf1. Earlier work implied that Asf1 promotes the silencing of Notch target genes via Hairless (H). Here, we generate a novel HΔCT allele by genome engineering. Phenotypically, HΔCT behaves as a Hairless gain of function allele in several developmental contexts, indicating that the conserved CT domain of H has an attenuator role under native biological contexts. Using several independent methods to assay protein-protein interactions, we define the sequences of the CT domain that are involved in Hairless-Asf1 binding. Based on previous models, where Asf1 promotes Notch repression via Hairless, a loss of Asf1 binding should reduce Hairless repressive activity. However, tissue-specific Asf1 overexpression phenotypes are increased, not rescued, in the HΔCT background. Counterintuitively, Hairless protein binding mitigates the repressive activity of Asf1 in the context of eye development. These findings highlight the complex connections of Notch repressors and chromatin modulators during Notch target-gene regulation and open the avenue for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Milena Bauer
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mike Boger
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13–17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna Sanchez Jimenez
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Yuan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building 2201, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Johannes Fechner
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Genetics (IBMG), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Janika Scharpf
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rhett A. Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building 2201, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anette Preiss
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja C. Nagel
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Hale C, Moulton JK, Otis Y, Ganter G. ARMADILLO REGULATES NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF INJURY. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221111155. [PMID: 35712882 PMCID: PMC9500252 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal pain has recently been estimated to affect ∼50 million adults each year within the United States. With many treatment options for abnormal pain, such as opioid analgesics, carrying numerous deleterious side effects, research into safer and more effective treatment options is crucial. To help elucidate the mechanisms controlling nociceptive sensitivity, the Drosophila melanogaster larval nociception model has been used to characterize well-conserved pathways through the use of genetic modification and/or injury to alter the sensitivity of experimental animals. Mammalian models have provided evidence of β-catenin signaling involvement in neuropathic pain development. By capitalizing on the conserved nature of β-catenin functions in the fruit fly, here we describe a role for Armadillo, the fly homolog to mammalian β-catenin, in regulating baseline sensitivity in the primary nociceptor of the fly, in the absence of injury, using under- and over-expression of Armadillo in a cell-specific manner. Underexpression of Armadillo resulted in hyposensitivity, while overexpression of wild-type Armadillo or expression of a degradation-resistant Armadillo resulted in hypersensitivity. Neither underexpression nor overexpression of Armadillo resulted in observed dendritic morphological changes that could contribute to behavioral phenotypes observed. These results showed that focused manipulation of Armadillo expression within the nociceptors is sufficient to modulate baseline response in the nociceptors to a noxious stimulus and that these changes are not shown to be associated with a morphogenetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering6251University of Maine System
| | | | - Yvonne Otis
- School of Biological Sciences172741University of New England College of Arts and Sciences
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Guo X, Huang H, Yang Z, Cai T, Xi R. Division of Labor: Roles of Groucho and CtBP in Notch-Mediated Lateral Inhibition that Controls Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation in Drosophila. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1007-1023. [PMID: 30982741 PMCID: PMC6523041 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cell (ISC) differentiation in the Drosophila midgut requires Delta/Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, which separates the fate of ISCs from differentiating enteroblasts (EBs). Although a canonical Notch signaling cascade is involved in the lateral inhibition, its regulation at the transcriptional level is still unclear. Here we show that the establishment of lateral inhibition between ISC-EB requires two evolutionarily conserved transcriptional co-repressors Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) that act differently. Gro functions in EBs with E(spl)-C proteins to suppress Delta expression, inhibit cell-cycle re-entry, and promote cell differentiation, whereas CtBP functions specifically in ISCs to mediate transcriptional repression of Su(H) targets and maintain ISC fate. Interestingly, several E(spl)-C genes are also expressed in ISCs that cooperate with Gro to inhibit cell proliferation. Collectively, our study demonstrates separable and cell-type-specific functions of Gro and CtBP in a lateral inhibition process that controls the proliferation and differentiation of tissue stem cells. Gro and CtBP are required for lateral inhibition between ISC and EB in fly midgut Gro cooperates with E(spl)-C factors in EBs to promote differentiation CtBP cooperates with Hairless in ISCs to maintain stem cell fate Gro and E(spl)-C mediate baseline Notch activity and thereby restrict ISC division
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Turki-Judeh W, Courey AJ. The unconserved groucho central region is essential for viability and modulates target gene specificity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30610. [PMID: 22319573 PMCID: PMC3272004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Groucho (Gro) is a Drosophila corepressor required by numerous DNA-binding repressors, many of which are distributed in gradients and provide positional information during development. Gro contains well-conserved domains at its N- and C-termini, and a poorly conserved central region that includes the GP, CcN, and SP domains. All lethal point mutations in gro map to the conserved regions, leading to speculation that the unconserved central domains are dispensable. However, our sequence analysis suggests that the central domains are disordered leading us to suspect that the lack of lethal mutations in this region reflects a lack of order rather than an absence of essential functions. In support of this conclusion, genomic rescue experiments with Gro deletion variants demonstrate that the GP and CcN domains are required for viability. Misexpression assays using these same deletion variants show that the SP domain prevents unrestrained and promiscuous repression by Gro, while the GP and CcN domains are indispensable for repression. Deletion of the GP domain leads to loss of nuclear import, while deletion of the CcN domain leads to complete loss of repression. Changes in Gro activity levels reset the threshold concentrations at which graded repressors silence target gene expression. We conclude that co-regulators such as Gro are not simply permissive components of the repression machinery, but cooperate with graded DNA-binding factors in setting borders of gene expression. We suspect that disorder in the Gro central domains may provide the flexibility that allows this region to mediate multiple interactions required for repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Turki-Judeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Albert J. Courey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pérez L, Barrio L, Cano D, Fiuza UM, Muzzopappa M, Milán M. Enhancer-PRE communication contributes to the expansion of gene expression domains in proliferating primordia. Development 2011; 138:3125-34. [PMID: 21715425 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trithorax-group and Polycomb-group proteins interact with chromosomal elements, termed PRE/TREs, to ensure stable heritable maintenance of the transcriptional state of nearby genes. Regulatory elements that bind both groups of proteins are termed maintenance elements (MEs). Some of these MEs maintain the initial activated transcriptional state of a nearby reporter gene through several rounds of mitosis during development. Here, we show that expression of hedgehog in the posterior compartment of the Drosophila wing results from the communication between a previously defined ME and a nearby cis-regulatory element termed the C enhancer. The C enhancer integrates the activities of the Notch and Hedgehog signalling pathways and, from the early wing primordium stage, drives expression to a thin stripe in the posterior compartment that corresponds to the dorsal-ventral compartment boundary. The ME maintains the initial activated transcriptional state conferred by the C enhancer and contributes to the expansion, by growth, of its expression domain throughout the posterior compartment. Communication between the ME and the C enhancer also contributes to repression of gene expression in anterior cells. Most interestingly, we present evidence that enhancers and MEs of different genes are interchangeable modules whose communication is involved in restricting and expanding the domains of gene expression. Our results emphasize the modular role of MEs in regulation of gene expression within growing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pérez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelon), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating hedgehog expression in the Drosophila wing. Dev Biol 2009; 327:508-15. [PMID: 19210960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable subdivision of Drosophila limbs into Anterior (A) and Posterior (P) compartments is a consequence of asymmetric signaling by Hedgehog (Hh) from P to A cells. The activity of the homeodomain protein Engrailed (En) in P cells has been reported to help to generate this asymmetry by inducing the expression of hedgehog and simultaneously repressing the expression of the essential downstream component of the Hh signaling pathway Cubitus interruptus (Ci). In A cells, Ci has a major role in the repression of hh. Here we have revised the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of hh in the P compartment. First, we present evidence that hh expression in P cells is a consequence of the repression of ci by the activity of En. Thus, in the absence of Ci and En activities, cells do express hh. We also present data supporting the maintenance of hh expression in P cells through epigenetic mechanisms, and a permissive role of Notch signaling in this process. Notch and Trithorax (TrxG) group of proteins exert their action through a previously defined hh Polycomb Responsive Element (PRE).
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Bejarano F, Pérez L, Apidianakis Y, Delidakis C, Milán M. Hedgehog restricts its expression domain in the Drosophila wing. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:778-83. [PMID: 17571073 PMCID: PMC1978085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable subdivision of Drosophila limbs into anterior and posterior compartments is a consequence of asymmetrical signalling by Hedgehog (Hh), from the posterior to anterior cells. The activity of the homeodomain protein Engrailed in posterior cells helps to generate this asymmetry by inducing the expression of Hh in the posterior compartment and, at the same time, repressing the expression of the essential downstream component Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Therefore, only anterior cells that receive the Hh signal across the compartment boundary will respond by stabilizing Ci. Here, we describe a new molecular mechanism that helps to maintain the Hh-expressing and Hh-responding cells in different non-overlapping cell populations. Master of thickveins (mtv) - a target of Hh activity encoding a nuclear zinc-finger protein - is required to repress hh expression in anterior cells. Mtv exerts this action in a protein complex with Groucho (Gro) - the founding member of a superfamily of transcriptional corepressors that are conserved throughout eukaryotes. Therefore, Hh restricts its own expression domain in the Drosophila wing through the activity of Mtv and Gro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bejarano
- ICREA and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Pérez
- ICREA and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas and Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas and Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marco Milán
- ICREA and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Tel: +34 93 4034902; Fax: +34 93 4037109; E-mail:
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9
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Blagburn JM. Co-factors and co-repressors of Engrailed: expression in the central nervous system and cerci of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:177-87. [PMID: 17024417 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the larval cockroach (Periplaneta americana), knockout of Engrailed (En) in the medial sensory neurons of the cercal sensory system changes their axonal arborization and synaptic specificity. Immunocytochemistry has been used to investigate whether the co-repressor Groucho (Gro; vertebrate homolog: TLE) and the co-factor Extradenticle (Exd; vertebrate homolog: Pbx) are expressed in the cercal system. Gro/TLE is expressed ubiquitously in cell nuclei in the embryo, except for the distal pleuropodia. Gro is expressed in all nuclei of the thoracic and abdominal central nervous system (CNS) of first instar larva, although some neurons express less Gro than others. Cercal sensory neurons express Gro protein, which might therefore act as a co-repressor with En. Exd/Pbx is expressed in the proximal portion of all segmental appendages in the embryo, with the exception of the cerci. In the first instar CNS, Exd protein is expressed in subsets of neurons (including dorsal unpaired medial neurons) in the thoracic ganglia, in the first two abdominal ganglia, and in neuromeres A8-A11 of the terminal ganglion. Exd is absent from the cerci. Because Ultrabithorax/Abdominal-A (Ubx/Abd-A) can substitute for Exd as En co-factors in Drosophila, Ubx/Abd-A immunoreactivity has also been investigated. Ubx/Abd-A immunostaining is present in abdominal segments of the embryo and first instar CNS as far caudal as A7 and faintly in the T3 segment. However, Ubx/Abd-A is absent in the cerci and their neurons. Thus, in contrast to its role in Drosophila segmentation, En does not require the co-factors Exd or Ubx/Abd-A in order to control the synaptic specificity of cockroach sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Blagburn
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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10
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Abstract
Drosophila Groucho (Gro) is a member of a family of metazoan corepressors with widespread roles in development. Previous studies indicated that a conserved domain in Gro, termed the Q domain, was required for repression in cultured cells and mediated homotetramerization. Evidence presented here suggests that the Q domain contains two coiled-coil motifs required for oligomerization and repression in vivo. Mutagenesis of the putative hydrophobic faces of these motifs, but not of the hydrophilic faces, prevents the formation of both tetramers and higher order oligomers. Mutagenesis of the hydrophobic faces of both coiled-coil motifs in the context of a Gal4-Gro fusion protein prevents repression of a Gal4-responsive reporter in S2 cells, while mutagenesis of a single motif weakens repression. The finding that the repression directed by the single mutants depends on endogenous wild-type Gro further supports the idea that oligomerization plays a role in repression. Overexpression in the fly of forms of Gro able to oligomerize, but not of a form of Gro unable to oligomerize, results in developmental defects and ectopic repression of Gro target genes in the wing disk. Although the function of several corepressors is suspected to involve oligomerization, these studies represent one of the first direct links between corepressor oligomerization and repression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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Maurange C, Paro R. A cellular memory module conveys epigenetic inheritance of hedgehog expression during Drosophila wing imaginal disc development. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2672-83. [PMID: 12381666 PMCID: PMC187463 DOI: 10.1101/gad.242702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the Trithorax-group (trxG) and Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins interact with chromosomal elements, termed Cellular Memory Modules (CMMs). By modifying chromatin, this ensures a stable heritable maintenance of the transcriptional state of developmental regulators, like the homeotic genes, that is defined embryonically. We asked whether such CMMs could also control expression of genes involved in patterning imaginal discs during larval development. Our results demonstrate that expression of the hedgehog gene, once activated, is maintained by a CMM. In addition, our experiments indicate that the switching of such CMMs to an active state during larval stages, in contrast to embryonic stages, may require specific trans-activators. Our results suggest that the patterning of cells in particular developmental fields in the imaginal discs does not only rely on external cues from morphogens, but also depends on the previous history of the cells, as the control by CMMs ensures a preformatted gene expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Maurange
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Do tumours arise from stem cells, or are they derived from more differentiated cells that, for some reason, begin to recapitulate developmental programmes? Inappropriate activation of the Sonic hedgehog-Gli signalling pathway occurs in several types of tumour, including those of the brain and the skin. Studies in these and other systems suggest that inappropriate function of the Gli transcription factors in stem or precursor cells might lead to the onset of a tumorigenic programme and that these factors are prime targets for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ruiz i Altaba
- The Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
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