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Krasovec G, Frank U. Apoptosis-dependent head development during metamorphosis of the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Dev Biol 2024; 516:148-157. [PMID: 39163924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a regulated cell death that depends on caspases. It has mainly been studied as a mechanism for the removal of unwanted cells. However, apoptotic cells can induce fate or behavior changes of their neighbors and thereby participate in development. Here, we address the functions of apoptosis during metamorphosis of the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. We describe the apoptotic profile during metamorphosis of the larva and identify Caspase3/7a, but no other executioner caspases, as essential for apoptosis in this context. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we find that apoptosis is required for normal head development. Inhibition of apoptosis resulted in defects in head morphogenesis. Neurogenesis was compromised in the body column of apoptosis-inhibited animals but there was no effect on the survival or proliferation of stem cells, suggesting that apoptosis is required for cellular commitment rather than for the maintenance of their progenitors. Differential transcriptomic analysis identifies TRAF genes as downregulated in apoptosis-inhibited larvae and functional experiments provide evidence that they are essential for head development. Finally, we find no major role for apoptosis in head regeneration in this animal, in contrast to the significance of apoptosis in Hydra head regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Krasovec
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Uri Frank
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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2
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Kozlovski I, Jaimes-Becerra A, Sharoni T, Lewandowska M, Karmi O, Moran Y. Induction of apoptosis by double-stranded RNA was present in the last common ancestor of cnidarian and bilaterian animals. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012320. [PMID: 39012849 PMCID: PMC11251625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a major form of programmed cell death, is an essential component of host defense against invading intracellular pathogens. Viruses encode inhibitors of apoptosis to evade host responses during infection, and to support their own replication and survival. Therefore, hosts and their viruses are entangled in a constant evolutionary arms race to control apoptosis. Until now, apoptosis in the context of the antiviral immune system has been almost exclusively studied in vertebrates. This limited phyletic sampling makes it impossible to determine whether a similar mechanism existed in the last common ancestor of animals. Here, we established assays to probe apoptosis in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a model species of Cnidaria, a phylum that diverged approximately 600 million years ago from the rest of animals. We show that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic long double-stranded RNA mimicking viral RNA and a primary ligand for the vertebrate RLR melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), is sufficient to induce apoptosis in N. vectensis. Furthermore, at the transcriptomic level, apoptosis related genes are significantly enriched upon poly(I:C) exposure in N. vectensis as well as bilaterian invertebrates. Our phylogenetic analysis of caspase family genes in N. vectensis reveals conservation of all four caspase genes involved in apoptosis in mammals and revealed a cnidarian-specific caspase gene which was strongly upregulated. Altogether, our findings suggest that apoptosis in response to a viral challenge is a functionally conserved mechanism that can be traced back to the last common ancestor of Bilateria and Cnidaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Kozlovski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adrian Jaimes-Becerra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ton Sharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Magda Lewandowska
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ola Karmi
- Research Infrastructure Facility, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Muscular hydraulics drive larva-polyp morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4707-4718.e8. [PMID: 36115340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development is a highly dynamic process in which organisms often experience changes in both form and behavior, which are typically coupled to each other. However, little is known about how organismal-scale behaviors such as body contractility and motility impact morphogenesis. Here, we use the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis as a developmental model to uncover a mechanistic link between organismal size, shape, and behavior. Using quantitative live imaging in a large population of developing animals, combined with molecular and biophysical experiments, we demonstrate that the muscular-hydraulic machinery that controls body movement also drives larva-polyp morphogenesis. We show that organismal size largely depends on cavity inflation through fluid uptake, whereas body shape is constrained by the organization of the muscular system. The generation of ethograms identifies different trajectories of size and shape development in sessile and motile animals, which display distinct patterns of body contractions. With a simple theoretical model, we conceptualize how pressures generated by muscular hydraulics can act as a global mechanical regulator that coordinates tissue remodeling. Altogether, our findings illustrate how organismal contractility and motility behaviors can influence morphogenesis.
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Quiroga-Artigas G, de Jong D, Schnitzler CE. GNL3 is an evolutionarily conserved stem cell gene influencing cell proliferation, animal growth and regeneration in the hydrozoan Hydractinia. Open Biol 2022; 12:220120. [PMID: 36069077 PMCID: PMC9449814 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a vertebrate gene preferentially expressed in stem and cancer cells, which acts to regulate cell cycle progression, genome stability and ribosome biogenesis. NS and its paralogous gene, GNL3-like (GNL3L), arose in the vertebrate clade after a duplication event from their orthologous gene, G protein Nucleolar 3 (GNL3). Research on invertebrate GNL3, however, has been limited. To gain a greater understanding of the evolution and functions of the GNL3 gene, we have performed studies in the hydrozoan cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, a colonial hydroid that continuously generates pluripotent stem cells throughout its life cycle and presents impressive regenerative abilities. We show that Hydractinia GNL3 is expressed in stem and germline cells. The knockdown of GNL3 reduces the number of mitotic and S-phase cells in Hydractinia larvae of different ages. Genome editing of Hydractinia GNL3 via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in colonies with reduced growth rates, polyps with impaired regeneration capabilities, gonadal morphological defects, and low sperm motility. Collectively, our study shows that GNL3 is an evolutionarily conserved stem cell and germline gene involved in cell proliferation, animal growth, regeneration and sexual reproduction in Hydractinia, and sheds new light into the evolution of GNL3 and of stem cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Quiroga-Artigas
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Christine E Schnitzler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Krasovec G, Pottin K, Rosello M, Quéinnec É, Chambon JP. Apoptosis and cell proliferation during metamorphosis of the planula larva of Clytia hemisphaerica (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1739-1758. [PMID: 34036636 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metamorphosis in marine species is characterized by profound changes at the ecophysiological, morphological, and cellular levels. The cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica exhibits a triphasic life cycle that includes a planula larva, a colonial polyp, and a sexually reproductive medusa. Most studies so far have focused on the embryogenesis of this species, whereas its metamorphosis has been only partially studied. RESULTS We investigated the main morphological changes of the planula larva of Clytia during the metamorphosis, and the associated cell proliferation and apoptosis. Based on our observations of planulae at successive times following artificial metamorphosis induction using GLWamide, we subdivided the Clytia's metamorphosis into a series of eight morphological stages occurring during a pre-settlement phase (from metamorphosis induction to planula ready for settlement) and the post-settlement phase (from planula settlement to primary polyp). Drastic morphological changes prior to definitive adhesion to the substrate were accompanied by specific patterns of stem-cell proliferation as well as apoptosis in both ectoderm and endoderm. Further waves of apoptosis occurring once the larva has settled were associated with morphogenesis of the primary polyp. CONCLUSION Clytia larval metamorphosis is characterized by distinct patterns of apoptosis and cell proliferation during the pre-settlement phase and the settled planula-to-polyp transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Krasovec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Karen Pottin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Rosello
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Éric Quéinnec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chambon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Krasovec G, Robine K, Quéinnec E, Karaiskou A, Chambon J. Ci-hox12 tail gradient precedes and participates in the control of the apoptotic-dependent tail regression during Ciona larva metamorphosis. Dev Biol 2019; 448:237-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Burmistrova YA, Osadchenko BV, Bolshakov FV, Kraus YA, Kosevich IA. Embryonic development of thecate hydrozoanGonothyraea loveni(Allman, 1859). Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:483-501. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Burmistrova
- Biological Faculty; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Boris V. Osadchenko
- Biological Faculty; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Fedor V. Bolshakov
- Biological Faculty; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Yulia A. Kraus
- Biological Faculty; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Igor A. Kosevich
- Biological Faculty; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
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8
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Osadchenko BV, Kraus YA. Trachylina: The Group That Remains Enigmatic Despite 150 Years of Investigations. Russ J Dev Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Ross C, Fogarty ND, Ritson-Williams R, Paul VJ. Interspecific Variation in Coral Settlement and Fertilization Success in Response to Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:206-218. [PMID: 29553820 DOI: 10.1086/696215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is involved in the regulation of numerous reproductive and morphogenic processes across an array of taxa. Extracellular H2O2 can be widespread in oceanic waters, and elevated sea surface temperatures can cause increased levels of intracellular H2O2 within cnidarian tissue, but it remains unclear how this compound affects early life-history processes in corals, such as fertilization, metamorphosis, and settlement. To evaluate the effects of H2O2 on multiple stages of recruitment, experiments were conducted using Caribbean corals with various reproductive modes, including the brooders Porites astreoides and Favia fragum and the broadcast-spawning species Acropora palmata and Orbicella franksi. H2O2 accelerated settlement in all brooding species tested. Concentrations of 1000 µmol l-1 H2O2 caused close to 100% settlement in all larval age classes, regardless of exposure duration. As larvae aged, the required threshold of H2O2 capable of inducing settlement decreased. In contrast, H2O2 concentrations of 100 µmol l-1 or greater caused a significant reduction in metamorphosis and settlement in the larvae of spawners. Furthermore, fertilization of their gametes was inhibited in the presence of H2O2 concentrations as low as 100 µmol l-1. In Porites astreoides larvae, internal levels of H2O2 reached a maximal value of 75 µmol l-1 following 48 h of incubation at 31 °C. This concentration was found to significantly alter settlement rates in both brooding coral species and likely induced a cellular cascade in the settlement signaling pathway. The results of this study suggest that temperature stress influences H2O2 production, which in turn impacts coral settlement. While it is unlikely that the current levels of externally derived concentrations of oceanic H2O2 are affecting coral larvae, internal concentrations (produced under heat stress) have the capacity to impact recruitment under a changing climate.
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10
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Cell tracking supports secondary gastrulation in the moon jellyfish Aurelia. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:383-387. [PMID: 27535146 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The moon jellyfish Aurelia exhibits a dramatic reorganization of tissue during its metamorphosis from planula larva to polyp. There are currently two competing hypotheses regarding the fate of embryonic germ layers during this metamorphosis. In one scenario, the original endoderm undergoes apoptosis and is replaced by a secondary endoderm derived from ectodermal cells. In the second scenario, both ectoderm and endoderm remain intact through development. In this study, we performed a pulse-chase experiment to trace the fate of larval ectodermal cells. We observed that prior to metamorphosis, ectodermal cells that proliferated early in larval development concentrate at the future oral end of the polyp. During metamorphosis, these cells migrate into the endoderm, extending all the way to the aboral portion of the gut. We therefore reject the hypothesis that larval endoderm remains intact during metamorphosis and provide additional support for the "secondary gastrulation" hypothesis. Aurelia appears to offer the first and only described case where a cnidarian derives its endoderm twice during normal development, adding to a growing body of evidence that germ layers can be dramatically reorganized in cnidarian life cycles.
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11
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Leclère L, Copley RR, Momose T, Houliston E. Hydrozoan insights in animal development and evolution. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Kaczanowski S. Apoptosis: its origin, history, maintenance and the medical implications for cancer and aging. Phys Biol 2016; 13:031001. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/13/3/031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Moya A, Sakamaki K, Mason BM, Huisman L, Forêt S, Weiss Y, Bull TE, Tomii K, Imai K, Hayward DC, Ball EE, Miller DJ. Functional conservation of the apoptotic machinery from coral to man: the diverse and complex Bcl-2 and caspase repertoires of Acropora millepora. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:62. [PMID: 26772977 PMCID: PMC4715348 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptotic cell death is a defining and ubiquitous characteristic of metazoans, but its evolutionary origins are unclear. Although Caenorhabditis and Drosophila played key roles in establishing the molecular bases of apoptosis, it is now clear that cell death pathways of these animals do not reflect ancestral characteristics. Conversely, recent work suggests that the apoptotic networks of cnidarians may be complex and vertebrate-like, hence characterization of the apoptotic complement of representatives of the basal cnidarian class Anthozoa will help us to understand the evolution of the vertebrate apoptotic network. Results We describe the Bcl-2 and caspase protein repertoires of the coral Acropora millepora, making use of the comprehensive transcriptomic data available for this species. Molecular phylogenetics indicates that some Acropora proteins are orthologs of specific mammalian pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, but the relationships of other Bcl-2 and caspases are unclear. The pro- or anti-apoptotic activities of coral Bcl-2 proteins were investigated by expression in mammalian cells, and the results imply functional conservation of the effector/anti-apoptotic machinery despite limited sequence conservation in the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. A novel caspase type (“Caspase-X”), containing both inactive and active caspase domains, was identified in Acropora and appears to be restricted to corals. When expressed in mammalian cells, full-length caspase-X caused loss of viability, and a truncated version containing only the active domain was more effective in inducing cell death, suggesting that the inactive domain might modulate activity in the full-length protein. Structure prediction suggests that the active and inactive caspase domains in caspase-X are likely to interact, resulting in a structure resembling that of the active domain in procaspase-8 and the inactive caspase domain in the mammalian c-FLIP anti-apoptotic factor. Conclusions The data presented here confirm that many of the basic mechanisms involved in both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were in place in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. With the identification of most or all of the repertoires of coral Bcl-2 and caspases, our results not only provide new perspectives on the evolution of apoptotic pathways, but also a framework for future experimental studies towards a complete understanding of coral bleaching mechanisms, in which apoptotic cell death might be involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2355-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Moya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Kazuhiro Sakamaki
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Benjamin M Mason
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia. .,Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Lotte Huisman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia. .,Section of Computational Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia. .,Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Bldg. 46, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
| | - Yvonne Weiss
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia. .,Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Tara E Bull
- Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.
| | - David C Hayward
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Bldg. 46, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
| | - Eldon E Ball
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia. .,Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Bldg. 46, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
| | - David J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia. .,Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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Sakamaki K, Imai K, Tomii K, Miller DJ. Evolutionary analyses of caspase-8 and its paralogs: Deep origins of the apoptotic signaling pathways. Bioessays 2015; 37:767-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakamaki
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology; Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tokyo Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tokyo Japan
| | - David J. Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
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15
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Pinzón JH, Kamel B, Burge CA, Harvell CD, Medina M, Weil E, Mydlarz LD. Whole transcriptome analysis reveals changes in expression of immune-related genes during and after bleaching in a reef-building coral. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:140214. [PMID: 26064625 PMCID: PMC4448857 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is negatively affecting the stability of natural ecosystems, especially coral reefs. The dissociation of the symbiosis between reef-building corals and their algal symbiont, or coral bleaching, has been linked to increased sea surface temperatures. Coral bleaching has significant impacts on corals, including an increase in disease outbreaks that can permanently change the entire reef ecosystem. Yet, little is known about the impacts of coral bleaching on the coral immune system. In this study, whole transcriptome analysis of the coral holobiont and each of the associate components (i.e. coral host, algal symbiont and other associated microorganisms) was used to determine changes in gene expression in corals affected by a natural bleaching event as well as during the recovery phase. The main findings include evidence that the coral holobiont and the coral host have different responses to bleaching, and the host immune system appears suppressed even a year after a bleaching event. These results support the hypothesis that coral bleaching changes the expression of innate immune genes of corals, and these effects can last even after recovery of symbiont populations. Research on the role of immunity on coral's resistance to stressors can help make informed predictions on the future of corals and coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H. Pinzón
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76016, USA
- Author for correspondence: Jorge H. Pinzón e-mail:
| | - Bishoy Kamel
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - C. Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico—Mayagüez, La Parguera, PR 00865, USA
| | - Laura D. Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76016, USA
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Libro S, Kaluziak ST, Vollmer SV. RNA-seq profiles of immune related genes in the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis infected with white band disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81821. [PMID: 24278460 PMCID: PMC3836749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral diseases are among the most serious threats to coral reefs worldwide, yet most coral diseases remain poorly understood. How the coral host responds to pathogen infection is an area where very little is known. Here we used next-generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to produce a transcriptome-wide profile of the immune response of the Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis to White Band Disease (WBD) by comparing infected versus healthy (asymptomatic) coral tissues. The transcriptome of A. cervicornis was assembled de novo from A-tail selected Illumina mRNA-seq data from whole coral tissues, and parsed bioinformatically into coral and non-coral transcripts using existing Acropora genomes in order to identify putative coral transcripts. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified in the coral and non-coral datasets to identify genes that were up- and down-regulated due to disease infection. RNA-seq analyses indicate that infected corals exhibited significant changes in gene expression across 4% (1,805 out of 47,748 transcripts) of the coral transcriptome. The primary response to infection included transcripts involved in macrophage-mediated pathogen recognition and ROS production, two hallmarks of phagocytosis, as well as key mediators of apoptosis and calcium homeostasis. The strong up-regulation of the enzyme allene oxide synthase-lipoxygenase suggests a key role of the allene oxide pathway in coral immunity. Interestingly, none of the three primary innate immune pathways - Toll-like receptors (TLR), Complement, and prophenoloxydase pathways, were strongly associated with the response of A. cervicornis to infection. Five-hundred and fifty differentially expressed non-coral transcripts were classified as metazoan (n = 84), algal or plant (n = 52), fungi (n = 24) and protozoans (n = 13). None of the 52 putative Symbiodinium or algal transcript had any clear immune functions indicating that the immune response is driven by the coral host, and not its algal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Libro
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefan T. Kaluziak
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven V. Vollmer
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
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17
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Responses to high seawater temperatures in zooxanthellate octocorals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54989. [PMID: 23405104 PMCID: PMC3566138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) as a result of global warming have caused reef-building scleractinian corals to bleach worldwide, a result of the loss of obligate endosymbiotic zooxanthellae. Since the 1980's, bleaching severity and frequency has increased, in some cases causing mass mortality of corals. Earlier experiments have demonstrated that zooxanthellae in scleractinian corals from three families from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Faviidae, Poritidae, and Acroporidae) are more sensitive to heat stress than their hosts, exhibiting differential symptoms of programmed cell death - apoptosis and necrosis. Most zooxanthellar phylotypes are dying during expulsion upon release from the host. The host corals appear to be adapted or exapted to the heat increases. We attempt to determine whether this adaptation/exaptation occurs in octocorals by examining the heat-sensitivities of zooxanthellae and their host octocoral alcyonacean soft corals - Sarcophyton ehrenbergi (Alcyoniidae), Sinularia lochmodes (Alcyoniidae), and Xenia elongata (Xeniidae), species from two different families. The soft coral holobionts were subjected to experimental seawater temperatures of 28, 30, 32, 34, and 36°C for 48 hrs. Host and zooxanthellar cells were examined for viability, apoptosis, and necrosis (in hospite and expelled) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescent microscopy (FM), and flow cytometry (FC). As experimental temperatures increased, zooxanthellae generally exhibited apoptotic and necrotic symptoms at lower temperatures than host cells and were expelled. Responses varied species-specifically. Soft coral hosts were adapted/exapted to higher seawater temperatures than their zooxanthellae. As with the scleractinians, the zooxanthellae appear to be the limiting factor for survival of the holobiont in the groups tested, in this region. These limits have now been shown to operate in six species within five families and two orders of the Cnidaria in the western Pacific. We hypothesize that this relationship may have taxonomic implications for other obligate zooxanthellate cnidarians subject to bleaching.
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Buss LW, Anderson C, Westerman E, Kritzberger C, Poudyal M, Moreno MA, Lakkis FG. Allorecognition triggers autophagy and subsequent necrosis in the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48914. [PMID: 23145018 PMCID: PMC3493586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitory fusion is an allorecognition phenotype displayed by the colonial hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus when interacting colonies share some, but not all, loci within the allorecognition gene complex (ARC). The phenotype is characterized by an initial fusion followed by subsequent cell death resulting in separation of the two incompatible colonies. We here characterize this cell death process using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and continuous in vivo digital microscopy. These techniques reveal widespread autophagy and subsequent necrosis in both colony and grafted polyp assays. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and ultrastructural observations revealed no evidence of apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) completely suppressed transitory fusion in vivo in colony assays. Rapamycin did not have a significant effect in the same assays. These results establish the hydroid allorecognition system as a novel model for the study of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Buss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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19
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Mayorova TD, Kosevich IA, Melekhova OP. On some features of embryonic development and metamorphosis of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Duffy DJ. Instructive reconstruction: a new role for apoptosis in pattern formation. Instructive apoptotic patterning establishes de novo tissue generation via the apoptosis linked production of morphogenic signals. Bioessays 2012; 34:561-4. [PMID: 22488101 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is not only involved in patterning by removal of tissue (destructive apoptotic patterning), but it can also function in signalling the site of de novo tissue generation via morphogenic signals (instructive apoptotic patterning).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Duffy
- Systems Biology Ireland, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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21
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A heat shock protein and Wnt signaling crosstalk during axial patterning and stem cell proliferation. Dev Biol 2011; 362:271-81. [PMID: 22155526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Both Wnt signaling and heat shock proteins play important roles in development and disease. As such, they have been widely, though separately, studied. Here we show a link between a heat shock protein and Wnt signaling in a member of the basal phylum, Cnidaria. A heat shock at late gastrulation in the clonal marine hydrozoan, Hydractinia, interferes with axis development, specifically inhibiting head development, while aboral structures remain unaffected. The heat treatment upregulated Hsc71, a constitutive Hsp70 related gene, followed by a transient upregulation, and long-term downregulation, of Wnt signaling components. Downregulating Hsc71 by RNAi in heat-shocked animals rescued these defects, resulting in normal head development. Transgenic animals, ectopically expressing Hsc71, had similar developmental abnormalities as heat-shocked animals in terms of both morphology and Wnt3 expression. We also found that Hsc71 is upregulated in response to ectopic Wnt activation, but only in the context of stem cell proliferation and not in head development. Hsc71's normal expression is consistent with a conserved role in mitosis and apoptosis inhibition. Our results demonstrate a hitherto unknown crosstalk between heat shock proteins and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This link likely has important implications in understanding normal development, congenital defects and cancer biology.
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22
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The biology of coral metamorphosis: Molecular responses of larvae to inducers of settlement and metamorphosis. Dev Biol 2011; 353:411-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Evidence for an instructive role of apoptosis during the metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa). ZOOLOGY 2011; 114:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Neuronal cell death during metamorphosis of Hydractina echinata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2010; 10:77-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10158-010-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Lasi M, Pauly B, Schmidt N, Cikala M, Stiening B, Käsbauer T, Zenner G, Popp T, Wagner A, Knapp RT, Huber AH, Grunert M, Söding J, David CN, Böttger A. The molecular cell death machinery in the simple cnidarian Hydra includes an expanded caspase family and pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Cell Res 2010; 20:812-25. [PMID: 20479784 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The fresh water polyp Hydra belongs to the phylum Cnidaria, which diverged from the metazoan lineage before the appearance of bilaterians. In order to understand the evolution of apoptosis in metazoans, we have begun to elucidate the molecular cell death machinery in this model organism. Based on ESTs and the whole Hydra genome assembly, we have identified 15 caspases. We show that one is activated during apoptosis, four have characteristics of initiator caspases with N-terminal DED, CARD or DD domain and two undergo autoprocessing in vitro. In addition, we describe seven Bcl-2-like and two Bak-like proteins. For most of the Bcl-2 family proteins, we have observed mitochondrial localization. When expressed in mammalian cells, HyBak-like 1 and 2 strongly induced apoptosis. Six of the Bcl-2 family members inhibited apoptosis induced by camptothecin in mammalian cells with HyBcl-2-like 4 showing an especially strong protective effect. This protein also interacted with HyBak-like 1 in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Mutation of the conserved leucine in its BH3 domain abolished both the interaction with HyBak-like 1 and the anti-apoptotic effect. Moreover, we describe novel Hydra BH-3-only proteins. One of these interacted with Bcl-2-like 4 and induced apoptosis in mammalian cells. Our data indicate that the evolution of a complex network for cell death regulation arose at the earliest and simplest level of multicellular organization, where it exhibited a substantially higher level of complexity than in the protostome model organisms Caenorhabditis and Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Lasi
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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26
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Soza-Ried J, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Glatting KH, del Val C, Fellenberg K, Bode HR, Frank U, Hoheisel JD, Frohme M. The transcriptome of the colonial marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata. FEBS J 2009; 277:197-209. [PMID: 19961538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An increasing amount of expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic data, predominantly for the cnidarians Acropora, Hydra and Nematostella, reveals that cnidarians have a high genomic complexity, despite being one of the morphologically simplest multicellular animals. Considering the diversity of cnidarians, we performed an EST project on the hydroid Hydractinia echinata, to contribute towards a broader coverage of this phylum. After random sequencing of almost 9000 clones, EST characterization revealed a broad diversity in gene content. Corroborating observations in other cnidarians, Hydractinia sequences exhibited a higher sequence similarity to vertebrates than to ecdysozoan invertebrates. A significant number of sequences were hitherto undescribed in metazoans, suggesting that these may be either cnidarian innovations or ancient genes lost in the bilaterian genomes analysed so far. However, we cannot rule out some degree of contamination from commensal bacteria. The identification of unique Hydractinia sequences emphasizes that the acquired genomic information generated so far is not large enough to be representative of the highly diverse cnidarian phylum. Finally, a database was created to store all the acquired information (http://www.mchips.org/hydractinia_echinata.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soza-Ried
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Chera S, Ghila L, Dobretz K, Wenger Y, Bauer C, Buzgariu W, Martinou JC, Galliot B. Apoptotic cells provide an unexpected source of Wnt3 signaling to drive hydra head regeneration. Dev Cell 2009; 17:279-89. [PMID: 19686688 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decapitated Hydra regenerate their heads via morphallaxis, i.e., without significant contributions made by cell proliferation or interstitial stem cells. Indeed, Hydra depleted of interstitial stem cells regenerate robustly, and Wnt3 from epithelial cells triggers head regeneration. However, we find a different mechanism controlling regeneration after midgastric bisection in animals equipped with both epithelial and interstitial cell lineages. In this context, we see rapid induction of apoptosis and Wnt3 secretion among interstitial cells at the head- (but not foot-) regenerating site. Apoptosis is both necessary and sufficient to induce Wnt3 production and head regeneration, even at ectopic sites. Further, we identify a zone of proliferation beneath the apoptotic zone, reminiscent of proliferative blastemas in regenerating limbs and of compensatory proliferation induced by dying cells in Drosophila imaginal discs. We propose that different types of injuries induce distinct cellular modes of Hydra head regeneration, which nonetheless converge on a central effector, Wnt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Chera
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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28
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Gene expression microarray analysis encompassing metamorphosis and the onset of calcification in the scleractinian coral Montastraea faveolata. Mar Genomics 2009; 2:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Seipp S, Schmich J, Kehrwald T, Leitz T. Metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata--natural versus artificial induction and developmental plasticity. Dev Genes Evol 2007; 217:385-94. [PMID: 17394014 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-007-0151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many marine invertebrates reproduce through a larval stage. The settlement and metamorphosis of most of the species are synchronised and induced by environmental organisms, mainly bacteria. The hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata has become a model organism for metamorphosis of marine invertebrates. In this species, bacteria, e.g. Pseudoalteromonas espejiana, are the natural inducers of metamorphosis. Like in other species of marine invertebrates, metamorphosis can be induced artificially by monovalent cations, e.g. Cs+. In this study, we present systematic data that metamorphosis--with both inducing compounds, the natural one from bacteria and the artificial one Cs+--are indeed similar with respect to (a) the morphological progression, (b) the localisation of the primary induction signal in the larva, (c) the pattern of apoptotic cells occurring during the initial 10 h of metamorphosis and (d) the disappearance of RFamide-dependent immunocytochemical signals in sensory neurons during this process. However, a difference occurs during the development of the anterior end, insofar as apoptotic cells and settlement appear earlier in planulae induced with bacteria. Thus, basically, Cs+ may be used as an artificial inducer, mimicking the natural process. However, differences in the appearance of apoptotic cells and in settlement raise the question of how enormous developmental plasticity in hydrozoans actually can be, and how this is related to the absence of malignant devolution in hydrozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Seipp
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Tiere, Fakultät für Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse, Gebäude 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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30
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Lauzon RJ, Kidder SJ, Long P. Suppression of programmed cell death regulates the cyclical degeneration of organs in a colonial urochordate. Dev Biol 2007; 301:92-105. [PMID: 17010331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The survival of animal tissues and organs is controlled through both activation and suppression of programmed cell death. In the colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri, the entire parental generation of zooids in a colony synchronously dies every week as the asexually derived generation of buds reaches functional maturity. This process, called takeover, involves massive programmed cell death (PCD) of zooid organs via apoptosis followed by programmed removal of cell corpses by blood phagocytes within approximately 1 day. We have previously reported that developing buds in conjunction with circulating phagocytes are key effectors of zooid resorption and macromolecular recycling during takeover, and as such engineer the reconstitution of a functional asexual generation every week [Lauzon, R.J., Ishizuka, K.J., Weissman, I.L., 2002. Cyclical generation and degeneration of organs in a colonial urochordate involves crosstalk between old and new: a model for development and regeneration. Dev. Biol. 249, 333-348]. Here, we demonstrate that zooid lifespan during cyclic blastogenesis is regulated by two independent signals: a bud-independent signal that activates zooid PCD and a bud-dependent, survival signal that acts in short-range fashion via the colonial vasculature. As zooids represent a transient, mass-produced commodity during Botryllus asexual development, PCD regulation in this animal via both activation and suppression enables it to remove and recycle its constituent zooids earlier when intra-colony resources are low, while maintaining the functional filter-feeding state when resources are adequate. We propose that this crosstalk mechanism between bud and parent optimizes survival of a B. schlosseri colony with each round of cyclic blastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lauzon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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31
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Sato Y, Kaneko H, Negishi S, Yazaki I. Larval arm resorption proceeds concomitantly with programmed cell death during metamorphosis of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:851-60. [PMID: 16868788 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchins are excellent models to elucidate metamorphic phenomena of echinoderms. However, little attention has been paid to the way that their organ resorption is accomplished by programmed cell death (PCD) and related cellular processes. We have used cytohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy to study arm resorption in competent larvae of metamorphosing sea urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, induced to metamorphose by L-glutamine treatment. The results show that: (1) columnar epithelial cells, which are constituents of the ciliary band, undergo PCD in an overlapping fashion with apoptosis and autophagic cell death; (2) squamous epithelial cells, which are distributed between the two arrays of the ciliary band, display a type of PCD distinct from that of columnar epithelial cells, i.e., a cytoplasmic type of non-lysosomal vacuolated cell death; (3) epithelial integrity is preserved even when PCD occurs in constituent cells of the epithelium; (4) secondary mesenchyme cells, probably blastocoelar cells, contribute to the elimination of dying epithelial cells; (5) nerve cells have a delayed initiation of PCD. Taken together, our data indicate that arm resorption in sea urchins proceeds concomitantly with various types of PCD followed by heterophagic elimination, but that epithelial organization is preserved during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sato
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Hiyoshi 4-1-1, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan.
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32
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Abstract
The programmed cell death (PCD) of developing cells is considered an essential adaptive process that evolved to serve diverse roles. We review the putative adaptive functions of PCD in the animal kingdom with a major focus on PCD in the developing nervous system. Considerable evidence is consistent with the role of PCD in events ranging from neurulation and synaptogenesis to the elimination of adult-generated CNS cells. The remarkable recent progress in our understanding of the genetic regulation of PCD has made it possible to perturb (inhibit) PCD and determine the possible repercussions for nervous system development and function. Although still in their infancy, these studies have so far revealed few striking behavioral or functional phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Buss
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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33
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Tarallo R, Sordino P. Time course of programmed cell death in Ciona intestinalis in relation to mitotic activity and MAPK signaling. Dev Dyn 2005; 230:251-62. [PMID: 15162504 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in the ascidian species Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata; Chordata) is investigated from early larvae to juvenile stages, by means of digoxigenin-based terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. At first, PCD in the swimming larva affects trunk mesenchyme and central nervous system (CNS), then it participates extensively to metamorphosis, until it is restricted to developing organs of juveniles. Analysis of patterns of cell death and division in the larval CNS question old models on the genesis of the adult C. intestinalis brain. Upon performing immunochemical and functional assays for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1), MAPK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and dual phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (dpERK1/2), the neurogenic competence of the larval brain appears to rely on a combinatorial regulation of PCD by the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. These results show that, in tunicates, PCD consists of a multistep program implicated in growth and patterning with various roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Tarallo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stazione Zoologica 'A. Dohrn', Naples, Italy
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34
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Hwang JS, Kobayashi C, Agata K, Ikeo K, Gojobori T. Detection of apoptosis during planarian regeneration by the expression of apoptosis-related genes and TUNEL assay. Gene 2004; 333:15-25. [PMID: 15177676 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Revised: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly organized cell death process that plays a crucial role in metazoan development, but it has not yet been revealed whether apoptotic events are involved in the process of regeneration. Here, we tried to detect apoptotic cells during planarian regeneration using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay as well as the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Three novel cDNAs were isolated from a planarian cDNA library and shown to be closely related to other metazoan caspases at the amino acid sequence level. One of these cDNAs, Caspase-like gene 3 (DjClg3), was expressed primarily in apoptotic cells by double detections with the TUNEL assay. Whole mount in situ studies indicated that DjClg3 was expressed in the cells of the mesenchymal space and also around the pharynx of the intact body. Its expression in the regenerating head piece was seen in the blastema and less significantly in the brain, while in the regenerating tail piece, DjClg3 expression was detected uniformly throughout the entire region. In parallel experiments, we performed in situ TUNEL assays to localize the regions where cell death occurred during regeneration and comparable results to the DjClg3 expression patterns were obtained. This is the first report to show that planarians have apoptosis-related genes and the results suggest that the apoptotic mechanism probably takes place to a large extent in normal intact worms as well as during their regeneration. We hypothesize that the presence of apoptosis in planarians may have a role in controlling cell numbers, eliminating unnecessary tissues or cells and remodeling the old tissues of regenerating body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Shan Hwang
- Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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35
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Technau U, Miller MA, Bridge D, Steele RE. Arrested apoptosis of nurse cells during Hydra oogenesis and embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2003; 260:191-206. [PMID: 12885564 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During Hydra oogenesis, an aggregate of germ cells differentiates into one oocyte and thousands of nurse cells. Nurse cells display a number of features typical of apoptotic cells and are phagocytosed by the growing oocyte. Yet, these cells remain unchanged in morphology and number until hatching of the polyp, which can occur up to 12 months later. Treatments with caspase inhibitors can block oocyte development during an early phase of oogenesis, but not after nurse cell phagocytosis has taken place, indicating that initiation of nurse cell apoptosis is essential for oocyte development. The genomic DNA of the phagocytosed nurse cells in the oocyte and embryo shows large-scale fragmentation into 8- to 15-kb pieces, but there is virtually none of the internucleosomal degradation typically seen in apoptotic cells. The arrested nurse cells exhibit high levels of peroxidase activity and are prevented from entering the lysosomal pathway. After hatching of the polyp, apoptosis is resumed and the nurse cells are degraded within 3 days. During this final stage, nurse cells become TUNEL-positive and enter secondary lysosomes in a strongly degraded state. Our results suggest that nurse cell apoptosis consists of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent phases. The independent phase can be arrested at an advanced stage for several months, only to resume after the primary polyp hatches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Technau
- Molecular Cell Biology, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstrassc 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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36
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Carla' EC, Pagliara P, Piraino S, Boero F, Dini L. Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of Turritopsis nutricula during life cycle reversal. Tissue Cell 2003; 35:213-22. [PMID: 12798130 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(03)00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hydrozoa life cycle is characterized, in normal conditions, by the alternation of a post-larval benthic polyp and an adult pelagic medusa; however, some species of Hydrozoa react to environmental stress by reverting their life cycle: i.e. an adult medusa goes back to the juvenile stage of polyp. This very uncommon life cycle could be considered as some sort of inverted metamorphosis. A morphological study of different stages during the reverted life cycle of Turritopsis nutricula led to the characterization of four different stages: healthy medusa, unhealthy medusa, four-leaf clover and cyst. The ultrastructural study of the cellular modifications (during the life cycle reversion of T. nutricula) showed the presence of both degenerative and apoptotic processes. Degeneration was prevalent during the unhealthy medusa and four-leaf clover stages, while the apoptotic rate was higher during the healthy medusa and cyst stages. The significant presence of degenerative and apoptotic processes could be related to the occurrence of a sort of metamorphosis when an adult medusa transforms itself into a polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Carla'
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Bayascas JR, Yuste VJ, Benito E, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Comella JX. Isolation of AmphiCASP-3/7, an ancestral caspase from amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). Evolutionary considerations for vertebrate caspases. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:1078-89. [PMID: 12232796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Revised: 03/12/2002] [Accepted: 04/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a large family of cysteine proteases that play an essential role as effectors of apoptosis in metazoans. Thirteen different caspases have been identified in vertebrates so far, and their function in apoptotic or inflammatory responses is well documented. We have taken advantage of the broadly accepted condition of amphioxus (Cephalochordata, Branchiostoma floridae) as the closest living relative to vertebrates to study the molecular evolution of caspases. Here we report for the first time the pattern of programmed cell death during development of cephalochordates. We also describe the isolation and functional characterisation of the first caspase related gene in amphioxus, which we named AmphiCASP-3/7. The amphioxus caspase is expressed throughout development, from the gastrula to larva stage. AmphiCASP-3/7 induced cell death when ectopically expressed in human HEK 293T cells, and the recombinant protein was inhibited by DEVD peptides. AmphiCASP-3/7 reflects the primitive condition of the executor vertebrates caspases -3 and -7, prior to vertebrate specific duplication. Interestingly, AmphiCASP-3/7 is functionally closer to vertebrate caspase-7, as shown by substrate specificity both in vitro and in MCF7 cells. Our phylogenetic and functional data help in drawing the evolutionary history of caspases, and illustrates an example of acquisition in vertebrates of novel functional properties after gene duplication.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 7
- Caspases/deficiency
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/isolation & purification
- Chordata, Nonvertebrate/embryology
- Chordata, Nonvertebrate/enzymology
- Chordata, Nonvertebrate/growth & development
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/enzymology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Humans
- Larva/cytology
- Larva/enzymology
- Larva/growth & development
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bayascas
- Grup de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 44, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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Abstract
The free-living stages of sedentary organisms are an adaptation that enables immobile species to exploit scattered or transient ecological niches. In the Cnidaria the task of prospecting for and identifying a congenial habitat is consigned to tiny planula larvae or larva-like buds, stages that actually transform into the sessile polyp. However, the sensory equipment of these larvae does not qualify them to locate an appropriate habitat from a distance. They therefore depend on a hierarchy of key stimuli indicative of an environment that is congenial to them; this is exemplified by genera of the Anthozoa (Nematostella, Acropora), Scyphozoa (Cassiopea), and Hydrozoa (Coryne, Proboscidactyla, Hydractinia). In many instances the final stimulus that triggers settlement and metamorphosis derives from substrate-borne bacteria or other biogenic cues which can be explored by mechanochemical sensory cells. Upon stimulation, the sensory cells release, or cause the release of, internal signals such as neuropeptides that can spread throughout the body, triggering decomposition of the larval tissue and acquisition of an adult cellular inventory. Progenitor cells may be preprogrammed to adopt their new tasks quickly. Gregarious settlement favours the exchange of alleles, but also can be a cause of civil war. A rare and spatially restricted substrate must be defended. Cnidarians are able to discriminate between isogeneic and allogeneic members of a community, and may use particular nematocysts to eliminate allogeneic competitors. Paradigms for most of the issues addressed are provided by the hydroid genus Hydractinia.
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