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Gao Y, Li J, He J, Yu Y, Qian Z, Geng Z, Yang L, Zhang Y, Ke Y, Lin Q, Wang J, Chen S, Chen F, Yuan YW, Ding B. BLADE-ON-PETIOLE interacts with CYCLOIDEA to fine-tune CYCLOIDEA-mediated flower symmetry in monkeyflowers ( Mimulus). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4571. [PMID: 39141743 PMCID: PMC11323955 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Morphological novelties, or key innovations, are instrumental to the diversification of the organisms. In plants, one such innovation is the evolution of zygomorphic flowers, which is thought to promote outcrossing and increase flower morphological diversity. We isolated three allelic mutants from two Mimulus species displaying altered floral symmetry and identified the causal gene as the ortholog of Arabidopsis BLADE-ON-PETIOLE. We found that MlBOP and MlCYC2A physically interact and this BOP-CYC interaction module is highly conserved across the angiosperms. Furthermore, MlBOP self-ubiquitinates and suppresses MlCYC2A self-activation. MlCYC2A, in turn, impedes MlBOP ubiquitination. Thus, this molecular tug-of-war between MlBOP and MlCYC2A fine-tunes the expression of MlCYC2A, contributing to the formation of bilateral symmetry in flowers, a key trait in angiosperm evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jingjian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P. R. China
| | - Jiayue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zexin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Liuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoshan Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Baoqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization; Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
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2
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Scacchi E, Paszkiewicz G, Thi Nguyen K, Meda S, Burian A, de Back W, Timmermans MCP. A diffusible small-RNA-based Turing system dynamically coordinates organ polarity. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:412-422. [PMID: 38409292 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a flat and thin leaf presents a developmentally challenging problem, requiring intricate regulation of adaxial-abaxial (top-bottom) polarity. The patterning principles controlling the spatial arrangement of these domains during organ growth have remained unclear. Here we show that this regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana is achieved by an organ-autonomous Turing reaction-diffusion system centred on mobile small RNAs. The data illustrate how Turing dynamics transiently instructed by prepatterned information is sufficient to self-sustain properly oriented polarity in a dynamic, growing organ, presenting intriguing parallels to left-right patterning in the vertebrate embryo. Computational modelling demonstrates that this self-organizing system continuously adapts to coordinate the robust planar polarity of a flat leaf while affording flexibility to generate the tissue patterns of evolutionarily diverse organ shapes. Our findings identify a small-RNA-based Turing network as a dynamic regulator of organ polarity that accounts for leaf shape diversity at the level of the individual organ, plant or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Scacchi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gael Paszkiewicz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khoa Thi Nguyen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shreyas Meda
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Agata Burian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Walter de Back
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Choudury SG, Husbands AY. Pick a side: Integrating gene expression and mechanical forces to polarize aerial organs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102460. [PMID: 37775406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
How organs acquire their shapes is a central question in developmental biology. In plants, aerial lateral organs such as leaves initiate at the flanks of the growing meristem as dome-shaped primordia. These simple structures then grow out along multiple polarity axes to achieve a dizzying array of final shapes. Many of the hormone signaling pathways and genetic interactions that influence growth along these axes have been identified in the past few decades. Open questions include how and when initial gene expression patterns are set in organ primordia, and how these patterns are translated into the physical outcomes observed at the cellular and tissue levels. In this review, we highlight recent studies into the auxin signaling and gene expression dynamics that govern adaxial-abaxial patterning, and the contributions of mechanical forces to the development of flattened structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Choudury
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Aman Y Husbands
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Holloway DM, Saunders R, Wenzel CL. Size regulation of the lateral organ initiation zone and its role in determining cotyledon number in conifers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1166226. [PMID: 37265639 PMCID: PMC10230826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1166226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Unlike monocots and dicots, many conifers, particularly Pinaceae, form three or more cotyledons. These are arranged in a whorl, or ring, at a particular distance from the embryo tip, with cotyledons evenly spaced within the ring. The number of cotyledons, nc, varies substantially within species, both in clonal cultures and in seed embryos. nc variability reflects embryo size variability, with larger diameter embryos having higher nc. Correcting for growth during embryo development, we extract values for the whorl radius at each nc. This radius, corresponding to the spatial pattern of cotyledon differentiation factors, varies over three-fold for the naturally observed range of nc. The current work focuses on factors in the patterning mechanism that could produce such a broad variability in whorl radius. Molecularly, work in Arabidopsis has shown that the initiation zone for leaf primordia occurs at a minimum between inhibitor zones of HD-ZIP III at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) tip and KANADI (KAN) encircling this farther from the tip. PIN1-auxin dynamics within this uninhibited ring form auxin maxima, specifying primordia initiation sites. A similar mechanism is indicated in conifer embryos by effects on cotyledon formation with overexpression of HD-ZIP III inhibitors and by interference with PIN1-auxin patterning. Methods We develop a mathematical model for HD-ZIP III/KAN spatial localization and use this to characterize the molecular regulation that could generate (a) the three-fold whorl radius variation (and associated nc variability) observed in conifer cotyledon development, and (b) the HD-ZIP III and KAN shifts induced experimentally in conifer embryos and in Arabidopsis. Results This quantitative framework indicates the sensitivity of mechanism components for positioning lateral organs closer to or farther from the tip. Positional shifting is most readily driven by changes to the extent of upstream (meristematic) patterning and changes in HD-ZIP III/KAN mutual inhibition, and less efficiently driven by changes in upstream dosage or the activation of HD-ZIP III. Sharper expression boundaries can also be more resistant to shifting than shallower expression boundaries. Discussion The strong variability seen in conifer nc (commonly from 2 to 10) may reflect a freer variation in regulatory interactions, whereas monocot (nc = 1) and dicot (nc = 2) development may require tighter control of such variation. These results provide direction for future quantitative experiments on the positional control of lateral organ initiation, and consequently on plant phyllotaxy and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Holloway
- Mathematics Department, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Saunders
- Biotechnology Department, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Carol L. Wenzel
- Biotechnology Department, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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5
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Guan C, Jiao Y. Spatiotemporal imaging clarifies leaf primordium patterning. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1196-1198. [PMID: 36055917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first step in organ morphogenesis is the subdivision of a primordium into discrete regions by patterning genes. Recently, Burian et al. used live imaging and cell-lineage tracing to illuminate early patterning events during the establishment of leaf primordium adaxial-abaxial (dorsoventral) polarity, which clarifies controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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An G, Yu C, Yan C, Wang M, Zhang W, Jia Y, Shi C, Larkin RM, Chen J, Lavelle D, Michelmore RW, Kuang H. Loss-of-function of SAWTOOTH 1 affects leaf dorsiventrality genes to promote leafy heads in lettuce. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4329-4347. [PMID: 35916734 PMCID: PMC9614500 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying leafy heads in vegetables are poorly understood. Here, we cloned a quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling leafy heads in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The QTL encodes a transcription factor, SAWTOOTH 1 (LsSAW1), which has a BEL1-like homeodomain and is a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana. A 1-bp deletion in Lssaw1 contributes to the development of leafy heads. Laser-capture microdissection and RNA-sequencing showed that LsSAW1 regulates leaf dorsiventrality and loss-of-function of Lssaw1 downregulates the expression of many adaxial genes but upregulates abaxial genes. LsSAW1 binds to the promoter region of the adaxial gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (LsAS1) to upregulate its expression. Overexpression of LsAS1 compromised the effects of Lssaw1 on heading. LsSAW1 also binds to the promoter region of the abaxial gene YABBY 1 (LsYAB1), but downregulates its expression. Overexpression of LsYAB1 led to bending leaves in LsSAW1 genotypes. LsSAW1 directly interacts with KNOTTED 1 (LsKN1), which is necessary for leafy heads in lettuce. RNA-seq data showed that LsSAW1 and LsKN1 exert antagonistic effects on the expression of thousands of genes. LsSAW1 compromises the ability of LsKN1 to repress LsAS1. Our results suggest that downregulation or loss-of-function of adaxial genes and upregulation of abaxial genes allow for the development of leafy heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changchun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenghuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiongjiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dean Lavelle
- Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Richard W Michelmore
- Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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7
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Petrella R, Gabrieli F, Cavalleri A, Schneitz K, Colombo L, Cucinotta M. Pivotal role of STIP in ovule pattern formation and female germline development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2022; 149:276792. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In spermatophytes the sporophytic (diploid) and the gametophytic (haploid) generations co-exist in ovules, and the coordination of their developmental programs is of pivotal importance for plant reproduction. To achieve efficient fertilization, the haploid female gametophyte and the diploid ovule structures must coordinate their development to form a functional and correctly shaped ovule. WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes encode a family of transcription factors that share important roles in a wide range of processes throughout plant development. Here, we show that STIP is required for the correct patterning and curvature of the ovule in Arabidopsis thaliana. The knockout mutant stip-2 is characterized by a radialized ovule phenotype due to severe defects in outer integument development. In addition, alteration of STIP expression affects the correct differentiation and progression of the female germline. Finally, our results reveal that STIP is required to tightly regulate the key ovule factors INNER NO OUTER, PHABULOSA and WUSCHEL, and they define a novel genetic interplay in the regulatory networks determining ovule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Petrella
- Università degli Studi di Milano 1 Dipartimento di Bioscienze , , Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Flavio Gabrieli
- Università degli Studi di Milano 1 Dipartimento di Bioscienze , , Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Alex Cavalleri
- Università degli Studi di Milano 1 Dipartimento di Bioscienze , , Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Kay Schneitz
- , Technical University of Munich 2 Plant Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Università degli Studi di Milano 1 Dipartimento di Bioscienze , , Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Mara Cucinotta
- Università degli Studi di Milano 1 Dipartimento di Bioscienze , , Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan , Italy
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8
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Nakayama H, Leichty AR, Sinha NR. Molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development, morphological diversification, and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2534-2548. [PMID: 35441681 PMCID: PMC9252486 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of leaf development have been revealed through a combination of genetics and intense analyses in select model species. The genetic basis for diversity in leaf morphology seen in nature is also being unraveled through recent advances in techniques and technologies related to genomics and transcriptomics, which have had a major impact on these comparative studies. However, this has led to the emergence of new unresolved questions about the mechanisms that generate the diversity of leaf form. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge of the fundamental molecular genetic mechanisms underlying leaf development with an emphasis on natural variation and conserved gene regulatory networks involved in leaf development. Beyond that, we discuss open questions/enigmas in the area of leaf development, how recent technologies can best be deployed to generate a unified understanding of leaf diversity and its evolution, and what untapped fields lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aaron R Leichty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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9
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Vijayan A, Strauss S, Tofanelli R, Mody TA, Lee K, Tsiantis M, Smith RS, Schneitz K. The annotation and analysis of complex 3D plant organs using 3DCoordX. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1278-1295. [PMID: 35348744 PMCID: PMC9237718 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology concerns how molecular and cellular processes become integrated during morphogenesis. In plants, characterization of 3D digital representations of organs at single-cell resolution represents a promising approach to addressing this problem. A major challenge is to provide organ-centric spatial context to cells of an organ. We developed several general rules for the annotation of cell position and embodied them in 3DCoordX, a user-interactive computer toolbox implemented in the open-source software MorphoGraphX. 3DCoordX enables rapid spatial annotation of cells even in highly curved biological shapes. Using 3DCoordX, we analyzed cellular growth patterns in organs of several species. For example, the data indicated the presence of a basal cell proliferation zone in the ovule primordium of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Proof-of-concept analyses suggested a preferential increase in cell length associated with neck elongation in the archegonium of Marchantia (Marchantia polymorpha) and variations in cell volume linked to central morphogenetic features of a trap of the carnivorous plant Utricularia (Utricularia gibba). Our work demonstrates the broad applicability of the developed strategies as they provide organ-centric spatial context to cellular features in plant organs of diverse shape complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachele Tofanelli
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tejasvinee Atul Mody
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Developmental and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Developmental and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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10
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Burian A, Paszkiewicz G, Nguyen KT, Meda S, Raczyńska-Szajgin M, Timmermans MCP. Specification of leaf dorsiventrality via a prepatterned binary readout of a uniform auxin input. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:269-280. [PMID: 35318449 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developmental boundaries play an important role in coordinating the growth and patterning of lateral organs. In plants, specification of dorsiventrality is critical to leaf morphogenesis. Despite its central importance, the mechanism by which leaf primordia acquire adaxial versus abaxial cell fates to establish dorsiventrality remains a topic of much debate. Here, by combining time-lapse confocal imaging, cell lineage tracing and molecular genetic analyses, we demonstrate that a stable boundary between adaxial and abaxial cell fates is specified several plastochrons before primordium emergence when high auxin levels accumulate on a meristem prepattern formed by the AS2 and KAN1 transcription factors. This occurrence triggers a transient induction of ARF3 and an auxin transcriptional response in AS2-marked progenitors that distinguishes adaxial from abaxial identity. As the primordium emerges, dynamic shifts in auxin distribution and auxin-related gene expression gradually resolve this initial polarity into the stable regulatory network known to maintain adaxial-abaxial polarity within the developing organ. Our data show that spatial information from an AS2-KAN1 meristem prepattern governs the conversion of a uniform auxin input into an ARF-dependent binary auxin response output to specify adaxial-abaxial polarity. Auxin thus serves as a single morphogenic signal that orchestrates distinct, spatially separated responses to coordinate the positioning and emergence of a new organ with its patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Burian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gael Paszkiewicz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khoa Thi Nguyen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shreyas Meda
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Raczyńska-Szajgin
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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11
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Gonçalves B. Case not closed: the mystery of the origin of the carpel. EvoDevo 2021; 12:14. [PMID: 34911578 PMCID: PMC8672599 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The carpel is a fascinating structure that plays a critical role in flowering plant reproduction and contributed greatly to the evolutionary success and diversification of flowering plants. The remarkable feature of the carpel is that it is a closed structure that envelopes the ovules and after fertilization develops into the fruit which protects, helps disperse, and supports seed development into a new plant. Nearly all plant-based foods are either derived from a flowering plant or are a direct product of the carpel. Given its importance it's no surprise that plant and evolutionary biologists have been trying to explain the origin of the carpel for a long time. Before carpel evolution seeds were produced on open leaf-like structures that are exposed to the environment. When the carpel evolved in the stem lineage of flowering plants, seeds became protected within its closed structure. The evolutionary transition from that open precursor to the closed carpel remains one of the greatest mysteries of plant evolution. In recent years, we have begun to complete a picture of what the first carpels might have looked like. On the other hand, there are still many gaps in our understanding of what the precursor of the carpel looked like and what changes to its developmental mechanisms allowed for this evolutionary transition. This review aims to present an overview of existing theories of carpel evolution with a particular emphasis on those that account for the structures that preceded the carpel and/or present testable developmental hypotheses. In the second part insights from the development and evolution of diverse plant organs are gathered to build a developmental hypothesis for the evolutionary transition from a hypothesized laminar open structure to the closed structure of the carpel.
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12
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Ding B, Li J, Gurung V, Lin Q, Sun X, Yuan YW. The leaf polarity factors SGS3 and YABBYs regulate style elongation through auxin signaling in Mimulus lewisii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2191-2206. [PMID: 34449905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Style length is a major determinant of breeding strategies in flowering plants and can vary dramatically between and within species. However, little is known about the genetic and developmental control of style elongation. We characterized the role of two classes of leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity factors, SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 (SGS3) and the YABBY family transcription factors, in the regulation of style elongation in Mimulus lewisii. We also examined the spatiotemporal patterns of auxin response during style development. Loss of SGS3 function led to reduced style length via limiting cell division, and downregulation of YABBY genes by RNA interference resulted in shorter styles by decreasing both cell division and cell elongation. We discovered an auxin response minimum between the stigma and ovary during the early stages of pistil development that marks style differentiation. Subsequent redistribution of auxin response to this region was correlated with style elongation. Auxin response was substantially altered when both SGS3 and YABBY functions were disrupted. We suggest that auxin signaling plays a central role in style elongation and that the way in which auxin signaling controls the different cell division and elongation patterns underpinning natural style length variation is a major question for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Ding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jingjian Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Vandana Gurung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Qiaoshan Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Vegetables, Qinghai University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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13
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Refahi Y, Zardilis A, Michelin G, Wightman R, Leggio B, Legrand J, Faure E, Vachez L, Armezzani A, Risson AE, Zhao F, Das P, Prunet N, Meyerowitz EM, Godin C, Malandain G, Jönsson H, Traas J. A multiscale analysis of early flower development in Arabidopsis provides an integrated view of molecular regulation and growth control. Dev Cell 2021; 56:540-556.e8. [PMID: 33621494 PMCID: PMC8519405 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the link between the gene regulation and growth during the early stages of flower development in Arabidopsis. Starting from time-lapse images, we generated a 4D atlas of early flower development, including cell lineage, cellular growth rates, and the expression patterns of regulatory genes. This information was introduced in MorphoNet, a web-based platform. Using computational models, we found that the literature-based molecular network only explained a minority of the gene expression patterns. This was substantially improved by adding regulatory hypotheses for individual genes. Correlating growth with the combinatorial expression of multiple regulators led to a set of hypotheses for the action of individual genes in morphogenesis. This identified the central factor LEAFY as a potential regulator of heterogeneous growth, which was supported by quantifying growth patterns in a leafy mutant. By providing an integrated view, this atlas should represent a fundamental step toward mechanistic models of flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Refahi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Argyris Zardilis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Gaël Michelin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, I3S, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Bruno Leggio
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Legrand
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Laetitia Vachez
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alessia Armezzani
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Evodie Risson
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Nathanaël Prunet
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14A, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France.
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14
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LaFountain AM, Yuan YW. Repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:933-949. [PMID: 33864686 PMCID: PMC8764531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins play a variety of adaptive roles in both vegetative tissues and reproductive organs of plants. The broad functionality of these compounds requires sophisticated regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway to allow proper localization, timing, and optimal intensity of pigment deposition. While it is well-established that the committed steps of anthocyanin biosynthesis are activated by a highly conserved MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) protein complex in virtually all flowering plants, anthocyanin repression seems to be achieved by a wide variety of protein and small RNA families that function in different tissue types and in response to different developmental, environmental, and hormonal cues. In this review, we survey recent progress in the identification of anthocyanin repressors and the characterization of their molecular mechanisms. We find that these seemingly very different repression modules act through a remarkably similar logic, the so-called 'double-negative logic'. Much of the double-negative regulation of anthocyanin production involves signal-induced degradation or sequestration of the repressors from the MBW protein complex. We discuss the functional and evolutionary advantages of this logic design compared with simple or sequential positive regulation. These advantages provide a plausible explanation as to why plants have evolved so many anthocyanin repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M LaFountain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
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15
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Bhatia N, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Leaf Shape Diversity: From Genetic Modules to Computational Models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:325-356. [PMID: 34143649 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display considerable variation in shape. Here, we introduce key aspects of leaf development, focusing on the morphogenetic basis of leaf shape diversity. We discuss the importance of the genetic control of the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth for the emergence of leaf form. We highlight how the combined use of live imaging and computational frameworks can help conceptualize how regulated cellular growth is translated into different leaf shapes. In particular, we focus on the morphogenetic differences between simple and complex leaves and how carnivorous plants form three-dimensional insect traps. We discuss how evolution has shaped leaf diversity in the case of complex leaves, by tinkering with organ-wide growth and local growth repression, and in carnivorous plants, by modifying the relative growth of the lower and upper sides of the leaf primordium to create insect-digesting traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Current affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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16
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Zhao F, Traas J. Stable establishment of organ polarity occurs several plastochrons before primordium outgrowth in Arabidopsis. Development 2021; 148:269138. [PMID: 34132346 PMCID: PMC8255034 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In many species, leaves are initiated at the flanks of shoot meristems. Subsequent growth usually occurs mainly in the plane of the leaf blade, which leads to the formation of a bifacial leaf with dorsoventral identities. In a classical set of surgical experiments in potato meristems, Sussex provided evidence that dorsoventrality depends on a signal emanating from the meristem center. Although these results could be reproduced in tomato, this concept has been debated. We revisited these experiments in Arabidopsis, in which a range of markers are available to target the precise site of ablation. Using specific markers for organ founder cells and dorsoventral identity, we were unable to perturb the polarity of leaves and sepals long before organ outgrowth. Although results in Solanaceae suggested that dorsoventral patterning was unstable during early development, we found that, in Arabidopsis, the local information contained within and around the primordium is able to withstand major invasive perturbations, long before polarity is fully established. Summary: We revisited classical surgical experiments in Solanaceae, using precise laser ablations to show that dorsoventral patterning in vegetative and floral meristems in Arabidopsis is robustly programmed in primordia some time before polarity is completely established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
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17
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Ma X, Denyer T, Javelle M, Feller A, Timmermans MCP. Genome-wide analysis of plant miRNA action clarifies levels of regulatory dynamics across developmental contexts. Genome Res 2021; 31:811-822. [PMID: 33863807 PMCID: PMC8092011 DOI: 10.1101/gr.270918.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of complex organisms requires the delicate and dynamic spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. Central to this are microRNAs (miRNAs). These mobile small RNAs offer specificity in conveying positional information and versatility in patterning the outcomes of gene expression. However, the parameters that shape miRNA output during development are still to be clarified. Here, we address this question on a genome-wide scale, using the maize shoot apex as a model. We show that patterns and levels of miRNA accumulation are largely determined at the transcriptional level, but are finessed post-transcriptionally in a tissue-dependent manner. The stem cell environments of the shoot apical meristem and vasculature appear particularly liable to this. Tissue-specific effects are also apparent at the level of target repression, with target cleavage products in the vasculature exceeding those of other tissues. Our results argue against a clearance mode of regulation purely at the level of transcript cleavage, leading us to propose that transcript cleavage provides a baseline level of target repression, onto which miRNA-driven translational repression can act to toggle the mode of target regulation between clearance and rheostat. Our data show how the inherent complexities of miRNA pathways allow the accumulation and activity of these small RNAs to be tailored in space and time to bring about the gene expression versatility needed during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tom Denyer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Antje Feller
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Ding B, Xia R, Lin Q, Gurung V, Sagawa JM, Stanley LE, Strobel M, Diggle PK, Meyers BC, Yuan YW. Developmental Genetics of Corolla Tube Formation: Role of the tasiRNA- ARF Pathway and a Conceptual Model. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3452-3468. [PMID: 32917737 PMCID: PMC7610285 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over 80,000 angiosperm species produce flowers with petals fused into a corolla tube. The corolla tube contributes to the tremendous diversity of flower morphology and plays a critical role in plant reproduction, yet it remains one of the least understood plant structures from a developmental genetics perspective. Through mutant analyses and transgenic experiments, we show that the tasiRNA-ARF pathway is required for corolla tube formation in the monkeyflower species Mimulus lewisii Loss-of-function mutations in the M. lewisii orthologs of ARGONAUTE7 and SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 cause a dramatic decrease in abundance of TAS3-derived small RNAs and a moderate upregulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3) and ARF4, which lead to inhibition of lateral expansion of the bases of petal primordia and complete arrest of the upward growth of the interprimordial regions, resulting in unfused corollas. Using the DR5 auxin-responsive promoter, we discovered that auxin signaling is continuous along the petal primordium base and the interprimordial region during the critical stage of corolla tube formation in the wild type, similar to the spatial pattern of MlARF4 expression. Auxin response is much weaker and more restricted in the mutant. Furthermore, exogenous application of a polar auxin transport inhibitor to wild-type floral apices disrupted petal fusion. Together, these results suggest a new conceptual model highlighting the central role of auxin-directed synchronized growth of the petal primordium base and the interprimordial region in corolla tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Ding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Qiaoshan Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Vandana Gurung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Janelle M Sagawa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Lauren E Stanley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Matthew Strobel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Pamela K Diggle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Blake C Meyers
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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19
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Manuela D, Xu M. Patterning a Leaf by Establishing Polarities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:568730. [PMID: 33193497 PMCID: PMC7661387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the major organ for photosynthesis in most land plants, and leaf structure is optimized for the maximum capture of sunlight and gas exchange. Three polarity axes, the adaxial-abaxial axis, the proximal-distal axis, and the medial-lateral axis are established during leaf development to give rise to a flattened lamina with a large area for photosynthesis and blades that are extended on petioles for maximum sunlight. Adaxial cells are elongated, tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts, and their fate is specified by HD-ZIP III and related factors. Abaxial cells are rounder and loosely packed cells and their fate is established and maintained by YABBY family and KANADI family proteins. The activities of adaxial and abaxial regulators are coordinated by ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and auxin. Establishment of the proximodistal axis involves the BTB/POZ domain proteins BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2, whereas homeobox genes PRESSED FLOWER and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX1 mediate leaf development along the mediolateral axis. This review summarizes recent advances in leaf polarity establishment with a focus on the regulatory networks involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingli Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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20
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Iwakawa H, Takahashi H, Machida Y, Machida C. Roles of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) and Nucleolar Proteins in the Adaxial-Abaxial Polarity Specification at the Perinucleolar Region in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7314. [PMID: 33022996 PMCID: PMC7582388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves of Arabidopsis develop from a shoot apical meristem grow along three (proximal-distal, adaxial-abaxial, and medial-lateral) axes and form a flat symmetric architecture. ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), a key regulator for leaf adaxial-abaxial partitioning, encodes a plant-specific nuclear protein and directly represses the abaxial-determining gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3). How AS2 could act as a critical regulator, however, has yet to be demonstrated, although it might play an epigenetic role. Here, we summarize the current understandings of the genetic, molecular, and cellular functions of AS2. A characteristic genetic feature of AS2 is the presence of a number of (about 60) modifier genes, mutations of which enhance the leaf abnormalities of as2. Although genes for proteins that are involved in diverse cellular processes are known as modifiers, it has recently become clear that many modifier proteins, such as NUCLEOLIN1 (NUC1) and RNA HELICASE10 (RH10), are localized in the nucleolus. Some modifiers including ribosomal proteins are also members of the small subunit processome (SSUP). In addition, AS2 forms perinucleolar bodies partially colocalizing with chromocenters that include the condensed inactive 45S ribosomal RNA genes. AS2 participates in maintaining CpG methylation in specific exons of ETT/ARF3. NUC1 and RH10 genes are also involved in maintaining the CpG methylation levels and repressing ETT/ARF3 transcript levels. AS2 and nucleolus-localizing modifiers might cooperatively repress ETT/ARF3 to develop symmetric flat leaves. These results raise the possibility of a nucleolus-related epigenetic repression system operating for developmental genes unique to plants and predict that AS2 could be a molecule with novel functions that cannot be explained by the conventional concept of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Machida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chiyoko Machida
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
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21
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Zhao F, Du F, Oliveri H, Zhou L, Ali O, Chen W, Feng S, Wang Q, Lü S, Long M, Schneider R, Sampathkumar A, Godin C, Traas J, Jiao Y. Microtubule-Mediated Wall Anisotropy Contributes to Leaf Blade Flattening. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3972-3985.e6. [PMID: 32916107 PMCID: PMC7575199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant organs can adopt a wide range of shapes, resulting from highly directional cell growth and divisions. We focus here on leaves and leaf-like organs in Arabidopsis and tomato, characterized by the formation of thin, flat laminae. Combining experimental approaches with 3D mechanical modeling, we provide evidence that leaf shape depends on cortical microtubule mediated cellulose deposition along the main predicted stress orientations, in particular, along the adaxial-abaxial axis in internal cell walls. This behavior can be explained by a mechanical feedback and has the potential to sustain and even amplify a preexisting degree of flatness, which in turn depends on genes involved in the control of organ polarity and leaf margin formation. Microtubules and cellulose microfibrils align along the ad-abaxial direction Microtubule-mediated cell growth anisotropy contributes to leaf flattening Mechanical feedback accounts for microtubule alignments in the ad-abaxial direction Final organ shape depends on the degree of initial asymmetry of primordia
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hadrien Oliveri
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Lüwen Zhou
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Olivier Ali
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Shiliang Feng
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - René Schneider
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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López-Ruiz BA, Juárez-González VT, Gómez-Felipe A, De Folter S, Dinkova TD. tasiR-ARFs Production and Target Regulation during In Vitro Maize Plant Regeneration. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E849. [PMID: 32640631 PMCID: PMC7411845 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During in vitro maize plant regeneration somatic cells change their normal fate and undergo restructuring to generate pluripotent cells able to originate new plants. Auxins are essential to achieve such plasticity. Their physiological effects are mediated by auxin response factors (ARFs) that bind auxin responsive elements within gene promoters. Small trans-acting (ta)-siRNAs, originated from miR390-guided TAS3 primary transcript cleavage, target ARF3/4 class (tasiR-ARFs). Here we found that TAS3b precursor as well as derived tasiR-ARFbD5 and tasiR-ARFbD6 display significantly lower levels in non-embryogenic callus (NEC), while TAS3g, miR390 and tasiR-ARFg are more abundant in the same tissue. However, Argonaute (AGO7) and leafbladeless 1 (LBLl) required for tasiR-ARF biogenesis showed significantly higher transcript levels in EC suggesting limited tasiR-ARF biogenesis in NEC. The five maize ARFs targeted by tasiR-ARFs were also significantly enriched in EC and accompanied by higher auxin accumulation with punctuate patterns in this tissue. At hormone half-reduction and photoperiod implementation, plant regeneration initiated from EC with transient TAS3g, miR390 and tasiR-ARFg increase. Upon complete hormone depletion, TAS3b became abundant and derived tasiR-ARFs gradually increased at further regeneration stages. ZmARF transcripts targeted by tasiR-ARFs, as well as AGO7 and LBL1 showed significantly lower levels during regeneration than in EC. These results indicate a dynamic tasiR-ARF mediated regulation throughout maize in vitro plant regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Anabel López-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (V.T.J.-G.)
| | - Vasti Thamara Juárez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (V.T.J.-G.)
| | - Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), 36821 Irapuato Gto., Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Stefan De Folter
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), 36821 Irapuato Gto., Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Tzvetanka D. Dinkova
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (V.T.J.-G.)
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Zhao B, He L, Jiang C, Liu Y, He H, Bai Q, Zhou S, Zheng X, Wen J, Mysore KS, Tadege M, Liu Y, Liu R, Chen J. Lateral Leaflet Suppression 1 (LLS1), encoding the MtYUCCA1 protein, regulates lateral leaflet development in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:613-628. [PMID: 32170762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In species with compound leaves, the positions of leaflet primordium initiation are associated with local peaks of auxin accumulation. However, the role of auxin during the late developmental stages and outgrowth of compound leaves remains largely unknown. Using genome resequencing approaches, we identified insertion sites at four alleles of the LATERAL LEAFLET SUPPRESSION1 (LLS1) gene, encoding the auxin biosynthetic enzyme YUCCA1 in Medicago truncatula. Linkage analysis and complementation tests showed that the lls1 mutant phenotypes were caused by the Tnt1 insertions that disrupted the LLS1 gene. The transcripts of LLS1 can be detected in primordia at early stages of leaf initiation and later in the basal regions of leaflets, and finally in vein tissues at late leaf developmental stages. Vein numbers and auxin content are reduced in the lls1-1 mutant. Analysis of the lls1 sgl1 and lls1 palm1 double mutants revealed that SGL1 is epistatic to LLS1, and LLS1 works with PALM1 in an independent pathway to regulate the growth of lateral leaflets. Our work demonstrates that the YUCCA1/YUCCA4 subgroup plays very important roles in the outgrowth of lateral leaflets during compound leaf development of M. truncatula, in addition to leaf venation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, 20 East 2nd Ring South, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hua He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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24
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Interplay between the shoot apical meristem and lateral organs. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:178-184. [PMID: 36303571 PMCID: PMC9590523 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-020-00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissues and organs within a living organism are coordinated, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) continually produces lateral organs, such as leaves, from its peripheral zone. Because of their close proximity, SAM and lateral organs interact during plant development. Existing lateral organs influence the positions of newly formed organs to determine the phyllotaxis. The SAM not only produces lateral organs, but also influences their morphogenesis. In particular, the SAM promotes leaf polarity determination and leaf blade formation. Furthermore, lateral organs help the SAM to maintain homeostasis by restricting stem cell activity. Recent advances have started to elucidate how SAM and lateral organs patterning and growth are coordinated in the shoot apex. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the interaction between SAM and lateral organs during plant development. In particular, polar auxin transport appears to be a commonly used coordination mechanism.
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Sokolowska EM, Schlossarek D, Luzarowski M, Skirycz A. PROMIS: Global Analysis of PROtein-Metabolite Interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e20101. [PMID: 31750999 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules are not only intermediates of metabolism, but also play important roles in signaling and in controlling cellular metabolism, growth, and development. Although a few systematic studies have been conducted, the true extent of protein-small molecule interactions in biological systems remains unknown. PROtein-metabolite interactions using size separation (PROMIS) is a method for studying protein-small molecule interactions in a non-targeted, proteome- and metabolome-wide manner. This approach uses size-exclusion chromatography followed by proteomics and metabolomics liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the collected fractions. Assuming that small molecules bound to proteins would co-fractionate together, we found numerous small molecules co-eluting with proteins, strongly suggesting the formation of stable complexes. Using PROMIS, we identified known small molecule-protein complexes, such as between enzymes and cofactors, and also found novel interactions. © 2019 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of native cell lysate from plant material Support Protocol: Bradford assay to determine protein concentration Basic Protocol 2: Separation of molecular complexes using size-exclusion chromatography Basic Protocol 3: Simultaneous extraction of proteins and metabolites using single-step extraction protocol Basic Protocol 4: Metabolomics analysis Basic Protocol 5: Proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcin Luzarowski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Heisler MG, Byrne ME. Progress in understanding the role of auxin in lateral organ development in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:73-79. [PMID: 31785585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously produce lateral organs from the shoot apex such as leaves and flowers, providing an excellent opportunity to study their development. The plant hormone auxin plays a central role in this process by promoting organ formation where it accumulates due to polar auxin transport. Recently, the use of live-imaging, fine perturbation techniques and computational modelling has helped researchers make exciting progress in addressing long-standing questions on plant organogenesis, not only regarding the role of auxin in promoting growth but also on the regulation of morphogenesis and transcriptional control. In this review, we discuss a number of recent studies that address these points, with particular reference to how auxin acts in early leaf development and in leaf shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mary E Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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27
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Abstract
The coordination of cell fate decisions within complex multicellular structures rests on intercellular communication. To generate ordered patterns, cells need to know their relative positions within the growing structure. This is commonly achieved via the production and perception of mobile signaling molecules. In animal systems, such positional signals often act as morphogens and subdivide a field of cells into domains of discrete cell identities using a threshold-based readout of their mobility gradient. Reflecting the independent origin of multicellularity, plants evolved distinct signaling mechanisms to drive cell fate decisions. Many of the basic principles underlying developmental patterning are, however, shared between animals and plants, including the use of signaling gradients to provide positional information. In plant development, small RNAs can act as mobile instructive signals, and similar to classical morphogens in animals, employ a threshold-based readout of their mobility gradient to generate precisely defined cell fate boundaries. Given the distinctive nature of peptide morphogens and small RNAs, how might mechanisms underlying the function of traditionally morphogens be adapted to create morphogen-like behavior using small RNAs? In this review, we highlight the contributions of mobile small RNAs to pattern formation in plants and summarize recent studies that have advanced our understanding regarding the formation, stability, and interpretation of small RNA gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klesen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristine Hill
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Luzarowski M, Skirycz A. Emerging strategies for the identification of protein-metabolite interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4605-4618. [PMID: 31087097 PMCID: PMC6760282 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between biological molecules enable life. The significance of a cell-wide understanding of molecular complexes is thus obvious. In comparison to protein-protein interactions, protein-metabolite interactions remain under-studied. However, this has been gradually changing due to technological progress. Here, we focus on the interactions between ligands and receptors, the triggers of signalling events. While the number of small molecules with proven or proposed signalling roles is rapidly growing, most of their protein receptors remain unknown. Conversely, there are numerous signalling proteins with predicted ligand-binding domains for which the identities of the metabolite counterparts remain elusive. Here, we discuss the current biochemical strategies for identifying protein-metabolite interactions and how they can be used to characterize known metabolite regulators and identify novel ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Luzarowski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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29
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Xiong Y, Jiao Y. The Diverse Roles of Auxin in Regulating Leaf Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E243. [PMID: 31340506 PMCID: PMC6681310 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leaves, the primary plant organs that function in photosynthesis and respiration, have highly organized, flat structures that vary within and among species. In recent years, it has become evident that auxin plays central roles in leaf development, including leaf initiation, blade formation, and compound leaf patterning. In this review, we discuss how auxin maxima form to define leaf primordium formation. We summarize recent progress in understanding of how spatial auxin signaling promotes leaf blade formation. Finally, we discuss how spatial auxin transport and signaling regulate the patterning of compound leaves and leaf serration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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30
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Scholz S, Pleßmann J, Enugutti B, Hüttl R, Wassmer K, Schneitz K. The AGC protein kinase UNICORN controls planar growth by attenuating PDK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007927. [PMID: 30742613 PMCID: PMC6386418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis critically depends on the coordination of cellular growth patterns. In plants, many organs consist of clonally distinct cell layers, such as the epidermis, whose cells undergo divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer. The developmental control of such planar growth is poorly understood. We have previously identified the Arabidopsis AGCVIII-class protein kinase UNICORN (UCN) as a central regulator of this process. Plants lacking UCN activity show spontaneous formation of ectopic multicellular protrusions in integuments and malformed petals indicating that UCN suppresses uncontrolled growth in those tissues. In the current model UCN regulates planar growth of integuments in part by directly repressing the putative transcription factor ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS). Here we report on the identification of 3-PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 1 (PDK1) as a novel factor involved in UCN-mediated growth control. PDK1 constitutes a basic component of signaling mediated by AGC protein kinases throughout eukaryotes. Arabidopsis PDK1 is implied in stress responses and growth promotion. Here we show that loss-of-function mutations in PDK1 suppress aberrant growth in integuments and petals of ucn mutants. Additional genetic, in vitro, and cell biological data support the view that UCN functions by repressing PDK1. Furthermore, our data indicate that PDK1 is indirectly required for deregulated growth caused by ATS overexpression. Our findings support a model proposing that UCN suppresses ectopic growth in integuments through two independent processes: the attenuation of the protein kinase PDK1 in the cytoplasm and the repression of the transcription factor ATS in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scholz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Janys Pleßmann
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Balaji Enugutti
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Regina Hüttl
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Katrin Wassmer
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Conklin PA, Strable J, Li S, Scanlon MJ. On the mechanisms of development in monocot and eudicot leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:706-724. [PMID: 30106472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 706 I. Introduction 707 II. Leaf zones in monocot and eudicot leaves 707 III. Monocot and eudicot leaf initiation: differences in degree and timing, but not kind 710 IV. Reticulate and parallel venation: extending the model? 711 V. Flat laminar growth: patterning and coordination of adaxial-abaxial and mediolateral axes 713 VI. Stipules and ligules: ontogeny of primordial elaborations 715 VII. Leaf architecture 716 VIII. Stomatal development: shared and diverged mechanisms for making epidermal pores 717 IX. Conclusion 719 Acknowledgements 720 References 720 SUMMARY: Comparisons of concepts in monocot and eudicot leaf development are presented, with attention to the morphologies and mechanisms separating these angiosperm lineages. Monocot and eudicot leaves are distinguished by the differential elaborations of upper and lower leaf zones, the formation of sheathing/nonsheathing leaf bases and vasculature patterning. We propose that monocot and eudicot leaves undergo expansion of mediolateral domains at different times in ontogeny, directly impacting features such as venation and leaf bases. Furthermore, lineage-specific mechanisms in compound leaf development are discussed. Although models for the homologies of enigmatic tissues, such as ligules and stipules, are proposed, tests of these hypotheses are rare. Likewise, comparisons of stomatal development are limited to Arabidopsis and a few grasses. Future studies may investigate correlations in the ontogenies of parallel venation and linear stomatal files in monocots, and the reticulate patterning of veins and dispersed stoma in eudicots. Although many fundamental mechanisms of leaf development are shared in eudicots and monocots, variations in the timing, degree and duration of these ontogenetic events may contribute to key differences in morphology. We anticipate that the incorporation of an ever-expanding number of sequenced genomes will enrich our understanding of the developmental mechanisms generating eudicot and monocot leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Conklin
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Josh Strable
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shujie Li
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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32
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Du F, Guan C, Jiao Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Leaf Morphogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1117-1134. [PMID: 29960106 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how three-dimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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33
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Maugarny-Calès A, Laufs P. Getting leaves into shape: a molecular, cellular, environmental and evolutionary view. Development 2018; 145:145/13/dev161646. [PMID: 29991476 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leaves arise from groups of undifferentiated cells as small primordia that go through overlapping phases of morphogenesis, growth and differentiation. These phases are genetically controlled and modulated by environmental cues to generate a stereotyped, yet plastic, mature organ. Over the past couple of decades, studies have revealed that hormonal signals, transcription factors and miRNAs play major roles during leaf development, and more recent findings have highlighted the contribution of mechanical signals to leaf growth. In this Review, we discuss how modulating the activity of some of these regulators can generate diverse leaf shapes during development, in response to a varying environment, or between species during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Maugarny-Calès
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.,Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Dong J, Huang H. Auxin polar transport flanking incipient primordium initiates leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity patterning. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:455-464. [PMID: 29405646 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of most higher plants are polar along their adaxial-abaxial axis, and the development of the adaxial domain (upper side) and the abaxial domain (lower side) makes the leaf a highly efficient photosynthetic organ. It has been proposed that a hypothetical signal transported from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to the incipient leaf primordium, or conversely, the plant hormone auxin transported from the leaf primordium to the SAM, initiates leaf adaxial-abaxial patterning. This hypothetical signal has been referred to as the Sussex signal, because the research of Ian Sussex published in 1951 was the first to imply its existence. Recent results, however, have shown that auxin polar transport flanking the incipient leaf primordium, but not the Sussex signal, is the key to initiate leaf polarity. Here, we review the new findings and integrate them with other recently published results in the field of leaf development, mainly focusing on the early steps of leaf polarity establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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35
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Transcriptome dynamics at Arabidopsis graft junctions reveal an intertissue recognition mechanism that activates vascular regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2447-E2456. [PMID: 29440499 PMCID: PMC5878008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718263115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant grafting is an ancient and agriculturally important technique. Despite its widespread use, little is known about how plants graft. Here, we perform a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of tissues above and below graft junctions. We observed a sequential activation of genes important for vascular development including cambium-, phloem-, and xylem-related genes. Massive changes in gene expression that rapidly differentiate the top of the graft from the bottom occur. These changes disappear as the graft heals and the vasculature reconnects. Many genes below the junction rapidly respond to the presence of attached tissues including genes involved in vascular differentiation and cell division. This intertissue communication process occurs independently of functional vascular connections and acts as a signal to activate vascular regeneration. The ability for cut tissues to join and form a chimeric organism is a remarkable property of many plants; however, grafting is poorly characterized at the molecular level. To better understand this process, we monitored genome-wide gene expression changes in grafted Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. We observed a sequential activation of genes associated with cambium, phloem, and xylem formation. Tissues above and below the graft rapidly developed an asymmetry such that many genes were more highly expressed on one side than on the other. This asymmetry correlated with sugar-responsive genes, and we observed an accumulation of starch above the graft junction. This accumulation decreased along with asymmetry once the sugar-transporting vascular tissues reconnected. Despite the initial starvation response below the graft, many genes associated with vascular formation were rapidly activated in grafted tissues but not in cut and separated tissues, indicating that a recognition mechanism was activated independently of functional vascular connections. Auxin, which is transported cell to cell, had a rapidly elevated response that was symmetric, suggesting that auxin was perceived by the root within hours of tissue attachment to activate the vascular regeneration process. A subset of genes was expressed only in grafted tissues, indicating that wound healing proceeded via different mechanisms depending on the presence or absence of adjoining tissues. Such a recognition process could have broader relevance for tissue regeneration, intertissue communication, and tissue fusion events.
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Abstract
In contrast to animals, plants maintain life-long post-embryonic organogenesis from specialized tissues termed meristems. Shoot meristems give rise to all aerial tissues and are precisely regulated to balance stem cell renewal and differentiation. The phytohormone auxin has a dynamic and differential distribution within shoot meristems and during shoot meristem formation. Polar auxin transport and local auxin biosynthesis lead to auxin maxima and minima to direct cell fate specification, which are critical for meristem formation, lateral organ formation, and lateral organ patterning. In recent years, feedback regulatory loops of auxin transport and signaling have emerged as major determinants of the self-organizing properties of shoot meristems. Systems biology approaches, which involve molecular genetics, live imaging, and computational modeling, have become increasingly important to unravel the function of auxin signaling in shoot meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, China
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Abstract
Summary: In this Editorial, Ottoline Leyser introduces this Special Issue focusing on plant developmental biology, which is published in honour of Ian Sussex – a founding father of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottoline Leyser
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Skopelitis et al. (2017) demonstrate that sharp boundaries of gene expression can be created by threshold-based readout of mobile small RNA gradients. Support for this hypothesis comes from manipulation of small RNAs involved in top-bottom leaf patterning and from a novel synthetic biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana O Robinson
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Matsumoto H, Yasui Y, Kumamaru T, Hirano HY. Characterization of a half-pipe-like leaf1 mutant that exhibits a curled leaf phenotype. Genes Genet Syst 2017; 92:287-291. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.17-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yukiko Yasui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Hiro-Yuki Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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Skopelitis DS, Benkovics AH, Husbands AY, Timmermans MCP. Boundary Formation through a Direct Threshold-Based Readout of Mobile Small RNA Gradients. Dev Cell 2017; 43:265-273.e6. [PMID: 29107557 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Small RNAs have emerged as a new class of mobile signals. Here, we investigate their mechanism of action and show that mobile small RNAs generate sharply defined domains of target gene expression through an intrinsic and direct threshold-based readout of their mobility gradients. This readout is highly sensitive to small RNA levels at the source, allowing plasticity in the positioning of a target gene expression boundary. Besides patterning their immediate targets, the readouts of opposing small RNA gradients enable specification of robust, uniformly positioned developmental boundaries. These patterning properties of small RNAs are reminiscent of those of animal morphogens. However, their mode of action and the intrinsic nature of their gradients distinguish mobile small RNAs from classical morphogens and present a unique direct mechanism through which to relay positional information. Mobile small RNAs and their targets thus emerge as highly portable, evolutionarily tractable regulatory modules through which to create pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna H Benkovics
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Aman Y Husbands
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Caggiano MP, Yu X, Bhatia N, Larsson A, Ram H, Ohno CK, Sappl P, Meyerowitz EM, Jönsson H, Heisler MG. Cell type boundaries organize plant development. eLife 2017; 6:27421. [PMID: 28895530 PMCID: PMC5617630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants the dorsoventral boundary of leaves defines an axis of symmetry through the centre of the organ separating the top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) tissues. Although the positioning of this boundary is critical for leaf morphogenesis, how the boundary is established and how it influences development remains unclear. Using live-imaging and perturbation experiments we show that leaf orientation, morphology and position are pre-patterned by HD-ZIPIII and KAN gene expression in the shoot, leading to a model in which dorsoventral genes coordinate to regulate plant development by localizing auxin response between their expression domains. However we also find that auxin levels feedback on dorsoventral patterning by spatially organizing HD-ZIPIII and KAN expression in the shoot periphery. By demonstrating that the regulation of these genes by auxin also governs their response to wounds, our results also provide a parsimonious explanation for the influence of wounds on leaf dorsoventrality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiulian Yu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Neha Bhatia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - André Larsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hasthi Ram
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolyn K Ohno
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pia Sappl
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, United States
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus G Heisler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Poethig RS. Ian Sussex: simple tools, clever experiments and new insights into plant development. Development 2016; 143:3224-5. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.142869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ian Sussex, who began his career at a time when the most powerful tool available to plant developmental biologists was a scalpel, helped transform the discipline of plant developmental biology into the dynamic, sophisticated field that it is today. He did this through his own research, through an influential book that he wrote with his friend and colleague Taylor Steeves, and through his many students and post-doctoral fellows, to whom he gave the greatest gift a scientist can receive – the freedom to do whatever they wanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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