1
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Zhang H, Raymundo JR, Daly KE, Zhu W, Senapati B, Zhong H, Ahilan AR, Marneros AG. AP-2α/AP-2β Transcription Factors Are Key Regulators of Epidermal Homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1505-1521.e12. [PMID: 38237728 PMCID: PMC11193656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
AP-2 transcription factors regulate ectodermal development, but their roles in epidermal homeostasis in adult skin are unknown. We find that AP-2α is the predominant AP-2 family member in adult epidermis, followed by AP-2β. Through inactivation of AP-2α, AP-2β, or both in keratinocytes, we assessed the effects of a gradient of epidermal AP-2 activity on skin function. We find that (i) loss of AP-2β in keratinocytes is compensated for by AP-2α, (ii) loss of AP-2α impairs terminal keratinocyte differentiation and hair morphogenesis, and (iii) the combined loss of AP-2α/AP-2β results in more severe skin and hair abnormalities. Keratinocyte differentiation defects precede progressive neutrophilic skin inflammation. Inducible inactivation of AP-2α/AP-2β in the adult phenocopies these manifestations. Transcriptomic analyses of epidermis lacking AP-2α or AP-2α/AP-2β in keratinocytes demonstrate a terminal keratinocyte differentiation defect with upregulation of alarmin keratins and of several immune pathway regulators. Moreover, our analyses suggest a key role of reduced AP-2α-dependent gene expression of CXCL14 and the keratin 15 gene K15 as an early pathogenic event toward the manifestation of skin inflammation. Thus, AP-2α and AP-2β are critical regulators of epidermal homeostasis in adult skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jackelyn R Raymundo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen E Daly
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford Univeristy, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bill Senapati
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanyu Zhong
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arjun R Ahilan
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
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2
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Nguyen TT, Mitchell JM, Kiel MD, Kenny CP, Li H, Jones KL, Cornell RA, Williams TJ, Nichols JT, Van Otterloo E. TFAP2 paralogs regulate midfacial development in part through a conserved ALX genetic pathway. Development 2024; 151:dev202095. [PMID: 38063857 PMCID: PMC10820886 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cranial neural crest development is governed by positional gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Fine-tuning of the GRN components underlies facial shape variation, yet how those networks in the midface are connected and activated remain poorly understood. Here, we show that concerted inactivation of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in the murine neural crest, even during the late migratory phase, results in a midfacial cleft and skeletal abnormalities. Bulk and single-cell RNA-seq profiling reveal that loss of both TFAP2 family members dysregulates numerous midface GRN components involved in midface morphogenesis, patterning and differentiation. Notably, Alx1, Alx3 and Alx4 (ALX) transcript levels are reduced, whereas ChIP-seq analyses suggest TFAP2 family members directly and positively regulate ALX gene expression. Tfap2a, Tfap2b and ALX co-expression in midfacial neural crest cells of both mouse and zebrafish implies conservation of this regulatory axis across vertebrates. Consistent with this notion, tfap2a zebrafish mutants present with abnormal alx3 expression patterns, Tfap2a binds ALX loci and tfap2a-alx3 genetic interactions are observed. Together, these data demonstrate TFAP2 paralogs regulate vertebrate midfacial development in part by activating expression of ALX transcription factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T. Nguyen
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennyfer M. Mitchell
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michaela D. Kiel
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Colin P. Kenny
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert A. Cornell
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Trevor J. Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James T. Nichols
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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3
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Raymundo JR, Zhang H, Smaldone G, Zhu W, Daly KE, Glennon BJ, Pecoraro G, Salvatore M, Devine WA, Lo CW, Vitagliano L, Marneros AG. KCTD1/KCTD15 complexes control ectodermal and neural crest cell functions, and their impairment causes aplasia cutis. J Clin Invest 2023; 134:e174138. [PMID: 38113115 PMCID: PMC10866662 DOI: 10.1172/jci174138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a congenital epidermal defect of the midline scalp and has been proposed to be due to a primary keratinocyte abnormality. Why it forms mainly at this anatomic site has remained a long-standing enigma. KCTD1 mutations cause ACC, ectodermal abnormalities, and kidney fibrosis, whereas KCTD15 mutations cause ACC and cardiac outflow tract abnormalities. Here, we found that KCTD1 and KCTD15 can form multimeric complexes and can compensate for each other's loss and that disease mutations are dominant negative, resulting in lack of KCTD1/KCTD15 function. We demonstrated that KCTD15 is critical for cardiac outflow tract development, whereas KCTD1 regulates distal nephron function. Combined inactivation of KCTD1/KCTD15 in keratinocytes resulted in abnormal skin appendages but not in ACC. Instead, KCTD1/KCTD15 inactivation in neural crest cells resulted in ACC linked to midline skull defects, demonstrating that ACC is not caused by a primary defect in keratinocytes but is a secondary consequence of impaired cranial neural crest cells, giving rise to midline cranial suture cells that express keratinocyte-promoting growth factors. Our findings explain the clinical observations in patients with KCTD1 versus KCTD15 mutations, establish KCTD1/KCTD15 complexes as critical regulators of ectodermal and neural crest cell functions, and define ACC as a neurocristopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackelyn R. Raymundo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Daly
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Glennon
- Developmental Biology Department, John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - William A. Devine
- Developmental Biology Department, John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Developmental Biology Department, John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Alexander G. Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Zhang H, Raymundo J, Daly KE, Zhu W, Senapati B, Marneros AG. AP-2α/AP-2β transcription factors are key regulators of epidermal homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.03.569763. [PMID: 38105942 PMCID: PMC10723278 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.03.569763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
AP-2 transcription factors regulate ectodermal development but their roles for epidermal homeostasis in the adult skin are unknown. We find that AP-2α is the predominant AP-2 family member in adult epidermis, followed by AP-2β. Through inactivation of AP-2α, AP-2β, or both in keratinocytes we assessed the effects of a gradient of epidermal AP-2 activity on skin function. We find that (1) loss of AP-2β in keratinocytes is compensated for by AP-2α, (2) loss of AP-2α impairs terminal keratinocyte differentiation and hair morphogenesis, and (3) the combined loss of AP-2α/AP-2β results in more severe skin and hair abnormalities. Keratinocyte differentiation defects precede a progressive neutrophilic skin inflammation. Inducible inactivation of AP-2α/AP-2β in the adult phenocopies these manifestations. Transcriptomic analyses of epidermis lacking AP-2α or AP-2α/AP-2β in keratinocytes demonstrate a terminal keratinocyte differentiation defect with upregulation of alarmin keratins and of several immune pathway regulators. Moreover, our analyses suggest a key role of loss of AP-2α-dependent gene expression of CXCL14 and KRT15 as an early pathogenic event towards the manifestation of skin inflammation. Thus, AP-2α/AP-2β are critical regulators of epidermal homeostasis in the adult skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jackelyn Raymundo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Daly
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bill Senapati
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alexander G. Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
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5
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Nguyen TT, Mitchell JM, Kiel MD, Jones KL, Williams TJ, Nichols JT, Van Otterloo E. TFAP2 paralogs regulate midfacial development in part through a conserved ALX genetic pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.16.545376. [PMID: 37398373 PMCID: PMC10312788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cranial neural crest development is governed by positional gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Fine-tuning of the GRN components underly facial shape variation, yet how those in the midface are connected and activated remain poorly understood. Here, we show that concerted inactivation of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in the murine neural crest even during the late migratory phase results in a midfacial cleft and skeletal abnormalities. Bulk and single-cell RNA-seq profiling reveal that loss of both Tfap2 members dysregulated numerous midface GRN components involved in midface fusion, patterning, and differentiation. Notably, Alx1/3/4 (Alx) transcript levels are reduced, while ChIP-seq analyses suggest TFAP2 directly and positively regulates Alx gene expression. TFAP2 and ALX co-expression in midfacial neural crest cells of both mouse and zebrafish further implies conservation of this regulatory axis across vertebrates. Consistent with this notion, tfap2a mutant zebrafish present abnormal alx3 expression patterns, and the two genes display a genetic interaction in this species. Together, these data demonstrate a critical role for TFAP2 in regulating vertebrate midfacial development in part through ALX transcription factor gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Nguyen
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jennyfer M Mitchell
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michaela D Kiel
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Trevor J Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James T Nichols
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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6
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Keuls RA, Oh YS, Patel I, Parchem RJ. Post-transcriptional regulation in cranial neural crest cells expands developmental potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212578120. [PMID: 36724256 PMCID: PMC9963983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212578120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental potential is progressively restricted after germ layer specification during gastrulation. However, cranial neural crest cells challenge this paradigm, as they develop from anterior ectoderm, yet give rise to both ectodermal derivatives of the peripheral nervous system and ectomesenchymal bone and cartilage. How cranial neural crest cells differentiate into multiple lineages is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that cranial neural crest cells possess a transient state of increased chromatin accessibility. We profile the spatiotemporal emergence of premigratory neural crest and find evidence of lineage bias toward either a neuronal or ectomesenchymal fate, with each expressing distinct factors from earlier stages of development. We identify the miR-302 miRNA family to be highly expressed in cranial neural crest cells and genetic deletion leads to precocious specification of the ectomesenchymal lineage. Loss of mir-302 results in reduced chromatin accessibility in the neuronal progenitor lineage of neural crest and a reduction in peripheral neuron differentiation. Mechanistically, we find that mir-302 directly targets Sox9 to slow the timing of ectomesenchymal neural crest specification and represses multiple genes involved in chromatin condensation to promote accessibility required for neuronal differentiation. Our findings reveal a posttranscriptional mechanism governed by miRNAs to expand developmental potential of cranial neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Keuls
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Young Sun Oh
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Ivanshi Patel
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Ronald J. Parchem
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
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7
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Lamontagne JO, Zhang H, Zeid AM, Strittmatter K, Rocha AD, Williams T, Zhang S, Marneros AG. Transcription factors AP-2α and AP-2β regulate distinct segments of the distal nephron in the mammalian kidney. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2226. [PMID: 35468900 PMCID: PMC9038906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors AP-2α and AP-2β have been suggested to regulate the differentiation of nephron precursor populations towards distal nephron segments. Here, we show that in the adult mammalian kidney AP-2α is found in medullary collecting ducts, whereas AP-2β is found in distal nephron segments except for medullary collecting ducts. Inactivation of AP-2α in nephron progenitor cells does not affect mammalian nephrogenesis, whereas its inactivation in collecting ducts leads to defects in medullary collecting ducts in the adult. Heterozygosity for AP-2β in nephron progenitor cells leads to progressive distal convoluted tubule abnormalities and β-catenin/mTOR hyperactivation that is associated with renal fibrosis and cysts. Complete loss of AP-2β in nephron progenitor cells caused an absence of distal convoluted tubules, renal cysts, and fibrosis with β-catenin/mTOR hyperactivation, and early postnatal death. Thus, AP-2α and AP-2β have non-redundant distinct spatiotemporal functions in separate segments of the distal nephron in the mammalian kidney. How the distal nephron is patterned during kidney development has been difficult to study. Here they show that AP-2β is required for the formation and postnatal function of distal convoluted tubules, whereas AP-2α has a role in maintaining the structure of medullary collecting ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Lamontagne
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alia M Zeid
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Karin Strittmatter
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alicia D Rocha
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sheryl Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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8
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Van Otterloo E, Milanda I, Pike H, Thompson JA, Li H, Jones KL, Williams T. AP-2α and AP-2β cooperatively function in the craniofacial surface ectoderm to regulate chromatin and gene expression dynamics during facial development. eLife 2022; 11:e70511. [PMID: 35333176 PMCID: PMC9038197 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The facial surface ectoderm is essential for normal development of the underlying cranial neural crest cell populations, providing signals that direct appropriate growth, patterning, and morphogenesis. Despite the importance of the ectoderm as a signaling center, the molecular cues and genetic programs implemented within this tissue are understudied. Here, we show that removal of two members of the AP-2 transcription factor family, AP-2α and AP-2ß, within the early embryonic ectoderm of the mouse leads to major alterations in the craniofacial complex. Significantly, there are clefts in both the upper face and mandible, accompanied by fusion of the upper and lower jaws in the hinge region. Comparison of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analyses between controls and mutants revealed significant changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression centered on multiple AP-2 binding motifs associated with enhancer elements within these ectodermal lineages. In particular, loss of these AP-2 proteins affects both skin differentiation as well as multiple signaling pathways, most notably the WNT pathway. We also determined that the mutant clefting phenotypes that correlated with reduced WNT signaling could be rescued by Wnt1 ligand overexpression in the ectoderm. Collectively, these findings highlight a conserved ancestral function for AP-2 transcription factors in ectodermal development and signaling, and provide a framework from which to understand the gene regulatory network operating within this tissue that directs vertebrate craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Van Otterloo
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Isaac Milanda
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Hamish Pike
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Jamie A Thompson
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital ColoradoAuroraUnited States
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9
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Woodruff ED, Gutierrez GC, Van Otterloo E, Williams T, Cohn MJ. Anomalous incisor morphology indicates tissue-specific roles for Tfap2a and Tfap2b in tooth development. Dev Biol 2021; 472:67-74. [PMID: 33460639 PMCID: PMC8018193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mice possess two types of teeth that differ in their cusp patterns; incisors have one cusp and molars have multiple cusps. The patterning of these two types of teeth relies on fine-tuning of the reciprocal molecular signaling between dental epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during embryonic development. The AP-2 transcription factors, particularly Tfap2a and Tfap2b, are essential components of such epithelial-mesenchymal signaling interactions that coordinate craniofacial development in mice and other vertebrates, but little is known about their roles in the regulation of tooth development and shape. Here we demonstrate that incisors and molars differ in their temporal and spatial expression of Tfap2a and Tfap2b. At the bud stage, Tfap2a is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme of the incisors and molars, but Tfap2b expression is restricted to the molar mesenchyme, only later appearing in the incisor epithelium. Tissue-specific deletions show that loss of the epithelial domain of Tfap2a and Tfap2b affects the number and spatial arrangement of the incisors, notably resulting in duplicated lower incisors. In contrast, deletion of these two genes in the mesenchymal domain has little effect on tooth development. Collectively these results implicate epithelial expression of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in regulating the extent of the dental lamina associated with patterning the incisors and suggest that these genes contribute to morphological differences between anterior (incisor) and posterior (molar) teeth within the mammalian dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Woodruff
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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10
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Raap M, Gierendt L, Kreipe HH, Christgen M. Transcription factor AP-2beta in development, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1221-1227. [PMID: 33720400 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, the AP-2 family of transcription factors comprises five members. Transcription factor AP-2beta (TFAP2B)/AP-2β was first described in 1995. Several studies indicate a critical role of AP-2β in the development of tissues and organs of ectodermal, neuroectodermal and also mesodermal origin. Germline mutation of TFAP2B is known to cause the Char syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by facial dysmorphism, patent ductus arteriosus and anatomical abnormalities of the fifth digit. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TFAP2B were linked to obesity and specific personality traits. In neoplasias, AP-2β was first described in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemical staining of AP-2β is a recommended ancillary test for the histopathological diagnosis of this uncommon childhood malignancy. In neuroblastoma, AP-2β supports noradrenergic differentiation. Recently, the function of AP-2β in breast cancer (BC) has gained interest. AP-2β is associated with the lobular BC subtype. Moreover, AP-2β controls BC cell proliferation and has a prognostic impact in patients with BC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about AP-2β and its function in organ development, differentiation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Raap
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Gierendt
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans H Kreipe
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Magnesium and Calcium Homeostasis Depend on KCTD1 Function in the Distal Nephron. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108616. [PMID: 33440155 PMCID: PMC7869691 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) homeostasis depends on active transcellular Mg2+ reuptake from urine in distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) via the Mg2+ channel TRPM6, whose activity has been proposed to be regulated by EGF. Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis depends on paracellular reabsorption in the thick ascending limbs of Henle (TALs). KCTD1 promotes terminal differentiation of TALs/DCTs, but how its deficiency affects urinary Mg2+ and Ca2+ reabsorption is unknown. Here, this study shows that DCT1-specific KCTD1 inactivation leads to hypomagnesemia despite normal TRPM6 levels because of reduced levels of the sodium chloride co-transporter NCC, whereas Mg2+ homeostasis does not depend on EGF. Moreover, KCTD1 deficiency impairs paracellular urinary Ca2+ and Mg2+ reabsorption in TALs because of reduced NKCC2/claudin-16/-19 and increased claudin-14 expression, leading to hypocalcemia and consequently to secondary hyperparathyroidism and progressive metabolic bone disease. Thus, KCTD1 regulates urinary reabsorption of Mg2+ and Ca2+ by inducing expression of NCC in DCTs and NKCC2/claudin-16/-19 in TALs.
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12
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Chambers BE, Clark EG, Gatz AE, Wingert RA. Kctd15 regulates nephron segment development by repressing Tfap2a activity. Development 2020; 147:dev.191973. [PMID: 33028614 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional vertebrate kidney relies on structural units called nephrons, which are epithelial tubules with a sequence of segments each expressing a distinct repertoire of solute transporters. The transcriptiona`l codes driving regional specification, solute transporter program activation and terminal differentiation of segment populations remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the KCTD15 paralogs kctd15a and kctd15b function in concert to restrict distal early (DE)/thick ascending limb (TAL) segment lineage assignment in the developing zebrafish pronephros by repressing Tfap2a activity. During renal ontogeny, expression of these factors colocalized with tfap2a in distal tubule precursors. kctd15a/b loss primed nephron cells to adopt distal fates by driving slc12a1, kcnj1a.1 and stc1 expression. These phenotypes were the result of Tfap2a hyperactivity, where kctd15a/b-deficient embryos exhibited increased abundance of this transcription factor. Interestingly, tfap2a reciprocally promoted kctd15a and kctd15b transcription, unveiling a circuit of autoregulation operating in nephron progenitors. Concomitant kctd15b knockdown with tfap2a overexpression further expanded the DE population. Our study reveals that a transcription factor-repressor feedback module employs tight regulation of Tfap2a and Kctd15 kinetics to control nephron segment fate choice and differentiation during kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Eleanor G Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Allison E Gatz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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13
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Gonzalez Curto G, Der Vartanian A, Frarma YEM, Manceau L, Baldi L, Prisco S, Elarouci N, Causeret F, Korenkov D, Rigolet M, Aurade F, De Reynies A, Contremoulins V, Relaix F, Faklaris O, Briscoe J, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Ribes V. The PAX-FOXO1s trigger fast trans-differentiation of chick embryonic neural cells into alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with tissue invasive properties limited by S phase entry inhibition. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009164. [PMID: 33175861 PMCID: PMC7682867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome translocations generating PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 chimeric proteins are the primary hallmarks of the paediatric fusion-positive alveolar subtype of Rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS). Despite the ability of these transcription factors to remodel chromatin landscapes and promote the expression of tumour driver genes, they only inefficiently promote malignant transformation in vivo. The reason for this is unclear. To address this, we developed an in ovo model to follow the response of spinal cord progenitors to PAX-FOXO1s. Our data demonstrate that PAX-FOXO1s, but not wild-type PAX3 or PAX7, trigger the trans-differentiation of neural cells into FP-RMS-like cells with myogenic characteristics. In parallel, PAX-FOXO1s remodel the neural pseudo-stratified epithelium into a cohesive mesenchyme capable of tissue invasion. Surprisingly, expression of PAX-FOXO1s, similar to wild-type PAX3/7, reduce the levels of CDK-CYCLIN activity and increase the fraction of cells in G1. Introduction of CYCLIN D1 or MYCN overcomes this PAX-FOXO1-mediated cell cycle inhibition and promotes tumour growth. Together, our findings reveal a mechanism that can explain the apparent limited oncogenicity of PAX-FOXO1 fusion transcription factors. They are also consistent with certain clinical reports indicative of a neural origin of FP-RMS. The fusion-positive subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) is a rare malignant paediatric cancer, whose induction and evolution still remain to be deciphered. Out of the gross genetic aberrations found in these cancers, t(2:13) and t(1,13) chromosome translocations are the first to appear and lead to the expression of fusion proteins made of the DNA binding domains of either PAX3 or PAX7 and the transactivation domain of FOXO1. Both PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 have a strong impact on gene transcription, yet they only inefficiently promote the transformation of healthy cells into tumorigenic cells. To address this issue, we have used chick embryos to monitor in vivo the early response of cells to PAX-FOXO1 chimeric proteins. We showed that both proteins, but not the normal PAX3 and PAX7, transform neural cells into cells with FP-RMS molecular features. The PAX-FOXO1s also force polarized epithelial neural cells to adopt a mesenchymal phenotype with tissue invasive properties. However, the PAX-FOXO1s inhibit cell division and hence tumour growth. Genetically re-activating core cell cycle regulators rescues PAX-FOXO1 mediated cell cycle inhibition. Together, our findings bring further support to the idea that the PAX-FOXO1s are stricto sensu oncoproteins, whose oncogenicity is limited by negative effects on cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Line Manceau
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Baldi
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Selene Prisco
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Aurade
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien De Reynies
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Contremoulins
- ImagoSeine core facility of Institut Jacques Monod and member of France-BioImaging, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- ImagoSeine core facility of Institut Jacques Monod and member of France-BioImaging, France
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanessa Ribes
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Weigele J, Bohnsack BL. Genetics Underlying the Interactions between Neural Crest Cells and Eye Development. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8040026. [PMID: 33182738 PMCID: PMC7712190 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a unique, transient stem cell population that is critical for craniofacial and ocular development. Understanding the genetics underlying the steps of neural crest development is essential for gaining insight into the pathogenesis of congenital eye diseases. The neural crest cells play an under-appreciated key role in patterning the neural epithelial-derived optic cup. These interactions between neural crest cells within the periocular mesenchyme and the optic cup, while not well-studied, are critical for optic cup morphogenesis and ocular fissure closure. As a result, microphthalmia and coloboma are common phenotypes in human disease and animal models in which neural crest cell specification and early migration are disrupted. In addition, neural crest cells directly contribute to numerous ocular structures including the cornea, iris, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and aqueous outflow tracts. Defects in later neural crest cell migration and differentiation cause a constellation of well-recognized ocular anterior segment anomalies such as Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome and Peters Anomaly. This review will focus on the genetics of the neural crest cells within the context of how these complex processes specifically affect overall ocular development and can lead to congenital eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-227-6180; Fax: +1-312-227-9411
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15
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Berio F, Evin A, Goudemand N, Debiais‐Thibaud M. The intraspecific diversity of tooth morphology in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris: insights into the ontogenetic cues driving sexual dimorphism. J Anat 2020; 237:960-978. [PMID: 32667054 PMCID: PMC7542197 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth in sharks are shed and replaced throughout their lifetime. Morphological dental changes through ontogeny have been identified in several species and have been correlated with shifts in diet and the acquisition of sexual maturity. However, these changes were rarely quantified in detail along multiple ontogenetic stages, which makes it difficult to infer the developmental processes responsible for the observed plasticity. In this work, we use micro-computed tomography and 3D geometric morphometrics to describe and analyze the tooth size and shape diversity across three ontogenetic stages (hatchling, juvenile, and sexually mature) in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758). We first describe the intra-individual variation of tooth form for each sex at each ontogenetic stage. We provide a tooth morphospace for palatoquadrate and Meckelian teeth and identify dental features, such as relative size and number of cusps, involved in the range of variation of the observed morphologies. We then use these shape data to draw developmental trajectories between ontogenetic stages and for each tooth position within the jaw to characterize ontogenetic patterns of sexual dimorphism. We highlight the emergence of gynandric heterodonty between the juvenile and mature ontogenetic stages, with mature females having tooth morphologies more similar to juveniles' than mature males that display regression in the number of accessory cusps. From these data, we speculate on the developmental processes that could account for such developmental plasticity in S. stellaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidji Berio
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonUMR 5242Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ. LyonLyonFrance
| | - Allowen Evin
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonUMR 5242Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ. LyonLyonFrance
| | - Mélanie Debiais‐Thibaud
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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16
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Wouters J, Kalender-Atak Z, Minnoye L, Spanier KI, De Waegeneer M, Bravo González-Blas C, Mauduit D, Davie K, Hulselmans G, Najem A, Dewaele M, Pedri D, Rambow F, Makhzami S, Christiaens V, Ceyssens F, Ghanem G, Marine JC, Poovathingal S, Aerts S. Robust gene expression programs underlie recurrent cell states and phenotype switching in melanoma. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:986-998. [PMID: 32753671 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma cells can switch between a melanocytic and a mesenchymal-like state. Scattered evidence indicates that additional intermediate state(s) may exist. Here, to search for such states and decipher their underlying gene regulatory network (GRN), we studied 10 melanoma cultures using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) as well as 26 additional cultures using bulk RNA-seq. Although each culture exhibited a unique transcriptome, we identified shared GRNs that underlie the extreme melanocytic and mesenchymal states and the intermediate state. This intermediate state is corroborated by a distinct chromatin landscape and is governed by the transcription factors SOX6, NFATC2, EGR3, ELF1 and ETV4. Single-cell migration assays confirmed the intermediate migratory phenotype of this state. Using time-series sampling of single cells after knockdown of SOX10, we unravelled the sequential and recurrent arrangement of GRNs during phenotype switching. Taken together, these analyses indicate that an intermediate state exists and is driven by a distinct and stable 'mixed' GRN rather than being a symbiotic heterogeneous mix of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Wouters
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeynep Kalender-Atak
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liesbeth Minnoye
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katina I Spanier
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maxime De Waegeneer
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Bravo González-Blas
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Mauduit
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristofer Davie
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Hulselmans
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Dewaele
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Pedri
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Rambow
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samira Makhzami
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Christiaens
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ghanem Ghanem
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stein Aerts
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Johnson AL, Schneider JE, Mohun TJ, Williams T, Bhattacharya S, Henderson DJ, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. Early Embryonic Expression of AP-2α Is Critical for Cardiovascular Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030027. [PMID: 32717817 PMCID: PMC7570199 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformation is a common birth defect incorporating abnormalities of the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries, and mice deficient in the transcription factor AP-2α (Tcfap2a) present with complex defects affecting these structures. AP-2α is expressed in the pharyngeal surface ectoderm and neural crest at mid-embryogenesis in the mouse, but the precise tissue compartment in which AP-2α is required for cardiovascular development has not been identified. In this study we describe the fully penetrant AP-2α deficient cardiovascular phenotype on a C57Bl/6J genetic background and show that this is associated with increased apoptosis in the pharyngeal ectoderm. Neural crest cell migration into the pharyngeal arches was not affected. Cre-expressing transgenic mice were used in conjunction with an AP-2α conditional allele to examine the effect of deleting AP-2α from the pharyngeal surface ectoderm and the neural crest, either individually or in combination, as well as the second heart field. This, surprisingly, was unable to fully recapitulate the global AP-2α deficient cardiovascular phenotype. The outflow tract and arch artery phenotype was, however, recapitulated through early embryonic Cre-mediated recombination. These findings indicate that AP-2α has a complex influence on cardiovascular development either being required very early in embryogenesis and/or having a redundant function in many tissue layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy-Leigh Johnson
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | | | | | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Shoumo Bhattacharya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Helen M. Phillips
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-241-8764
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18
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AP-2β/KCTD1 Control Distal Nephron Differentiation and Protect against Renal Fibrosis. Dev Cell 2020; 54:348-366.e5. [PMID: 32553120 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The developmental mechanisms that orchestrate differentiation of specific nephron segments are incompletely understood, and the factors that maintain their terminal differentiation after nephrogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, the transcription factor AP-2β is shown to be required for the differentiation of distal tubule precursors into early stage distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) during nephrogenesis. In contrast, its downstream target KCTD1 is essential for terminal differentiation of early stage DCTs into mature DCTs, and impairment of their terminal differentiation owing to lack of KCTD1 leads to a severe salt-losing tubulopathy. Moreover, sustained KCTD1 activity in the adult maintains mature DCTs in this terminally differentiated state and prevents renal fibrosis by repressing β-catenin activity, whereas KCTD1 deficiency leads to severe renal fibrosis. Thus, the AP-2β/KCTD1 axis links a developmental pathway in the nephron to the induction and maintenance of terminal differentiation of DCTs that actively prevents their de-differentiation in the adult and protects against renal fibrosis.
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19
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Cardiac Neural Crest Cells: Their Rhombomeric Specification, Migration, and Association with Heart and Great Vessel Anomalies. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:403-429. [PMID: 32405705 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outflow tract abnormalities are the most frequent congenital heart defects. These are due to the absence or dysfunction of the two main cell types, i.e., neural crest cells and secondary heart field cells that migrate in opposite directions at the same stage of development. These cells directly govern aortic arch patterning and development, ascending aorta dilatation, semi-valvular and coronary artery development, aortopulmonary septation abnormalities, persistence of the ductus arteriosus, trunk and proximal pulmonary arteries, sub-valvular conal ventricular septal/rotational defects, and non-compaction of the left ventricle. In some cases, depending on the functional defects of these cells, additional malformations are found in the expected spatial migratory area of the cells, namely in the pharyngeal arch derivatives and cervico-facial structures. Associated non-cardiovascular anomalies are often underestimated, since the multipotency and functional alteration of these cells can result in the modification of multiple neural, epidermal, and cervical structures at different levels. In most cases, patients do not display the full phenotype of abnormalities, but congenital cardiac defects involving the ventricular outflow tract, ascending aorta, aortic arch and supra-aortic trunks should be considered as markers for possible impaired function of these cells. Neural crest cells should not be considered as a unique cell population but on the basis of their cervical rhombomere origins R3-R5 or R6-R7-R8 and specific migration patterns: R3-R4 towards arch II, R5-R6 arch III and R7-R8 arch IV and VI. A better understanding of their development may lead to the discovery of unknown associated abnormalities, thereby enabling potential improvements to be made to the therapeutic approach.
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20
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Akula M, Taiyab A, Deschamps P, Yee S, Ball AK, Williams T, West-Mays JA. AP-2β is required for formation of the murine trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108042. [PMID: 32353428 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that Tfap2b, the gene encoding transcription factor AP-2β, is needed for normal mouse eye development. Specifically, targeted loss of Tfap2b in neural crest cells (NCCs)1 and their derivatives, particularly the periocular mesenchyme (POM), resulted in anterior segment defects affecting the cornea and angle tissue. These defects were further associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). The present study investigates the underlying changes in embryonic and postnatal POM cell development and differentiation caused by loss of AP-2β in the NCCs, particularly in the structures that control aqueous outflow, using Wnt1Cre+/-; Tfap2b-/lox; tdTomatolox/+ mice (AP-2β neural crest cell knockout or AP-2β NCC KO). Toluidine blue-stained sections and ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were used to assess morphology and ultrastructure, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of KO and control eyes was performed at embryonic day (E) 15.5, E18.5, postnatal day (P) 1, P7 and P14 using phospho-histone H3 (PH3), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), myocilin and endomucin antibodies, as well as a TUNEL assay. Conditional deletion of AP-2β in the NCC-derived POM resulted in defects that appeared during both embryogenesis and postnatal stages. Fate mapping of the knockout cells in the mutants revealed that the POM migrated appropriately into the eye during embryogenesis. However, during postnatal stages a significant reduction in POM proliferation in the angle region was observed in the mutants compared to controls. This was accompanied by a lack of expression of appropriate trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal markers. This is the first study to show that AP-2β is required for development and differentiation of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. Together, these defects likely contributed to the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) previously reported in the AP-2β NCC KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Akula
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aftab Taiyab
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paula Deschamps
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shannin Yee
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander K Ball
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor Williams
- University of Colorado, Craniofacial Biology, Mail Stop 8120, RC1-S, Rm L18 111, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Judith A West-Mays
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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21
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Rothstein M, Simoes-Costa M. Heterodimerization of TFAP2 pioneer factors drives epigenomic remodeling during neural crest specification. Genome Res 2019; 30:35-48. [PMID: 31848212 PMCID: PMC6961570 DOI: 10.1101/gr.249680.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate commitment involves the progressive restriction of developmental potential. Recent studies have shown that this process requires not only shifts in gene expression but also an extensive remodeling of the epigenomic landscape. To examine how chromatin states are reorganized during cellular specification in an in vivo system, we examined the function of pioneer factor TFAP2A at discrete stages of neural crest development. Our results show that TFAP2A activates distinct sets of genomic regions during induction of the neural plate border and specification of neural crest cells. Genomic occupancy analysis revealed that the repertoire of TFAP2A targets depends upon its dimerization with paralogous proteins TFAP2C and TFAP2B. During gastrula stages, TFAP2A/C heterodimers activate components of the neural plate border induction program. As neurulation begins, TFAP2A trades partners, and TFAP2A/B heterodimers reorganize the epigenomic landscape of progenitor cells to promote neural crest specification. We propose that this molecular switch acts to drive progressive cell commitment, remodeling the epigenomic landscape to define the presumptive neural crest. Our findings show how pioneer factors regulate distinct genomic targets in a stage-specific manner and highlight how paralogy can serve as an evolutionary strategy to diversify the function of the regulators that control embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rothstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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22
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Chambers BE, Gerlach GF, Clark EG, Chen KH, Levesque AE, Leshchiner I, Goessling W, Wingert RA. Tfap2a is a novel gatekeeper of nephron differentiation during kidney development. Development 2019; 146:dev.172387. [PMID: 31160420 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal functional units known as nephrons undergo patterning events during development that create a segmental array of cellular compartments with discrete physiological identities. Here, from a forward genetic screen using zebrafish, we report the discovery that transcription factor AP-2 alpha (tfap2a) coordinates a gene regulatory network that activates the terminal differentiation program of distal segments in the pronephros. We found that tfap2a acts downstream of Iroquois homeobox 3b (irx3b), a distal lineage transcription factor, to operate a circuit consisting of tfap2b, irx1a and genes encoding solute transporters that dictate the specialized metabolic functions of distal nephron segments. Interestingly, this regulatory node is distinct from other checkpoints of differentiation, such as polarity establishment and ciliogenesis. Thus, our studies reveal insights into the genetic control of differentiation, where tfap2a is essential for regulating a suite of segment transporter traits at the final tier of zebrafish pronephros ontogeny. These findings have relevance for understanding renal birth defects, as well as efforts to recapitulate nephrogenesis in vivo to facilitate drug discovery and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Eleanor G Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Karen H Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Anna E Levesque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ignaty Leshchiner
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Genetics and Gastroenterology Division, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Genetics and Gastroenterology Division, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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23
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Li H, Jones KL, Hooper JE, Williams T. The molecular anatomy of mammalian upper lip and primary palate fusion at single cell resolution. Development 2019; 146:dev.174888. [PMID: 31118233 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lip and primary palate form when coordinated growth and morphogenesis bring the nasal and maxillary processes into contact, and the epithelia co-mingle, remodel and clear from the fusion site to allow mesenchyme continuity. Although several genes required for fusion have been identified, an integrated molecular and cellular description of the overall process is lacking. Here, we employ single cell RNA sequencing of the developing mouse face to identify ectodermal, mesenchymal and endothelial populations associated with patterning and fusion of the facial prominences. This analysis indicates that key cell populations at the fusion site exist within the periderm, basal epithelial cells and adjacent mesenchyme. We describe the expression profiles that make each population unique, and the signals that potentially integrate their behaviour. Overall, these data provide a comprehensive high-resolution description of the various cell populations participating in fusion of the lip and primary palate, as well as formation of the nasolacrimal groove, and they furnish a powerful resource for those investigating the molecular genetics of facial development and facial clefting that can be mined for crucial mechanistic information concerning this prevalent human birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joan E Hooper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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24
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Lin X, Yang H, Wang L, Li W, Diao S, Du J, Wang S, Dong R, Li J, Fan Z. AP2a enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting the formation of YAP/RUNX2 complex and BARX1 transcription. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12522. [PMID: 30443989 PMCID: PMC6430486 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bone regeneration by bone tissue engineering is a therapeutic option for bone defects. Improving the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is essential for successful bone regeneration. We previously showed that AP2a enhances the osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. The present study investigated the mechanism of how AP2a regulates the direct differentiation. Materials and methods Co‐immunoprecipitation and ChIP assays were carried out to investigate the underlying mechanism in MSCs differentiation. The osteogenic differentiation potential was determined by mineralization ability and the expression of osteogenic marker in vitro and the in vivo bone‐like tissue generation in nude mice. Results We show that AP2a can compete with RUNX2, a key transcription factor in osteogenic differentiation, to recruit YAP and release the inhibition of RUNX2 activity from YAP by forming YAP‐AP2a protein complex. YAP‐AP2a protein complex also interacts with the BARX1 promoter through AP2a, inhibit the transcription of BARX1. Moreover, BARX1 inhibits osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Conclusions Our discoveries revealed that AP2a may regulate the osteogenic differentiation in an indirect way through competing with RUNX2 to relieve the RUNX2 activity which inhibited by YAP, and also in a direct way via targeting the BARX1 and directly repressed its transcription. Thus, our discoveries shed new light on the mechanism of direct differentiation of MSCs and provide candidate targets for improving the osteogenic differentiation and enhancing bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Implant Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction of Oral Tissues, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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25
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Genetic Dissection of a Supergene Implicates Tfap2a in Craniofacial Evolution of Threespine Sticklebacks. Genetics 2018; 209:591-605. [PMID: 29593029 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, multiple adaptive phenotypes often coevolve and can be controlled by tightly linked genetic loci known as supergenes. Dissecting the genetic basis of these linked phenotypes is a major challenge in evolutionary genetics. Multiple freshwater populations of threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have convergently evolved two constructive craniofacial traits, longer branchial bones and increased pharyngeal tooth number, likely as adaptations to dietary differences between marine and freshwater environments. Prior QTL mapping showed that both traits are partially controlled by overlapping genomic regions on chromosome 21 and that a regulatory change in Bmp6 likely underlies the tooth number QTL. Here, we mapped the branchial bone length QTL to a 155 kb, eight-gene interval tightly linked to, but excluding the coding regions of Bmp6 and containing the candidate gene Tfap2a Further recombinant mapping revealed this bone length QTL is separable into at least two loci. During embryonic and larval development, Tfap2a was expressed in the branchial bone primordia, where allele specific expression assays revealed the freshwater allele of Tfap2a was expressed at lower levels relative to the marine allele in hybrid fish. Induced loss-of-function mutations in Tfap2a revealed an essential role in stickleback craniofacial development and show that bone length is sensitive to Tfap2a dosage in heterozygotes. Combined, these results suggest that closely linked but genetically separable changes in Bmp6 and Tfap2a contribute to a supergene underlying evolved skeletal gain in multiple freshwater stickleback populations.
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