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Krimpenfort LT, Degn SE, Heesters BA. The follicular dendritic cell: At the germinal center of autoimmunity? Cell Rep 2024; 43:113869. [PMID: 38431843 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases strain healthcare systems worldwide as their incidence rises, and current treatments put patients at risk for infections. An increased understanding of autoimmune diseases is required to develop targeted therapies that do not impair normal immune function. Many autoimmune diseases present with autoantibodies, which drive local or systemic inflammation. This indicates the presence of autoreactive B cells that have escaped tolerance. An important step in the development of autoreactive B cells is the germinal center (GC) reaction, where they undergo affinity maturation toward cognate self-antigen. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) perform the essential task of antigen presentation to B cells during the affinity maturation process. However, in recent years, it has become clear that FDCs play a much more active role in regulation of GC processes. Here, we evaluate the biology of FDCs in the context of autoimmune disease, with the goal of informing future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc T Krimpenfort
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Hernández-Barranco A, Santos V, Mazariegos MS, Caleiras E, Nogués L, Mourcin F, Léonard S, Oblet C, Genebrier S, Rossille D, Benguría A, Sanz A, Vázquez E, Dopazo A, Efeyan A, Ortega-Molina A, Cogne M, Tarte K, Peinado H. NGFR regulates stromal cell activation in germinal centers. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113705. [PMID: 38307025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) is expressed by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). However, the role of NGFR in the humoral response is not well defined. Here, we study the effect of Ngfr loss on lymph node organization and function, demonstrating that Ngfr depletion leads to spontaneous germinal center (GC) formation and an expansion of the GC B cell compartment. In accordance with this effect, stromal cells are altered in Ngfr-/- mice with a higher frequency of FDCs, characterized by CD21/35, MAdCAM-1, and VCAM-1 overexpression. GCs are located ectopically in Ngfr-/- mice, with lost polarization together with impaired high-affinity antibody production and an increase in circulating autoantibodies. We observe higher levels of autoantibodies in Bcl2 Tg/Ngfr-/- mice, concomitant with a higher incidence of autoimmunity and lower overall survival. Our work shows that NGFR is involved in maintaining GC structure and function, participating in GC activation, antibody production, and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernández-Barranco
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina S Mazariegos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Liver Injury and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nogués
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frédéric Mourcin
- UMR U1236, University Rennes, INSERM, EFS Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Simon Léonard
- UMR U1236, University Rennes, INSERM, EFS Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Oblet
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges University, CNRS Umr 7276, Inserm U1262, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Steve Genebrier
- UMR U1236, University Rennes, INSERM, EFS Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Rossille
- UMR U1236, University Rennes, INSERM, EFS Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France; SITI Lab, Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Alberto Benguría
- Genomic Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research, Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Sanz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Vázquez
- Genomic Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research, Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomic Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research, Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega-Molina
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Metabolism in Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Immune System and Function Department, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CMBSO-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Michel Cogne
- UMR U1236, University Rennes, INSERM, EFS Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR U1236, University Rennes, INSERM, EFS Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France; SITI Lab, Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Ware MB, Wolfarth AA, Goon JB, Ezeanya UI, Dhar S, Ferrando-Martinez S, Lee BH. The Role of Interleukin-7 in the Formation of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Their Prognostic Value in Gastrointestinal Cancers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2022; 5:105-117. [PMID: 36483588 PMCID: PMC9714415 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-22-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumors continue to develop in preclinical and clinical research settings. Unfortunately, for many patients the tumor fails to respond or becomes resistant to therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). In many cancers, failed response to CPIs can be attributed to poor T cell infiltration, dominant immunosuppression, and exhausted immune responses. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers T cell infiltration can be dismal, with several reports finding that CD8+ T cells compose less than 2% of all cells within the tumor. Organized aggregates of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and vessels, together termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are hypothesized to be a major source of T cells within solid tumors. The intratumoral formation of these organized immune centers appears to rely on intricate cytokine and chemokine signaling to heterogeneous cell populations such as B and T cells, innate lymphoid cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells. In GI cancers, the presence and density of TLSs provide prognostic value for predicting outcome and survival. Further, TLS presence and density associates with favorable responses to CPIs in many cancers. This review highlights the prognostic value of TLSs in GI cancers, the role of the homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) in TLS formation, and the induction of TLSs in solid tumors by novel therapeutics.
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