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Gu Y, Lin X, Kapoor A, Chow MJ, Jiang Y, Zhao K, Tang D. The Oncogenic Potential of the Centromeric Border Protein FAM84B of the 8q24.21 Gene Desert. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030312. [PMID: 32183428 PMCID: PMC7140883 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM84B is a risk gene in breast and prostate cancers. Its upregulation is associated with poor prognosis of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. FAM84B facilitates cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, and xenograft growth in vivo. The FAM84B and Myc genes border a 1.2 Mb gene desert at 8q24.21. Co-amplification of both occurs in 20 cancer types. Mice deficient of a 430 Kb fragment within the 1.2 Mb gene desert have downregulated FAM84B and Myc expressions concurrent with reduced breast cancer growth. Intriguingly, Myc works in partnership with other oncogenes, including Ras. FAM84B shares similarities with the H-Ras-like suppressor (HRASLS) family over their typical LRAT (lecithin:retinal acyltransferase) domain. This domain contains a catalytic triad, H23, H35, and C113, which constitutes the phospholipase A1/2 and O-acyltransferase activities of HRASLS1-5. These enzymatic activities underlie their suppression of Ras. FAM84B conserves H23 and H35 but not C113 with both histidine residues residing within a highly conserved motif that FAM84B shares with HRASLS1-5. Deletion of this motif abolishes FAM84B oncogenic activities. These properties suggest a collaboration of FAM84B with Myc, consistent with the role of the gene desert in strengthening Myc functions. Here, we will discuss recent research on FAM84B-derived oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathilda Jing Chow
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kuncheng Zhao
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(905)-522-1155 (ext. 35168)
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Liao CP, Lin TP, Li PC, Geary LA, Chen K, Vaikari VP, Wu JB, Lin CH, Gross ME, Shih JC. Loss of MAOA in epithelia inhibits adenocarcinoma development, cell proliferation and cancer stem cells in prostate. Oncogene 2018; 37:5175-5190. [PMID: 29844571 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is a mitochondrial enzyme, which degrades monoamine neurotransmitters and dietary amines and produces H2O2. Recent studies have shown increased MAOA expression in prostate cancer (PCa), glioma, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. However, the biological function of MAOA in cancer development remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of MAOA in the development of prostate adenocarcinoma by creating a prostate-specific Pten/MAOA knockout (KO) mouse model, in which MAOA-floxP mouse was crossed with the conditional Pten KO PCa mouse that develops invasive PCa. In contrast to Pten KO mice, age-matched Pten/MAOA KO mice exhibited a significant decrease in both prostate size and the incidence of invasive cancer. We observed a significant decline in AKT phosphorylation and Ki67 expression in Pten/MAOA KO mice, which reduced epithelial cell growth and proliferation. As cancer stem cells (CSCs) are required for tumor initiation and growth, we investigated expression of OCT4 and NANOG in the setting of decreased MAOA expression. We found that both OCT4 and NANOG were significantly attenuated in the prostate epithelia of Pten/MAOA KO mice compared to Pten KO mice, which was confirmed with targeted knockdown of MAOA with a short-hairpin(sh) vector targeting MAOA compared to cells transfected with a control vector. Expression of other markers associated with the a stem cell phenotype, including CD44, α2β1, and CD133 as well as HIF-1α+CD44+ stem cells were all decreased in shMAOA PCa cells compared with empty vector-transfected control cells. We also found spheroid formation ability in PCa cells was decreased when endogenous MAOA was suppressed by siRNA or MAOA inhibitor clorgyline in a colony formation assay. Using the TCGA database, elevated MAOA expression was associated with reduced Pten levels in high Gleason grade in patient samples. Further, we found that Pten-positive PCa cells were more resistant to clorgyline treatments than Pten-null cells in tumorigenicity and stemness. Taken together, these studies suggest that MAOA expression promotes PCa development by increasing cell proliferation and CSCs and highlights the potential use of MAOA inhibitors for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Peng Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033-9075, USA
| | - Tzu-Ping Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, WA, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA
| | - Lauren A Geary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA
| | - Vijaya Pooja Vaikari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA
| | - Jason Boyang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, 99210-1495, USA
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, WA, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mitchell E Gross
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033-9075, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-9176, CA, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA. .,USC-Taiwan Center for Translation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9121, USA. .,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-9176, CA, USA. .,Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9037, USA. .,College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Rhie SK, Hazelett DJ, Coetzee SG, Yan C, Noushmehr H, Coetzee GA. Nucleosome positioning and histone modifications define relationships between regulatory elements and nearby gene expression in breast epithelial cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:331. [PMID: 24885402 PMCID: PMC4035062 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The precise nature of how cell type specific chromatin structures at enhancer sites affect gene expression is largely unknown. Here we identified cell type specific enhancers coupled with gene expression in two different types of breast epithelial cells, HMEC (normal breast epithelial cells) and MDAMB231 (triple negative breast cancer cell line). Results Enhancers were defined by modified neighboring histones [using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq)] and nucleosome depletion [using formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements followed by sequencing (FAIRE-seq)]. Histone modifications at enhancers were related to the expression levels of nearby genes up to 750 kb away. These expression levels were correlated with enhancer status (poised or active), defined by surrounding histone marks. Furthermore, about fifty percent of poised and active enhancers contained nucleosome-depleted regions. We also identified response element motifs enriched at these enhancer sites that revealed key transcription factors (e.g. TP63) likely involved in regulating breast epithelial enhancer-mediated gene expression. By utilizing expression data, potential target genes of more than 600 active enhancers were identified. These genes were involved in proteolysis, epidermis development, cell adhesion, mitosis, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Conclusions These findings facilitate the understanding of epigenetic regulation specifically, such as the relationships between regulatory elements and gene expression and generally, how breast epithelial cellular phenotypes are determined by cell type specific enhancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-331) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Dudek AM, Grotenhuis AJ, Vermeulen SH, Kiemeney LALM, Verhaegh GW. Urinary bladder cancer susceptibility markers. What do we know about functional mechanisms? Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12346-66. [PMID: 23752272 PMCID: PMC3709789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in the identification of the several urinary bladder cancer (UBC) susceptibility loci, pointing towards novel genes involved in tumor development. Despite that, functional characterization of the identified variants remains challenging, as they mostly map to poorly understood, non-coding regions. Recently, two of the UBC risk variants (PSCA and UGT1A) were confirmed to have functional consequences. They were shown to modify bladder cancer risk by influencing gene expression in an allele-specific manner. Although the role of the other UBC risk variants is unknown, it can be hypothesized-based on studies from different cancer types-that they influence cancer susceptibility by alterations in regulatory networks. The insight into UBC heritability gained through GWAS and further functional studies can impact on cancer prevention and screening, as well as on the development of new biomarkers and future personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Dudek
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 16, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (L.A.L.M.K.); (G.W.V.)
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.J.G.); (S.H.V.)
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Anne J. Grotenhuis
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.J.G.); (S.H.V.)
- Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.J.G.); (S.H.V.)
- Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 16, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (L.A.L.M.K.); (G.W.V.)
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.J.G.); (S.H.V.)
- Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald W. Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 16, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (L.A.L.M.K.); (G.W.V.)
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
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Rhie SK, Coetzee SG, Noushmehr H, Yan C, Kim JM, Haiman CA, Coetzee GA. Comprehensive functional annotation of seventy-one breast cancer risk Loci. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63925. [PMID: 23717510 PMCID: PMC3661550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer (BCa) genome-wide association studies revealed allelic frequency differences between cases and controls at index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To date, 71 loci have thus been identified and replicated. More than 320,000 SNPs at these loci define BCa risk due to linkage disequilibrium (LD). We propose that BCa risk resides in a subgroup of SNPs that functionally affects breast biology. Such a shortlist will aid in framing hypotheses to prioritize a manageable number of likely disease-causing SNPs. We extracted all the SNPs, residing in 1 Mb windows around breast cancer risk index SNP from the 1000 genomes project to find correlated SNPs. We used FunciSNP, an R/Bioconductor package developed in-house, to identify potentially functional SNPs at 71 risk loci by coinciding them with chromatin biofeatures. We identified 1,005 SNPs in LD with the index SNPs (r(2)≥0.5) in three categories; 21 in exons of 18 genes, 76 in transcription start site (TSS) regions of 25 genes, and 921 in enhancers. Thirteen SNPs were found in more than one category. We found two correlated and predicted non-benign coding variants (rs8100241 in exon 2 and rs8108174 in exon 3) of the gene, ANKLE1. Most putative functional LD SNPs, however, were found in either epigenetically defined enhancers or in gene TSS regions. Fifty-five percent of these non-coding SNPs are likely functional, since they affect response element (RE) sequences of transcription factors. Functionality of these SNPs was assessed by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and allele-specific enhancer assays. Unbiased analyses of SNPs at BCa risk loci revealed new and overlooked mechanisms that may affect risk of the disease, thereby providing a valuable resource for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhn Kyong Rhie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Simon G. Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chunli Yan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jae Mun Kim
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gerhard A. Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Hazelett DJ, Coetzee SG, Coetzee GA. A rare variant, which destroys a FoxA1 site at 8q24, is associated with prostate cancer risk. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:379-80. [PMID: 23255135 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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