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Kelly RG. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Tetralogy of Fallot and Double Outlet Right Ventricle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:645-659. [PMID: 38884739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot and double-outlet right ventricle are outflow tract (OFT) alignment defects situated on a continuous disease spectrum. A myriad of upstream causes can impact on ventriculoarterial alignment that can be summarized as defects in either i) OFT elongation during looping morphogenesis or ii) OFT remodeling during cardiac septation. Embryological processes underlying these two developmental steps include deployment of second heart field cardiac progenitor cells, establishment and transmission of embryonic left/right information driving OFT rotation and OFT cushion and valve morphogenesis. The formation and remodeling of pulmonary trunk infundibular myocardium is a critical component of both steps. Defects in myocardial, endocardial, or neural crest cell lineages can result in alignment defects, reflecting the complex intercellular signaling events that coordinate arterial pole development. Importantly, however, OFT alignment is mechanistically distinct from neural crest-driven OFT septation, although neural crest cells impact indirectly on alignment through their role in modulating signaling during SHF development. As yet poorly understood nongenetic causes of alignment defects that impact the above processes include hemodynamic changes, maternal exposure to environmental teratogens, and stochastic events. The heterogeneity of causes converging on alignment defects characterizes the OFT as a hotspot of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Kelly
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Dévelopment de Marseille, Marseille, France.
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2
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Dasgupta MN, Kaplinski MA, Reddy CD, Collins RT. Patterns of Aortic Dilation in Tetralogy of Fallot: An Analysis of 100 Fetal Echocardiograms Compared With Matched Controls. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030083. [PMID: 37929767 PMCID: PMC10727408 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Although aortic dilation is common in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), its progression and risk of dissection are not well understood. The mechanism of dilation is primarily attributed to increased flow in utero; an alternative is unequal septation of the truncus arteriosus resulting in a larger aorta and inherently hypoplastic pulmonary artery (PA). If the latter is true, we hypothesize the aorta to PA ratio in TOF is stable throughout gestation, and sums of great artery dimensions are similar to controls. Methods and Results We performed a single-center retrospective study of fetuses with TOF (2014-2020) and matched controls. We compared sums of diameters, circumferences, and cross-sectional areas of the aorta and PA and evaluated the aorta to PA ratio across gestation in 2 TOF subtypes: pulmonary stenosis and atresia (TOF-PA). There were 100 echocardiograms with TOF (36% TOF-PA) with median gestational age of 31 weeks (interquartile range 26.5-34.4) and median maternal age of 34 years (interquartile range 30-37). There were no differences in sums of great artery dimensions between TOF-pulmonary stenosis and controls. In TOF-PA, sums were significantly lower than controls (P values <0.01). The aorta to PA ratio was stable throughout gestation (Pearson's r=0.08 [95% CI, -0.12 to 0.27], -0.06 [95% CI, -0.25 to 0.14]). Conclusions The aorta in fetal TOF is large but grows proportionally throughout gestation, with sums of great artery dimensions similar to controls. TOF-PA appears distinct from TOF-pulmonary stenosis (with smaller sums), warranting further investigation. In conclusion, our findings suggest an intrinsic developmental mechanism contributes to aortic dilation in TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie N. Dasgupta
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology)Stanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Michelle A. Kaplinski
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology)Stanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Charitha D. Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology)Stanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCAUSA
| | - R. Thomas Collins
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology)University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKYUSA
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Zhu W, Lo CW. Insights into the genetic architecture of congenital heart disease from animal modeling. Zool Res 2023; 44:577-590. [PMID: 37147909 PMCID: PMC10236297 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is observed in up to 1% of live births and is one of the leading causes of mortality from birth defects. While hundreds of genes have been implicated in the genetic etiology of CHD, their role in CHD pathogenesis is still poorly understood. This is largely a reflection of the sporadic nature of CHD, as well as its variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We reviewed the monogenic causes and evidence for oligogenic etiology of CHD, as well as the role of de novo mutations, common variants, and genetic modifiers. For further mechanistic insight, we leveraged single-cell data across species to investigate the cellular expression characteristics of genes implicated in CHD in developing human and mouse embryonic hearts. Understanding the genetic etiology of CHD may enable the application of precision medicine and prenatal diagnosis, thereby facilitating early intervention to improve outcomes for patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhu
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201 USA. E-mail:
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Comparative Evaluation of Inducible Cre Mouse Models for Fibroblast Targeting in the Healthy and Infarcted Myocardium. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102350. [PMID: 36289614 PMCID: PMC9598630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Cre recombinase transgenic mouse models have been generated for cardiac fibroblast (CF) tracking and heart regulation. However, there is still no consensus on the ideal mouse model to optimally identify and/or regulate these cells. Here, a comparative evaluation of the efficiency and specificity of the indirect reporter Cre-loxP system was carried out in three of the most commonly used fibroblast reporter transgenic mice (Pdgfra-CreERT2, Col1a1-CreERT2 and PostnMCM) under healthy and ischemic conditions, to determine their suitability in in vivo studies of cardiac fibrosis. We demonstrate optimal Cre recombinase activity in CF (but also, although moderate, in endothelial cells (ECs)) derived from healthy and infarcted hearts in the PDGFRa-creERT2 mouse strain. In contrast, no positive reporter signal was found in CF derived from the Col1a1-CreERT2 mice. Finally, in the PostnMCM line, fluorescent reporter expression was specifically detected in activated CF but not in EC, which leads us to conclude that it may be the most reliable model for future studies on cardiovascular disease. Importantly, no lethality or cardiac fibrosis were induced after tamoxifen administration at the established doses, either in healthy or infarcted mice of the three fibroblast reporter lineages. This study lays the groundwork for future efficient in vivo CF tracking and functional analyses.
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De Ita M, Gaytán-Cervantes J, Cisneros B, Araujo MA, Huicochea-Montiel JC, Cárdenas-Conejo A, Lazo-Cárdenas CC, Ramírez-Portillo CI, Feria-Kaiser C, Peregrino-Bejarano L, Yáñez-Gutiérrez L, González-Torres C, Rosas-Vargas H. Clustering of Genetic Anomalies of Cilia Outer Dynein Arm and Central Apparatus in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091662. [PMID: 36140829 PMCID: PMC9498580 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect with a complex pathogenesis that has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in isolated TGA-diagnosed patients and analyzed genes of motile and non-motile cilia ciliogenesis and ciliary trafficking, as well as genes previously associated with this heart malformation. Deleterious missense and splicing variants of genes DNAH9, DNAH11, and ODAD4 of cilia outer dynein arm and central apparatus, HYDIN, were found in our TGA patients. Remarkable, there is a clustering of deleterious genetic variants in cilia genes, suggesting it could be an oligogenic disease. Our data evidence the genetic diversity and etiological complexity of TGA and point out that population allele determination and genetic aggregation studies are required to improve genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon De Ita
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Dpto de Genética y Biología Molecular, CINVESTAV Zacatenco IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Javier Gaytán-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, División de Desarrollo de la Investigación, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Dpto de Genética y Biología Molecular, CINVESTAV Zacatenco IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - María Antonieta Araujo
- Departamento clínico de Genética Médica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Huicochea-Montiel
- Departamento clínico de Genética Médica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Alan Cárdenas-Conejo
- Departamento clínico de Genética Médica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Charles César Lazo-Cárdenas
- Departamento clínico de Cardiología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - César Iván Ramírez-Portillo
- Departamento clínico de Cardiología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Carina Feria-Kaiser
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Lucelli Yáñez-Gutiérrez
- Clínica de Cardiopatías Congénitas, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología, CMN Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Carolina González-Torres
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, División de Desarrollo de la Investigación, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.G.-T.); (H.R.-V.)
| | - Haydeé Rosas-Vargas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.G.-T.); (H.R.-V.)
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6
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Beiter RM, Rivet-Noor C, Merchak AR, Bai R, Johanson DM, Slogar E, Sol-Church K, Overall CC, Gaultier A. Evidence for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell heterogeneity in the adult mouse brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12921. [PMID: 35902669 PMCID: PMC9334628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) account for approximately 5% of the adult brain and have been historically studied for their role in myelination. In the adult brain, OPCs maintain their proliferative capacity and ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood, even though relatively few mature oligodendrocytes are produced post-developmental myelination. Recent work has begun to demonstrate that OPCs likely perform multiple functions in both homeostasis and disease and can significantly impact behavioral phenotypes such as food intake and depressive symptoms. However, the exact mechanisms through which OPCs might influence brain function remain unclear. The first step in further exploration of OPC function is to profile the transcriptional repertoire and assess the heterogeneity of adult OPCs. In this work, we demonstrate that adult OPCs are transcriptionally diverse and separate into two distinct populations in the homeostatic brain. These two groups show distinct transcriptional signatures and enrichment of biological processes unique to individual OPC populations. We have validated these OPC populations using multiple methods, including multiplex RNA in situ hybridization and RNA flow cytometry. This study provides an important resource that profiles the transcriptome of adult OPCs and will provide a toolbox for further investigation into novel OPC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Courtney Rivet-Noor
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Andrea R Merchak
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Robin Bai
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David M Johanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Erica Slogar
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Genome Analysis and Technology Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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7
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Magaletta ME, Lobo M, Kernfeld EM, Aliee H, Huey JD, Parsons TJ, Theis FJ, Maehr R. Integration of single-cell transcriptomes and chromatin landscapes reveals regulatory programs driving pharyngeal organ development. Nat Commun 2022; 13:457. [PMID: 35075189 PMCID: PMC8786836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maldevelopment of the pharyngeal endoderm, an embryonic tissue critical for patterning of the pharyngeal region and ensuing organogenesis, ultimately contributes to several classes of human developmental syndromes and disorders. Such syndromes are characterized by a spectrum of phenotypes that currently cannot be fully explained by known mutations or genetic variants due to gaps in characterization of critical drivers of normal and dysfunctional development. Despite the disease-relevance of pharyngeal endoderm, we still lack a comprehensive and integrative view of the molecular basis and gene regulatory networks driving pharyngeal endoderm development. To close this gap, we apply transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility single-cell sequencing technologies to generate a multi-omic developmental resource spanning pharyngeal endoderm patterning to the emergence of organ-specific epithelia in the developing mouse embryo. We identify cell-type specific gene regulation, distill GRN models that define developing organ domains, and characterize the role of an immunodeficiency-associated forkhead box transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Magaletta
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Macrina Lobo
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Kernfeld
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hananeh Aliee
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jack D Huey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Teagan J Parsons
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - René Maehr
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Moore K, Fulmer D, Guo L, Koren N, Glover J, Moore R, Gensemer C, Beck T, Morningstar J, Stairley R, Norris RA. PDGFRα: Expression and Function during Mitral Valve Morphogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:28. [PMID: 33805717 PMCID: PMC7999759 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common form of valve disease and can lead to serious secondary complications. The recent identification of MVP causal mutations in primary cilia-related genes has prompted the investigation of cilia-mediated mechanisms of disease inception. Here, we investigate the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRα), a receptor known to be present on the primary cilium, during valve development using genetically modified mice, biochemical assays, and high-resolution microscopy. While PDGFRα is expressed throughout the ciliated valve interstitium early in development, its expression becomes restricted on the valve endocardium by birth and through adulthood. Conditional ablation of Pdgfra with Nfatc1-enhancer Cre led to significantly enlarged and hypercellular anterior leaflets with disrupted endothelial adhesions, activated ERK1/2, and a dysregulated extracellular matrix. In vitro culture experiments confirmed a role in suppressing ERK1/2 activation while promoting AKT phosphorylation. These data suggest that PDGFRα functions to suppress mesenchymal transformation and disease phenotypes by stabilizing the valve endocardium through an AKT/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Suite 601 Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.M.); (D.F.); (L.G.); (N.K.); (J.G.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (T.B.); (J.M.); (R.S.)
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Lukowski SW, Patel J, Andersen SB, Sim SL, Wong HY, Tay J, Winkler I, Powell JE, Khosrotehrani K. Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling of Aortic Endothelium Identifies a Hierarchy from Endovascular Progenitors to Differentiated Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2748-2758.e3. [PMID: 31141696 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular profiles that govern the endothelial heterogeneity of the circulatory system have yet to be elucidated. Using a data-driven approach to study the endothelial compartment via single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterized cell subpopulations within and assigned them to a defined endothelial hierarchy. We show that two transcriptionally distinct endothelial populations exist within the aorta and, using two independent trajectory analysis methods, confirm that they represent transitioning cells rather than discrete cell types. Gene co-expression analysis revealed crucial regulatory networks underlying each population, including significant metabolic gene networks in progenitor cells. Using mitochondrial activity assays and phenotyping, we confirm that endovascular progenitors display higher mitochondrial content compared to differentiated endothelial cells. The identities of these populations were further validated against bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data obtained from normal and tumor-derived vasculature. Our findings validate the heterogeneity of the aortic endothelium and previously suggested hierarchy between progenitor and differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Lukowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jatin Patel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Stacey B Andersen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Seen-Ling Sim
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ho Yi Wong
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Joshua Tay
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ingrid Winkler
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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10
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Jiang B, Yan L, Shamul JG, Hakun M, He X. Stem cell therapy of myocardial infarction: a promising opportunity in bioengineering. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900182. [PMID: 33665356 PMCID: PMC7928435 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening disease resulting from irreversible death of cardiomyocytes (CMs) and weakening of the heart blood-pumping function. Stem cell-based therapies have been studied for MI treatment over the last two decades with promising outcome. In this review, we critically summarize the past work in this field to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of treating MI using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, and cardiac progenitor cells. The main advantage of the latter is their cytokine production capability to modulate immune responses and control the progression of healing. However, human adult stem cells have very limited (if not 'no') capacity to differentiate into functional CMs in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, PSCs can be differentiated into functional CMs although the protocols for the cardiac differentiation of PSCs are mainly for adherent cells under 2D culture. Derivation of PSC-CMs in 3D, allowing for large-scale production of CMs via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway with defined chemicals and medium, may be desired for clinical translation. Furthermore, the technology of purification and maturation of the PSC-CMs may need further improvements to eliminate teratoma formation after in vivo implantation of the PSC-CMs for treating MI. In addition, in vitro derived PSC-CMs may have mechanical and electrical mismatch with the patient's cardiac tissue, which causes arrhythmia. This supports the use of PSC-derived cells committed to cardiac lineage without beating for implantation to treat MI. In this case, the PSC derived cells may utilize the mechanical, electrical, and chemical cues in the heart to further differentiate into mature/functional CMs in situ. Another major challenge facing stem cell therapy of MI is the low retention/survival of stem cells or their derivatives (e.g., PSC-CMs) in the heart for MI treatment after injection in vivo. This may be resolved by using biomaterials to engineer stem cells for reduced immunogenicity, immobilization of the cells in the heart, and increased integration with the host cardiac tissue. Biomaterials have also been applied in the derivation of CMs in vitro to increase the efficiency and maturation of differentiation. Collectively, a lot has been learned from the past failure of simply injecting intact stem cells or their derivatives in vivo for treating MI, and bioengineering stem cells with biomaterials is expected to be a valuable strategy for advancing stem cell therapy towards its widespread application for treating MI in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Li Yan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Maxwell Hakun
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Varga I, Nosál M, Babál P. Ectopic lamellar Pacinian corpuscle within the thymus. Atypical or abnormal location? ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2020; 61:273-276. [PMID: 32747922 PMCID: PMC7728121 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle is a cutaneous encapsulated sensory corpuscle, mainly functioning as a rapidly adapting low-threshold mechanoreceptor with characteristic "onion skin"-like appearance. Even though the Pacinian corpuscle is typically located in the skin, histomorphologically and confirmed by using immunohistochemical methods, we have identified it within the interstitium of the thymus of a newborn with congenital heart defect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such account ever to be published. The structure of the thymic Pacinian corpuscle was the same as the Pacinian corpuscle in the skin. The ectopic thymic Pacinian corpuscle can be hypothetically explained as the consequence of impaired migration of neural crest cells, since neural crest-derived cells play an important role in the development of the Pacinian corpuscle, as well as the thymus and heart. In general, the occurrence of ectopic Pacinian corpuscle in different organs is rare. In the scientific literature, there are reports of its sporadic presence in the pancreas, in the lymph nodes, inside the prostate and the urinary bladder wall. Our report presents the first described case of the Pacinian corpuscle in a heterotopic location in the thymus. Similar to other incidental findings of this anatomic structure, explanation of its ectopic development, as well as its local function remains only speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic;
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Peterson JC, Chughtai M, Wisse LJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Feng Q, Goumans MJTH, VanMunsteren JC, Jongbloed MRM, DeRuiter MC. Bicuspid aortic valve formation: Nos3 mutation leads to abnormal lineage patterning of neural crest cells and the second heart field. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034637. [PMID: 30242109 PMCID: PMC6215433 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), a valve with two instead of three aortic leaflets, belongs to the most prevalent congenital heart diseases in the world, occurring in 0.5-2% of the general population. We aimed to understand how changes in early cellular contributions result in BAV formation and impact cardiovascular outflow tract development. Detailed 3D reconstructions, immunohistochemistry and morphometrics determined that, during valvulogenesis, the non-coronary leaflet separates from the parietal outflow tract cushion instead of originating from an intercalated cushion. Nos3-/- mice develop a BAV without a raphe as a result of incomplete separation of the parietal outflow tract cushion into the right and non-coronary leaflet. Genetic lineage tracing of endothelial, second heart field and neural crest cells revealed altered deposition of neural crest cells and second heart field cells within the parietal outflow tract cushion of Nos3-/- embryos. The abnormal cell lineage distributions also affected the positioning of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the orifice level. The results demonstrate that the development of the right and non-coronary leaflets are closely related. A small deviation in the distribution of neural crest and second heart field populations affects normal valve formation and results in the predominant right-non-type BAV in Nos3-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Peterson
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Chughtai
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Qingping Feng
- Dept. Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Marie-José T H Goumans
- Dept. Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Conny VanMunsteren
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Dept. Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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