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Lin XH, Chowdhury D, Seo SH. Inflammatory & Apoptotic Factor Fluctuations Associated with Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Transgenic IFNAR1 -/- Mice. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:239. [PMID: 38910205 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an orthoflavivirus that causes Japanese encephalitis, a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily affects humans and animals. JEV is a major cause of encephalitis in many parts of Asia, particularly in rural and agricultural areas. In this study, we used the IFNAR1-/- mice model to investigate alterations in cytokine and apoptotic factor levels in IFNAR1-/- mice upon JEV infection. A 5-week-adult female C57BL/6 IFN-α/β receptor knockout (IFNAR1-/-) transgenic mice were intramuscularly inoculated with several viral titers and monitored within 10 dpi. The weight changes and survival rates were evaluated during the study period. Gene expression analysis was performed using RT-qPCR, targeting genes related to specific cytokines and apoptotic factors, to identify the inflammatory factors fluctuations associated with JEV strain KBPV-VR-27 infection in IFNAR1-/- mice. The expression of cytokine genes was enhanced in IFNAR1-/- mice infected with JEV KBPV-VR-27. Notably, a significant induction of cytokines, such as IL-13, IL-17α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ, was observed in the brain, while upregulation of IL-6, IFN-β, and IFN-γ was exhibited in the lung. In addition, among the targeted apoptotic factors, only significant induction of Bak was observed in the brain. We also found that the spleen exhibited a higher viral load compared to the brain and lungs. In conclusion, the findings of this study shed light on the varying viral loads across targeted organs, with the brain exhibiting a lower viral load but pronounced expression of targeted pro-inflammatory cytokines in IFNAR1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han Lin
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, 99 Dae-Hak Ro, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dibakar Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, 99 Dae-Hak Ro, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heui Seo
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, 99 Dae-Hak Ro, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Prajapat SK, Mishra L, Khera S, Owusu SD, Ahuja K, Sharma P, Choudhary E, Chhabra S, Kumar N, Singh R, Kaushal PS, Mahajan D, Banerjee A, Motiani RK, Vrati S, Kalia M. Methotrimeprazine is a neuroprotective antiviral in JEV infection via adaptive ER stress and autophagy. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:185-217. [PMID: 38177535 PMCID: PMC10897192 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pathogenesis is driven by a combination of neuronal death and neuroinflammation. We tested 42 FDA-approved drugs that were shown to induce autophagy for antiviral effects. Four drugs were tested in the JE mouse model based on in vitro protective effects on neuronal cell death, inhibition of viral replication, and anti-inflammatory effects. The antipsychotic phenothiazines Methotrimeprazine (MTP) & Trifluoperazine showed a significant survival benefit with reduced virus titers in the brain, prevention of BBB breach, and inhibition of neuroinflammation. Both drugs were potent mTOR-independent autophagy flux inducers. MTP inhibited SERCA channel functioning, and induced an adaptive ER stress response in diverse cell types. Pharmacological rescue of ER stress blocked autophagy and antiviral effect. MTP did not alter translation of viral RNA, but exerted autophagy-dependent antiviral effect by inhibiting JEV replication complexes. Drug-induced autophagy resulted in reduced NLRP3 protein levels, and attenuation of inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release from infected microglial cells. Our study suggests that MTP exerts a combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory effect in JEV infection, and has therapeutic potential for JE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Prajapat
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Laxmi Mishra
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sakshi Khera
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Shadrack D Owusu
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kriti Ahuja
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Puja Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Eira Choudhary
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Structural Biology & Translation Regulation Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Advanced Technology Platform Centre, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Prem S Kaushal
- Structural Biology & Translation Regulation Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Dinesh Mahajan
- Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Arup Banerjee
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Sanyal S. Crossroads in virology: current challenges and future perspectives in the age of emerging viruses. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050476. [PMID: 37728628 PMCID: PMC10538290 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing global health challenges posed by emerging and re-emerging viruses have highlighted the critical importance of understanding virus-host interactions in countering these threats. Environmental changes, urbanisation and ecological disruption, coupled with the adaptable nature of viruses, facilitates the emergence and spread of new viruses. This Editorial emphasises the urgency of a concerted effort in understanding virus-host interactions to inform the development of therapeutics and vaccines, and help predict disease outcomes. Furthermore, efforts to monitor viral evolution, identify mutations of concern, and develop 'universal' vaccines and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are needed to counter viral evolution and potentially prevent future viral emergences. Widespread public mistrust surrounding viruses and vaccines also calls for improvement in science communication. A 'One Health' approach that advocates the development of robust global health systems, interdisciplinary collaborations and equity in health access is therefore imperative for transforming the virology landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Soni N, Tripathi A, Mukherjee S, Gupta S, Mohanty S, Basu A, Banerjee A. Bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the abundance of infiltrating immune cells in the brain and exert an antiviral effect against the Japanese encephalitis virus. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:798-815. [PMID: 36479206 PMCID: PMC9721092 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative capacity and have reported a beneficial effect on the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in an encephalitis model. However, the MSCs do not cross the blood-brain barrier and have other disadvantages limiting their therapeutic utility scope. Recently, there has been a shift in concept from a cell-based to a cell-free approach using MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). The MSC-EVs retain regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity as their parental cells. However, the role of MSC-EVs in limiting JEV pathology remains elusive. In this study, we have used Bone marrow (BM)-derived EV (BM-EVs) and assessed their effect on JEV replication and pathogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells and a murine model. The in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that BM-derived EVs delay JEV-induced symptoms and death in mice, improve the length of survival, accelerate neurogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells, reduce JEV-induced neuronal death, and attenuate viral replication. BM-EVs treatment upregulated interferon-stimulated genes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the frequency of macrophages. At the same time, CD4+ T cells and neutrophils were significantly augmented, accompanied by the alteration of cytokine expression with the administration of BM-EVs, reinforcing the immunomodulatory role of EVs during JEV-induced encephalitis. In conclusion, our study describes the beneficial role of BM-EVs in limiting JEV pathology by attenuating virus replication, enhancing antiviral response, and neurogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells. However, BM-EVs do not seem to protect BBB integrity and alter immune cell infiltration into the treated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Soni
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Sriparna Mukherjee
- National Brain Research CentreManesarIndia
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyPavilion Roger‐Gaudry, Universite de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Suchi Gupta
- DBT‐Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- DBT‐Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Arup Banerjee
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
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Wang X, Wang G, Yang H, Fu S, He Y, Li F, Wang H, Wang Z. A mouse model of peripheral nerve injury induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010961. [PMID: 36441775 PMCID: PMC9731479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most important cause of acute encephalitis in Eastern/Southern Asia. Infection with this virus also induces peripheral nerve injury. However, the disease pathogenesis is still not completely understood. Reliable animal models are needed to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of this condition. We studied the effect of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in C57BL/6 mice after a subcutaneous challenge. Limb paralysis was determined in mice using behavioral tests, including a viral paralysis scale and the hanging wire test, as well as by changes in body weight. Nerve conduction velocity and electromyography testing indicated the presence of demyelinating neuropathy of the sciatic nerve. Pathological changes in neural tissues were examined by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that the predominant pathologic change was demyelination. Although Western blots confirmed the presence of the virus in neural tissue, additional studies demonstrated that an immune-induced inflammatory response resulted in severe never injury. Immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the brains of infected mice, and an inflammatory reaction was observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining as well. However, these observations were inconsistent at the time of paralysis onset. In summary, our results demonstrated that Japanese encephalitis virus infection could cause inflammatory demyelination of the peripheral nervous system in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- The NO.1 People’s Hospital of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, China
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | | | - Huan Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (ZHW)
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Neurology Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center of Nervous System Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (ZHW)
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Siddqui G, Yadav N, Vishwakarma P, Thomas J, Khatri R, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Pramod RK, Vrati S, Samal S. Japanese encephalitis virus induces vasodilation and severe lethality in adult and aged AG129 mice lacking alpha, beta and gamma interferon receptors. Virus Res 2022; 319:198884. [PMID: 35931226 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The JEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children and the elderly which is spread by mosquitoes. JEV infection has been established in different animal models such as mouse, hamster, guinea pig, swine, rat, monkey, rabbit by using the different routes of inoculations. Here, we have shown that the alpha/beta and gamma -receptor deficient AG129 mouse induces fatal encephalitis in both young and aged old mice, when challenged with high titer JEV Indian clinical isolate by both intraperitoneal and intradermal route. The JEV infected AG129 mouse have shown neurological symptoms, JEV-induced pathological features and supported high level viral replication. Additionally, administration of JEV in AG129 mice resulted in the induction of severe peripheral vascular permeability, which is a major hall mark of Dengue infection but not shown in JEV. Taken together, our results demonstrate interferon α/β and γ receptors knock out AG129 mouse does not need adaptation of JEV clinical isolates and could be is a promising JEV challenge mouse model by mimicking the natural intradermal route of administration for rapid screening of novel antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Siddqui
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, South Lake Union, 850 Republican St., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Jolly Thomas
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | | | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:273-296. [PMID: 35182390 PMCID: PMC8964565 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of Asia's most common viral encephalitis. JEV is a flavivirus, common in rural and sub-urban regions of Asian countries. Although only 1% of JEV-infected individuals develop JE, there is a 20-30% chance of death among these individuals and possible neurological sequelae post-infection. No licensed anti-JE drugs are currently available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. Literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, etc. using keywords such as Japanese encephalitis virus, antiviral drugs, antiviral drug screening, antiviral drug targets, etc. From around 230 papers/abstracts and research reviews retrieved and reviewed for this study, approximately 180 most relevant and important ones have been cited. Different approaches in drug testing and various antiviral drug targets explored so far have been thoroughly searched from the literature and compiled, besides addressing the future perspectives of the antiviral drug development strategies. Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent advancements in understanding the biology of infection and new drug targets have been promising improvements. Despite hindrances such as the unavailability of a proper drug delivery system or a treatment regimen irrespective of the stage of infection, several promising anti-JE candidate molecules are in different phases of clinical trials. Nonetheless, efficient therapy against JEV is expected to be achieved with drug combinations and a highly targeted drug delivery system soon.
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