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Abdellatef S, Fakhoury I, Al Haddad M, Jaafar L, Maalouf H, Hanna S, Khalil B, El Masri Z, Hodgson L, El-Sibai M. StarD13 negatively regulates invadopodia formation and invasion in high-grade serous (HGS) ovarian adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting Cdc42. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151197. [PMID: 34958986 PMCID: PMC8756770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains the main challenge to overcome for treating ovarian cancers. In this study, we investigate the potential role of the Cdc42 GAP StarD13 in the modulation of cell motility, invasion in ovarian cancer cells. StarD13 depletion does not affect the 2D motility of ovarian cancer cells. More importantly, StarD13 inhibits matrix degradation, invadopodia formation and cell invasion through the inhibition of Cdc42. StarD13 does not localize to mature TKS4-labeled invadopodia that possess matrix degradation ability, while a Cdc42 FRET biosensor, detects Cdc42 activation in these invadopodia. In fact, StarD13 localization and Cdc42 activation appear mutually exclusive in invadopodial structures. Finally, for the first time we uncover a potential role of Cdc42 in the direct recruitment of TKS4 to invadopodia. This study emphasizes the specific role of StarD13 as a narrow spatial regulator of Cdc42, inhibiting invasion, suggesting the suitability of StarD13 for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Abdellatef
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Fakhoury
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria Al Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Maalouf
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bassem Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab El Masri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon,Correspondence to: Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon. (M. El-Sibai)
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Nasreddine G, El Hajj J, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M. Orofacial clefts embryology, classification, epidemiology, and genetics. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108373. [PMID: 34083042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) rank as the second most common congenital birth defect in the United States after Down syndrome and are the most common head and neck congenital malformations. They are classified as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO). OFCs have significant psychological and socio-economic impact on patients and their families and require a multidisciplinary approach for management and counseling. A complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the incidence and clinical presentation of OFCs. In this comprehensive review, the embryology, classification, epidemiology and etiology of clefts are thoroughly discussed and a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of the recent advances in the genetics of OFCs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghenwa Nasreddine
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joelle El Hajj
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Asiri A, Alwadaani D, Umair M, Alhamoudi KM, Almuhanna MH, Nasir A, Alrfaei BM, Al Tuwaijri A, Barhoumi T, Alyafee Y, Almuzzaini B, Aldrees M, Ballow M, Alayyar L, Al Abdulrahman A, Alhaidan Y, Al Ghasham N, Al-Ajaji S, Alsalamah M, Al Suwairi W, Alfadhel M. Pancytopenia, Recurrent Infection, Poor Wound Healing, Heterotopia of the Brain Probably Associated with A Candidate Novel de Novo CDC42 Gene Defect: Expanding the Molecular and Phenotypic Spectrum. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020294. [PMID: 33672558 PMCID: PMC7923796 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC42 (cell division cycle protein 42) belongs to the Rho GTPase family that is known to control the signaling axis that regulates several cellular functions, including cell cycle progression, migration, and proliferation. However, the functional characterization of the CDC42 gene in mammalian physiology remains largely unclear. Here, we report the genetic and functional characterization of a non-consanguineous Saudi family with a single affected individual. Clinical examinations revealed poor wound healing, heterotopia of the brain, pancytopenia, and recurrent infections. Whole exome sequencing revealed a de novo missense variant (c.101C > A, p.Pro34Gln) in the CDC42 gene. The functional assays revealed a substantial reduction in the growth and motility of the patient cells as compared to the normal cells control. Homology three-dimensional (3-D) modeling of CDC42 revealed that the Pro34 is important for the proper protein secondary structure. In conclusion, we report a candidate disease-causing variant, which requires further confirmation for the etiology of CDC42 pathogenesis. This represents the first case from the Saudi population. The current study adds to the spectrum of mutations in the CDC42 gene that might help in genetic counseling and contributes to the CDC42-related genetic and functional characterization. However, further studies into the molecular mechanisms that are involved are needed in order to determine the role of the CDC42 gene associated with aberrant cell migration and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Asiri
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Deemah Alwadaani
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Kheloud M. Alhamoudi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mohammed H. Almuhanna
- Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea;
| | - Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei
- Stem Cells Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abeer Al Tuwaijri
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- Medical Core Facility and Research Platforms, King Abdullah International Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yusra Alyafee
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Bader Almuzzaini
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mohammed Aldrees
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mariam Ballow
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Latifah Alayyar
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Abdulkareem Al Abdulrahman
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yazeid Alhaidan
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Nahlah Al Ghasham
- Hematology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sulaiman Al-Ajaji
- Allergy and Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Alsalamah
- Allergy and Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-A.); (M.A.)
| | - Wafa Al Suwairi
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.); (M.U.); (K.M.A.); (A.A.T.); (Y.A.); (B.A.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.A.); (A.A.A.); (Y.A.)
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11-805-3560; Fax: +966-11-805-5555
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Pristimerin Exacerbates Cellular Injury in Conditionally Reprogrammed Patient-Derived Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Aggravating Mitochondrial Impairment and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through EphB4/CDC42/N-WASP Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7409853. [PMID: 32733636 PMCID: PMC7369684 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7409853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common and lethal malignant disease for which the development of efficacious chemotherapeutic agents remains an urgent need. Pristimerin (PRIS), a natural bioactive component isolated from various plant species in the Celastraceae and Hippocrateaceae families, has been reported to exhibit outstanding antitumor effects in several types of cells. However, the underlying mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here, we reported the novel finding that PRIS significantly suppressed lung cancer growth in conditionally reprogrammed patient-derived lung adenocarcinoma cells (CRLCs). We demonstrated that PRIS inhibited the cell viabilities, migrative and invaded abilities, and capillary structure formation of CRLCs. Furthermore, our results clarified that PRIS induced mitochondrial dysfunction through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-4, and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated proteins. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA (4-phenylbutyric acid, a specific ER stress inhibitor) or CHOP siRNA transfection ameliorated PRIS-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and intrinsic apoptosis. The present study also provides mechanistic evidence that PRIS suppressed the EphB4/CDC42/N-WASP signaling pathway, which is required for mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptosis, activation of ER stress, and stimulation of caspase-4 induced by PRIS, and consequently resulting in suppressed cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis in CRLCs. Taken together, by providing a mechanistic insight into the modulation of ER stress-induced cell death in CRLCs by PRIS, we suggest that PRIS has a strong potential of being a new antitumor therapeutic agent with applications in the fields of human lung adenocarcinoma.
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The Role of Rho GTPases in VEGF Signaling in Cancer Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:2097214. [PMID: 32377503 PMCID: PMC7182966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2097214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) consist of five molecules (VEGFA through D as well as placental growth factor) which are crucial for regulating key cellular and tissue functions. The role of VEGF and its intracellular signaling and downstream molecular pathways have been thoroughly studied. Activation of VEGF signal transduction can be initiated by the molecules' binding to two classes of transmembrane receptors: (1) the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGF receptors 1 through 3) and (2) the neuropilins (NRP1 and 2). The involvement of Rho GTPases in modulating VEGFA signaling in both cancer cells and endothelial cells has also been well established. Additionally, different isoforms of Rho GTPases, namely, RhoA, RhoC, and RhoG, have been shown to regulate VEGF expression as well as blood vessel formation. This review article will explore how Rho GTPases modulate VEGF signaling and the consequences of such interaction on cancer progression.
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Jaafar L, Chamseddine Z, El-Sibai M. StarD13: a potential star target for tumor therapeutics. Hum Cell 2020; 33:437-443. [PMID: 32274657 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
StarD13 is a tumor suppressor and a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Rho GTPases. Thus, StarD13 regulates cell survival pathways and induces apoptosis in a p53-dependent and independent manners. In tumors, StarD13 is either downregulated or completely inhibited, depending on the tumor type. As such, and through the dysregulation of Rho GTPases, this affects adhesion dynamics, actin dynamics, and leads to an increase or a decrease in tumor metastasis depending on the tumor grade and type. Being a key regulatory protein, StarD13 is a potential promising candidate for therapeutic approaches. This paper reviews the key characteristics of this protein and its role in tumor malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeinab Chamseddine
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
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7
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Human Recombinant Arginase I [HuArgI (Co)-PEG5000]-Induced Arginine Depletion Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236018. [PMID: 31795337 PMCID: PMC6929075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide, and it represents over half of all gastrointestinal cancer deaths. Knowing that cancer cells have a high proliferation rate, they require high amounts of amino acids, including arginine. In addition, several tumor types have been shown to downregulate ASS-1 expression, becoming auxotrophic for arginine. Therefore, Arginine deprivation is one of the promising therapeutic approaches to target cancer cells. This can be achieved through the use of a recombinant human arginase, HuArgI(Co)-PEG5000, an arginine degrading enzyme. Methods: In this present study, the cytotoxic effect of HuArgI(Co)-PEG5000 on CRC cell lines (HT-29, Caco-2, Sw837) is examined though cytotoxicity assays. Wound healing assays, invasion assays, and adhesion assays were also performed to detect the effect on metastasis. Results: Wound healing and invasion assays revealed a decrease in cell migration and invasion after treatment with arginase. Cells that were treated with arginase also showed a decrease in adhesion, which coincided with a decrease in RhoA activation, demonstrated though the use of a FRET biosensor to detect RhoA activation in a single cell assay, and a decrease in MMP-9 expression. Treating cells with both arginase and L-citrulline, which significantly restores intracellular arginine levels, reversed the effect of HuArgI(Co)-PEG5000 on cell viability, migration, and invasion. Conclusion: We can, therefore, conclude that colorectal cancer is partially auxotrophic to arginine and that arginine depletion is a potential selective inhibitory approach for motility and invasion in colon cancer cells.
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Connexin 43 Loss Triggers Cell Cycle Entry and Invasion in Non-Neoplastic Breast Epithelium: A Role for Noncanonical Wnt Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030339. [PMID: 30857262 PMCID: PMC6468895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) is disrupted in breast cancer, and re-expression of this protein in human breast cancer cell lines leads to decreased proliferation and invasiveness, suggesting a tumor suppressive role. This study aims to investigate the role of Cx43 in proliferation and invasion starting from non-neoplastic breast epithelium. (2) Methods: Nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial HMT-3522 S1 cells and Cx43 shRNA-transfected counterparts were cultured under 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D conditions. (3) Results: Silencing Cx43 induced mislocalization of β-catenin and Scrib from apicolateral membrane domains in glandular structures or acini formed in 3-D culture, suggesting the loss of apical polarity. Cell cycle entry and proliferation were enhanced, concomitantly with c-Myc and cyclin D1 upregulation, while no detectable activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was observed. Motility and invasion were also triggered and were associated with altered acinar morphology and activation of ERK1/2 and Rho GTPase signaling, which acts downstream of the noncanonical Wnt pathway. The invasion of Cx43-shRNA S1 cells was observed only under permissive stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM). (4) Conclusion: Our results suggest that Cx43 controls proliferation and invasion in the normal mammary epithelium in part by regulating noncanonical Wnt signaling.
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Fostok SF, El-Sibai M, El-Sabban M, Talhouk RS. Gap Junctions and Wnt Signaling in the Mammary Gland: a Cross-Talk? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:17-38. [PMID: 30194659 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), the building blocks of gap junctions (GJs), exhibit spatiotemporal patterns of expression and regulate the development and differentiation of the mammary gland, acting via channel-dependent and channel-independent mechanisms. Impaired Cx expression and localization are reported in breast cancer, suggesting a tumor suppressive role for Cxs. The signaling events that mediate the role of GJs in the development and tumorigenesis of the mammary gland remain poorly identified. The Wnt pathways, encompassing the canonical or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical β-catenin-independent pathway, also play important roles in those processes. Indeed, aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with breast cancer. Despite the coincident roles of Cxs and Wnt pathways, the cross-talk in the breast tissue is poorly defined, although this is reported in a number of other tissues. Our previous studies revealed a channel-independent role for Cx43 in inducing differentiation or suppressing tumorigenesis of mammary epithelial cells by acting as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we provide a brief overview of mammary gland development, with emphasis on the role of Cxs in development and tumorigenesis of this tissue. We also discuss the role of Wnt signaling in similar contexts, and review the literature illustrating interplay between Cxs and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreen F Fostok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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10
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Stallaert W, Brüggemann Y, Sabet O, Baak L, Gattiglio M, Bastiaens PIH. Contact inhibitory Eph signaling suppresses EGF-promoted cell migration by decoupling EGFR activity from vesicular recycling. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/541/eaat0114. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Non-canonical PI3K-Cdc42-Pak-Mek-Erk Signaling Promotes Immune-Complex-Induced Apoptosis in Human Neutrophils. Cell Rep 2017; 17:374-386. [PMID: 27705787 PMCID: PMC5067281 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are peripheral blood leukocytes that represent the first line of immune cell defense against bacterial and fungal infections but are also crucial players in the generation of the inflammatory response. Many neutrophil cell surface receptors regulate important cellular processes via activation of agonist-activated PI3Ks. We show here that activation of human neutrophils with insoluble immune complexes drives a previously uncharacterized, PI3K-dependent, non-canonical, pro-apoptotic signaling pathway, FcγR-PI3Kβ/δ-Cdc42-Pak-Mek-Erk. This is a rare demonstration of Ras/Raf-independent activation of Erk and of PI3K-mediated activation of Cdc42. In addition, comparative analysis of immune-complex- and fMLF-induced signaling uncovers key differences in pathways used by human and murine neutrophils. The non-canonical pathway we identify in this study may be important for the resolution of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases that rely on immune-complex-driven neutrophil activation. Immune-complex-activated human neutrophils use PI3Kβ/δ-Cdc42-Pak-Mek-Erk signaling Immune-complex-induced non-canonical neutrophil signaling is pro-apoptotic Other immune-complex-induced neutrophil functions depend on alternative PI3K effectors Immune-complex-induced PI3K signaling is not conserved between humans and mice
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Murali A, Shin J, Yurugi H, Krishnan A, Akutsu M, Carpy A, Macek B, Rajalingam K. Ubiquitin-dependent regulation of Cdc42 by XIAP. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2900. [PMID: 28661476 PMCID: PMC5520948 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases control fundamental cellular processes and Cdc42 is a well-studied member of the family that controls filopodia formation and cell migration. Although the regulation of Cdc42 activity by nucleotide binding is well documented, the mechanisms driving its proteostasis are not clear. Here, we demonstrate that the highly conserved, RING domain containing E3 ubiquitin ligase XIAP controls the protein stability of Cdc42. XIAP binds to Cdc42 and directly conjugates poly ubiquitin chains to the Lysine 166 of Cdc42 targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Depletion of XIAP led to an increased protein stability and activity of Cdc42 in normal and tumor cells. Consistently, loss of XIAP enhances filopodia formation in a Cdc42-dependent manner and this phenomenon phenocopies EGF stimulation. Further, XIAP depletion promotes lung colonization of tumor cells in mice in a Cdc42-dependent manner. These observations shed molecular insights into ubiquitin-dependent regulation of Cdc42 and that of actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Murali
- Molecular Signaling Unit-FZI, Institute of immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Germany
| | - Jaeyoung Shin
- Molecular Signaling Unit-FZI, Institute of immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Germany
| | - Hajime Yurugi
- Molecular Signaling Unit-FZI, Institute of immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Germany
| | - Aswini Krishnan
- Molecular Signaling Unit-FZI, Institute of immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Alejandro Carpy
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Molecular Signaling Unit-FZI, Institute of immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Germany
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McCormick B, Chu JY, Vermeren S. Cross-talk between Rho GTPases and PI3K in the neutrophil. Small GTPases 2017; 10:187-195. [PMID: 28328290 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1304855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are short-lived, abundant peripheral blood leukocytes that provide a first line of defense against bacterial and fungal infections while also being a key part of the inflammatory response. Chemokines induce neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites, where neutrophils perform several diverse functions that are aimed at fighting infections. Neutrophil effector functions are tightly regulated processes that are governed by an array of intracellular signaling pathways and initiated by receptor-ligand binding events. Dysregulated neutrophil activation can result in excessive inflammation and host damage, as is evident in several autoimmune diseases. Rho family small GTPases and agonist-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) represent 2 classes of key regulators of the highly specialized neutrophil. Here we review cross-talk between these important signaling intermediates in the context of neutrophil functions. We include PI3K-dependent activation of Rho family small GTPases and of their guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase activating proteins, as well as Rho GTPase-dependent regulation of PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry McCormick
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Julia Y Chu
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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14
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Cathepsin L is involved in X-ray-induced invasion and migration of human glioma U251 cells. Cell Signal 2016; 29:181-191. [PMID: 27989700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An important therapeutic method of glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor, is radiotherapy. However, several studies reported recently that radiation could also promote the invasion and migration of malignant tumor. Herein, we have identified that a significant increase of migration and invasiveness of human glioma U251 cells undergoing X-ray was observed compared to controls, accompanied by the increase of cathepsin L (CTSL), which is a lysosomal cysteine protease overexpressed and secreted by tumor cells. To verify if there was a relationship between CTSL and the X-ray-induced glioma invasion, a CTSL specific inhibitor Z-FY-CHO or a short hairpin RNA interference was used to pretreat U251 cells. As a result, the cell invasion and migration was impaired via down-regulation of CTSL. Additionally, a marked reduction of the cell-signaling molecules Rho kinase was also detected compared with controls. We also found that CTSL is involved in EMT progress: both in vitro and in clinical specimens. Overall, our findings show that CTSL is an important protein which mediates cell invasion and migration of human glioma U251 cells induced by X-ray, and the inhibition of CTSL expression might diminish the invasion of U251 cells by reducing the activity of RhoA and CDC42 as well as EMT positive markers.
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15
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Odenthal J, Takes R, Friedl P. Plasticity of tumor cell invasion: governance by growth factors and cytokines. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1117-1128. [PMID: 27664164 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell migration, the basis for metastatic dissemination, is an adaptive process which depends upon coordinated cell interaction with the environment, influencing cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics and extracellular matrix remodeling. Growth factors and cytokines, released within the reactive tumor microenvironment and their intracellular effector signals strongly impact mechanocoupling functions in tumor cells and thereby control the mode and extent of tumor invasion, including collective and single-cell migration and their interconversions. Besides their role in controlling tumor cell growth and survival, cytokines and growth factors thus provide complex orchestration of the metastatic cascade and tumor cell adaptation to environmental challenge. We here review the mechanisms by which growth factors and cytokines control the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and the consequences for the efficacy and plasticity of invasion programs and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Odenthal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Takes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands, .,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology - Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA and.,Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Identification and Characterization of a Novel Broad-Spectrum Virus Entry Inhibitor. J Virol 2016; 90:4494-4510. [PMID: 26912630 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00103-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Virus entry into cells is a multistep process that often requires the subversion of subcellular machineries. A more complete understanding of these steps is necessary to develop new antiviral strategies. While studying the potential role of the actin network and one of its master regulators, the small GTPase Cdc42, during Junin virus (JUNV) entry, we serendipitously uncovered the small molecule ZCL278, reported to inhibit Cdc42 function as an entry inhibitor for JUNV and for vesicular stomatitis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and dengue virus but not for the nonenveloped poliovirus. Although ZCL278 did not interfere with JUNV attachment to the cell surface or virus particle internalization into host cells, it prevented the release of JUNV ribonucleoprotein cores into the cytosol and decreased pH-mediated viral fusion with host membranes. We also identified SVG-A astroglial cell-derived cells to be highly permissive for JUNV infection and generated new cell lines expressing fluorescently tagged Rab5c or Rab7a or lacking Cdc42 using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-caspase 9 (Cas9) gene-editing strategies. Aided by these tools, we uncovered that perturbations in the actin cytoskeleton or Cdc42 activity minimally affect JUNV entry, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of ZCL278 is not mediated by ZCL278 interfering with the activity of Cdc42. Instead, ZCL278 appears to redistribute viral particles from endosomal to lysosomal compartments. ZCL278 also inhibited JUNV replication in a mouse model, and no toxicity was detected. Together, our data suggest the unexpected antiviral activity of ZCL278 and highlight its potential for use in the development of valuable new tools to study the intracellular trafficking of pathogens. IMPORTANCE The Junin virus is responsible for outbreaks of Argentine hemorrhagic fever in South America, where 5 million people are at risk. Limited options are currently available to treat infections by Junin virus or other viruses of the Arenaviridae, making the identification of additional tools, including small-molecule inhibitors, of great importance. How Junin virus enters cells is not yet fully understood. Here we describe new cell culture models in which the cells are susceptible to Junin virus infection and to which we applied CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering strategies to help characterize early steps during virus entry. We also uncovered ZCL278 to be a new antiviral small molecule that potently inhibits the cellular entry of the Junin virus and other enveloped viruses. Moreover, we show that ZCL278 also functions in vivo, thereby preventing Junin virus replication in a mouse model, opening the possibility for the discovery of ZCL278 derivatives of therapeutic potential.
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17
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MacNevin CJ, Toutchkine A, Marston DJ, Hsu CW, Tsygankov D, Li L, Liu B, Qi T, Nguyen DV, Hahn KM. Ratiometric Imaging Using a Single Dye Enables Simultaneous Visualization of Rac1 and Cdc42 Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2571-5. [PMID: 26863024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors that report endogenous protein activity in vivo can be based on environment-sensing fluorescent dyes. The dyes can be attached to reagents that bind selectively to a specific conformation of the targeted protein, such that binding leads to a fluorescence change. Dyes that are sufficiently bright for use at low, nonperturbing intracellular concentrations typically undergo changes in intensity rather than the shifts in excitation or emission maxima that would enable precise quantitation through ratiometric imaging. We report here mero199, an environment-sensing dye that undergoes a 33 nm solvent-dependent shift in excitation. The dye was used to generate a ratiometric biosensor of Cdc42 (CRIB199) without the need for additional fluorophores. CRIB199 was used in the same cell with a FRET sensor of Rac1 activation to simultaneously observe Cdc42 and Rac1 activity in cellular protrusions, indicating that Rac1 but not Cdc42 activity was reduced during tail retraction, and specific protrusions had reduced Cdc42 activity. A novel program (EdgeProps) used to correlate localized activation with cell edge dynamics indicated that Rac1 was specifically reduced during retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J MacNevin
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexei Toutchkine
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel J Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Dan-Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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18
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Chronophin coordinates cell leading edge dynamics by controlling active cofilin levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5150-9. [PMID: 26324884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510945112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofilin, a critical player of actin dynamics, is spatially and temporally regulated to control the direction and force of membrane extension required for cell locomotion. In carcinoma cells, although the signaling pathways regulating cofilin activity to control cell direction have been established, the molecular machinery required to generate the force of the protrusion remains unclear. We show that the cofilin phosphatase chronophin (CIN) spatiotemporally regulates cofilin activity at the cell edge to generate persistent membrane extension. We show that CIN translocates to the leading edge in a PI3-kinase-, Rac1-, and cofilin-dependent manner after EGF stimulation to activate cofilin, promotes actin free barbed end formation, accelerates actin turnover, and enhances membrane protrusion. In addition, we establish that CIN is crucial for the balance of protrusion/retraction events during cell migration. Thus, CIN coordinates the leading edge dynamics by controlling active cofilin levels to promote MTLn3 cell protrusion.
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19
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Tania N, Condeelis J, Edelstein-Keshet L. Modeling the synergy of cofilin and Arp2/3 in lamellipodial protrusive activity. Biophys J 2014; 105:1946-55. [PMID: 24209839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid polymerization of actin filament barbed ends generates protrusive forces at the cell edge, leading to cell migration. Two important regulators of free barbed ends, cofilin and Arp2/3, have been shown to work in synergy (net effect greater than additive). To explore this synergy, we model the dynamics of F-actin at the leading edge, motivated by data from EGF-stimulated mammary carcinoma cells. We study how synergy depends on the localized rates and relative timing of cofilin and Arp2/3 activation at the cell edge. The model incorporates diffusion of cofilin, membrane protrusion, F-actin capping, aging, and severing by cofilin and branch nucleation by Arp2/3 (but not G-actin recycling). In a well-mixed system, cofilin and Arp2/3 can each generate a large pulse of barbed ends on their own, but have little synergy; high synergy occurs only at low activation rates, when few barbed ends are produced. In the full spatially distributed model, both synergy and barbed-end production are significant over a range of activation rates. Furthermore, barbed-end production is greatest when Arp2/3 activation is delayed relative to cofilin. Our model supports a direct role for cofilin-mediated actin polymerization in stimulated cell migration, including chemotaxis and cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessy Tania
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
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20
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Wang ZB, Jiang ZZ, Zhang QH, Hu MW, Huang L, Ou XH, Guo L, Ouyang YC, Hou Y, Brakebusch C, Schatten H, Sun QY. Specific deletion of Cdc42 does not affect meiotic spindle organization/migration and homologous chromosome segregation but disrupts polarity establishment and cytokinesis in mouse oocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3832-41. [PMID: 24131996 PMCID: PMC3861080 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte-specific deletion of Cdc42 has little effect on meiotic spindle organization and migration to the cortex but inhibits polar body emission, although homologous chromosome segregation occurs. The failure of cytokinesis is due to loss of polarized Arp2/3 accumulation and actin cap formation, and thus the defective contract ring. Mammalian oocyte maturation is distinguished by highly asymmetric meiotic divisions during which a haploid female gamete is produced and almost all the cytoplasm is maintained in the egg for embryo development. Actin-dependent meiosis I spindle positioning to the cortex induces the formation of a polarized actin cap and oocyte polarity, and it determines asymmetric divisions resulting in two polar bodies. Here we investigate the functions of Cdc42 in oocyte meiotic maturation by oocyte-specific deletion of Cdc42 through Cre-loxP conditional knockout technology. We find that Cdc42 deletion causes female infertility in mice. Cdc42 deletion has little effect on meiotic spindle organization and migration to the cortex but inhibits polar body emission, although homologous chromosome segregation occurs. The failure of cytokinesis is due to the loss of polarized Arp2/3 accumulation and actin cap formation; thus the defective contract ring. In addition, we correlate active Cdc42 dynamics with its function during polar body emission and find a relationship between Cdc42 and polarity, as well as polar body emission, in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Molecular Pathology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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21
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Novotny MJ, Bridge DR, Martin KH, Weed SA, Wysolmerski RB, Olson JC. Metastatic MTLn3 and non-metastatic MTC adenocarcinoma cells can be differentiated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biol Open 2013; 2:891-900. [PMID: 24143275 PMCID: PMC3773335 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20133632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients are known to be highly susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection, but it remains unknown whether alterations at the tumor cell level can contribute to infection. This study explored how cellular changes associated with tumor metastasis influence Pa infection using highly metastatic MTLn3 cells and non-metastatic MTC cells as cell culture models. MTLn3 cells were found to be more sensitive to Pa infection than MTC cells based on increased translocation of the type III secretion effector, ExoS, into MTLn3 cells. Subsequent studies found that higher levels of ExoS translocation into MTLn3 cells related to Pa entry and secretion of ExoS within MTLn3 cells, rather than conventional ExoS translocation by external Pa. ExoS includes both Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) and ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) enzyme activities, and differences in MTLn3 and MTC cell responsiveness to ExoS were found to relate to the targeting of ExoS-GAP activity to Rho GTPases. MTLn3 cell migration is mediated by RhoA activation at the leading edge, and inhibition of RhoA activity decreased ExoS translocation into MTLn3 cells to levels similar to those of MTC cells. The ability of Pa to be internalized and transfer ExoS more efficiently in association with Rho activation during tumor metastasis confirms that alterations in cell migration that occur in conjunction with tumor metastasis contribute to Pa infection in cancer patients. This study also raises the possibility that Pa might serve as a biological tool for dissecting or detecting cellular alterations associated with tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Novotny
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center , Morgantown, WV 26506-9177 , USA
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22
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Hanna S, El-Sibai M. Signaling networks of Rho GTPases in cell motility. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1955-61. [PMID: 23669310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The last decades have witnessed an exponential increase in our knowledge of Rho GTPase signaling network which further highlighted the cross talk between these proteins and the complexity of their signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the upstream and downstream players from Rho GTPases that are mainly involved in actin polymerization leading to cell motility and potentially playing a role in cancer cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Hanna
- Department of Natural Science, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
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23
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Inhibition of Putative Hyalurosome Platform in Keratinocytes as a Mechanism for Corticosteroid-Induced Epidermal Atrophy. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Turk HF, Monk JM, Fan YY, Callaway ES, Weeks B, Chapkin RS. Inhibitory effects of omega-3 fatty acids on injury-induced epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation contribute to delayed wound healing. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C905-17. [PMID: 23426968 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00379.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling is required for optimal intestinal wound healing. Since n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alter EGFR signaling and suppress downstream activation of key signaling pathways, we hypothesized that DHA would be detrimental to the process of intestinal wound healing. Using a mouse immortalized colonocyte model, DHA uniquely reduced EGFR ligand-induced receptor activation, whereas DHA and its metabolic precursor eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduced wound-induced EGFR transactivation compared with control (no fatty acid or linoleic acid). Under wounding conditions, the suppression of EGFR activation was associated with a reduction in downstream activation of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins (PLCγ1, Rac1, and Cdc42). Subsequently, DHA and EPA reduced cell migration in response to wounding. Mice were fed a corn oil-, DHA-, or EPA-enriched diet prior to intestinal wounding (2.5% dextran sodium sulfate for 5 days followed by termination after 0, 3, or 6 days of recovery). Mortality was increased in EPA-fed mice and colonic histological injury scores were increased in EPA- and DHA-fed mice compared with corn oil-fed (control) mice. Although kinetics of colonic EGFR activation and downstream signaling (PLCγ1, Rac1, and Cdc42) were delayed by both n-3 PUFA, colonic repair was increased in EPA- relative to DHA-fed mice. These results indicate that, during the early response to intestinal wounding, DHA and EPA uniquely delay the activation of key wound-healing processes in the colon. This effect is mediated, at least in part, via suppression of EGFR-mediated signaling and downstream cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony F Turk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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25
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de Toledo M, Anguille C, Roger L, Roux P, Gadea G. Cooperative anti-invasive effect of Cdc42/Rac1 activation and ROCK inhibition in SW620 colorectal cancer cells with elevated blebbing activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48344. [PMID: 23144867 PMCID: PMC3492328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key regulators of tumour cell invasion and therefore constitute attractive targets for the design of anticancer agents. Several strategies have been developed to modulate their increased activities during cancer progression. Interestingly, none of these approaches took into account the existence of the well-known antagonistic relationship between RhoA and Rac1. In this study, we first compared the invasiveness of a collection of colorectal cancer cell lines with their RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. A marked decrease of active Cdc42 and Rac1 correlated with the high invasive potential of the cell lines established from metastatic sites of colorectal adenocarcinoma (LoVo, SKCo1, SW620 and CoLo205). Conversely, no correlation between RhoA activity and invasiveness was detected, whereas the activity of its kinase effector ROCK was higher in cancer cell lines with a more invasive phenotype. In addition, invasiveness in these colon cancer cell lines was correlated with a typical round and blebbing morphology. We then tested whether treatment with PDGF to restore Cdc42 and Rac1 activities and/or with Y27632, a chemical inhibitor of ROCK, could decrease the invasiveness of SW620 cells. The association of both treatments substantially decreased the invasive potential of SW620 cells and this effect was accompanied by loss of membrane blebbing, restoration of a more elongated cell morphology and re-establishment of E-cadherin-dependent adherens junctions. This study paves the road to the development of therapeutic strategies in which different Rho GTPase modulators are combined to modulate the cross-talk between Rho GTPases and their specific input in metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion de Toledo
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Anguille
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Laureline Roger
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Roux
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Kelley LC, Hayes KE, Ammer AG, Martin KH, Weed SA. Cortactin phosphorylated by ERK1/2 localizes to sites of dynamic actin regulation and is required for carcinoma lamellipodia persistence. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13847. [PMID: 21079800 PMCID: PMC2973953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor cell motility and invasion is governed by dynamic regulation of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. The actin-binding protein cortactin is commonly upregulated in multiple cancer types and is associated with increased cell migration. Cortactin regulates actin nucleation through the actin related protein (Arp)2/3 complex and stabilizes the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Cortactin is regulated by multiple phosphorylation events, including phosphorylation of S405 and S418 by extracellular regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. ERK1/2 phosphorylation of cortactin has emerged as an important positive regulatory modification, enabling cortactin to bind and activate the Arp2/3 regulator neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASp), promoting actin polymerization and enhancing tumor cell movement. Methodology/Principal Findings In this report we have developed phosphorylation-specific antibodies against phosphorylated cortactin S405 and S418 to analyze the subcellular localization of this cortactin form in tumor cells and patient samples by microscopy. We evaluated the interplay between cortactin S405 and S418 phosphorylation with cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation in regulating cortactin conformational forms by Western blotting. Cortactin is simultaneously phosphorylated at S405/418 and Y421 in tumor cells, and through the use of point mutant constructs we determined that serine and tyrosine phosphorylation events lack any co-dependency. Expression of S405/418 phosphorylation-null constructs impaired carcinoma motility and adhesion, and also inhibited lamellipodia persistence monitored by live cell imaging. Conclusions/Significance Cortactin phosphorylated at S405/418 is localized to sites of dynamic actin assembly in tumor cells. Concurrent phosphorylation of cortactin by ERK1/2 and tyrosine kinases enables cells with the ability to regulate actin dynamics through N-WASp and other effector proteins by synchronizing upstream regulatory pathways, confirming cortactin as an important integration point in actin-based signal transduction. Reduced lamellipodia persistence in cells with S405/418A expression identifies an essential motility-based process reliant on ERK1/2 signaling, providing additional understanding as to how this pathway impacts tumor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kelley
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Hayes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amanda Gatesman Ammer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karen H. Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Pichot CS, Arvanitis C, Hartig SM, Jensen SA, Bechill J, Marzouk S, Yu J, Frost JA, Corey SJ. Cdc42-interacting protein 4 promotes breast cancer cell invasion and formation of invadopodia through activation of N-WASp. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8347-56. [PMID: 20940394 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the earliest stages of metastasis, breast cancer cells must reorganize the cytoskeleton to affect cell shape change and promote cell invasion and motility. These events require the cytoskeletal regulators Cdc42 and Rho, their effectors such as N-WASp/WAVE, and direct inducers of actin polymerization such as Arp2/3. Little consideration has been given to molecules that shape the cell membrane. The F-BAR proteins CIP4, TOCA-1, and FBP17 generate membrane curvature and act as scaffolding proteins for activated Cdc42 and N-WASp. We found that expression of CIP4, but not TOCA-1 or FBP17, was increased in invasive breast cancer cell lines in comparison with weakly or noninvasive breast cancer cell lines. Endogenous CIP4 localized to the leading edge of migrating cells and to invadopodia in cells invading gelatin. Because CIP4 serves as a scaffolding protein for Cdc42, Src, and N-WASp, we tested whether loss of CIP4 could result in decreased N-WASp function. Interaction between CIP4 and N-WASp was epidermal growth factor responsive, and CIP4 silencing by small interfering RNA caused decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of N-WASp at a Src-dependent activation site (Y256). CIP4 silencing also impaired the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells and was associated with decreased formation of invadopodia and gelatin degradation. This study presents a new role for CIP4 in the promotion of migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and establishes the contribution of F-BAR proteins to cancer cell motility and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Pichot
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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29
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Activation of EGFR on monocytes is required for human cytomegalovirus entry and mediates cellular motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:22369-74. [PMID: 20018733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908787106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) rapidly induces a mobile and functionally unique proinflammatory monocyte following infection that is proposed to mediate viral spread. The cellular pathways used by HCMV to initiate these biological changes remain unknown. Here, we document the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the surface of human peripheral blood monocytes but not on other blood leukocyte populations. Inhibition of EGFR signaling abrogated viral entry into monocytes, indicating that EGFR can serve as a cellular tropism receptor. Moreover, HCMV-activated EGFR was required for the induction of monocyte motility and transendothelial migration, two biological events required for monocyte extravasation into peripheral tissue, and thus viral spread. Transcriptome analysis revealed that HCMV-mediated EGFR signaling up-regulated neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), an actin nucleator whose expression and function are normally limited in leukocytes. Knockdown of N-WASP expression blocked HCMV-induced but not phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced monocyte motility, suggesting that a switch to and/or the distinct use of a new actin nucleator controlling motility occurs during HCMV infection of monocytes. Together, these data provide evidence that EGFR plays an essential role in the immunopathobiology of HCMV by mediating viral entry into monocytes and stimulating the aberrant biological activity that promotes hematogenous dissemination.
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30
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Feigin ME, Muthuswamy SK. ErbB receptors and cell polarity: new pathways and paradigms for understanding cell migration and invasion. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:707-16. [PMID: 19022245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases is involved in initiation and progression of a number of human cancers, and receptor activation or overexpression correlates with poor patient survival. Research over the past two decades has elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying ErbB-induced tumorigenesis, which has resulted in the development of effective targeted therapies. ErbB-induced signal transduction cascades regulate a wide variety of cell processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell polarity, migration and invasion. Within tumors, disruption of these core processes, through cooperative oncogenic lesions, results in aggressive, metastatic disease. This review will focus on the ErbB signaling networks that regulate migration and invasion and identify a potential role for cell polarity pathways during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Feigin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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31
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Gadea G, Sanz-Moreno V, Self A, Godi A, Marshall CJ. DOCK10-mediated Cdc42 activation is necessary for amoeboid invasion of melanoma cells. Curr Biol 2008; 18:1456-65. [PMID: 18835169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cells can move in a three-dimensional (3D) environment in either mesenchymal-type or amoeboid modes. In mesenchymal-type movement, cells have an elongated morphology with Rac-induced protrusions at the leading edge. Amoeboid cells have high levels of actomyosin contractility, and movement is associated with deformation of the cell body through the matrix without proteolysis. Because signaling pathways that control the activation of GTPases for amoeboid movement are poorly understood, we sought to identify regulators of amoeboid movement by screening an siRNA library targeting guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho-family GTPases. RESULTS We identified DOCK10, a Cdc42 GEF, as a key player in amoeboid migration; accordingly, we find that expression of activated Cdc42 induces a mesenchymal-amoeboid transition and increases cell invasion. Silencing DOCK10 expression promotes conversion to mesenchymal migration and is associated with decreased MLC2 phosphorylation and increased Rac1 activation. Consequently, abrogating DOCK10 and Rac1 expression suppresses both amoeboid and mesenchymal migration and results in decreased invasion. We show that the Cdc42 effectors N-WASP and Pak2 are required for the maintenance of the rounded-amoeboid phenotype. Blocking Cdc42 results in loss of mesenchymal morphology, arguing that Cdc42 is also involved in mesenchymal morphology through different activation and effector pathways. CONCLUSIONS Previous work has identified roles of Rho and Rac signaling in tumor cell movement, and we now elucidate novel roles of Cdc42 signaling in amoeboid and mesenchymal movement and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gadea
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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32
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The actin cytoskeleton in cancer cell motility. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:273-87. [PMID: 18498004 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell metastasis is a multi-stage process involving invasion into surrounding tissue, intravasation, transit in the blood or lymph, extravasation, and growth at a new site. Many of these steps require cell motility, which is driven by cycles of actin polymerization, cell adhesion and acto-myosin contraction. These processes have been studied in cancer cells in vitro for many years, often with seemingly contradictory results. The challenge now is to understand how the multitude of in vitro observations relates to the movement of cancer cells in living tumour tissue. In this review we will concentrate on actin protrusion and acto-myosin contraction. We will begin by presenting some general principles summarizing the widely-accepted mechanisms for the co-ordinated regulation of actin polymerization and contraction. We will then discuss more recent studies that investigate how experimental manipulation of actin dynamics affects cancer cell invasion in complex environments and in vivo.
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33
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Sarmiento C, Wang W, Dovas A, Yamaguchi H, Sidani M, El-Sibai M, Desmarais V, Holman HA, Kitchen S, Backer JM, Alberts A, Condeelis J. WASP family members and formin proteins coordinate regulation of cell protrusions in carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:1245-60. [PMID: 18362183 PMCID: PMC2290849 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200708123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of the actin nucleation promoters neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and WAVE2 in cell protrusion in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), a key regulator in carcinoma cell invasion. We found that WAVE2 knockdown (KD) suppresses lamellipod formation and increases filopod formation, whereas N-WASP KD has no effect. However, simultaneous KD of both proteins results in the formation of large jagged protrusions with lamellar properties and increased filopod formation. This suggests that another actin nucleation activity is at work in carcinoma cells in response to EGF. A mammalian Diaphanous–related formin, mDia1, localizes at the jagged protrusions in double KD cells. Constitutively active mDia1 recapitulated the phenotype, whereas inhibition of mDia1 blocked the formation of these protrusions. Increased RhoA activity, which stimulates mDia1 nucleation, was observed in the N-WASP/WAVE2 KD cells and was shown to be required for the N-WASP/WAVE2 KD phenotype. These data show that coordinate regulation between the WASP family and mDia proteins controls the balance between lamellar and lamellipodial protrusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Sarmiento
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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34
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Heung MY, Visegrady B, Fütterer K, Machesky LM. Identification of the insulin-responsive tyrosine phosphorylation sites on IRSp53. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:699-708. [PMID: 18417251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 53-kDa insulin receptor substrate protein (IRSp53) is part of a regulatory network that organises the actin cytoskeleton in response to stimulation by small GTPases, promoting formation of actin-rich cell protrusions such as filopodia and lamellipodia. It had been established earlier that IRSp53 is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to stimulation of the insulin and insulin-related growth factor receptors, but the consequences of tyrosine phosphorylation for IRSp53 function are unknown. Here, we have used a variety of IRSp53 truncation and point mutants to identify insulin-responsive tyrosine phosphorylation sites on IRSp53. We have found that the C-terminal half of IRSp53 (residues 251-521) undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation of the insulin beta receptor or epidermal growth factor stimulation via the epidermal growth factor receptor, and that the key residue for insulin receptor-mediated phosphorylation is tyrosine 310, located in a region between the N-terminal IRSp53/MIM homology domain (IMD, residue 1-250) and the central SH3 domain (residues 374-438) that is predicted to be natively unstructured. Mutation of tyrosine 310 to phenylalanine or glutamic acid abrogates the phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation, but not in response to stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. The N-terminal IMD, which mediates dimerisation of IRSp53, is required for efficient tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of either the insulin or epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation, yet does not appear to include a tyrosine-phosphorylated site itself. Thus, we have identified tyrosine 310 as a primary site of tyrosine phosphorylation in response to insulin signalling and we have shown that although IRSp53 is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to epidermal growth factor receptor signalling, tyrosine 310 is not crucial. Furthermore, the tyrosine phosphorylation status does not appear to affect the cell morphology and production of filopod-like structures upon expression of IRSp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yeung Heung
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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35
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El-Sibai M, Pertz O, Pang H, Yip SC, Lorenz M, Symons M, Condeelis JS, Hahn KM, Backer JM. RhoA/ROCK-mediated switching between Cdc42- and Rac1-dependent protrusion in MTLn3 carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1540-52. [PMID: 18316075 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are versatile regulators of cell shape that act on the actin cytoskeleton. Studies using Rho GTPase mutants have shown that, in some cells, Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, respectively at the leading edge, whereas RhoA mediates contraction at the rear of moving cells. However, recent reports have described a zone of RhoA/ROCK activation at the front of cells undergoing motility. In this study, we use a FRET-based RhoA biosensor to show that RhoA activation localizes to the leading edge of EGF-stimulated cells. Inhibition of Rho or ROCK enhanced protrusion, yet markedly inhibited cell motility; these changes correlated with a marked activation of Rac-1 at the cell edge. Surprisingly, whereas EGF-stimulated protrusion in control MTLn3 cells is Rac-independent and Cdc42-dependent, the opposite pattern is observed in MTLn3 cells after inhibition of ROCK. Thus, Rho and ROCK suppress Rac-1 activation at the leading edge, and inhibition of ROCK causes a switch between Cdc42 and Rac-1 as the dominant Rho GTPase driving protrusion in carcinoma cells. These data describe a novel role for Rho in coordinating signaling by Rac and Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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36
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Tang DD, Anfinogenova Y. Physiologic properties and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in vascular smooth muscle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 13:130-40. [PMID: 18212360 DOI: 10.1177/1074248407313737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle tone plays a fundamental role in regulating blood pressure, blood flow, microcirculation, and other cardiovascular functions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which vascular smooth muscle contractility is regulated are not completely elucidated. Recent studies show that the actin cytoskeleton in smooth muscle is dynamic, which regulates force development. In this review, evidence for actin polymerization in smooth muscle upon external stimulation is summarized. Protein kinases such as Abelson tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase, Src, and mitogen-activated protein kinase have been documented to coordinate actin polymerization in smooth muscle. Transmembrane integrins have also been reported to link to signaling pathways modulating actin dynamics. The roles of Rho family of the small proteins that bind to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), also known as GTPases, and the actin-regulatory proteins, including Crk-associated substrate, neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein, the Arp2/3 complex, and profilin, and heat shock proteins in regulating actin assembly are discussed. These new findings promote our understanding on how smooth muscle contraction is regulated at cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale D Tang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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37
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Sidani M, Wessels D, Mouneimne G, Ghosh M, Goswami S, Sarmiento C, Wang W, Kuhl S, El-Sibai M, Backer JM, Eddy R, Soll D, Condeelis J. Cofilin determines the migration behavior and turning frequency of metastatic cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:777-91. [PMID: 18025308 PMCID: PMC2080932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of inhibiting the expression of cofilin to understand its role in protrusion dynamics in metastatic tumor cells, in particular. We show that the suppression of cofilin expression in MTLn3 cells (an apolar randomly moving amoeboid metastatic tumor cell) caused them to extend protrusions from only one pole, elongate, and move rectilinearly. This remarkable transformation was correlated with slower extension of fewer, more stable lamellipodia leading to a reduced turning frequency. Hence, the loss of cofilin caused an amoeboid tumor cell to assume a mesenchymal-type mode of movement. These phenotypes were correlated with the loss of uniform chemotactic sensitivity of the cell surface to EGF stimulation, demonstrating that to chemotax efficiently, a cell must be able to respond to chemotactic stimulation at any region on its surface. The changes in cell shape, directional migration, and turning frequency were related to the re-localization of Arp2/3 complex to one pole of the cell upon suppression of cofilin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Sidani
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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38
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Yip SC, El-Sibai M, Coniglio SJ, Mouneimne G, Eddy RJ, Drees BE, Neilsen PO, Goswami S, Symons M, Condeelis JS, Backer JM. The distinct roles of Ras and Rac in PI 3-kinase-dependent protrusion during EGF-stimulated cell migration. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3138-46. [PMID: 17698922 PMCID: PMC4267689 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration involves the localized extension of actin-rich protrusions, a process that requires Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases). Both Rac and Ras have been shown to regulate actin polymerization and activate PI 3-kinase. However, the coordination of Rac, Ras and PI 3-kinase activation during epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated protrusion has not been analyzed. We examined PI 3-kinase-dependent protrusion in MTLn3 rat adenocarcinoma cells. EGF-stimulated phosphatidyl-inositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)] levels showed a rapid and persistent response, as PI 3-kinase activity remained elevated up to 3 minutes. The activation kinetics of Ras, but not Rac, coincided with those of leading-edge PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of K-Ras but not Rac1 abolished PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production at the leading edge and inhibited EGF-stimulated protrusion. However, Rac1 knockdown did inhibit cell migration, because of the inhibition of focal adhesion formation in Rac1 siRNA-treated cells. Our data show that in EGF-stimulated MTLn3 carcinoma cells, Ras is required for both PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production and lamellipod extension, whereas Rac1 is required for formation of adhesive structures. These data suggest an unappreciated role for Ras during protrusion, and a crucial role for Rac in the stabilization of protrusions required for cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chin Yip
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert J. Eddy
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marc Symons
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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