1
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Jensen CC, Clements AN, Liou H, Ball LE, Bethard JR, Langlais PR, Toth RK, Chauhan SS, Casillas AL, Daulat SR, Kraft AS, Cress AE, Miranti CK, Mouneimne G, Rogers GC, Warfel NA. PIM1 phosphorylates ABI2 to enhance actin dynamics and promote tumor invasion. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208136. [PMID: 37042842 PMCID: PMC10103708 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing key factors that drive the switch from indolent to invasive disease will make a significant impact on guiding the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway linking hypoxia and PIM1 kinase to the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. An unbiased proteomic screen identified Abl-interactor 2 (ABI2), an integral member of the wave regulatory complex (WRC), as a PIM1 substrate. Phosphorylation of ABI2 at Ser183 by PIM1 increased ABI2 protein levels and enhanced WRC formation, resulting in increased protrusive activity and cell motility. Cell protrusion induced by hypoxia and/or PIM1 was dependent on ABI2. In vivo smooth muscle invasion assays showed that overexpression of PIM1 significantly increased the depth of tumor cell invasion, and treatment with PIM inhibitors significantly reduced intramuscular PCa invasion. This research uncovers a HIF-1-independent signaling axis that is critical for hypoxia-induced invasion and establishes a novel role for PIM1 as a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin C. Jensen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amber N. Clements
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hope Liou
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren E. Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Bethard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Shailender S. Chauhan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne E. Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cindy K. Miranti
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Greg C. Rogers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Noel A. Warfel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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2
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Parker SS, Ly KT, Grant AD, Sweetland J, Wang AM, Parker JD, Roman MR, Saboda K, Roe DJ, Padi M, Wolgemuth CW, Langlais P, Mouneimne G. EVL and MIM/MTSS1 regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling to promote dendritic filopodia in neurons. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202106081. [PMID: 36828364 PMCID: PMC9998662 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic compartment of a neuronal synapse and are critical for synaptic connectivity and plasticity. A developmental precursor to dendritic spines, dendritic filopodia (DF), facilitate synapse formation by sampling the environment for suitable axon partners during neurodevelopment and learning. Despite the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in driving these dynamic protrusions, the actin elongation factors involved are not well characterized. We identified the Ena/VASP protein EVL as uniquely required for the morphogenesis and dynamics of DF. Using a combination of genetic and optogenetic manipulations, we demonstrated that EVL promotes protrusive motility through membrane-direct actin polymerization at DF tips. EVL forms a complex at nascent protrusions and DF tips with MIM/MTSS1, an I-BAR protein important for the initiation of DF. We proposed a model in which EVL cooperates with MIM to coalesce and elongate branched actin filaments, establishing the dynamic lamellipodia-like architecture of DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth Tran Ly
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adam D. Grant
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jillian Sweetland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ashley M. Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James D. Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mackenzie R. Roman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathylynn Saboda
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Denise J. Roe
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Megha Padi
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Charles W. Wolgemuth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Collins SE, Wiegand ME, Werner AN, Brown IN, Mundo MI, Swango DJ, Mouneimne G, Charest PG. Ras-mediated activation of mTORC2 promotes breast epithelial cell migration and invasion. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar9. [PMID: 36542482 PMCID: PMC9930525 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) as an effector of Ras for the control of directed cell migration in Dictyostelium. Recently, the Ras-mediated regulation of mTORC2 was found to be conserved in mammalian cells, and mTORC2 was shown to be an effector of oncogenic Ras. Interestingly, mTORC2 has been linked to cancer cell migration, and particularly in breast cancer. Here, we investigated the role of Ras in promoting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through mTORC2. We observed that both Ras and mTORC2 promote the migration of different breast cancer cells and breast cancer cell models. Using HER2 and oncogenic Ras-transformed breast epithelial MCF10A cells, we found that both wild-type Ras and oncogenic Ras promote mTORC2 activation and an mTORC2-dependent migration and invasion in these breast cancer models. We further observed that, whereas oncogenic Ras-transformed MCF10A cells display uncontrolled cell proliferation and invasion, disruption of mTORC2 leads to loss of invasiveness only. Together, our findings suggest that, whereas the Ras-mediated activation of mTORC2 is expected to play a minor role in breast tumor formation, the Ras-mTORC2 pathway plays an important role in promoting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Collins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Mollie E. Wiegand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Alyssa N. Werner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Isabella N. Brown
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Mary I. Mundo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Douglas J. Swango
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Pascale G. Charest
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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4
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Hill SM, Padilla-Rodriguez M, Clements A, Sweetland JA, Parker SS, Warfel NA, Mouneimne G. Optimized in vitro three-dimensional invasion assay for quantifying a wide range of cancer cell invasive behavior. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101516. [PMID: 35780429 PMCID: PMC9256944 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro assay for quantifying cancer cell invasion into a 3D microenvironment with defined biochemical and biophysical properties. Researchers can quantify invasion dynamics (e.g., cell motility and directionality) and examine morphological changes during invasion, using live-cell and confocal imaging techniques. Together, these advantages over existing in vitro invasion assays, such as transwell-based assays, provide researchers with a valuable tool to gain insight into the mechanisms regulating cancer cell invasion. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Padilla-Rodriguez et al. (2018) and Watson et al. (2021). Optimized 3D invasion assay to examine cells with a wide range of invasive activity Customized microenvironment with collagen and chemoattractant Applications for fixed and live-cell imaging Quantification of global and individual differences in invasive behavior
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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5
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Wiegand ME, Collins SE, Brown IN, Werner AN, Mundo IM, Mouneimne G, Charest PG. Abstract 2416: Ras-mediated activation of mTORC2 drives breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously identified the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) as an effector of Ras for the control of directed cell migration in Dictyostelium. Recently, this relationship was found to be conserved in mammalian cells, and mTORC2 was shown to be an effector of oncogenic Ras. Deregulated mTORC2 signaling in cancer is mostly associated with increased survival and metabolic reprogramming, but mTORC2 has also been linked to cancer cell migration, particularly in breast cancer. Interestingly, although Ras is rarely mutated in breast cancer, it is often upregulated due to amplification and overexpression of growth factor receptors. Here, we investigated the role of Ras in promoting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through mTORC2. We observed that Ras and mTORC2 promote the migration of breast cancer cells, independently of the breast cancer molecular subtype. Using breast epithelial MCF10A cells transformed with HER2 or mutant Ras, we found that Ras promotes mTORC2 activation, and mTORC2-dependent migration and invasion. We further observed that while mutant Ras-transformed MCF10A cells display uncontrolled cell proliferation and an invasive phenotype, silencing of the mTORC2-dependent component Rictor mostly leads to loss of invasiveness. Together, our findings suggest that, whereas Ras activation of mTORC2 is likely to play a minor role in breast tumor formation, the Ras-mTORC2 pathway plays a key and general role in promoting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
Citation Format: Mollie E. Wiegand, Shannon E. Collins, Isabella N. Brown, Alyssa N. Werner, Isabelle M. Mundo, Ghassan Mouneimne, Pascale G. Charest. Ras-mediated activation of mTORC2 drives breast cancer cell migration and invasion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2416.
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6
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Hwang T, Parker SS, Hill SM, Grant RA, Ilunga MW, Sivaraman V, Mouneimne G, Keating AE. Native proline-rich motifs exploit sequence context to target actin-remodeling Ena/VASP protein ENAH. eLife 2022; 11:70680. [PMID: 35076015 PMCID: PMC8789275 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human proteome is replete with short linear motifs (SLiMs) of four to six residues that are critical for protein-protein interactions, yet the importance of the sequence surrounding such motifs is underexplored. We devised a proteomic screen to examine the influence of SLiM sequence context on protein-protein interactions. Focusing on the EVH1 domain of human ENAH, an actin regulator that is highly expressed in invasive cancers, we screened 36-residue proteome-derived peptides and discovered new interaction partners of ENAH and diverse mechanisms by which context influences binding. A pocket on the ENAH EVH1 domain that has diverged from other Ena/VASP paralogs recognizes extended SLiMs and favors motif-flanking proline residues. Many high-affinity ENAH binders that contain two proline-rich SLiMs use a noncanonical site on the EVH1 domain for binding and display a thermodynamic signature consistent with the two-motif chain engaging a single domain. We also found that photoreceptor cilium actin regulator (PCARE) uses an extended 23-residue region to obtain a higher affinity than any known ENAH EVH1-binding motif. Our screen provides a way to uncover the effects of proteomic context on motif-mediated binding, revealing diverse mechanisms of control over EVH1 interactions and establishing that SLiMs can’t be fully understood outside of their native context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hwang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Sara S Parker
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Samantha M Hill
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Robert A Grant
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Meucci W Ilunga
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | | | | | - Amy E Keating
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Department of Biological Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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7
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Hwang T, Parker SS, Hill SM, Ilunga MW, Grant RA, Mouneimne G, Keating AE. A distributed residue network permits conformational binding specificity in a conserved family of actin remodelers. eLife 2021; 10:e70601. [PMID: 34854809 PMCID: PMC8639148 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan proteomes contain many paralogous proteins that have evolved distinct functions. The Ena/VASP family of actin regulators consists of three members that share an EVH1 interaction domain with a 100 % conserved binding site. A proteome-wide screen revealed photoreceptor cilium actin regulator (PCARE) as a high-affinity ligand for ENAH EVH1. Here, we report the surprising observation that PCARE is ~100-fold specific for ENAH over paralogs VASP and EVL and can selectively bind ENAH and inhibit ENAH-dependent adhesion in cells. Specificity arises from a mechanism whereby PCARE stabilizes a conformation of the ENAH EVH1 domain that is inaccessible to family members VASP and EVL. Structure-based modeling rapidly identified seven residues distributed throughout EVL that are sufficient to differentiate binding by ENAH vs. EVL. By exploiting the ENAH-specific conformation, we rationally designed the tightest and most selective ENAH binder to date. Our work uncovers a conformational mechanism of interaction specificity that distinguishes highly similar paralogs and establishes tools for dissecting specific Ena/VASP functions in processes including cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hwang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sara S Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Samantha M Hill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Meucci W Ilunga
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Robert A Grant
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Amy E Keating
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Biological Engineering and Koch Institue for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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8
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Watson AW, Grant AD, Parker SS, Hill S, Whalen MB, Chakrabarti J, Harman MW, Roman MR, Forte BL, Gowan CC, Castro-Portuguez R, Stolze LK, Franck C, Cusanovich DA, Zavros Y, Padi M, Romanoski CE, Mouneimne G. Breast tumor stiffness instructs bone metastasis via maintenance of mechanical conditioning. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109293. [PMID: 34192535 PMCID: PMC8312405 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While the immediate and transitory response of breast cancer cells to pathological stiffness in their native microenvironment has been well explored, it remains unclear how stiffness-induced phenotypes are maintained over time after cancer cell dissemination in vivo. Here, we show that fibrotic-like matrix stiffness promotes distinct metastatic phenotypes in cancer cells, which are preserved after transition to softer microenvironments, such as bone marrow. Using differential gene expression analysis of stiffness-responsive breast cancer cells, we establish a multigenic score of mechanical conditioning (MeCo) and find that it is associated with bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. The maintenance of mechanical conditioning is regulated by RUNX2, an osteogenic transcription factor, established driver of bone metastasis, and mitotic bookmarker that preserves chromatin accessibility at target gene loci. Using genetic and functional approaches, we demonstrate that mechanical conditioning maintenance can be simulated, repressed, or extended, with corresponding changes in bone metastatic potential. Watson et al. demonstrate that mechanical conditioning by stiff microenvironments in breast tumors is maintained in cancer cells after dissemination to softer microenvironments, including bone marrow. They show that mechanical conditioning promotes invasion and osteolysis and establish a mechanical conditioning (MeCo) score, associated with bone metastasis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Watson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; MeCo Diagnostics, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA
| | - Adam D Grant
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sara S Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Samantha Hill
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael B Whalen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael W Harman
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | | | - Cody C Gowan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Lindsey K Stolze
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Christian Franck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Darren A Cusanovich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Yana Zavros
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Megha Padi
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Casey E Romanoski
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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9
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Bearss JJ, Padi SK, Singh N, Cardo-Vila M, Song JH, Mouneimne G, Fernandes N, Li Y, Harter MR, Gard JM, Cress AE, Peti W, Nelson AD, Buchan JR, Kraft AS, Okumura K. EDC3 phosphorylation regulates growth and invasion through controlling P-body formation and dynamics. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50835. [PMID: 33586867 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mRNA stability and translation plays a critical role in determining protein abundance within cells. Processing bodies (P-bodies) are critical regulators of these processes. Here, we report that the Pim1 and 3 protein kinases bind to the P-body protein enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 (EDC3) and phosphorylate EDC3 on serine (S)161, thereby modifying P-body assembly. EDC3 phosphorylation is highly elevated in many tumor types, is reduced upon treatment of cells with kinase inhibitors, and blocks the localization of EDC3 to P-bodies. Prostate cancer cells harboring an EDC3 S161A mutation show markedly decreased growth, migration, and invasion in tissue culture and in xenograft models. Consistent with these phenotypic changes, the expression of integrin β1 and α6 mRNA and protein is reduced in these mutated cells. These results demonstrate that EDC3 phosphorylation regulates multiple cancer-relevant functions and suggest that modulation of P-body activity may represent a new paradigm for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah J Bearss
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sathish Kr Padi
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marina Cardo-Vila
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jin H Song
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nikita Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew R Harter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jaime Mc Gard
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anne E Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - J Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koichi Okumura
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Abstract
We stand against racism and discrimination in cancer research in the U.S. By sharing the stories of scientists from different ethnicities, identities, and national origins, we want to promote change through mentoring, active participation, and policy changes and to inspire the next generation of cancer researchers: we make better science together.
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11
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Saini H, Rahmani Eliato K, Veldhuizen J, Zare A, Allam M, Silva C, Kratz A, Truong D, Mouneimne G, LaBaer J, Ros R, Nikkhah M. The role of tumor-stroma interactions on desmoplasia and tumorigenicity within a microengineered 3D platform. Biomaterials 2020; 247:119975. [PMID: 32278213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in modulating cancer progression. Amongst various cell types within the tumor microenvironment, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are in abundance, serving to modulate the biophysical properties of the stromal matrix, through excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that leads to enhanced tumor progression. There is still a critical need to develop a fundamental framework on the role of tumor-stromal cell interactions on desmoplasia and tumorigenicity. Herein, we developed a 3D microengineered organotypic tumor-stroma model incorporated with breast cancer cells surrounded by CAF-embedded collagen matrix. We further integrated our platform with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the dynamic changes in stromal stiffness during active tumor invasion. Our findings primarily demonstrated enhanced tumor progression in the presence of CAFs. Furthermore, we highlighted the crucial role of crosstalk between tumor cells and CAFs on stromal desmoplasia, where we identified the role of tumor-secreted PDGF-AA/-BB on elevated matrix stiffness. Inhibition of the activity of PDGFRs in CAFs led to attenuation of stromal stiffness. Overall, our work presents a well-controlled tumor microenvironment model capable of dissecting specific biophysical and biochemical signaling cues which lead to stromal desmoplasia and tumor progression.
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12
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Puleo JI, Parker SS, Roman MR, Watson AW, Eliato KR, Peng L, Saboda K, Roe DJ, Ros R, Gertler FB, Mouneimne G. Mechanosensing during directed cell migration requires dynamic actin polymerization at focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4215-4235. [PMID: 31594807 PMCID: PMC6891092 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a cell's microenvironment influence many aspects of cellular behavior, including cell migration. Durotaxis, the migration toward increasing matrix stiffness, has been implicated in processes ranging from development to cancer. During durotaxis, mechanical stimulation by matrix rigidity leads to directed migration. Studies suggest that cells sense mechanical stimuli, or mechanosense, through the acto-myosin cytoskeleton at focal adhesions (FAs); however, FA actin cytoskeletal remodeling and its role in mechanosensing are not fully understood. Here, we show that the Ena/VASP family member, Ena/VASP-like (EVL), polymerizes actin at FAs, which promotes cell-matrix adhesion and mechanosensing. Importantly, we show that EVL regulates mechanically directed motility, and that suppression of EVL expression impedes 3D durotactic invasion. We propose a model in which EVL-mediated actin polymerization at FAs promotes mechanosensing and durotaxis by maturing, and thus reinforcing, FAs. These findings establish dynamic FA actin polymerization as a central aspect of mechanosensing and identify EVL as a crucial regulator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieann I Puleo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Sara S Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mackenzie R Roman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Adam W Watson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kiarash Rahmani Eliato
- Department of Physics, Center for Biological Physics, and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Leilei Peng
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kathylynn Saboda
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Denise J Roe
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Robert Ros
- Department of Physics, Center for Biological Physics, and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Frank B Gertler
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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13
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Parker SS, Krantz J, Kwak EA, Barker NK, Deer CG, Lee NY, Mouneimne G, Langlais PR. Insulin Induces Microtubule Stabilization and Regulates the Microtubule Plus-end Tracking Protein Network in Adipocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1363-1381. [PMID: 31018989 PMCID: PMC6601206 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is known to involve microtubules, although the function of microtubules and the microtubule-regulating proteins involved in insulin action are poorly understood. CLASP2, a plus-end tracking microtubule-associated protein (+TIP) that controls microtubule dynamics, was recently implicated as the first +TIP associated with insulin-regulated glucose uptake. Here, using protein-specific targeted quantitative phosphoproteomics within 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we discovered that insulin regulates phosphorylation of the CLASP2 network members G2L1, MARK2, CLIP2, AGAP3, and CKAP5 as well as EB1, revealing the existence of a previously unknown microtubule-associated protein system that responds to insulin. To further investigate, G2L1 interactome studies within 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed that G2L1 coimmunoprecipitates CLASP2 and CLIP2 as well as the master integrators of +TIP assembly, the end binding (EB) proteins. Live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in adipocytes revealed G2L1 and CLASP2 colocalize on microtubule plus-ends. We found that although insulin increases the number of CLASP2-containing plus-ends, insulin treatment simultaneously decreases CLASP2-containing plus-end velocity. In addition, we discovered that insulin stimulates redistribution of CLASP2 and G2L1 from exclusive plus-end tracking to "trailing" behind the growing tip of the microtubule. Insulin treatment increases α-tubulin Lysine 40 acetylation, a mechanism that was observed to be regulated by a counterbalance between GSK3 and mTOR, and led to microtubule stabilization. Our studies introduce insulin-stimulated microtubule stabilization and plus-end trailing of +TIPs as new modes of insulin action and reveal the likelihood that a network of microtubule-associated proteins synergize to coordinate insulin-regulated microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Parker
- From the ‡Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
| | - James Krantz
- §Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
| | | | | | - Chris G Deer
- University of Arizona Research Computing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Nam Y Lee
- ¶Department of Pharmacology,; ‖Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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14
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Truong DD, Kratz A, Park JG, Barrientos ES, Saini H, Nguyen T, Pockaj B, Mouneimne G, LaBaer J, Nikkhah M. A Human Organotypic Microfluidic Tumor Model Permits Investigation of the Interplay between Patient-Derived Fibroblasts and Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3139-3151. [PMID: 30992322 PMCID: PMC6664809 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-stroma interactions significantly influence cancer cell metastasis and disease progression. These interactions are partly comprised of the cross-talk between tumor and stromal fibroblasts, but the key molecular mechanisms within the cross-talk that govern cancer invasion are still unclear. Here, we adapted our previously developed microfluidic device as a 3D in vitro organotypic model to mechanistically study tumor-stroma interactions by mimicking the spatial organization of the tumor microenvironment on a chip. We cocultured breast cancer and patient-derived fibroblast cells in 3D tumor and stroma regions, respectively, and combined functional assessments, including cancer cell migration, with transcriptome profiling to unveil the molecular influence of tumor-stroma cross-talk on invasion. This led to the observation that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) enhanced invasion in 3D by inducing expression of a novel gene of interest, glycoprotein nonmetastatic B (GPNMB), in breast cancer cells, resulting in increased migration speed. Importantly, knockdown of GPNMB blunted the influence of CAF on enhanced cancer invasion. Overall, these results demonstrate the ability of our model to recapitulate patient-specific tumor microenvironments to investigate the cellular and molecular consequences of tumor-stroma interactions. SIGNIFICANCE: An organotypic model of tumor-stroma interactions on a microfluidic chip reveals that CAFs promote invasion by enhancing expression of GPNMB in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh D Truong
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Alexander Kratz
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jin G Park
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Eric S Barrientos
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Harpinder Saini
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Toan Nguyen
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | | | | | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
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15
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Nagaraju S, Truong D, Mouneimne G, Nikkhah M. Microfluidic Tumor-Vascular Model to Study Breast Cancer Cell Invasion and Intravasation. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701257. [PMID: 29334196 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major leading cause of disease-related death in the world. The severe impact of cancer can be attributed to poor understanding of the mechanisms involved in earliest steps of the metastatic cascade, specifically invasion into the surrounding stroma and intravasation into the blood capillaries. However, conducting integrated biological studies of invasion and intravasation have been challenging, within in vivo models and traditional in vitro assay, due to difficulties in establishing a precise tumor microenvironment. To that end, in this work, a novel 3D microfluidic platform comprised of concentric three-layer cell-laden hydrogels for simultaneous investigation of breast cancer cell invasion and intravasation as well as vasculature maturation influenced by tumor-vascular crosstalk is developed. It was demonstrated that the presence of spontaneously formed vasculature enhance MDA-MB-231 invasion into the 3D stroma. Following invasion, cancer cells are visualized intravasating into the outer vasculature. Additionally, invading cancer cells significantly reduce vessel diameter while increasing permeability, consistent with previous in vivo studies. Major signaling cytokines involved in tumor-vascular crosstalk that govern cancer cell invasion and intravasation are further identified. Taken together, this platform will enable unique insights of critical biological events within the metastatic cascade, with significant potential for developing efficient cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Nagaraju
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Danh Truong
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | | | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
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16
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Peela N, Barrientos ES, Truong D, Mouneimne G, Nikkhah M. Effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on breast cancer cells within a tumor–stroma microfluidic model. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:988-999. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Peela
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - E. S. Barrientos
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - D. Truong
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - G. Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - M. Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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17
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Truong D, Puleo J, Llave A, Mouneimne G, Kamm RD, Nikkhah M. Breast Cancer Cell Invasion into a Three Dimensional Tumor-Stroma Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34094. [PMID: 27678304 PMCID: PMC5039718 DOI: 10.1038/srep34094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, to model 3D chemotactic tumor-stroma invasion in vitro, we developed an innovative microfluidic chip allowing side-by-side positioning of 3D hydrogel-based matrices. We were able to (1) create a dual matrix architecture that extended in a continuous manner, thus allowing invasion from one 3D matrix to another, and (2) establish distinct regions of tumor and stroma cell/ECM compositions, with a clearly demarcated tumor invasion front, thus allowing us to quantitatively analyze progression of cancer cells into the stroma at a tissue or single-cell level. We showed significantly enhanced cancer cell invasion in response to a transient gradient of epidermal growth factor (EGF). 3D tracking at the single-cell level displayed increased migration speed and persistence. Subsequently, we analyzed changes in expression of EGF receptors, cell aspect ratio, and protrusive activity. These findings show the unique ability of our model to quantitatively analyze 3D chemotactic invasion, both globally by tracking the progression of the invasion front, and at the single-cell level by examining changes in cellular behavior and morphology using high-resolution imaging. Taken together, we have shown a novel model recapitulating 3D tumor-stroma interactions for studies of real-time cell invasion and morphological changes within a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh Truong
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Julieann Puleo
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Alison Llave
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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18
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Carmona G, Perera U, Gillett C, Naba A, Law AL, Sharma VP, Wang J, Wyckoff J, Balsamo M, Mosis F, De Piano M, Monypenny J, Woodman N, McConnell RE, Mouneimne G, Van Hemelrijck M, Cao Y, Condeelis J, Hynes RO, Gertler FB, Krause M. Lamellipodin promotes invasive 3D cancer cell migration via regulated interactions with Ena/VASP and SCAR/WAVE. Oncogene 2016; 35:5155-69. [PMID: 26996666 PMCID: PMC5031503 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer invasion is a hallmark of metastasis. The mesenchymal mode of cancer cell invasion is mediated by elongated membrane protrusions driven by the assembly of branched F-actin networks. How deregulation of actin regulators promotes cancer cell invasion is still enigmatic. We report that increased expression and membrane localization of the actin regulator Lamellipodin correlate with reduced metastasis-free survival and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. In agreement, we find that Lamellipodin depletion reduced lung metastasis in an orthotopic mouse breast cancer model. Invasive 3D cancer cell migration as well as invadopodia formation and matrix degradation was impaired upon Lamellipodin depletion. Mechanistically, we show that Lamellipodin promotes invasive 3D cancer cell migration via both actin-elongating Ena/VASP proteins and the Scar/WAVE complex, which stimulates actin branching. In contrast, Lamellipodin interaction with Scar/WAVE but not with Ena/VASP is required for random 2D cell migration. We identified a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism that regulates selective recruitment of these effectors to Lamellipodin: Abl-mediated Lamellipodin phosphorylation promotes its association with both Scar/WAVE and Ena/VASP, whereas Src-dependent phosphorylation enhances binding to Scar/WAVE but not to Ena/VASP. Through these selective, regulated interactions Lamellipodin mediates directional sensing of epidermal growth factor (EGF) gradients and invasive 3D migration of breast cancer cells. Our findings imply that increased Lamellipodin levels enhance Ena/VASP and Scar/WAVE activities at the plasma membrane to promote 3D invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carmona
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - U Perera
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
| | - C Gillett
- King's College London, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - A Naba
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A-L Law
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
| | - V P Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Wyckoff
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Balsamo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Mosis
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
| | - M De Piano
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Group, London, UK
| | - J Monypenny
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK.,King's College London, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.,King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - N Woodman
- King's College London, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - R E McConnell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Van Hemelrijck
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Group, London, UK
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - R O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F B Gertler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Krause
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
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19
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Peela N, Sam FS, Christenson W, Truong D, Watson AW, Mouneimne G, Ros R, Nikkhah M. A three dimensional micropatterned tumor model for breast cancer cell migration studies. Biomaterials 2015; 81:72-83. [PMID: 26724455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer cell invasion is a highly orchestrated process driven by a myriad of complex microenvironmental stimuli, making it difficult to isolate and assess the effects of biochemical or biophysical cues (i.e. tumor architecture, matrix stiffness) on disease progression. In this regard, physiologically relevant tumor models are becoming instrumental to perform studies of cancer cell invasion within well-controlled conditions. Herein, we explored the use of photocrosslinkable hydrogels and a novel, two-step photolithography technique to microengineer a 3D breast tumor model. The microfabrication process enabled precise localization of cell-encapsulated circular constructs adjacent to a low stiffness matrix. To validate the model, breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7) and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) were embedded separately within the tumor model, all of which maintained high viability throughout the experiments. MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited extensive migratory behavior and invaded the surrounding matrix, whereas MCF7 or MCF10A cells formed clusters that stayed confined within the circular tumor regions. Additionally, real-time cell tracking indicated that the speed and persistence of MDA-MB-231 cells were substantially higher within the surrounding matrix compared to the circular constructs. Z-stack imaging of F-actin/α-tubulin cytoskeletal organization revealed unique 3D protrusions in MDA-MB-231 cells and an abundance of 3D clusters formed by MCF7 and MCF10A cells. Our results indicate that gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, integrated with the two-step photolithography technique, has great promise in the development of 3D tumor models with well-defined architecture and tunable stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Peela
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Feba S Sam
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Wayne Christenson
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Danh Truong
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Adam W Watson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Robert Ros
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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20
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Mouneimne G, Hansen SD, Selfors LM, Petrak L, Hickey MM, Gallegos LL, Simpson KJ, Lim J, Gertler FB, Hartwig JH, Mullins RD, Brugge JS. Differential remodeling of actin cytoskeleton architecture by profilin isoforms leads to distinct effects on cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:615-30. [PMID: 23153535 PMCID: PMC3500527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic actin cytoskeletal reorganization is integral to cell motility. Profilins are well-characterized regulators of actin polymerization; however, functional differences among coexpressed profilin isoforms are not well defined. Here, we demonstrate that profilin-1 and profilin-2 differentially regulate membrane protrusion, motility, and invasion; these processes are promoted by profilin-1 and suppressed by profilin-2. Compared to profilin-1, profilin-2 preferentially drives actin polymerization by the Ena/VASP protein, EVL. Profilin-2 and EVL suppress protrusive activity and cell motility by an actomyosin contractility-dependent mechanism. Importantly, EVL or profilin-2 downregulation enhances invasion in vitro and in vivo. In human breast cancer, lower EVL expression correlates with high invasiveness and poor patient outcome. We propose that profilin-2/EVL-mediated actin polymerization enhances actin bundling and suppresses breast cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott D. Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Laura M. Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lara Petrak
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michele M. Hickey
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lisa L. Gallegos
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kaylene J. Simpson
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, 3002
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3050
| | - James Lim
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Frank B. Gertler
- The Koch Institute for integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - John H. Hartwig
- Division of Translational Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - R. Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Corresponding author: , Phone: 617 432 3974, Fax: 617 432 3969
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21
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Hager MH, Morley S, Bielenberg DR, Gao S, Morello M, Holcomb IN, Liu W, Mouneimne G, Demichelis F, Kim J, Solomon KR, Adam RM, Isaacs WB, Higgs HN, Vessella RL, Di Vizio D, Freeman MR. DIAPH3 governs the cellular transition to the amoeboid tumour phenotype. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:743-60. [PMID: 22593025 PMCID: PMC3494074 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies for most malignancies are generally ineffective once metastasis occurs. While tumour cells migrate through tissues using diverse strategies, the signalling networks controlling such behaviours in human tumours are poorly understood. Here we define a role for the Diaphanous-related formin-3 (DIAPH3) as a non-canonical regulator of metastasis that restrains conversion to amoeboid cell behaviour in multiple cancer types. The DIAPH3 locus is close to RB1, within a narrow consensus region of deletion on chromosome 13q in prostate, breast and hepatocellular carcinomas. DIAPH3 silencing in human carcinoma cells destabilized microtubules and induced defective endocytic trafficking, endosomal accumulation of EGFR, and hyperactivation of EGFR/MEK/ERK signalling. Silencing also evoked amoeboid properties, increased invasion and promoted metastasis in mice. In human tumours, DIAPH3 down-regulation was associated with aggressive or metastatic disease. DIAPH3-silenced cells were sensitive to MEK inhibition, but showed reduced sensitivity to EGFR inhibition. These findings have implications for understanding mechanisms of metastasis, and suggest that identifying patients with chromosomal deletions at DIAPH3 may have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Hager
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Morley S, Hager MH, Bielenberg DR, Gao SG, Morello M, Holcomb IN, Liu W, Mouneimne G, Demichelis F, Kim J, Solomon KR, Adam RM, Isaacs WB, Higgs HN, Vessella RL, Vizio DD, Freeman MR. Abstract 486: The novel tumor suppressor DIAPH3 governs transition to an amoeboid phenotype. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: We previously reported that loss of DIAPH3, proximal to RB1 on chromosome 13q and encoding the cytoskeletal regulator Diaphanous-related Formin-3 (DRF3), is associated with metastatic prostate cancer. Here we examine further the impact of genomic DIAPH3 loss on motility and metastasis, in multiple cancers. Methods: We employed publically available genomic data sets (including the Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer platform), Oncomine expression profiles, Affymetrix Human Genome-wide SNP arrays, and tissue microarrays to determine DIAPH3 copy number and DRF3 expression in carcinomas and with disease progression. In cultured cancer cells, biochemical and cell biological approaches in two- and three-dimensional growth conditions were used to assess mechanisms underlying phenotypic changes associated with DRF3 deficiency. The in vivo impact of DIAPH3 loss was investigated with a murine experimental metastasis model. Results: Analysis of somatic copy number alterations along chromosome 13q revealed a region of significant focal deletion, in which the DIAPH3 locus was central, common to hepatocellular, breast, and prostate carcinomas. Employing prostate cancer as a disease-relevant model, we detected reduced DIAPH3 copy number in multiple, independent patient cohorts. DIAPH3 deletions accumulated during disease progression, were strongly associated with metastatic disease, and were prevalent in disseminated tumor cells from patient bone marrow aspirates. Tissue microarrays confirmed reduced expression of DRF3 in metastases relative to normal tissue and primary tumor. In vitro, stable silencing of DRF3 in prostate cancer and HRAS-transformed human mammary epithelial cells dramatically altered cell morphology, evoking an ‘amoeboid’ morphological phenotype. Accordingly, biochemical hallmarks of amoeboid behavior, as well as enhanced migration, invasion, and chemotaxis, were associated with DRF3 loss. Consistent with its role as a regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, DRF3 depletion destabilized microtubules, thereby perturbing endocytic receptor trafficking. EGFR was observed to accumulate in endosomes and was hyperactive, coinciding with persistent signaling through the MEK-ERK pathway. Inhibition of MEK reversed the amoeboid phenotype stimulated by DRF3 loss. Enforced expression of DRF3 accelerated down-regulation of EGFR and suppressed amoeboid morphology. Phosphorylation was observed to modulate DRF3 function. In a murine metastasis model, the formation of pulmonary lesions was markedly potentiated by DRF3 silencing, supporting a role for the protein in mitigation of tumor cell dissemination. Conclusions: Genomic deletions at the DIAPH3 locus are prevalent in multiple carcinomas and are strongly associated with metastasis. DRF3 is a metastasis suppressor that prevents transition to an amoeboid tumor cell phenotype.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 486. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-486
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Kim JH, Cho A, Yin H, Schafer DA, Mouneimne G, Simpson KJ, Nguyen KV, Brugge JS, Montell DJ. Psidin, a conserved protein that regulates protrusion dynamics and cell migration. Genes Dev 2011; 25:730-41. [PMID: 21406550 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2028611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic assembly and disassembly of actin filaments is a major driving force for cell movements. Border cells in the Drosophila ovary provide a simple and genetically tractable model to study the mechanisms regulating cell migration. To identify new genes that regulate cell movement in vivo, we screened lethal mutations on chromosome 3R for defects in border cell migration and identified two alleles of the gene psidin (psid). In vitro, purified Psid protein bound F-actin and inhibited the interaction of tropomyosin with F-actin. In vivo, psid mutations exhibited genetic interactions with the genes encoding tropomyosin and cofilin. Border cells overexpressing Psid together with GFP-actin exhibited altered protrusion/retraction dynamics. Psid knockdown in cultured S2 cells reduced, and Psid overexpression enhanced, lamellipodial dynamics. Knockdown of the human homolog of Psid reduced the speed and directionality of migration in wounded MCF10A breast epithelial monolayers, whereas overexpression of the protein increased migration speed and altered protrusion dynamics in EGF-stimulated cells. These results indicate that Psid is an actin regulatory protein that plays a conserved role in protrusion dynamics and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Desmarais V, Yamaguchi H, Oser M, Soon L, Mouneimne G, Sarmiento C, Eddy R, Condeelis J. N-WASP and cortactin are involved in invadopodium-dependent chemotaxis to EGF in breast tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:303-16. [PMID: 19373774 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic mammary carcinoma cells, which have previously been observed to form mature, matrix degrading invadopodia on a thick ECM matrix, are able to form invadopodia with similar characteristics on glass without previously applied matrix. They form in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), and contain the usual invadopodium core proteins N-WASP, Arp2/3, cortactin, cofilin, and F-actin. The study of invadopodia on glass allows for higher resolution analysis including the use of total internal reflection microscopy and analysis of their relationship to other cell motility events, in particular, lamellipodium extension and chemotaxis toward an EGF gradient. Invadopodium formation on glass requires N-WASP and cortactin but not microtubules. In a gradient of EGF more invadopodia form on the side of the cells facing the source of EGF. In addition, depletion of N-WASP or cortactin, which blocks invadopodium fromation, inhibits chemotaxis of cells towards EGF. This appears to be a localized defect in chemotaxis since depletion of N-WASP or cortactin via siRNA had no effect on lamellipodium protrusion or barbed end generation at the lamellipodium's leading edge. Since chemotaxis to EGF by breast tumor cells is involved in metastasis, inhibiting N-WASP activity in breast tumor cells might prevent metastasis of tumor cells while not affecting chemotaxis-dependent innate immunity which depends on WASp function in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Desmarais
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Transitions between epithelial and mesenchmal phenotypes play critical roles in normal development and cancer progression. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Evdokimova et al. demonstrate that YB-1 regulates epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT) by inducing cap-independent translation of mRNAs encoding EMT-promoting factors and suppressing cap-dependent translation of mRNAs encoding growth-promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sidani M, Wessels D, Mouneimne G, Ghosh M, Goswami S, Sarmiento C, Wang W, Kuhl S, El-Sibai M, Backer JM, Eddy R, Soll D, Condeelis J. Cofilin determines the migration behavior and turning frequency of metastatic cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:777-91. [PMID: 18025308 PMCID: PMC2080932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of inhibiting the expression of cofilin to understand its role in protrusion dynamics in metastatic tumor cells, in particular. We show that the suppression of cofilin expression in MTLn3 cells (an apolar randomly moving amoeboid metastatic tumor cell) caused them to extend protrusions from only one pole, elongate, and move rectilinearly. This remarkable transformation was correlated with slower extension of fewer, more stable lamellipodia leading to a reduced turning frequency. Hence, the loss of cofilin caused an amoeboid tumor cell to assume a mesenchymal-type mode of movement. These phenotypes were correlated with the loss of uniform chemotactic sensitivity of the cell surface to EGF stimulation, demonstrating that to chemotax efficiently, a cell must be able to respond to chemotactic stimulation at any region on its surface. The changes in cell shape, directional migration, and turning frequency were related to the re-localization of Arp2/3 complex to one pole of the cell upon suppression of cofilin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Sidani
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
The interaction of beta-actin mRNA with zipcode-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is necessary for its localization to the lamellipod of fibroblasts and plays a crucial role in cell polarity and motility. Recently, we have shown that low ZBP1 levels correlate with tumor-cell invasion and metastasis. In order to establish a cause and effect relationship, we expressed ZBP1 in a metastatic rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (MTLn3) that has low endogenous ZBP1 levels and delocalized beta-actin mRNA. This leads to localization of beta-actin mRNA, and eventually reduces the chemotactic potential of the cells as well as their ability to move and orient towards vessels in tumors. To determine how ZBP1 leads to these two apparently contradictory aspects of cell behavior--increased cell motility but decreased chemotaxis--we examined cell motility in detail, both in cell culture and in vivo in tumors. We found that ZBP1 expression resulted in tumor cells with a stable polarized phenotype, and reduced their ability to move in response to a gradient in culture. To connect these results on cultured cells to the reduced metastatic ability of these cells, we used multiphoton imaging in vivo to examine tumor cell behavior in primary tumors. We found that ZBP1 expression actually reduced tumor cell motility and chemotaxis, presumably mediating their decreased metastatic potential by reducing their ability to respond to signals necessary for invasion.
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Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is an important regulator of normal epithelial and carcinoma cell migration. The mechanism by which EGF induces cell migration is not fully understood. A recent report in Nature Cell Biology (Katz et al., 2007) demonstrates that EGF regulates migration through a switch in the expression of two tensin isoforms, weakening the association of beta1 integrin with the actin cytoskeleton in focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Yip SC, El-Sibai M, Coniglio SJ, Mouneimne G, Eddy RJ, Drees BE, Neilsen PO, Goswami S, Symons M, Condeelis JS, Backer JM. The distinct roles of Ras and Rac in PI 3-kinase-dependent protrusion during EGF-stimulated cell migration. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3138-46. [PMID: 17698922 PMCID: PMC4267689 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration involves the localized extension of actin-rich protrusions, a process that requires Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases). Both Rac and Ras have been shown to regulate actin polymerization and activate PI 3-kinase. However, the coordination of Rac, Ras and PI 3-kinase activation during epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated protrusion has not been analyzed. We examined PI 3-kinase-dependent protrusion in MTLn3 rat adenocarcinoma cells. EGF-stimulated phosphatidyl-inositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)] levels showed a rapid and persistent response, as PI 3-kinase activity remained elevated up to 3 minutes. The activation kinetics of Ras, but not Rac, coincided with those of leading-edge PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of K-Ras but not Rac1 abolished PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production at the leading edge and inhibited EGF-stimulated protrusion. However, Rac1 knockdown did inhibit cell migration, because of the inhibition of focal adhesion formation in Rac1 siRNA-treated cells. Our data show that in EGF-stimulated MTLn3 carcinoma cells, Ras is required for both PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production and lamellipod extension, whereas Rac1 is required for formation of adhesive structures. These data suggest an unappreciated role for Ras during protrusion, and a crucial role for Rac in the stabilization of protrusions required for cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chin Yip
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert J. Eddy
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marc Symons
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Mouneimne G, DesMarais V, Sidani M, Scemes E, Wang W, Song X, Eddy R, Condeelis J. Spatial and temporal control of cofilin activity is required for directional sensing during chemotaxis. Curr Biol 2007; 16:2193-205. [PMID: 17113383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has led to the hypothesis that cofilin severing, as regulated by PLC, is involved in chemotactic sensing. We have tested this hypothesis by investigating whether activation of endogenous cofilin is spatially and temporally linked to sensing an EGF point source in carcinoma cells. RESULTS We demonstrate that inhibition of endogenous cofilin activity with either siRNA or overexpression of LIMK suppresses directional sensing in carcinoma cells. LIMK siRNA knockdown, which suppresses cofilin phosphorylation, and microinjection of S3C cofilin, a cofilin mutant that is constitutively active and not phosphorylated by LIMK, also inhibits directional sensing and chemotaxis. These results indicate that phosphorylation of cofilin by LIMK, in addition to cofilin activity, is required for chemotaxis. Cofilin activity concentrates rapidly at the newly formed leading edge facing the gradient, whereas cofilin phosphorylation increases throughout the cell. Quantification of these results indicates that the amplification of asymmetric actin polymerization required for protrusion toward the EGF gradient occurs at the level of cofilin but not at the level of PLC activation by EGFR. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that local activation of cofilin by PLC and its global inactivation by LIMK phosphorylation combine to generate the local asymmetry of actin polymerization required for chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Song X, Chen X, Yamaguchi H, Mouneimne G, Condeelis JS, Eddy RJ. Initiation of cofilin activity in response to EGF is uncoupled from cofilin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2871-81. [PMID: 16803871 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the actin-severing activity of cofilin can be downregulated by LIM kinase (LIMK)-dependent phosphorylation at residue Ser3. Chemotactic stimulation in various cell types induces cofilin dephosphorylation, suggesting that cofilin activation in these cells occurs by a dephosphorylation mechanism. However, resting metastatic carcinoma cells have the majority of their cofilin in a dephosphorylated but largely inactive state. Stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces an increase in cofilin activity after 60 seconds together with an increase in phosphorylated cofilin (p-cofilin), indicating that cofilin dephosphorylation is not coupled to cofilin activation in these cells. Suppression of LIMK function by inhibiting Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) or LIMK siRNA inhibited the EGF-induced cofilin phosphorylation but had no effect on cofilin activity or cofilin-dependent lamellipod protrusion induced by EGF. Correlation analysis revealed that cofilin, p-cofilin and LIMK are not colocalized, and changes in the location of these proteins upon stimulation with EGF indicate that they are not functionally coupled. Phospholipase C, which has been implicated in cofilin activation following stimulation with EGF, does not regulate p-cofilin levels following stimulation with EGF. Therefore, our results do not support a model for the initial activation of cofilin by dephosphorylation in response to chemoattractant stimulation in metastatic carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Song
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, F628, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Wang W, Mouneimne G, Sidani M, Wyckoff J, Chen X, Makris A, Goswami S, Bresnick AR, Condeelis JS. The activity status of cofilin is directly related to invasion, intravasation, and metastasis of mammary tumors. J Exp Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1084/jem2035oia14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Wang W, Mouneimne G, Sidani M, Wyckoff J, Chen X, Makris A, Goswami S, Bresnick AR, Condeelis JS. The activity status of cofilin is directly related to invasion, intravasation, and metastasis of mammary tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:395-404. [PMID: 16651380 PMCID: PMC2063840 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200510115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms controlling cancer cell invasion and metastasis constitutes a fundamental step in setting new strategies for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of metastatic cancers. LIM kinase1 (LIMK1) is a member of a novel class of serine–threonine protein kinases. Cofilin, a LIMK1 substrate, is essential for the regulation of actin polymerization and depolymerization during cell migration. Previous studies have made opposite conclusions as to the role of LIMK1 in tumor cell motility and metastasis, claiming either an increase or decrease in cell motility and metastasis as a result of LIMK1 over expression (Zebda, N., O. Bernard, M. Bailly, S. Welti, D.S. Lawrence, and J.S. Condeelis. 2000. J. Cell Biol. 151:1119–1128; Davila, M., A.R. Frost, W.E. Grizzle, and R. Chakrabarti. 2003. J. Biol. Chem. 278:36868–36875; Yoshioka, K., V. Foletta, O. Bernard, and K. Itoh. 2003. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:7247–7252; Nishita, M., C. Tomizawa, M. Yamamoto, Y. Horita, K. Ohashi, and K. Mizuno. 2005. J. Cell Biol. 171:349–359). We resolve this paradox by showing that the effects of LIMK1 expression on migration, intravasation, and metastasis of cancer cells can be most simply explained by its regulation of the output of the cofilin pathway. LIMK1-mediated decreases or increases in the activity of the cofilin pathway are shown to cause proportional decreases or increases in motility, intravasation, and metastasis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and 2Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Soon L, Mouneimne G, Segall J, Wyckoff J, Condeelis J. Description and characterization of a chamber for viewing and quantifying cancer cell chemotaxis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:27-34. [PMID: 16025469 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct observations of cancer cell invasion underscore the importance of chemotaxis in invasion and metastasis. Yet, there is to date, no established method for real-time imaging of cancer chemotaxis towards factors clinically correlated with metastasis. A chamber has been designed and tested, called the Soon chamber, which allows the direct observation and quantification of cancer cell chemotaxis. The premise for the design of the Soon chamber is the incorporation of a dam, which creates a steep gradient while retaining stability associated with a pressure-driven system. The design is based on the characteristics of cancer cell motility such as relatively low speeds, and slower motility responses to stimuli compared to classical amoeboid cells like neutrophils and Dictyostelium. We tested MTLn3 breast carcinoma cells in the Soon chamber in the presence of an EGF gradient, obtaining hour-long time-lapses of chemotaxis. MTLn3 cells migrated further, more linearly, and at greater speeds within an EGF gradient compared to buffer controls. Computation of the degree of orientation towards the EGF/buffer source showed that MTLn3 cells were significantly more directional toward the EGF gradient compared to buffer controls. Analysis of the time-lapse data obtained during chemotaxis demonstrated that two populations of cancer cells were present. One population exhibited oscillations in directionality occurring at average intervals of 12 min while the second population exhibited sustained high levels of directionality toward the source of EGF. This result suggests that polarized cancer cells can avoid the need for oscillatory path corrections during chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Soon
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Sukumvanich P, DesMarais V, Sarmiento CV, Wang Y, Ichetovkin I, Mouneimne G, Almo S, Condeelis J. Cellular localization of activated N-WASP using a conformation-sensitive antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 59:141-52. [PMID: 15362118 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The main regulators of Arp2/3 activity appear to be N-WASP and the other members of the Scar/WAVE family of proteins. We show here that after EGF stimulation, N-WASP is recruited to the nucleation zone of the dynamic leading edge compartment of carcinoma cells, with maximal recruitment of N-WASP within 1 min after EGF stimulation. The timing of N-WASP recruitment mirrors the timing of barbed-end formation at the leading edge. To determine the cellular activation of N-WASP after EGF stimulation, we made a conformation-sensitive antibody (CSA) against the CRIB domain of N-WASP that is predicted to recognize N-WASP in its open, active conformation, but not in its closed, inactive conformation. The ability of CSA to detect only active N-WASP was demonstrated by in vitro experiments using immunoprecipitation of active N-WASP from EGF-stimulated cells and Cdc42 activation of N-WASP activity. In cell staining experiments, N-WASP is maximally accessible to CSA 40 sec after EGF stimulation and this activated N-WASP is in the nucleation zone. These results indicate that active N-WASP is present at the leading edge of lamellipods, an unexpected finding given its reported involvement in filopod formation. This work establishes the feasibility of using antibodies directed against specific conformations or epitopes with changing accessibilities as a window on the status and localization of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sukumvanich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Mouneimne G, Soon L, DesMarais V, Sidani M, Song X, Yip SC, Ghosh M, Eddy R, Backer JM, Condeelis J. Phospholipase C and cofilin are required for carcinoma cell directionality in response to EGF stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 166:697-708. [PMID: 15337778 PMCID: PMC2172433 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200405156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF)–induced increase in free barbed ends, resulting in actin polymerization at the leading edge of the lamellipodium in carcinoma cells, occurs as two transients: an early one at 1 min and a late one at 3 min. Our results reveal that phospholipase (PLC) is required for triggering the early barbed end transient. Phosphoinositide-3 kinase selectively regulates the late barbed end transient. Inhibition of PLC inhibits cofilin activity in cells during the early transient, delays the initiation of protrusions, and inhibits the ability of cells to sense a gradient of EGF. Suppression of cofilin, using either small interfering RNA silencing or function-blocking antibodies, selectively inhibits the early transient. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the early PLC and cofilin-dependent barbed end transient is required for the initiation of protrusions and is involved in setting the direction of cell movement in response to EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Talhouk RS, Saadé NE, Mouneimne G, Masaad CA, Safieh-Garabedian B. Growth hormone releasing hormone reverses endotoxin-induced localized inflammatory hyperalgesia without reducing the upregulated cytokines, nerve growth factor and gelatinase activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:625-31. [PMID: 15276687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During inflammatory processes, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is activated which can subsequently result in analgesia. For example, hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) that is released during such activation has been attributed with analgesic actions. It is believed that the somatotrophic axis is also activated during inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the analgesic actions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), in a rat model of localized inflammatory hyperalgesia, induced by intraplantar (i.pl.) endotoxin (ET) injections. Pretreatment with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of GHRH (2, 5, 10 microg kg(-1)) 30 min before i.pl. ET injection (1.25 microg in 50 microl saline) prevented, in a dose-dependent manner, both mechanical hyperalgesia determined by the paw pressure (PP) test and thermal hyperalgesia determined by the hot plate (HP) and paw immersion (PI) tests. Pretreatment with GHRH had no significant effect on the elevated levels of the inflammatory mediators, interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6 and nerve growth factor (NGF) due to i.pl. ET injection. No significant effect was obtained by pretreatment with GHRH, on the increased expression of gelatinase B due to ET injection. In conclusion, GHRH reverses inflammatory hyperalgesia in the rat without affecting the upregulated inflammatory mediators and these actions may be clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107-2020, Lebanon.
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Ghosh M, Song X, Mouneimne G, Sidani M, Lawrence DS, Condeelis JS. Cofilin promotes actin polymerization and defines the direction of cell motility. Science 2004; 304:743-6. [PMID: 15118165 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A general caging method for proteins that are regulated by phosphorylation was used to study the in vivo biochemical action of cofilin and the subsequent cellular response. By acute and local activation of a chemically engineered, light-sensitive phosphocofilin mimic, we demonstrate that cofilin polymerizes actin, generates protrusions, and determines the direction of cell migration. We propose a role for cofilin that is distinct from its role as an actin-depolymerizing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Talhouk RS, Hajjar L, Abou-Gergi R, Simaa'n CJ, Mouneimne G, Saade' NE, Safieh-Garabedian B. Functional interplay between gelatinases and hyperalgesia in endotoxin-induced localized inflammatory pain. Pain 2000; 84:397-405. [PMID: 10666546 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of ECM-degrading proteinases in normal developmental processes and in pathological conditions is extensively studied. However, few reports describe the role ECM-degrading proteinases play in modulating hyperalgesia. The goal of this study is to describe the regulation of gelatinases during endotoxin mediated local inflammation, induced by intra plantar endotoxin (ET; 1.25 microg/50 microl) injection in Balb/c mice, and to correlate that with hyperalgesia. ET injections induced hyperalgesia, as determined by hot plate and paw pressure tests, which peaked by 24 h and recovered by 48 h post-injection. Contralateral paw of ET injected mice and saline injected paws in control mice elicited no hyperalgesia. Zymography showed that ET and saline injected paws elicited increased gelatinase activity by 9 h after injection. However, only the former maintained high levels of expression of a 90 kD gelatinase up to at least 96 h post ET injection, while in the latter gelatinase expression was down regulated by 24 h. Interestingly, the 90-kD gelatinase was upregulated in the contralateral paw of the ET-injected mice beyond 48 h post injection. Saline injection in that paw, during a time when gelatinases are upregulated, induced hyperalgesia. Intraperitoneal injection of either ZnCl(2) (100 microM), thymulin (5 microg/100 microl), or morphine (2 mg/kg/100 microl) reversed the ET-induced hyperalgesia and suppressed gelatinase activity. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of MPI, an ECM-degrading proteinase inhibitor, reversed ET induced hyperalgesia. Taken together, the above suggests that a functional interplay exists between gelatinase upregulation triggered by ET injections and hyperalgesia. The exact mechanism underlying such correlation remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, P.O. Box 11-0236 American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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