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Staerz SD, Anamoah C, Tepe JJ. 20S proteasome enhancers prevent cytotoxic tubulin polymerization-promoting protein induced α-synuclein aggregation. iScience 2024; 27:110166. [PMID: 38974969 PMCID: PMC11225362 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases defined by the presence of α-synuclein inclusions. The location and composition of these α-synuclein inclusions directly correlate to the disease pattern. The inclusions in Multiple System Atrophy are located predominantly in oligodendrocytes and are rich in a second protein, p25α. P25α plays a key role in neuronal myelination by oligodendrocytes. In healthy oligodendrocytes, there is little to no α-synuclein present. If aberrant α-synuclein is present, p25α leaves the myelin sheaths and quickly co-aggregates with α-synuclein, resulting in the disruption of the cellular process and ultimately cell death. Herein, we report that p25α is susceptible for 20S proteasome-mediated degradation and that p25α induces α-synuclein aggregation, resulting in proteasome impairment and cell death. In addition, we identified small molecules 20S proteasome enhancers that prevent p25α induced α-synuclein fibrilization, restore proteasome impairment, and enhance cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia D. Staerz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Charles Anamoah
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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2
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Chang CC, Coyle SM. Regulatable assembly of synthetic microtubule architectures using engineered microtubule-associated-protein-IDR condensates. J Biol Chem 2024:107544. [PMID: 38992434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubule filaments are assembled into higher-order structures using microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). However, synthetic MAPs that direct the formation of new structures are challenging to design, as nanoscale biochemical activities must be organized across micron length-scales. Here we develop modular MAP-IDR condensates (synMAPs) that enable inducible assembly of higher-order microtubule structures for synthetic exploration in vitro and in mammalian cells. synMAPs harness a small microtubule-binding domain from oligodendrocytes (TPPP) whose activity we show can be rewired by interaction with unrelated condensate-forming IDR sequences. This combination is sufficient to allow synMAPs to self-organize multivalent structures that bind and bridge microtubules into higher-order architectures. By regulating the connection between the microtubule-binding domain and condensate-forming components of a synMAP, the formation of these structures can be triggered by small molecules or cell-signaling inputs. We systematically test a panel of synMAP circuit designs to define how the assembly of these synthetic microtubule structures can be controlled at the nanoscale (via microtubule-binding affinity) and microscale (via condensate formation). synMAPs thus provide a modular starting point for the design of higher-order microtubule systems and an experimental testbed for exploring condensate-directed mechanisms of higher-order microtubule assembly from the bottom-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Chang
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Scott M Coyle
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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3
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Chang CC, Coyle SM. Regulatable assembly of synthetic microtubule architectures using engineered MAP-IDR condensates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532644. [PMID: 38105997 PMCID: PMC10723337 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules filaments are assembled into higher-order structures and machines critical for cellular processes using microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). However, the design of synthetic MAPs that direct the formation of new structures in cells is challenging, as nanoscale biochemical activities must be organized across micron length-scales. Here we develop synthetic MAP-IDR condensates (synMAPs) that provide tunable and regulatable assembly of higher-order microtubule structures in vitro and in mammalian cells. synMAPs harness a small microtubule-binding domain from oligodendrocytes (TPPP) whose activity can be synthetically rewired by interaction with condensate-forming IDR sequences. This combination allows synMAPs to self-organize multivalent structures that bind and bridge microtubules into synthetic architectures. Regulating the connection between the microtubule-binding and condensate-forming components allows synMAPs to act as nodes in more complex cytoskeletal circuits in which the formation and dynamics of the microtubule structure can be controlled by small molecules or cell-signaling inputs. By systematically testing a panel of synMAP circuit designs, we define a two-level control scheme for dynamic assembly of microtubule architectures at the nanoscale (via microtubule-binding) and microscale (via condensate formation). synMAPs provide a compact and rationally engineerable starting point for the design of more complex microtubule architectures and cellular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Chang
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Scott M. Coyle
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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4
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Orosz F. p25alpha Domain-Containing Proteins of Apicomplexans and Related Taxa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1528. [PMID: 37375031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TPPP (tubulin polymerization promoting protein)-like proteins contain one or more p25alpha (Pfam05517) domains. TPPP-like proteins occur in different types as determined by their length (e.g., long-, short-, truncated-, and fungal-type TPPP) and include the protein apicortin, which possesses another domain, doublecortin (DCX, Pfam 03607). These various TPPP-like proteins are found in various phylogenomic groups. In particular, short-type TPPPs and apicortin are well-represented in the Myzozoa, which include apicomplexans and related taxa, chrompodellids, dinoflagellates, and perkinsids. The long-, truncated-, and fungal-type TPPPs are not found in the myzozoans. Apicortins are found in all apicomplexans except one piroplasmid species, present in several other myzozoans, and seem to be correlated with the conoid and apical complex. Short-type TPPPs are predominantly found in myzozoans that have flagella, suggesting a role in flagellum assembly or structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Orosz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Mazzetti S, Calogero AM, Pezzoli G, Cappelletti G. Cross-talk between α-synuclein and the microtubule cytoskeleton in neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114251. [PMID: 36243059 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Looking at the puzzle that depicts the molecular determinants in neurodegeneration, many pieces are lacking and multiple interconnections among key proteins and intracellular pathways still remain unclear. Here we focus on the concerted action of α-synuclein and the microtubule cytoskeleton, whose interplay, indeed, is emerging but remains largely unexplored in both its physiology and pathology. α-Synuclein is a key protein involved in neurodegeneration, underlying those diseases termed synucleinopathies. Its propensity to interact with other proteins and structures renders the identification of neuronal death trigger extremely difficult. Conversely, the unbalance of microtubule cytoskeleton in terms of structure, dynamics and function is emerging as a point of convergence in neurodegeneration. Interestingly, α-synuclein and microtubules have been shown to interact and mediate cross-talks with other intracellular structures. This is supported by an increasing amount of evidence ranging from their direct interaction to the engagement of in-common partners and culminating with their respective impact on microtubule-dependent neuronal functions. Last, but not least, it is becoming even more clear that α-synuclein and tubulin work synergically towards pathological aggregation, ultimately resulting in neurodegeneration. In this respect, we supply a novel perspective towards the understanding of α-synuclein biology and, most importantly, of the link between α-synuclein with microtubule cytoskeleton and its impact for neurodegeneration and future development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Mazzetti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Cappelletti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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6
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Mavroeidi P, Arvanitaki F, Vetsi M, Becker S, Vlachakis D, Jensen PH, Stefanis L, Xilouri M. Autophagy mediates the clearance of oligodendroglial SNCA/alpha-synuclein and TPPP/p25A in multiple system atrophy models. Autophagy 2022; 18:2104-2133. [PMID: 35000546 PMCID: PMC9466620 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal protein SNCA/alpha-synuclein and of the oligodendroglial phosphoprotein TPPP/p25A within the glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) represents the key histophathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Even though the levels/distribution of both oligodendroglial SNCA and TPPP/p25A proteins are critical for disease pathogenesis, the proteolytic mechanisms involved in their turnover in health and disease remain poorly understood. Herein, by pharmacological and molecular modulation of the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) and the proteasome we demonstrate that the endogenous oligodendroglial SNCA and TPPP/p25A are degraded mainly by the ALP in murine primary oligodendrocytes and oligodendroglial cell lines under basal conditions. We also identify a KFERQ-like motif in the TPPP/p25A sequence that enables its effective degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in an in vitro system of rat brain lysosomes. Furthermore, in a MSA-like setting established by addition of human recombinant SNCA pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) as seeds of pathological SNCA, we thoroughly characterize the contribution of CMA and macroautophagy in particular, in the removal of the exogenously added and the seeded oligodendroglial SNCA pathological assemblies. We also show that PFF treatment impairs autophagic flux and that TPPP/p25A exerts an inhibitory effect on macroautophagy, while at the same time CMA is upregulated to remove the pathological SNCA species formed within oligodendrocytes. Finally, augmentation of CMA or macroautophagy accelerates the removal of the engendered pathological SNCA conformations further suggesting that autophagy targeting may represent a successful approach for the clearance of pathological SNCA and/or TPPP/p25A in the context of MSA.Abbreviations: 3MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin, beta; ALP: autophagy-lysosome pathway; ATG5: autophagy related 5; AR7: atypical retinoid 7; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CMV: cytomegalovirus; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; Epox: epoxomicin; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GCIs: glial cytoplasmic inclusions; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HMW: high molecular weight; h: hours; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein 8; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAMP2A: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mcherry: monomeric cherry; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MSA: multiple system atrophy; OLN: oligodendrocytes; OPCs: oligodendroglial progenitor cells; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PC12: pheochromocytoma cell line; PD: Parkinson disease; PFFs: pre-formed fibrils; PIs: protease inhibitors; PSMB5: proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type 5; Rap: rapamycin; RFP: red fluorescent protein; Scr: scrambled; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; SE: standard error; siRNAs: small interfering RNAs; SNCA: synuclein, alpha; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TPPP: tubulin polymerization promoting protein; TUBA: tubulin, alpha; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Mavroeidi
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fedra Arvanitaki
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Vetsi
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece,1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece,CONTACT Maria Xilouri Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (Brfaa), 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens11527, Greece
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7
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Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Dehhaghi M, Heng B, Lane DJR, Bush AI, Guillemin GJ, Tan VX. Neuropathological Mechanisms of β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) with a Focus on Iron Overload and Ferroptosis. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:614-635. [PMID: 35023054 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and cyanobacterial blooms is concomitantly increasing worldwide. The cyanotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is produced by most of the Cyanobacteria spp. This cyanotoxin is described as a potential environmental etiology factor for some sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. Climate change and eutrophication significantly increase the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial bloom in water bodies. This review evaluates different neuropathological mechanisms of BMAA at molecular and cellular levels and compares the related studies to provide some useful recommendations. Additionally, the structure and properties of BMAA as well as its microbial origin, especially by gut bacteria, are also briefly covered. Unlike previous reviews, we hypothesize the possible neurotoxic mechanism of BMAA through iron overload. We also discuss the involvement of BMAA in excitotoxicity, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) translocation and accumulation, tauopathy, and other protein misincorporation and misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.Org, Bendigo, Australia
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- PANDIS.Org, Bendigo, Australia.
| | - Vanessa X Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.Org, Bendigo, Australia
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8
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Oláh J, Szénási T, Lehotzky A, Norris V, Ovádi J. Challenges in Discovering Drugs That Target the Protein-Protein Interactions of Disordered Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031550. [PMID: 35163473 PMCID: PMC8835748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) outnumber proteins and are crucial to many fundamental processes; in consequence, PPIs are associated with several pathological conditions including neurodegeneration and modulating them by drugs constitutes a potentially major class of therapy. Classically, however, the discovery of small molecules for use as drugs entails targeting individual proteins rather than targeting PPIs. This is largely because discovering small molecules to modulate PPIs has been seen as extremely challenging. Here, we review the difficulties and limitations of strategies to discover drugs that target PPIs directly or indirectly, taking as examples the disordered proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Victor Norris
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France;
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Anti-Aggregative Effect of the Antioxidant DJ-1 on the TPPP/p25-Derived Pathological Associations of Alpha-Synuclein. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112909. [PMID: 34831132 PMCID: PMC8616041 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1, a multi-functional protein with antioxidant properties, protects dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson’s disease (PD). The oligomerization/assembly of alpha-synuclein (SYN), promoted by Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25), is fatal in the early stage of PD. The pathological assembly of SYN with TPPP/p25 inhibits their proteolytic degradation. In this work, we identified DJ-1 as a new interactive partner of TPPP/p25, and revealed its influence on the association of TPPP/p25 with SYN. DJ-1 did not affect the TPPP/p25-derived tubulin polymerization; however, it did impede the toxic assembly of TPPP/p25 with SYN. The interaction of DJ-1 with TPPP/p25 was visualized in living human cells by fluorescence confocal microscopy coupled with Bifunctional Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). While the transfected DJ-1 displayed homogeneous intracellular distribution, the TPPP/p25-DJ-1 complex was aligned along the microtubule network. The anti-aggregative effect of DJ-1 on the pathological TPPP/p25-SYN assemblies was established by the decrease in the intensity of their intracellular fluorescence (BiFC signal) and the increase in the proteolytic degradation of SYN complexed with TPPP/p25 due to the DJ-1-derived disassembly of SYN with TPPP/p25. These data obtained with HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells revealed the protective effect of DJ-1 against toxic SYN assemblies, which assigns a new function to the antioxidant sensor DJ-1.
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10
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Xie J, Chen S, Bopassa JC, Banerjee S. Drosophila tubulin polymerization promoting protein mutants reveal pathological correlates relevant to human Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13614. [PMID: 34193896 PMCID: PMC8245532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure. PD is characterized by locomotion deficits, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss, mitochondrial dysfunctions and formation of α-Synuclein aggregates. A well-conserved and less understood family of Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Proteins (TPPP) is also implicated in PD and related disorders, where TPPP exists in pathological aggregates in neurons in patient brains. However, there are no in vivo studies on mammalian TPPP to understand the genetics and neuropathology linking TPPP aggregation or neurotoxicity to PD. Recently, we discovered the only Drosophila homolog of human TPPP named Ringmaker (Ringer). Here, we report that adult ringer mutants display progressive locomotor disabilities, reduced lifespan and neurodegeneration. Importantly, our findings reveal that Ringer is associated with mitochondria and ringer mutants have mitochondrial structural damage and dysfunctions. Adult ringer mutants also display progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Together, these phenotypes of ringer mutants recapitulate some of the salient features of human PD patients, thus allowing us to utilize ringer mutants as a fly model relevant to PD, and further explore its genetic and molecular underpinnings to gain insights into the role of human TPPP in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Shuting Chen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Jean C Bopassa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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11
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Lehotzky A, Oláh J, Fekete JT, Szénási T, Szabó E, Győrffy B, Várady G, Ovádi J. Co-Transmission of Alpha-Synuclein and TPPP/p25 Inhibits Their Proteolytic Degradation in Human Cell Models. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:666026. [PMID: 34084775 PMCID: PMC8167055 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.666026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological association of alpha-synuclein (SYN) and Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) is a key factor in the etiology of synucleinopathies. In normal brains, the intrinsically disordered SYN and TPPP/p25 are not found together but exist separately in neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively; in pathological states, however, they are found in both cell types due to their cell-to-cell transmission. The autophagy degradation of the accumulated/assembled SYN has been considered as a potential therapeutic target. We have shown that the hetero-association of SYN with TPPP/p25 after their uptake from the medium by human cells (which mimics cell-to-cell transmission) inhibits both their autophagy- and the ubiquitin-proteasome system-derived elimination. These results were obtained by ELISA, Western blot, FACS and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy using human recombinant proteins and living human cells; ANOVA statistical analysis confirmed that TPPP/p25 counteracts SYN degradation by hindering the autophagy maturation at the stage of LC3B-SQSTM1/p62-derived autophagosome formation and its fusion with lysosome. Recently, fragments of TPPP/p25 that bind to the interface between the two hallmark proteins have been shown to inhibit their pathological assembly. In this work, we show that the proteolytic degradation of SYN on its own is more effective than when it is complexed with TPPP/p25. The combined strategy of TPPP/p25 fragments and proteolysis may ensure prevention and/or elimination of pathological SYN assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Tibor Fekete
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Wu Y, Wang D, Wei F, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Shi L, Li X, Xiang B, Ma J, Deng H, He Y, Liao Q, Zhang W, Li X, Li Y, Guo C, Zeng Z, Li G, Xiong W. EBV-miR-BART12 accelerates migration and invasion in EBV-associated cancer cells by targeting tubulin polymerization-promoting protein 1. FASEB J 2020; 34:16205-16223. [PMID: 33094864 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001508r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection leads to cancers with an epithelial origin, such as nasopharyngeal cancer and gastric cancer, as well as multiple blood cell-based malignant tumors, such as lymphoma. Interestingly, EBV is also the first virus found to carry genes encoding miRNAs. EBV encodes 25 types of pre-miRNAs which are finally processed into 44 mature miRNAs. Most EBV-encoded miRNAs were found to be involved in the occurrence and development of EBV-related tumors. However, the function of EBV-miR-BART12 remains unclear. The findings of the current study revealed that EBV-miR-BART12 binds to the 3'UTR region of Tubulin Polymerization-Promoting Protein 1 (TPPP1) mRNA and downregulates TPPP1, thereby promoting the invasion and migration of EBV-related cancers, such as nasopharyngeal cancer and gastric cancer. The mechanism underlying this process was found to be the inhibition of TPPP1 by EBV-miRNA-BART12, which, in turn, inhibits the acetylation of α-tubulin, and promotes the dynamic assembly of microtubules, remodels the cytoskeleton, and enhances the acetylation of β-catenin. β-catenin activates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). These two processes synergistically promote the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the role of EBV-miRNA-BART12 in the development of EBV-related tumors as well as the mechanism underlying this process, and suggests potential targets and strategies for the treatment of EBV-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Oláh J, Lehotzky A, Szunyogh S, Szénási T, Orosz F, Ovádi J. Microtubule-Associated Proteins with Regulatory Functions by Day and Pathological Potency at Night. Cells 2020; 9:E357. [PMID: 32033023 PMCID: PMC7072251 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing, integrating, and coordinating features of the eukaryotic cells are achieved by the complex ultrastructural arrays and multifarious functions of the cytoskeleton, including the microtubule network. Microtubules play crucial roles achieved by their decoration with proteins/enzymes as well as by posttranslational modifications. This review focuses on the Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25), a new microtubule associated protein, on its "regulatory functions by day and pathological functions at night". Physiologically, the moonlighting TPPP/p25 modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network by bundling microtubules and enhancing the tubulin acetylation due to the inhibition of tubulin deacetylases. The optimal endogenous TPPP/p25 level is crucial for its physiological functions, to the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, which are the major constituents of the myelin sheath. Pathologically, TPPP/p25 forms toxic oligomers/aggregates with α-synuclein in neurons and oligodendrocytes in Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy, respectively; and their complex is a potential therapeutic drug target. TPPP/p25-derived microtubule hyperacetylation counteracts uncontrolled cell division. All these issues reveal the anti-mitotic and α-synuclein aggregation-promoting potency of TPPP/p25, consistent with the finding that Parkinson's disease patients have reduced risk for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (F.O.)
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14
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Interactions between two regulatory proteins of microtubule dynamics, HDAC6, TPPP/p25, and the hub protein, DYNLL/LC8. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118556. [PMID: 31505170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of unwanted proteins is important in protein quality control cooperating with the dynein/dynactin-mediated trafficking along the acetylated microtubule (MT) network. Proteins associated directly/indirectly with tubulin/MTs play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Our studies focus on the interrelationship of the tubulin deacetylase HDAC6, the MT-associated TPPP/p25 with its deacetylase inhibitory potency and the hub dynein light chain DYNLL/LC8, constituent of dynein and numerous other protein complexes. In this paper, evidence is provided for the direct interaction of DYNLL/LC8 with TPPP/p25 and HDAC6 and their assembly into binary/ternary complexes with functional potency. The in vitro binding data was obtained with recombinant proteins and used for mathematical modelling. These data and visualization of their localizations by bimolecular fluorescence complementation technology and immunofluorescence microscopy in HeLa cells revealed the promoting effect of TPPP/p25 on the interaction of DYNLL/LC8 with both tubulin and HDAC6. Localization of the LC8-2-TPPP/p25 complex was observed on the MT network in contrast to the LC8-2-HDAC6 complex, which was partly translocated to the nucleus. LC8-2 did not influence directly the acetylation of the MT network. However, the binding of TPPP/p25 to a new binding site of DYNLL/LC8, outside the canonical binding groove, counteracted the TPPP/p25-derived hyperacetylation of the MT network. Our data suggest that multiple associations of the regulatory proteins of the MT network could ensure fine tuning in the regulation of the intracellular trafficking process either by the complexation of DYNLL/LC8 with new partners or indirectly by the modulation of the acetylation level of the MT network.
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15
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Tripon RG, Oláh J, Nasir T, Csincsik L, Li CL, Szunyogh S, Gong H, Flinn JM, Ovádi J, Lengyel I. Localization of the zinc binding tubulin polymerization promoting protein in the mice and human eye. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:222-230. [PMID: 29317136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network by its bundling and acetylation enhancing activities that can be modulated by the binding of zinc to TPPP/p25. Its expression is essential for the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, the major constituents of the myelin sheath, and has been associated with neuronal inclusions. In this paper, evidence is provided for the expression and localization of TPPP/p25 in the zinc-rich retina and in the oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve. Localization of TPPP/p25 was established by confocal microscopy using calbindin and synaptophysin as markers of specific striations in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and presynaptic terminals, respectively. Postsynaptic nerve terminals in striations S1, S3 and S5 in the IPL and a subset of amacrine cells show immunopositivity against TPPP/p25 both in mice and human eyes. The co-localization of TPPP/p25 with acetylated tubulin was detected in amacrine cells, oligodendrocyte cell bodies and in synapses in the IPL. Quantitative Western blot revealed that the TPPP/p25 level in the retina was 0.05-0.13 ng/μg protein, comparable to that in the brain. There was a central (from optic nerve head) to peripheral retinal gradient in TPPP/p25 protein levels. Our in vivo studies revealed that the oral zinc supplementation of mice significantly increased TPPP/p25 as well as acetylated tubulin levels in the IPL. These results suggest that TPPP/p25, a microtubule stabilizer can play a role in the organization and reorganization of synaptic connections and visual integration in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Tripon
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1Y 8TB, UK; Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Tajwar Nasir
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1Y 8TB, UK.
| | - Lajos Csincsik
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1Y 8TB, UK; Center of Experimental Medicine, The Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Chee Lok Li
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1Y 8TB, UK.
| | - Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
| | - Jane M Flinn
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Imre Lengyel
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1Y 8TB, UK; Center of Experimental Medicine, The Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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16
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Shukla V, Popli P, Kaushal JB, Gupta K, Dwivedi A. Uterine TPPP3 plays important role in embryo implantation via modulation of β-catenin†. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:982-999. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CDRI Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Pooja Popli
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, UP, India
| | - Jyoti Bala Kaushal
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CDRI Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Kanchan Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, UP, India
| | - Anila Dwivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CDRI Campus, Lucknow, India
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17
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Zucca FA, Vanna R, Cupaioli FA, Bellei C, De Palma A, Di Silvestre D, Mauri P, Grassi S, Prinetti A, Casella L, Sulzer D, Zecca L. Neuromelanin organelles are specialized autolysosomes that accumulate undegraded proteins and lipids in aging human brain and are likely involved in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2018; 4:17. [PMID: 29900402 PMCID: PMC5988730 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, neuronal organelles filled with neuromelanin (a dark-brown pigment) and lipid bodies accumulate in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra, a region targeted in Parkinson's disease. We have investigated protein and lipid systems involved in the formation of these organelles and in the synthesis of the neuromelanin of human substantia nigra. Membrane and matrix proteins characteristic of lysosomes were found in neuromelanin-containing organelles at a lower number than in typical lysosomes, indicating a reduced enzymatic activity and likely impaired capacity for lysosomal and autophagosomal fusion. The presence of proteins involved in lipid transport may explain the accumulation of lipid bodies in the organelle and the lipid component in neuromelanin structure. The major lipids observed in lipid bodies of the organelle are dolichols with lower amounts of other lipids. Proteins of aggregation and degradation pathways were present, suggesting a role for accumulation by this organelle when the ubiquitin-proteasome system is inadequate. The presence of proteins associated with aging and storage diseases may reflect impaired autophagic degradation or impaired function of lysosomal enzymes. The identification of typical autophagy proteins and double membranes demonstrates the organelle's autophagic nature and indicates that it has engulfed neuromelanin precursors from the cytosol. Based on these data, it appears that the neuromelanin-containing organelle has a very slow turnover during the life of a neuron and represents an intracellular compartment of final destination for numerous molecules not degraded by other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca A. Cupaioli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellei
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
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18
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Modulation Of Microtubule Acetylation By The Interplay Of TPPP/p25, SIRT2 And New Anticancer Agents With Anti-SIRT2 Potency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17070. [PMID: 29213065 PMCID: PMC5719079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule network exerts multifarious functions controlled by its decoration with various proteins and post-translational modifications. The disordered microtubule associated Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) and the NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) play key roles in oligodendrocyte differentiation by acting as dominant factors in the organization of myelin proteome. Herein, we show that SIRT2 impedes the TPPP/p25-promoted microtubule assembly independently of NAD+; however, the TPPP/p25-assembled tubulin ultrastructures were resistant against SIRT2 activity. TPPP/p25 counteracts the SIRT2-derived tubulin deacetylation producing enhanced microtubule acetylation. The inhibition of the SIRT2 deacetylase activity by TPPP/p25 is evolved by the assembly of these tubulin binding proteins into a ternary complex, the concentration-dependent formation of which was quantified by experimental-based mathematical modelling. Co-localization of the SIRT2-TPPP/p25 complex on the microtubule network was visualized in HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation. We also revealed that a new potent SIRT2 inhibitor (MZ242) and its proteolysis targeting chimera (SH1) acting together with TPPP/p25 provoke microtubule hyperacetylation, which is coupled with process elongation only in the case of the degrader SH1. Both the structural and the functional effects manifesting themselves by this deacetylase proteome could lead to the fine-tuning of the regulation of microtubule dynamics and stability.
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Tammana D, Tammana TVS. Chlamydomonas FAP265 is a tubulin polymerization promoting protein, essential for flagellar reassembly and hatching of daughter cells from the sporangium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185108. [PMID: 28931065 PMCID: PMC5607191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polymerization promoting proteins (TPPPs) belong to a family of neomorphic moon lighting proteins, involved in various physiological and pathological conditions. In physiological conditions, TPPPs play an important role in microtubule dynamics regulating mitotic spindle assembly and in turn cell proliferation. In pathological situations, TPPPs interact with α-synuclein and β-amyloid and promote their aggregation leading to Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Orthologs of TPPP family proteins were identified in ciliary proteomes from various organisms including Chlamydomonas but their role in ciliogenesis was not known. Here we showed that Flagellar Associated Protein, FAP265, a Chlamydomonas homologue of TPPP family proteins, localizes in the cytosol, at the basal bodies and in the flagella of vegetative Chlamydomonas cells. During cell division, the protein was found as a distinct spot in the nucleus and at the cleavage furrow which forms between the daughter cells. Further null mutants of Chlamydomonas FAP265 protein, fap265, showed severe defects in hatching from the mother sporangium. Daughter cells of fap265 were significantly larger in size compared with wild type cells. Moreover, the daughter cells present within the mother sporangium failed to form flagella before hatching. They reassembled their flagella only after hatching from the sporangium suggesting that FAP265 plays an important role in flagellar reassembly after cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti Tammana
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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20
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Oláh J, Bertrand P, Ovádi J. Role of the microtubule-associated TPPP/p25 in Parkinson's and related diseases and its therapeutic potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:301-309. [PMID: 28271739 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1304216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery and development of therapeutic strategies for the treatments of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies are limited by a lack of understanding of the pathomechanisms and their connection with different diseases such as cancers. Areas covered: The hallmarks of these diseases are frequently multifunctional disordered proteins displaying moonlighting and/or chameleon features, which are challenging drug targets. A representative of these proteins is the disordered Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) expressed specifically in oligodendrocytes (OLGs) in normal brain. Its non-physiological level is tightly related to the etiology of PD and Multiple System Atrophy (TPPP/p25 enrichment in inclusions of neurons and OLGs, respectively), multiple sclerosis (TPPP/p25-positive OLG destruction), as well as glioma (loss of TPPP/p25 expression). The established anti-proliferative potency of TPPP/p25 may raise its influence in cancer development. The recognition that whereas too much TPPP/p25 could kill neurons in PD, but its loss keeps cells alive in cancer could contribute to our understanding of the interrelationship of 'TPPP/p25 diseases'. Expert commentary: The knowledge accumulated so far underlines the key roles of the multifunctional TPPP/p25 in both physiological and diverse pathological processes, consequently its validation as drug target sorely needs a new innovative strategy that is briefly reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Oláh
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- b Institute of Chemistry for Materials and Medias, UMR CNRS 7285, University of Poitiers, 4 Rue Michel Brunet , TSA 51106 Poitiers cedex 9, France.,c REpiCGO network, Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Maison de la Recherche en Santé, 63, quai Magellan 44000 Nantes , France
| | - Judit Ovádi
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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21
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Oláh J, Szénási T, Szabó A, Kovács K, Lőw P, Štifanić M, Orosz F. Tubulin Binding and Polymerization Promoting Properties of Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Proteins Are Evolutionarily Conserved. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1017-1024. [PMID: 28106390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin polymerization promoting proteins (TPPPs) constitute a eukaryotic protein family. There are three TPPP paralogs in the human genome, denoted as TPPP1-TPPP3. TPPP1 and TPPP3 are intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs) that bind and polymerize tubulin and stabilize microtubules, but TPPP2 does not. Vertebrate TPPPs originated from the ancient invertebrate TPPP by two-round whole-genome duplication; thus, whether the tubulin/microtubule binding function of TPPP1 and TPPP3 is a newly acquired property or was present in the invertebrate orthologs (generally one TPPP per species) has been an open question. To answer this question, we investigated a TPPP from a simple and early branching animal, the sponge Suberites domuncula. Bioinformatics, biochemical, immunochemical, spectroscopic, and electron microscopic data showed that the properties of the sponge protein correspond to those of TPPP1; namely, it is an IUP that strongly binds tubulin and induces its polymerization, proving that these features of animal TPPPs have been evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Adél Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Kovács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőw
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Mauro Štifanić
- Department of Natural and Health Studies, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula , Zagrebačka 30, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Ferenc Orosz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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22
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Oláh J, Szénási T, Szunyogh S, Szabó A, Lehotzky A, Ovádi J. Further evidence for microtubule-independent dimerization of TPPP/p25. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40594. [PMID: 28074911 PMCID: PMC5225419 DOI: 10.1038/srep40594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) is a brain-specific disordered protein that modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network by its assembly promoting, cross-linking and acetylation enhancing activities. In normal brain it is expressed primarily in differentiated oligodendrocytes; however, at pathological conditions it is enriched in inclusions of both neurons and oligodendrocytes characteristic for Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy, respectively. The objective of this paper is to highlight a critical point of a recently published Skoufias’s paper in which the crucial role of the microtubules in TPPP/p25 dimerization leading to microtubule bundling was suggested. However, our previous and present data provide evidence for the microtubule-independent dimerization of TPPP/p25 and its stabilization by disulphide bridges. In addition, our bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments revealed the dimerization ability of both the full length and the terminal-free (CORE) TPPP/p25 forms, however, while TPPP/p25 aligned along the bundled microtubule network, the associated CORE segments distributed mostly homogeneously within the cytosol. Now, we identified a molecular model from the possible ones suggested in the Skoufias’s paper that could be responsible for stabilization of the microtubule network in the course of the oligodendrocyte differentiation, consequently in the constitution of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Szénási T, Oláh J, Szabó A, Szunyogh S, Láng A, Perczel A, Lehotzky A, Uversky VN, Ovádi J. Challenging drug target for Parkinson's disease: Pathological complex of the chameleon TPPP/p25 and alpha-synuclein proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:310-323. [PMID: 27671864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) and α-synuclein (SYN) have two key features: they are disordered and co-enriched/co-localized in brain inclusions. These Neomorphic Moonlighting Proteins display both physiological and pathological functions due to their interactions with distinct partners. To achieve the selective targeting of the pathological TPPP/p25-SYN but not the physiological TPPP/p25-tubulin complex, their interfaces were identified as a specific innovative strategy for the development of anti-Parkinson drugs. Therefore, the interactions of TPPP/p25 with tubulin and SYN were characterized which suggested the involvements of the 178-187 aa and 147-156 aa segments in the complexation of TPPP/p25 with tubulin and SYN, respectively. However, various truncated and deletion mutants reduced but did not abolish the interactions except one mutant; in addition synthetized fragments corresponding to the potential binding segments of TPPP/p25 failed to interact with SYN. In fact, the studies of the multiple interactions at molecular and cellular levels revealed the high conformational plasticity, chameleon feature, of TPPP/p25 that ensures exceptional functional resilience; the lack of previously identified binding segments could be replaced by other segments. The experimental results are underlined by distinct bioinformatics tools. All these data revealed that although targeting chameleon proteins is a challenging task, nevertheless, the validation of a drug target can be achieved by identifying the interface of complexes of the partner proteins existing at the given pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Adél Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - András Láng
- MTA-ELTE, Protein Modelling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - András Perczel
- MTA-ELTE, Protein Modelling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 33612 Tampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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Szunyogh S, Oláh J, Szénási T, Szabó A, Ovádi J. Targeting the interface of the pathological complex of α-synuclein and TPPP/p25. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2653-61. [PMID: 26407520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathological interaction of intrinsically disordered proteins, such as α-synuclein (SYN) and Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25), is often associated with neurodegenerative disorders. These hallmark proteins are co-enriched and co-localized in brain inclusions of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies; yet, their successful targeting does not provide adequate effect due to their multiple functions. Here we characterized the interactions of the human recombinant wild type SYN, its truncated forms (SYN(1-120), SYN(95-140)), a synthetized peptide (SYN(126-140)) and a proteolytic fragment (SYN(103-140)) with TPPP/p25 to identify the SYN segment involved in the interaction. The binding of SYN(103-140) to TPPP/p25 detected by ELISA suggested the involvement of a segment within the C-terminal of SYN. The studies performed with ELISA, Microscale Thermophoresis and affinity chromatography proved that SYN(95-140) and SYN(126-140) - in contrast to SYN(1-120) - displayed significant binding to TPPP/p25. Fluorescence assay with ANS, a molten globule indicator, showed that SYN, but not SYN(1-120) abolished the zinc-induced local folding of both the full length as well as the N- and C-terminal-free (core) TPPP/p25; SYN(95-140) and SYN(126-140) were effective as well. The aggregation-prone properties of the SYN species with full length or core TPPP/p25 visualized by immunofluorescent microscopy demonstrated that SYN(95-140) and SYN(126-140), but not SYN(1-120), induced co-enrichment and massive intracellular aggregation after their premixing and uptake from the medium. These data with their innovative impact could contribute to the development of anti-Parkinson drugs with unique specificity by targeting the interface of the pathological TPPP/p25-SYN complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adél Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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25
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DeBonis S, Neumann E, Skoufias DA. Self protein-protein interactions are involved in TPPP/p25 mediated microtubule bundling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13242. [PMID: 26289831 PMCID: PMC4542545 DOI: 10.1038/srep13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TPPP/p25 is a microtubule-associated protein, detected in protein inclusions associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Deletion analysis data show that TPPP/p25 has two microtubule binding sites, both located in intrinsically disordered domains, one at the N-terminal and the other in the C-terminal domain. In copolymerization assays the full-length protein exhibits microtubule stimulation and bundling activity. In contrast, at the same ratio relative to tubulin, truncated forms of TPPP/p25 exhibit either lower or no microtubule stimulation and no bundling activity, suggesting a cooperative phenomenon which is enhanced by the presence of the two binding sites. The binding characteristics of the N- and C-terminally truncated proteins to taxol-stabilized microtubules are similar to the full-length protein. However, the C-terminally truncated TPPP/p25 shows a lower Bmax for microtubule binding, suggesting that it may bind to a site of tubulin that is masked in microtubules. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays in cells expressing combinations of various TPPP/p25 fragments, but not that of the central folded domain, resulted in the generation of a fluorescence signal colocalized with perinuclear microtubule bundles insensitive to microtubule inhibitors. The data suggest that the central folded domain of TPPP/p25 following binding to microtubules can drive s homotypic protein-protein interactions leading to bundled microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore DeBonis
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Neumann
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitrios A Skoufias
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Neomorphic moonlighting proteins perform distinct functions under physiological and pathological conditions without alterations at the gene level. The disordered tubulin-polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP/p25), a prototype of neomorphic moonlighting proteins, modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule system via its bundling and tubulin acetylation-promoting activities. These physiological functions are mediated by its direct associations with tubulin/microtubules as well as tubulin deacetylases such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6. In a normal brain, TPPP/p25 is expressed in oligodendrocytes and plays a crucial role in the formation of projections in the course of differentiation required for axon ensheathment. Under pathological conditions, TPPP/p25 interacts with α-synuclein, an aberrant protein-protein interaction resulting in aggregation leading to the formation of inclusions as clinical symptoms. The co-enrichment and co-localization of TPPP/p25 and α-synuclein were established in human-brain inclusions characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. The binding segments on TPPP/p25 involved in the physiological and the pathological interactions were identified and validated at molecular and cellular levels using recombinant proteins and transfected HeLa and inducible Chinese-hamster ovary (CHO) 10 cells expressing TPPP/p25. Our finding that distinct motifs are responsible for the neomorphic moonlighting feature of TPPP/p25, has powerful innovative effects in anti-Parkinson's disease drug research.
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27
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Mangas-Sanjuan V, Oláh J, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Lehotzky A, Tőkési N, Bermejo M, Ovádi J. Tubulin acetylation promoting potency and absorption efficacy of deacetylase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:829-40. [PMID: 25257800 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and silent information regulator 2 (SIRT2) control the dynamics of the microtubule network via their deacetylase activities. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) enhances microtubule acetylation by its direct binding to HDAC6. Our objective was to characterize the multiple interactions of the deacetylases and to establish the inhibitory potency and the pharmacokinetic features of the deacetylase inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and AGK2. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The interactions of deacetylases with tubulin and TPPP/p25 were quantified by elisa using human recombinant proteins. The effect of inhibitors on the tubulin acetylation was established in HeLa cells transfected with pTPPP and CG-4 cells expressing TPPP/p25 endogenously by celisa (elisa on cells), Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. The pharmacokinetic features of the inhibitors were evaluated by in situ kinetic modelling of their intestinal transport in rats. KEY RESULTS Deacetylases interact with both tubulin and TPPP/p25, notwithstanding piggy-back binding of HDAC6 or SIRT2 to the TPPP/p25-associated tubulin was established. Much higher inhibitory potency for TSA than for AGK2 was detected in both HeLa and CG-4 cells. Pioneer pharmacokinetic studies revealed passive diffusion and diffusion coupled with secretion for TSA and AGK2 respectively. Both inhibitors exhibited greater permeability than some other well-established drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TPPP/p25-directed deacetylase inhibition provides mechanisms for the fine control of the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network. Deacetylase inhibitors with chemical structures similar to TSA and AGK2 appear to be excellent candidates for oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mangas-Sanjuan
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
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28
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Lehotzky A, Oláh J, Szunyogh S, Szabó A, Berki T, Ovádi J. Zinc-induced structural changes of the disordered tppp/p25 inhibits its degradation by the proteasome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:83-91. [PMID: 25445539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein/p25 (TPPP/p25), a neomorphic moonlighting protein displaying both physiological and pathological functions, plays a crucial role in the differentiation of the zinc-rich oligodendrocytes, the major constituent of myelin sheath; and it is enriched and co-localizes with α-synuclein in brain inclusions hallmarking Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. In this work we showed that the binding of Zn(2+) to TPPP/p25 promotes its dimerization resulting in increased tubulin polymerization promoting activity. We also demonstrated that the Zn(2+) increases the intracellular TPPP/p25 level resulting in a more decorated microtubule network in CHO10 and CG-4 cells expressing TPPP/p25 ectopically and endogenously, respectively. This stabilization effect is crucial for the differentiation and aggresome formation under physiological and pathological conditions, respectively. The Zn(2+)-mediated effect was similar to that produced by treatment of the cells with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor or Zn(2+) plus MG132 as quantified by cellular ELISA. The enhancing effect of zinc ion on the level of TPPP/p25 was independent of the expression level of the protein produced by doxycycline induction at different levels or inhibition of the protein synthesis by cycloheximide. Thus, we suggest that the zinc as a specific divalent cation could be involved in the fine-tuning of the physiological TPPP/p25 level counteracting both the enrichment and the lack of this protein leading to distinct central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adél Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Hughes T, Ture-Ozdemir F, Alibaz-Oner F, Coit P, Direskeneli H, Sawalha AH. Epigenome-wide scan identifies a treatment-responsive pattern of altered DNA methylation among cytoskeletal remodeling genes in monocytes and CD4+ T cells from patients with Behçet's disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1648-58. [PMID: 24574333 DOI: 10.1002/art.38409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD), an inflammatory disease with multisystem involvement, remains poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate whether there are DNA methylation abnormalities in BD that might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS We examined genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in monocytes and CD4+ T cells from 16 male patients with untreated BD and age, sex, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Additional samples were collected from 12 of the same BD patients after treatment and achievement of disease remission. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns were assessed using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array, which includes >485,000 individual methylation sites across the genome. RESULTS We identified 383 CpG sites in monocytes, and 125 in CD4+ T cells, that were differentially methylated between BD patients and controls. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a pattern of aberrant DNA methylation among genes that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, suggesting that aberrant DNA methylation of multiple classes of structural and regulatory proteins of the cytoskeleton might contribute to the pathogenesis of BD. Further, treatment of BD modified the differences in DNA methylation observed in patients compared to controls; indeed, among CpG sites that were differentially methylated after disease remission versus before treatment, there was widespread reversal of the direction of aberrant DNA methylation observed between the patient and control groups. CONCLUSION The results of this epigenome-wide study-the first such study in BD-provide strong evidence that epigenetic modification of cytoskeletal dynamics underlies the pathogenesis of BD and its response to treatment.
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30
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Salemi LM, Almawi AW, Lefebvre KJ, Schild-Poulter C. Aggresome formation is regulated by RanBPM through an interaction with HDAC6. Biol Open 2014; 3:418-30. [PMID: 24795145 PMCID: PMC4058076 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In conditions of proteasomal impairment, the build-up of damaged or misfolded proteins activates a cellular response leading to the recruitment of damaged proteins into perinuclear aggregates called aggresomes. Aggresome formation involves the retrograde transport of cargo proteins along the microtubule network and is dependent on the histone deacetylase HDAC6. Here we show that ionizing radiation (IR) promotes Ran-Binding Protein M (RanBPM) relocalization into discrete perinuclear foci where it co-localizes with aggresome components ubiquitin, dynein and HDAC6, suggesting that the RanBPM perinuclear clusters correspond to aggresomes. RanBPM was also recruited to aggresomes following treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and the DNA-damaging agent etoposide. Strikingly, aggresome formation by HDAC6 was markedly impaired in RanBPM shRNA cells, but was restored by re-expression of RanBPM. RanBPM was found to interact with HDAC6 and to inhibit its deacetylase activity. This interaction was abrogated by a RanBPM deletion of its LisH/CTLH domain, which also prevented aggresome formation, suggesting that RanBPM promotes aggresome formation through an association with HDAC6. Our results suggest that RanBPM regulates HDAC6 activity and is a central regulator of aggresome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M Salemi
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmad W Almawi
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Karen J Lefebvre
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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31
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Tőkési N, Oláh J, Hlavanda E, Szunyogh S, Szabó A, Babos F, Magyar A, Lehotzky A, Vass E, Ovádi J. Identification of motives mediating alternative functions of the neomorphic moonlighting TPPP/p25. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:547-57. [PMID: 24463170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The disordered Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25), a prototype of neomorphic moonlighting proteins, displays physiological and pathological functions by interacting with distinct partners. Here the role of the disordered N- and C-termini straddling a middle flexible segment in the distinct functions of TPPP/p25 was established, and the binding motives responsible for its heteroassociations with tubulin and α-synuclein, its physiological and pathological interacting partner, respectively, were identified. We showed that the truncation of the disordered termini altered the folding state of the middle segment and has functional consequences concerning its physiological function. Double truncation diminished its binding to tubulin/microtubules, consequently the tubulin polymerization/microtubule bundling activities of TPPP/p25 were lost highlighting the role of the disordered termini in its physiological function. In contrast, interaction of TPPP/p25 with α-synuclein was not affected by the truncations and its α-synuclein aggregation promoting activity was preserved, showing that the α-synuclein binding motif is localized within the middle segment. The distinct tubulin and α-synuclein binding motives of TPPP/p25 were also demonstrated at the cellular level: the double truncated TPPP/p25 did not align along the microtubules in contrast to the full length form, while it induced α-synuclein aggregation. The localization of the binding motives on TPPP/p25 were established by specific ELISA experiments performed with designed and synthesized peptides: motives at the 178-187 and 147-156 segments are involved in the binding of tubulin and α-synuclein, respectively. The dissimilarity of these binding motives responsible for the neomorphic moonlighting feature of TPPP/p25 has significant innovative impact in anti-Parkinson drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Tőkési
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Emma Hlavanda
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adél Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Fruzsina Babos
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anna Magyar
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Elemér Vass
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Oláh J, Tőkési N, Lehotzky A, Orosz F, Ovádi J. Moonlighting microtubule-associated proteins: regulatory functions by day and pathological functions at night. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:677-85. [PMID: 24039085 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sensing, integrating, and coordinating features of the eukaryotic cells are achieved by the complex ultrastructural arrays and multifarious functions of the cytoskeletal network. Cytoskeleton comprises fibrous protein networks of microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments. These filamentous polymer structures are highly dynamic and undergo constant and rapid reorganization during cellular processes. The microtubular system plays a crucial role in the brain, as it is involved in an enormous number of cellular events including cell differentiation and pathological inclusion formation. These multifarious functions of microtubules can be achieved by their decoration with proteins/enzymes that exert specific effects on the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton and mediate distinct functions due to their moonlighting features. This mini-review focuses on two aspects of the microtubule cytoskeleton. On the one hand, we describe the heteroassociation of tubulin/microtubules with metabolic enzymes, which in addition to their catalytic activities stabilize microtubule structures via their cross-linking functions. On the other hand, we focus on the recently identified moonlighting tubulin polymerization promoting protein, TPPP/p25. TPPP/p25 is a microtubule-associated protein and it displays distinct physiological or pathological (aberrant) functions; thus it is a prototype of Neomorphic Moonlighting Proteins. The expression of TPPP/p25 is finely controlled in the human brain; this protein is indispensable for the development of projections of oligodendrocytes that are responsible for the ensheathment of axons. The nonphysiological, higher or lower TPPP/p25 level leads to distinct CNS diseases. Mechanisms contributing to the control of microtubule stability and dynamics by metabolic enzymes and TPPP/p25 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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33
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Schofield A, Bernard O. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein 1 (TPPP1): A DNA-damage induced microtubule regulatory gene. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e26316. [PMID: 24567774 PMCID: PMC3925458 DOI: 10.4161/cib.26316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle relies heavily on the mechanical forces vested by the dynamic rearrangement of the microtubule (MT) network. Tubulin Polymerization promoting Protein 1 (TPPP1) alters MT dynamics by driving MT polymerization as well as stabilization, via increasing MT acetylation. It increases MT rigidity, which results in reduced cell proliferation through downregulation of G1/S-phase and mitosis to G1-phase cell cycle transitioning. In this communication, we provide further evidence that TPPP1 may be an important regulator of genomic homeostasis. Our preliminary data show that long-term TPPP1 overexpression reduces cell viability via induction of apoptotic cell death pathways. Moreover, induction of DNA-damage results in increased TPPP1 expression, which is inhibited in the absence of expression of the tumor suppressor p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Schofield
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Hospital); University of Melbourne; Melbourn VIC Australia
| | - Ora Bernard
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Hospital); University of Melbourne; Melbourn VIC Australia
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Schofield AV, Gamell C, Suryadinata R, Sarcevic B, Bernard O. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein 1 (Tppp1) phosphorylation by Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (rock) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) inhibits microtubule dynamics to increase cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7907-7917. [PMID: 23355470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.441048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polymerization promoting protein 1 (Tppp1) regulates microtubule (MT) dynamics via promoting MT polymerization and inhibiting histone deacetylase 6 (Hdac6) activity to increase MT acetylation. Our results reveal that as a consequence, Tppp1 inhibits cell proliferation by delaying the G1/S-phase and the mitosis to G1-phase transitions. We show that phosphorylation of Tppp1 by Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (Rock) prevents its Hdac6 inhibitory activity to enable cells to enter S-phase. Whereas, our analysis of the role of Tppp1 during mitosis revealed that inhibition of its MT polymerizing and Hdac6 regulatory activities were necessary for cells to re-enter the G1-phase. During this investigation, we also discovered that Tppp1 is a novel Cyclin B/Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase) substrate and that Cdk phosphorylation of Tppp1 inhibits its MT polymerizing activity. Overall, our results show that dual Rock and Cdk phosphorylation of Tppp1 inhibits its regulation of the cell cycle to increase cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Schofield
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia
| | - Randy Suryadinata
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia
| | - Boris Sarcevic
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia; Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia
| | - Ora Bernard
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 3065 Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
The introduction of the term ‘Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP)-like proteins’ is suggested. They constitute a eukaryotic protein superfamily, characterized by the presence of the p25alpha domain (Pfam05517, IPR008907), and named after the first identified member, TPPP/p25, exhibiting microtubule stabilizing function. TPPP-like proteins can be grouped on the basis of two characteristics: the length of their p25alpha domain, which can be long, short, truncated or partial, and the presence or absence of additional domain(s). TPPPs, in the strict sense, contain no other domains but one long or short p25alpha one (long- and short-type TPPPs, respectively). Proteins possessing truncated p25alpha domain are first described in this paper. They evolved from the long-type TPPPs and can be considered as arthropod-specific paralogs of long-type TPPPs. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the two groups (long-type and truncated TPPPs) split in the common ancestor of arthropods. Incomplete p25alpha domains can be found in multidomain TPPP-like proteins as well. The various subfamilies occur with a characteristic phyletic distribution: e. g., animal genomes/proteomes contain almost without exception long-type TPPPs; the multidomain apicortins occur almost exclusively in apicomplexan parasites. There are no data about the physiological function of these proteins except two human long-type TPPP paralogs which are involved in developmental processes of the brain and the musculoskeletal system, respectively. I predict that the superfamily members containing long or partial p25alpha domain are often intrinsically disordered proteins, while those with short or truncated domain(s) are structurally ordered. Interestingly, members of this superfamily connected or maybe connected to diseases are intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Orosz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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A fish-specific member of the TPPP protein family? J Mol Evol 2012; 75:55-72. [PMID: 23053195 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-012-9521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A eukaryotic protein family, the tubulin polymerization promoting proteins (TPPPs), has recently been identified. It has been termed after its first member, TPPP/p25 or TPPP1, which exhibits microtubule-stabilizing function and plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. In mammalian genomes, two further paralogues, TPPP2 and TPPP3, can be found. In this article, I show that TPPP1 and TPPP3, but not TPPP2, are included in paralogons, on human chromosomes, Hsa5 and Hsa16, respectively. I suggest that the single non-vertebrate tppp gene was duplicated in the first round of whole-genome duplication in the vertebrate lineage giving rise to tppp1 and the precursor of tppp2/tppp3. The existence of a teleost fish-specific fourth paralogue, tppp4, has also been raised, but it is not supported by synteny analysis. Alternatively, the new group can be considered as the fish orthologue of TPPP2. The case that the new group is the consequence of the teleost fish-specific whole-genome duplication (3R) cannot be excluded.
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Oláh J, Zotter Á, Hlavanda E, Szunyogh S, Orosz F, Szigeti K, Fidy J, Ovádi J. Microtubule assembly-derived by dimerization of TPPP/p25. Evaluation of thermodynamic parameters for multiple equilibrium system from ITC data. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:785-94. [PMID: 22484033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disordered Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein/p25 (TPPP/p25) modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule system. In this paper the role of dimerization in its microtubule-related functions is established, and an approach is proposed to evaluate thermodynamic constants for multiple equilibrium systems from ITC measurements. METHODS For structural studies size exclusion chromatography, SDS-PAGE, chemical cross-linking, circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry were used; the functional effect was analyzed by tubulin polymerization assay. Numerical simulation of the multiple equilibrium was performed with Mathematica software. RESULTS The dimerization of TPPP/p25 is promoted by elevation of the protein concentration and by GTP addition. The dimeric form displaying enhanced tubulin polymerization promoting activity is stabilized by disulfide bond or chemical cross-linking. The GTP binding to the dimeric form (Kd-GTP=200 μM) is tighter with one order of magnitude than to the monomeric one leading to the enrichment of the dimers. A mathematical model elaborated for the multiple equilibrium of the TPPP/p25-GTP system was validated by fitting the GTP-dependent changes of ellipticity and fluorescence signal in the course of TPPP/p25 titrations. The evaluation of the equilibrium constants rendered it possible to determine the thermodynamic parameters of the association of different TPPP/p25 forms with GTP from ITC measurements. CONCLUSIONS/GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The dimerization of TPPP/p25 with favorable physiological functional potency is proposed to play significant role in the fine tuning of TPPP/p25-mediated microtubule assembly; the unfolded monomers might be involved in the formation of pathological inclusions characteristic for Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary
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Zotter Á, Oláh J, Hlavanda E, Bodor A, Perczel A, Szigeti K, Fidy J, Ovádi J. Zn²+-induced rearrangement of the disordered TPPP/p25 affects its microtubule assembly and GTPase activity. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9568-78. [PMID: 21995432 DOI: 10.1021/bi201447w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25 (TPPP/p25) modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule system and plays crucial role in the myelination of oligodendrocytes. Here we showed by CD, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopies that Zn(2+) is the first ligand that induces considerable rearrangement of the disordered TPPP/p25. Zinc finger motif (His(2)Cys(2)) (His(61)-Cys(83)) was identified within the flexible region of TPPP/p25 straddled by extended unstructured N- and C-terminal regions. The specific binding of the Zn(2+) to TPPP/p25 induced the formation of molten globule but not that of a well-defined tertiary structure. The Zn(2+)-induced partially folded structure accommodating the zinc binding motif is localized at the single Trp(76)-containing region as demonstrated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and quenching experiments. We showed that the Zn(2+)-induced change in the TPPP/p25 structure modified its interaction with tubulin and GTP coupled with functional consequences: the TPPP/p25-promoted tubulin polymerization was increased while the TPPP/p25-catalyzed GTPase activity was decreased as detected by turbidimetry and by malachite green phosphate release/(31)P NMR assays, respectively. The finding that the Zn(2+) of the bivalent cations can uniquely influence physiological relavant interactions significantly contributes to our understanding of the role of Zn(2+)-related TPPP/p25 processes in the differentiation/myelination of oligodendrocytes possessing a high-affinity Zn(2+) uptake mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Zotter
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary
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Zhou RM, Jing YY, Guo Y, Gao C, Zhang BY, Chen C, Shi Q, Tian C, Wang ZY, Gong HS, Han J, Xu BL, Dong XP. Molecular interaction of TPPP with PrP antagonized the CytoPrP-induced disruption of microtubule structures and cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23079. [PMID: 21857997 PMCID: PMC3155546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25 (TPPP/p25), known as a microtubule-associated protein (MAP), is a brain-specific unstructured protein with a physiological function of stabilizing cellular microtubular ultrastructures. Whether TPPP involves in the normal functions of PrP or the pathogenesis of prion disease remains unknown. Here, we proposed the data that TPPP formed molecular complex with PrP. We also investigated its influence on the aggregation of PrP and fibrillization of PrP106–126 in vitro, its antagonization against the disruption of microtubule structures and cytotoxicity of cytosolic PrP in cells, and its alternation in the brains of scrapie-infected experimental hamsters. Methodology/Principal Findings Using pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays, distinct molecular interaction between TPPP and PrP were identified and the segment of TPPP spanning residues 100–219 and the segment of PrP spanning residues 106–126 were mapped as the regions responsible for protein interaction. Sedimentation experiments found that TPPP increased the aggregation of full-length recombinant PrP (PrP23–231) in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy and Thioflavin T (ThT) assays showed that TPPP enhanced fibril formation of synthetic peptide PrP106–126 in vitro. Expression of TPPP in the cultured cells did not obviously change the microtubule networks observed by a tubulin-specific immunofluorescent assay and cell growth features measured by CCK8 tests, but significantly antagonized the disruption of microtubule structures and rescued the cytotoxicity caused by the accumulation of cytosolic PrP (CytoPrP). Furthermore, Western blots identified that the levels of the endogenous TPPP in the brains of scrapie-infected experimental hamsters were significantly reduced. Conclusion/Significance Those data highlight TPPP may work as a protective factor for cells against the damage effects of the accumulation of abnormal forms of PrPs, besides its function as an agent for dynamic stabilization of microtubular ultrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Shi Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Li Xu
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Oláh J, Vincze O, Virók D, Simon D, Bozsó Z, Tõkési N, Horváth I, Hlavanda E, Kovács J, Magyar A, Szũcs M, Orosz F, Penke B, Ovádi J. Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25, beta-amyloid, and alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34088-100. [PMID: 21832049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The disordered tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) was found to be co-enriched in neuronal and glial inclusions with α-synuclein in Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy, respectively; however, co-occurrence of α-synuclein with β-amyloid (Aβ) in human brain inclusions has been recently reported, suggesting the existence of mixed type pathologies that could result in obstacles in the correct diagnosis and treatment. Here we identified TPPP/p25 as an interacting partner of the soluble Aβ oligomers as major risk factors for Alzheimer disease using ProtoArray human protein microarray. The interactions of oligomeric Aβ with proteins involved in the etiology of neurological disorders were characterized by ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, pelleting experiments, and tubulin polymerization assay. We showed that the Aβ(42) tightly bound to TPPP/p25 (K(d) = 85 nm) and caused aberrant protein aggregation by inhibiting the physiologically relevant TPPP/p25-derived microtubule assembly. The pair-wise interactions of Aβ(42), α-synuclein, and tubulin were found to be relatively weak; however, these three components formed soluble ternary complex exclusively in the absence of TPPP/p25. The aggregation-facilitating activity of TPPP/p25 and its interaction with Aβ was monitored by electron microscopy with purified proteins by pelleting experiments with cell-free extracts as well as by confocal microscopy with CHO cells expressing TPPP/p25 or amyloid. The finding that the interaction of TPPP/p25 with Aβ can produce pathological-like aggregates is tightly coupled with unusual pathology of the Alzheimer disease revealed previously; that is, partial co-localization of Aβ and TPPP/p25 in the case of diffuse Lewy body disease with Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary
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Höftberger R, Fink S, Aboul-Enein F, Botond G, Olah J, Berki T, Ovadi J, Lassmann H, Budka H, Kovacs GG. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) as a marker for oligodendroglial changes in multiple sclerosis. Glia 2011; 58:1847-57. [PMID: 20737479 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with variable extent of remyelination. Remyelination originates from oligodendrocyte (OG) precursor cells, which migrate and differentiate into mature OG. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) is located in mature OG and aggregates in oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. We developed a novel monoclonal anti-TPPP/p25 antibody to quantify OG in different subtypes and disease stages of MS, and possible degenerative changes in OG. We evaluated autopsy material from 25 MS cases, including acute, primary progressive, secondary progressive, relapsing remitting MS, and five controls. Demyelinated lesions revealed loss of TPPP/p25-positive OG within the plaques. In remyelination, TPPP/p25 was first expressed in OG cytoplasms and later became positive in myelin sheaths. We observed increased numbers of TPPP/p25 immunoreactive OG in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in MS patients. In MS cases, the cytoplasmic area of TPPP/p25 immunoreactivity in the OG was higher in the periplaque area when compared with NAWM and the plaque, and TPPP/p25 immunoreactive OG cytoplasmic area inversely correlated with the disease duration. There was a lack of phospho-TDP-43, phospho-tau, α-synuclein, and ubiquitin immunoreactivity in OG with enlarged cytoplasm. Our data suggest impaired differentiation, migration, and activation capacity of OG in later disease stages of MS. Upregulation of TPPP/p25 in the periplaque white matter OG without evidence for inclusion body formation might reflect an activation state. Distinct and increased expression of TPPP/p25 in MS renders it a potential prognostic and diagnostic marker of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Bánóczi Z, Gorka-Kereskényi Á, Reményi J, Orbán E, Hazai L, Tökési N, Oláh J, Ovádi J, Béni Z, Háda V, Szántay C, Hudecz F, Kalaus G, Szántay C. Synthesis and in vitro antitumor effect of vinblastine derivative-oligoarginine conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1948-55. [PMID: 20973492 DOI: 10.1021/bc100028z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vinblastine is a widely used anticancer drug with undesired side effects. Its conjugation with carrier molecules could be an efficient strategy to reduce these side effects. Besides this, the conjugate could exhibit increased efficiency against resistant cells, e.g., due to the altered internalization pathway. Oligoarginines, as cell-penetrating peptides, can transport covalently attached compounds into different kinds of cells and enhance the efficiency of those compounds. We report here the coupling of vinblastine through its carboxyl group at position 16 with the N-terminal amino function of L-Trp methyl ester. After hydrolysis of the ester group, 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp was conjugated to the N-terminal amino group of oligoarginine via the C-terminal carboxyl group of the Trp moiety in solution. The antitumor effect of conjugates was studied on sensitive and resistant human leukemia (HL-60) cells in vitro. Our data suggest that all conjugates investigated possess an antiproliferative effect against the studied cells. However, the effect was dependent on the number of Arg residues in the conjugates: Arg₈ > Arg₆ ≫ Arg₄. The conjugate with Arg₈ exhibited similar efficicacy as compared with free 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp. The in vitro studies also showed that the tubulin binding ability of vinblastine was essentially preserved even in the octaarginine conjugate. We also observed that two isomers were formed during conjugation. These isomers showed different levels of activity against tubulin polymerization in vitro and in vivo. The 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp-Arg₈-1 isomer conjugate possessed high selectivity against the mitotic spindles. HRMS and NMR data suggest that 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp-Arg₈-1 and 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp-Arg₈-2 are epimers at the tryptophan α carbon atom.
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Zhou W, Li J, Wang X, Hu R. Stable knockdown of TPPP3 by RNA interference in Lewis lung carcinoma cell inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 343:231-8. [PMID: 20571904 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin polymerization promoting protein 3 (TPPP3), a member of the TPPP family, can induce tubulin polymerization and microtubule bundling. Previously, it has been shown that TPPP3 plays an important role in cell proliferation. Depletion of TPPP3 by microRNA-based RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits cell growth, arrests cell cycles, and causes mitotic abnormalities in HeLa cells. In the present study, we knocked down TPPP3 in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells with the same RNAi construct, and observed a retarded tumor cell growth in vitro. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice that received subcutaneously injected LLC cells in which TPPP3 was knocked down showed a pronounced reduction in tumor progression. The migration/invasion activity of TPPP3-knockdown LLC cells was significantly suppressed in a transwell chamber migration assay. When these cells were injected into the tail veins of C57BL/6 mice, they exhibited milder lung metastasis compared with control tumor cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that the TPPP3 gene played an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and it could potentially become a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tokési N, Lehotzky A, Horváth I, Szabó B, Oláh J, Lau P, Ovádi J. TPPP/p25 promotes tubulin acetylation by inhibiting histone deacetylase 6. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17896-906. [PMID: 20308065 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.096578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
TPPP/p25 (tubulin polymerization-promoting protein/p25) is an unstructured protein that induces microtubule polymerization in vitro and is aligned along the microtubule network in transfected mammalian cells. In normal human brain, TPPP/p25 is expressed predominantly in oligodendrocytes, where its expression is proved to be crucial for their differentiation process. Here we demonstrated that the expression of TPPP/p25 in HeLa cells, in doxycycline-inducible CHO10 cells, and in the oligodendrocyte CG-4 cells promoted the acetylation of alpha-tubulin at residue Lys-40, whereas its down-regulation by specific small interfering RNA in CG-4 cells or by the withdrawal of doxycycline from CHO10 cells decreased the acetylation level of alpha-tubulin. Our results indicate that TPPP/p25 binds to HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6), an enzyme responsible for tubulin deacetylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the direct interaction of these two proteins resulted in the inhibition of the deacetylase activity of HDAC6. The measurement of HDAC6 activity showed that TPPP/p25 is able to induce almost complete (90%) inhibition at 3 microM concentration. In addition, treatment of the cells with nocodazole, vinblastine, or cold exposure revealed that microtubule acetylation induced by trichostatin A, a well known HDAC6 inhibitor, does not cause microtubule stabilization. In contrast, the microtubule bundling activity of TPPP/p25 was able to protect the microtubules from depolymerization. Finally, we demonstrated that, similarly to other HDAC6 inhibitors, TPPP/p25 influences the microtubule dynamics by decreasing the growth velocity of the microtubule plus ends and also affects cell motility as demonstrated by time lapse video experiments. Thus, we suggest that TPPP/p25 is a multiple effector of the microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Tokési
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina u 29, H-1113, Budapest, Hungary
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Lehotzky A, Lau P, Tokési N, Muja N, Hudson LD, Ovádi J. Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP/p25) is critical for oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 2010; 58:157-68. [PMID: 19606501 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
TPPP/p25, a recently identified tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP), is expressed mainly in myelinating oligodendrocytes of the CNS. Here, we show that TPPP/p25 is strongly upregulated during the differentiation of primary oligodendrocyte cells as well as the CG-4 cell line. The microRNA expression profile of CG-4 cells before and after induction of differentiation was established and revealed differential regulation of a limited subset of microRNAs. miR-206, a microRNA predicted to target TPPP/p25, was not detected in oligodendrocytes. Overexpression of miR-206 led to downregulation of TPPP/p25 resulting in inhibition of differentiation. Transfection of siRNAs against TPPP/p25 also inhibited cell differentiation and promoted cell proliferation, providing evidence for an important role of TPPP/p25 during oligodendrogenesis. These results support an essential role for TPPP/p25 in oligodendrocyte differentiation likely via rearrangement of the microtubule system during the process elongation prior to the onset of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary
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Orosz F. Apicortin, a unique protein, with a putative cytoskeletal role, shared only by apicomplexan parasites and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1275-86. [PMID: 19778640 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new protein, termed apicortin, has been identified, which contains a DCX (doublecortin) and a partial p25-alpha domain. The DCX domains of the doublecortin superfamily are responsible for their microtubule binding and stabilizing properties. The p25-alpha domain occurs in TPPPs (Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Proteins) exhibiting Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP)-like functions. TPPP orthologs can be classified as long- and short-type ones. The latter ones do not contain the partial p25-alpha domain, which is the most conservative part of the long-type TPPPs and was evolutionary-preserved independently from the whole domain. Apicortin seems to occur only in the placozoan animal Trichoplax adhaerens and in each of the apicomplexan parasites, the genomes of which are available. The function of the novel protein can be predicted from the fact that it contains two different microtubule-binding domains. Apicomplexans, important pathogens of humans and animals, possess unique cytoskeletal elements, as subpellicular microtubules and apical polar rings, which are specific for this phylum, extremely stabilized by unknown MAPs. One of the candidates can be the apicortin, which is supported by a recent experimental proteomics analysis. The role of the new protein in T. adhaerens may be similar but needs clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Orosz
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina út 29, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
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Depletion of tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 suppresses HeLa cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 333:91-8. [PMID: 19633818 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) play an important role in cell division, and their functions are regulated by a set of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 (TPPP3), also known as p20, is a new member of the tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP) family. Previous studies have demonstrated that TPPP3 specifically binds to MTs and positively regulates MTs assembly, which leads to significant ultrastructural alterations of the MTs network. However, the physiological function of TPPP3 is still largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that knockdown of endogenous TPPP3 by RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells. Furthermore, we showed that the depletion of TPPP3 caused mitotic abnormalities, such as the formation of multipolar spindles and chromosome segregation errors, which lead to apoptosis in HeLa cells. Our study suggested that TPPP3 played a crucial role in cell mitosis by regulating centrosomes amplification and/or spindles translocation processes.
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Ovádi J, Orosz F. An unstructured protein with destructive potential: TPPP/p25 in neurodegeneration. Bioessays 2009; 31:676-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Goldbaum O, Jensen PH, Richter-Landsberg C. The expression of tubulin polymerization promoting protein TPPP/p25alpha is developmentally regulated in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes and affected by proteolytic stress. Glia 2009; 56:1736-46. [PMID: 18563798 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP)/p25alpha was identified as a brain specific protein, is associated with microtubules (MTs) in vitro and can promote abnormal MT assembly. Furthermore it has aggregation promoting properties and is a constituent in pathological protein deposits of neurodegenerative diseases. In the brain, TPPP/p25alpha is present in myelinating oligodendrocytes. Here we show, using cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes, that TPPP/p25alpha expression is increasing during development in culture, and particularly in immature cells is associated with the centrosome. MT binding properties in oligodendrocytes are rather low, however, when MTs are disassembled by nocodazole, TPPP/p25alpha accumulates in the perinuclear region. Treatment of oligodendrocytes with the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 (1 micaroM; 18 h) caused an increase in the amount of TPPP/p25alpha by about 40%, a decrease in its solubility, and led to the appearance of TPPP/p25alpha-positive cytoplasmic inclusions, which stained with thioflavin S and resembled inclusion bodies. Hence, it might be speculated that acute or chronic malfunction of the proteasomal degradation system, leading to the accumulation of aggregation prone proteins and the pro-aggregatory protein TPPP/p25alpha or to the aggregation of TPPP/p25alpha on its own, is causally related to the protein aggregation process in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Goldbaum
- Department of Biology, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Kragh CL, Lund LB, Febbraro F, Hansen HD, Gai WP, El-Agnaf O, Richter-Landsberg C, Jensen PH. Alpha-synuclein aggregation and Ser-129 phosphorylation-dependent cell death in oligodendroglial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10211-22. [PMID: 19203998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809671200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of aggregated Ser-129-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in oligodendrocytes. p25alpha is an oligodendroglial protein that potently stimulates alpha-synuclein aggregation in vitro. To model multiple system atrophy, we coexpressed human p25alpha and alpha-synuclein in the rat oligodendroglial cell line OLN-93 and observed a cellular response characterized by a fast retraction of microtubules from the cellular processes to the perinuclear region followed by a protracted development of apoptosis. This response was dependent on phosphorylation at Ser-129 in alpha-synuclein as demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis. Treatment of the cells with the kinase inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H benzimidazole that targets kinases like casein kinase 2, and polo-like kinases abrogated the toxicity. The polo-like kinase inhibitor BI 2536 caused apoptosis in the model. Ser-129 phosphorylation was linked to the formation of phosphorylated oligomers detectable by immunoblotting, and their formation was inhibited by 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H benzimidazole. The process of microtubule retraction was also dependent on aggregation as demonstrated by the protective effect of treating the cells with the specific peptide inhibitor of alpha-synuclein aggregation ASI1D and the non-selective inhibitors Congo Red and baicalein. The fast microtubule retraction was followed by the development of the apoptotic markers: activated caspase-3, phosphatidylserine externalization, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation. These markers could all be blocked by the inhibitors of phosphorylation, aggregation, and caspase-3. Hence, the model predicts that both Ser-129 phosphorylation and aggregation control the toxic alpha-syn pathway in oligodendroglial cells and may represent therapeutic intervention points in multiple system atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Kragh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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