1
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Rübsam M, Püllen R, Tellkamp F, Bianco A, Peskoller M, Bloch W, Green KJ, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Wickström SA, Niessen CM. Polarity signaling balances epithelial contractility and mechanical resistance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7743. [PMID: 37173371 PMCID: PMC10182030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia maintain a functional barrier during tissue turnover while facing varying mechanical stress. This maintenance requires both dynamic cell rearrangements driven by actomyosin-linked intercellular adherens junctions and ability to adapt to and resist extrinsic mechanical forces enabled by keratin filament-linked desmosomes. How these two systems crosstalk to coordinate cellular movement and mechanical resilience is not known. Here we show that in stratifying epithelia the polarity protein aPKCλ controls the reorganization from stress fibers to cortical actomyosin during differentiation and upward movement of cells. Without aPKC, stress fibers are retained resulting in increased contractile prestress. This aberrant stress is counterbalanced by reorganization and bundling of keratins, thereby increasing mechanical resilience. Inhibiting contractility in aPKCλ-/- cells restores normal cortical keratin networks but also normalizes resilience. Consistently, increasing contractile stress is sufficient to induce keratin bundling and enhance resilience, mimicking aPKC loss. In conclusion, our data indicate that keratins sense the contractile stress state of stratified epithelia and balance increased contractility by mounting a protective response to maintain tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robin Püllen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frederik Tellkamp
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandra Bianco
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Peskoller
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Cho Y, Haraguchi D, Shigetomi K, Matsuzawa K, Uchida S, Ikenouchi J. Tricellulin secures the epithelial barrier at tricellular junctions by interacting with actomyosin. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213005. [PMID: 35148372 PMCID: PMC8847807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell sheet functions as a barrier to prevent invasion of pathogens. It is necessary to eliminate intercellular gaps not only at bicellular junctions, but also at tricellular contacts, where three cells meet, to maintain epithelial barrier function. To that end, tight junctions between adjacent cells must associate as closely as possible, particularly at tricellular contacts. Tricellulin is an integral component of tricellular tight junctions (tTJs), but the molecular mechanism of its contribution to the epithelial barrier function remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that tricellulin contributes to barrier formation by regulating actomyosin organization at tricellular junctions. Furthermore, we identified α-catenin, which is thought to function only at adherens junctions, as a novel binding partner of tricellulin. α-catenin bridges tricellulin attachment to the bicellular actin cables that are anchored end-on at tricellular junctions. Thus, tricellulin mobilizes actomyosin contractility to close the lateral gap between the TJ strands of the three proximate cells that converge on tricellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Cho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daichi Haraguchi
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Shigetomi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuzawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Mierke CT. Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:789841. [PMID: 35223831 PMCID: PMC8864183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.789841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells’ migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.
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4
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Ninomiya K, Ohta K, Yamashita K, Mizuno K, Ohashi K. PLEKHG4B enables actin cytoskeletal remodeling during epithelial cell-cell junction formation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:224080. [PMID: 33310911 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junction formation requires actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Here, we show that PLEKHG4B, a Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF), plays a crucial role in epithelial cell-cell junction formation. Knockdown of PLEKHG4B decreased Cdc42 activity and tended to increase RhoA activity in A549 cells. A549 monolayer cells showed 'closed junctions' with closely packed actin bundles along the cell-cell contacts, but PLEKHG4B knockdown suppressed closed junction formation, and PLEKHG4B-knockdown cells exhibited 'open junctions' with split actin bundles located away from the cell-cell boundary. In Ca2+-switch assays, PLEKHG4B knockdown delayed the conversion of open junctions to closed junctions and β-catenin accumulation at cell-cell junctions. Furthermore, PLEKHG4B knockdown abrogated the reduction in myosin activity normally seen in the later stage of junction formation. The aberrant myosin activation and impairments in closed junction formation in PLEKHG4B-knockdown cells were reverted by ROCK inhibition or LARG/PDZ-RhoGEF knockdown. These results suggest that PLEKHG4B enables actin remodeling during epithelial cell-cell junction maturation, probably by reducing myosin activity in the later stage of junction formation, through suppressing LARG/PDZ-RhoGEF and RhoA-ROCK pathway activities. We also showed that annexin A2 participates in PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komaki Ninomiya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kai Ohta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan .,Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tohoku University, Kawauchi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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5
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Yano T, Tsukita K, Kanoh H, Nakayama S, Kashihara H, Mizuno T, Tanaka H, Matsui T, Goto Y, Komatsubara A, Aoki K, Takahashi R, Tamura A, Tsukita S. A microtubule-LUZP1 association around tight junction promotes epithelial cell apical constriction. EMBO J 2020; 40:e104712. [PMID: 33346378 PMCID: PMC7809799 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical constriction is critical for epithelial morphogenesis, including neural tube formation. Vertebrate apical constriction is induced by di‐phosphorylated myosin light chain (ppMLC)‐driven contraction of actomyosin‐based circumferential rings (CRs), also known as perijunctional actomyosin rings, around apical junctional complexes (AJCs), mainly consisting of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Here, we revealed a ppMLC‐triggered system at TJ‐associated CRs for vertebrate apical constriction involving microtubules, LUZP1, and myosin phosphatase. We first identified LUZP1 via unbiased screening of microtubule‐associated proteins in the AJC‐enriched fraction. In cultured epithelial cells, LUZP1 was found localized at TJ‐, but not at AJ‐, associated CRs, and LUZP1 knockout resulted in apical constriction defects with a significant reduction in ppMLC levels within CRs. A series of assays revealed that ppMLC promotes the recruitment of LUZP1 to TJ‐associated CRs, where LUZP1 spatiotemporally inhibits myosin phosphatase in a microtubule‐facilitated manner. Our results uncovered a hitherto unknown microtubule‐LUZP1 association at TJ‐associated CRs that inhibits myosin phosphatase, contributing significantly to the understanding of vertebrate apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kanoh
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuhei Goto
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Komatsubara
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Arora P, Dongre S, Raman R, Sonawane M. Stepwise polarisation of developing bilayered epidermis is mediated by aPKC and E-cadherin in zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:49064. [PMID: 31967543 PMCID: PMC6975926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, a multilayered epithelium, surrounds and protects the vertebrate body. It develops from a bilayered epithelium formed of the outer periderm and underlying basal epidermis. How apicobasal polarity is established in the developing epidermis has remained poorly understood. We show that both the periderm and the basal epidermis exhibit polarised distribution of adherens junctions in zebrafish. aPKC, an apical polarity regulator, maintains the robustness of polarisation of E-cadherin- an adherens junction component- in the periderm. E-cadherin in one layer controls the localisation of E-cadherin in the second layer in a layer non-autonomous manner. Importantly, E-cadherin controls the localisation and levels of Lgl, a basolateral polarity regulator, in a layer autonomous as well non-autonomous manner. Since periderm formation from the enveloping layer precedes the formation of the basal epidermis, our analyses suggest that peridermal polarity, initiated by aPKC, is transduced in a stepwise manner by E-cadherin to the basal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Arora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivali Dongre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Renuka Raman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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7
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Hughes LJ, Park R, Lee MJ, Terry BK, Lee DJ, Kim H, Cho SH, Kim S. Yap/Taz are required for establishing the cerebellar radial glia scaffold and proper foliation. Dev Biol 2019; 457:150-162. [PMID: 31586559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yap/Taz are well-established downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, known to regulate organ size by directing proliferation and apoptosis. Although the functions of Yap/Taz have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in brain development. Here, through genetic ablation, we show that Yap/Taz are required for cerebellar morphogenesis. Yap/Taz deletion in neural progenitors causes defects in secondary fissure formation, leading to abnormal folia development. Although they seemed very likely to serve an important function in the development of cerebellar granule cell precursors, Yap/Taz are dispensable for their proliferation. Furthermore, Yap/Taz loss does not rescue the medulloblastoma phenotype caused by constitutively active Smoothened. Importantly, Yap/Taz are highly expressed in radial glia and play a crucial role in establishing the radial scaffold and cellular polarity of neural progenitors during embryogenesis. We found that Yap/Taz are necessary to establish and maintain junctional integrity of cerebellar neuroepithelium as prominent junction proteins are not maintained at the apical junction in the absence of Yap/Taz. Our study identifies a novel function of Yap/Taz in cerebellar foliation and finds that they are required to establish the radial glia scaffold and junctional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Bethany K Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David J Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hansol Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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8
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Carmena A. Non-muscle myosin II activation: adding a classical touch to ROCK. Small GTPases 2019; 12:161-166. [PMID: 31552778 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1671148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II molecules are actin-binding proteins with ATPase activity, this latter capacity providing the energy required for actin filament cross-linking and contraction. The activation of these molecular motors relies on direct phosphorylation at conserved sites through different protein kinases, including the Rho-associated coiled coil-containing kinase (ROCK). In the light of some recent results found in our lab, we comment on the necessity of additional regulatory mechanisms to control the subcellular distribution of non-muscle myosin II proteins to ensure their full activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carmena
- Developmental Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
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9
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Adjustable viscoelasticity allows for efficient collective cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:55-68. [PMID: 29859995 PMCID: PMC6854469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a wide range of biological processes such as embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, regeneration, and also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In such contexts, cells are required to migrate as individual entities or as highly coordinated collectives, both of which requiring cells to respond to molecular and mechanical cues from their environment. However, whilst the function of chemical cues in cell migration is comparatively well understood, the role of tissue mechanics on cell migration is just starting to be studied. Recent studies suggest that the dynamic tuning of the viscoelasticity within a migratory cluster of cells, and the adequate elastic properties of its surrounding tissues, are essential to allow efficient collective cell migration in vivo. In this review we focus on the role of viscoelasticity in the control of collective cell migration in various cellular systems, mentioning briefly some aspects of single cell migration. We aim to provide details on how viscoelasticity of collectively migrating groups of cells and their surroundings is adjusted to ensure correct morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis. Finally, we attempt to show that environmental viscoelasticity triggers molecular changes within migrating clusters and that these new molecular setups modify clusters' viscoelasticity, ultimately allowing them to migrate across the challenging geometries of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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10
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Shigetomi K, Ikenouchi J. Cell Adhesion Structures in Epithelial Cells Are Formed in Dynamic and Cooperative Ways. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800227. [PMID: 31187900 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There are many morphologically distinct membrane structures with different functions at the surface of epithelial cells. Among these, adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ) are responsible for the mechanical linkage of epithelial cells and epithelial barrier function, respectively. In the process of new cell-cell adhesion formation between two epithelial cells, such as after wounding, AJ form first and then TJ form on the apical side of AJ. This process is very complicated because AJ formation triggers drastic changes in the organization of actin cytoskeleton, the activity of Rho family of small GTPases, and the lipid composition of the plasma membrane, all of which are required for subsequent TJ formation. In this review, the authors focus on the relationship between AJ and TJ as a representative example of specialization of plasma membrane regions and introduce recent findings on how AJ formation promotes the subsequent formation of TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Shigetomi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 774 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 774 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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11
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Franco M, Carmena A. Eph signaling controls mitotic spindle orientation and cell proliferation in neuroepithelial cells. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1200-1217. [PMID: 30808706 PMCID: PMC6446852 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Franco and Carmena uncover a function for Eph signaling as a novel extrinsic mechanism controlling mitotic spindle alignment in Drosophila neuroepithelial cells through aPKC activity–dependent myosin II regulation. Additionally, Eph loss leads to a Rho signaling–dependent activation of the PI3K–Akt1 pathway, enhancing cell proliferation within this neuroepithelium. Mitotic spindle orientation must be tightly regulated during development and adult tissue homeostasis. It determines cell-fate specification and tissue architecture during asymmetric and symmetric cell division, respectively. Here, we uncover a novel role for Ephrin–Eph intercellular signaling in controlling mitotic spindle alignment in Drosophila optic lobe neuroepithelial cells through aPKC activity–dependent myosin II regulation. We show that conserved core components of the mitotic spindle orientation machinery, including Discs Large1, Mud/NuMA, and Canoe/Afadin, mislocalize in dividing Eph mutant neuroepithelial cells and produce spindle alignment defects in these cells when they are down-regulated. In addition, the loss of Eph leads to a Rho signaling–dependent activation of the PI3K–Akt1 pathway, enhancing cell proliferation within this neuroepithelium. Hence, Eph signaling is a novel extrinsic mechanism that regulates both spindle orientation and cell proliferation in the Drosophila optic lobe neuroepithelium. Similar mechanisms could operate in other Drosophila and vertebrate epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Franco
- Developmental Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Carmena
- Developmental Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
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12
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Hannaford M, Loyer N, Tonelli F, Zoltner M, Januschke J. A chemical-genetics approach to study the role of atypical Protein Kinase C in Drosophila. Development 2019; 146:dev170589. [PMID: 30635282 PMCID: PMC6361133 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying the function of proteins using genetics in cycling cells is complicated by the fact that there is often a delay between gene inactivation and the time point of phenotypic analysis. This is particularly true when studying kinases that have pleiotropic functions and multiple substrates. Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs) are rapidly dividing stem cells and an important model system for the study of cell polarity. Mutations in multiple kinases cause NB polarity defects, but their precise functions at particular time points in the cell cycle are unknown. Here, we use chemical genetics and report the generation of an analogue-sensitive allele of Drosophila atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC). We demonstrate that the resulting mutant aPKC kinase can be specifically inhibited in vitro and in vivo Acute inhibition of aPKC during NB polarity establishment abolishes asymmetric localization of Miranda, whereas its inhibition during NB polarity maintenance does not in the time frame of normal mitosis. However, aPKC helps to sharpen the pattern of Miranda, by keeping it off the apical and lateral cortex after nuclear envelope breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
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13
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Chang B, Svoboda KKH, Liu X. Cell polarization: From epithelial cells to odontoblasts. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 98:1-11. [PMID: 30473389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity identifies the asymmetry of a cell. Various types of cells, including odontoblasts and epithelial cells, polarize to fulfil their destined functions. Odontoblast polarization is a prerequisite and fundamental step for tooth development and tubular dentin formation. Current knowledge of odontoblast polarization, however, is very limited, which greatly impedes the development of novel approaches for regenerative endodontics. Compared to odontoblasts, epithelial cell polarization has been extensively studied over the last several decades. The knowledge obtained from epithelia polarization has been found applicable to other cell types, which is particularly useful considering the remarkable similarities of the morphological and compositional features between polarized odontoblasts and epithelia. In this review, we first discuss the characteristics, the key regulatory factors, and the process of epithelial polarity. Next, we compare the known facts of odontoblast polarization with epithelial cells. Lastly, we clarify knowledge gaps in odontoblast polarization and propose the directions for future research to fill the gaps, leading to the advancement of regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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14
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Yonemura S. Actin filament association at adherens junctions. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2017; 64:14-19. [PMID: 28373611 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.64.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) is a cadherin-based and actin filament associated cell-to-cell junction. AJs can contribute to tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis and their association with actin filaments is crucial for the functions. There are three types of AJs in terms of the mode of actin filament/AJ association. Among many actin-binding proteins associated with AJs, α-catenin is one of the most important actin filament/AJ linkers that functions in all types of AJs. Although α-catenin in cadherin-catenin complex appears to bind to actin filaments within cells, it fails to bind to actin filaments in vitro mysteriously. Recent report revealed that α-catenin in the complex can bind to actin filaments in vitro when forces are applied to the filament. In addition to force-sensitive vinculin binding, α-catenin has another force-sensitive property of actin filament-binding. Elucidation of its significance and the molecular mechanism is indispensable for understanding AJ formation and maintenance during tissue morphogenesis, function and repair. J. Med. Invest. 64: 14-19, February, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies
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15
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Wen J, Tao H, Lau K, Liu H, Simmons CA, Sun Y, Hopyan S. Cell and Tissue Scale Forces Coregulate Fgfr2-Dependent Tetrads and Rosettes in the Mouse Embryo. Biophys J 2017; 112:2209-2218. [PMID: 28538157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
What motivates animal cells to intercalate is a longstanding question that is fundamental to morphogenesis. A basic mode of cell rearrangement involves dynamic multicellular structures called tetrads and rosettes. The contribution of cell-intrinsic and tissue-scale forces to the formation and resolution of these structures remains unclear, especially in vertebrates. Here, we show that Fgfr2 regulates both the formation and resolution of tetrads and rosettes in the mouse embryo, possibly in part by spatially restricting atypical protein kinase C, a negative regulator of non-muscle myosin IIB. We employ micropipette aspiration to show that anisotropic tension is sufficient to rescue the resolution, but not the formation, of tetrads and rosettes in Fgfr2 mutant limb-bud ectoderm. The findings underscore the importance of cell contractility and tissue stress to multicellular vertex formation and resolution, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ectoderm/embryology
- Ectoderm/metabolism
- Elastic Modulus
- Finite Element Analysis
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Forelimb/embryology
- Forelimb/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutation
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/metabolism
- Pressure
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological
- Tomography, Optical
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hirotaka Tao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Melo MDO, Moraes Borges R, Yan CYI. Par3 in chick lens placode development. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28319357 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lens originates from a simple cuboidal epithelium, which, on its basal side, contacts the optic vesicle, whilst facing the extraembryonic environment on its apical side. As this epithelium changes into the pseudostratified lens placode, its cells elongate and become narrower at their apical ends. This is due to the formation of an apical actin network, whose appearance is restricted to cells of the placodal region, as a result of region-specific signaling mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the polarity protein PAR3 and the phosphorylation state of its Threonine 833 (T833) aPKC-binding site in the recruitment of aPKC and in the establishment of actin network in the chick lens placode. Overexpression of wild type PAR3 recruited aPKC and punctate actin clusters to the basolateral membranes of the placodal cells. Recruitment of aPKC depended on the charge of the residue that replaced the T833 residue. In contrast, induction of the ectopic actin spots was independent on the charge of this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraysa de Oliveira Melo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moraes Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Chao Yun Irene Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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17
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Dong Y, Simske JS. Vertebrate Claudin/PMP22/EMP22/MP20 family protein TMEM47 regulates epithelial cell junction maturation and morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:653-66. [PMID: 26990309 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TMEM47 is the vertebrate orthologue of C. elegans VAB-9, a tetraspan adherens junction protein in the PMP22/EMP/Claudin family of proteins. VAB-9 regulates cell morphology and adhesion in C. elegans and TMEM47 is expressed during kidney development and regulates the activity of Fyn. The conserved functions of VAB-9 and TMEM47 are not well understood. RESULTS expression of TMEM47 in C. elegans functionally rescues vab-9 mutations. Unlike Claudins, expression of TMEM47 in L fibroblasts does not generate tight junction strands; instead, membrane localization requires E-cadherin expression. Temporally, TMEM47 localizes at cell junctions first with E-cadherin before ZO-1 colocalization and in polarized epithelia, TMEM47 colocalizes with adherens junction proteins. By immunoprecipitation, TMEM47 associates with classical adherens junction proteins, but also with tight junction proteins Par6B and aPKCλ. Over-expression of TMEM47 in MDCK cells decreases apical surface area, increases activated myosin light chain at cell-cell contacts, disrupts cell polarity and morphology, delays cell junction reassembly following calcium switch, and selectively interferes with tight junction assembly. Reduced TMEM47 expression results in opposite phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS TMEM47 regulates the localization of a subset of tight junction proteins, associated actomyosin structures, cell morphology, and participates in developmental transitions from adherens to tight junctions. Developmental Dynamics 245:653-666, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey S Simske
- Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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18
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Kannan N, Tang VW. Synaptopodin couples epithelial contractility to α-actinin-4-dependent junction maturation. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:407-34. [PMID: 26504173 PMCID: PMC4621826 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel tension-sensitive junctional protein, synaptopodin, can relay biophysical input from cellular actomyosin contractility to induce biochemical changes at cell–cell contacts, resulting in structural reorganization of the junctional complex and epithelial barrier maturation. The epithelial junction experiences mechanical force exerted by endogenous actomyosin activities and from interactions with neighboring cells. We hypothesize that tension generated at cell–cell adhesive contacts contributes to the maturation and assembly of the junctional complex. To test our hypothesis, we used a hydraulic apparatus that can apply mechanical force to intercellular junction in a confluent monolayer of cells. We found that mechanical force induces α-actinin-4 and actin accumulation at the cell junction in a time- and tension-dependent manner during junction development. Intercellular tension also induces α-actinin-4–dependent recruitment of vinculin to the cell junction. In addition, we have identified a tension-sensitive upstream regulator of α-actinin-4 as synaptopodin. Synaptopodin forms a complex containing α-actinin-4 and β-catenin and interacts with myosin II, indicating that it can physically link adhesion molecules to the cellular contractile apparatus. Synaptopodin depletion prevents junctional accumulation of α-actinin-4, vinculin, and actin. Knockdown of synaptopodin and α-actinin-4 decreases the strength of cell–cell adhesion, reduces the monolayer permeability barrier, and compromises cellular contractility. Our findings underscore the complexity of junction development and implicate a control process via tension-induced sequential incorporation of junctional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Kannan
- Program in Global Public Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
| | - Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
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19
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Strzyz P, Lee H, Sidhaye J, Weber I, Leung L, Norden C. Interkinetic Nuclear Migration Is Centrosome Independent and Ensures Apical Cell Division to Maintain Tissue Integrity. Dev Cell 2015; 32:203-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Hayashi K, Suzuki A, Ohno S. A novel function of the cell polarity-regulating kinase PAR-1/MARK in dendritic spines. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 1:261-266. [PMID: 22545177 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.1.6.19199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are postsynaptic structures that receive excitatory synaptic signals from presynaptic terminals in neurons. Because the morphology of spines has been considered to be a crucial factor for the efficiency of synaptic transmission, understanding the mechanisms regulating their morphology is important for neuroscience. Actin filaments and their regulatory proteins are known to actively maintain spine morphology; recent studies have also shown an essential role of microtubules (MTs). Live imaging of the plus-ends of MTs in mature neurons revealed that MTs stochastically enter spines and mediate accumulation of p140Cap, which regulates reorganization of actin filaments. However, the molecular mechanism by which MT dynamics is controlled has remained largely unknown. A cell polarity-regulating serine/threonine kinase, partitioning-defective 1 (PAR-1), phosphorylates classical MAPs and inhibits their binding to MTs. Because the interaction of MAPs with MTs can decrease MT dynamic instability, PAR-1 is supposed to activate MT dynamics through its MAP/MT affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) activity, although there is not yet any direct evidence for this. Here, we review recent findings on the localization of PAR-1b in the dendrites of mouse hippocampal neurons, and its novel function in the maintenance of mature spine morphology by regulating MT dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology; Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science; Yokohama, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion in animals. By regulating contact formation and stability, cadherins play a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Here, we review the three major functions of cadherins in cell-cell contact formation and stability. Two of those functions lead to a decrease in interfacial tension at the forming cell-cell contact, thereby promoting contact expansion--first, by providing adhesion tension that lowers interfacial tension at the cell-cell contact, and second, by signaling to the actomyosin cytoskeleton in order to reduce cortex tension and thus interfacial tension at the contact. The third function of cadherins in cell-cell contact formation is to stabilize the contact by resisting mechanical forces that pull on the contact.
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22
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Nakajima H, Tanoue T. The circumferential actomyosin belt in epithelial cells is regulated by the Lulu2-p114RhoGEF system. Small GTPases 2013; 3:91-6. [PMID: 22790195 PMCID: PMC3408982 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.19112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cells, myosin-II-dependent forces regulate many aspects of animal morphogenesis, such as apical constriction, cell intercalation, cell sorting, and the formation and maintenance of the adherens junction. These forces are mainly generated by the circumferential actomyosin belt, which is composed of F-actin–myosin II bundles located along apical cell–cell junctions. Although several of the molecular pathways regulating the belt have been identified, the precise mechanisms underlying its function are largely unknown. Our recent studies identified Lulu proteins (Lulu1 and Lulu2), FERM-domain-containing molecules, as the regulators of the belt. Lulus activate the circumferential actomyosin belt and thereby induce apical constriction in epithelial cells; conversely, RNAi-mediated Lulu-knockdown results in the severe disorganization of the circumferential actomyosin belt. We also showed that p114RhoGEF is a downstream molecule of Lulu2 in its regulation of the belt; Lulu2 enhances the catalytic activity of p114RhoGEF through a direct interaction and thereby activates the circumferential actomyosin belt. We further identified aPKC and Patj as regulators of Lulu2-p114RhoGEF. In this commentary, we discuss current knowledge of the circumferential actomyosin belt's regulation, focusing on the Lulu2-p114RhoGEF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakajima
- Global COE Program for Integrative Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe Japan
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23
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Hardt O, Nader K, Nadel L. Decay happens: the role of active forgetting in memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Gopalakrishnan S, Tripathi A, Tamiz AP, Alkan SS, Pandey NB. Larazotide acetate promotes tight junction assembly in epithelial cells. Peptides 2012; 35:95-101. [PMID: 22401910 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) control paracellular permeability and apical-basolateral polarity of epithelial cells. Dysregulated permeability is associated with pathological conditions, such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. TJ formation is dependent on E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and actin rearrangement, and is regulated by the Rho family GTPase and aPKC signaling pathways. Larazotide acetate, an 8-mer peptide and TJ modulator, inhibits TJ disassembly and dysfunction caused by endogenous and exogenous stimuli in intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we examined the effect of larazotide acetate on de novo TJ assembly using 2 different model systems. In MDCK cells, larazotide acetate promoted TJ assembly in a calcium switch assay. Larazotide acetate also promoted actin rearrangement, and junctional distribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudins, and E-cadherin. Larazotide acetate promoted TJ maturation and decreased paracellular permeability in "leaky" Caco-2 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that larazotide acetate enhances TJ assembly and barrier function by promoting actin rearrangement and redistribution of TJ and AJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Gopalakrishnan
- Alba Therapeutics, 650 S. Exeter, Suite 1040, 10th floor, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States
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25
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Wan Q, Liu J, Zheng Z, Zhu H, Chu X, Dong Z, Huang S, Du Q. Regulation of myosin activation during cell-cell contact formation by Par3-Lgl antagonism: entosis without matrix detachment. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2076-91. [PMID: 22496418 PMCID: PMC3364173 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two polarity proteins, partitioning defective 3 homologue (Par3) and mammalian homologues of Drosophila lethal(2)giant larvae (Lgl1/2), antagonize each other in modulating myosin II activation during cell–cell contact formation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Altering the counteraction between Par3 and Lgl1/2 leads to entosis without matrix detachment. Cell–cell contact formation following cadherin engagement requires actomyosin contraction along the periphery of cell–cell contact. The molecular mechanisms that regulate myosin activation during this process are not clear. In this paper, we show that two polarity proteins, partitioning defective 3 homologue (Par3) and mammalian homologues of Drosophila Lethal (2) Giant Larvae (Lgl1/2), antagonize each other in modulating myosin II activation during cell–cell contact formation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. While overexpression of Lgl1/2 or depletion of endogenous Par3 leads to enhanced myosin II activation, knockdown of Lgl1/2 does the opposite. Intriguingly, altering the counteraction between Par3 and Lgl1/2 induces cell–cell internalization during early cell–cell contact formation, which involves active invasion of the lateral cell–cell contact underneath the apical-junctional complexes and requires activation of the Rho–Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK)–myosin pathway. This is followed by predominantly nonapoptotic cell-in-cell death of the internalized cells and frequent aneuploidy of the host cells. Such effects are reminiscent of entosis, a recently described process observed when mammary gland epithelial cells were cultured in suspension. We propose that entosis could occur without matrix detachment and that overactivation of myosin or unbalanced myosin activation between contacting cells may be the driving force for entosis in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Wan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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26
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Nakajima H, Tanoue T. Lulu2 regulates the circumferential actomyosin tensile system in epithelial cells through p114RhoGEF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:245-61. [PMID: 22006950 PMCID: PMC3198159 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The FERM domain–containing protein Lulu2 and p114RhoGEF function at epithelial cell–cell junctions to regulate the actomyosin belt that determines cell shape. Myosin II–driven mechanical forces control epithelial cell shape and morphogenesis. In particular, the circumferential actomyosin belt, which is located along apical cell–cell junctions, regulates many cellular processes. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms regulating the belt are not fully understood. In this paper, we characterize Lulu2, a FERM (4.1 protein, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain–containing molecule homologous to Drosophila melanogaster Yurt, as an important regulator. In epithelial cells, Lulu2 is localized along apical cell–cell boundaries, and Lulu2 depletion by ribonucleic acid interference results in disorganization of the circumferential actomyosin belt. In its regulation of the belt, Lulu2 interacts with and activates p114RhoGEF, a Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchanging factor (GEF), at apical cell–cell junctions. This interaction is negatively regulated via phosphorylation events in the FERM-adjacent domain of Lulu2 catalyzed by atypical protein kinase C. We further found that Patj, an apical cell polarity regulator, recruits p114RhoGEF to apical cell–cell boundaries via PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain–mediated interaction. These findings therefore reveal a novel molecular system regulating the circumferential actomyosin belt in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakajima
- Global Centers of Excellence Program for Integrative Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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27
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Myosin II activity is required for functional leading-edge cells and closure of epidermal sheets in fish skin ex vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:379-90. [PMID: 21847608 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization in skin wound healing is a process in which epidermal sheets grow and close the wound. Although the actin-myosin system is thought to have a pivotal role in re-epithelialization, its role is not clear. In fish skin, re-epithelialization occurs around 500 μm/h and is 50 times faster than in mammalian skin. We had previously reported that leading-edge cells of the epidermal outgrowth have both polarized large lamellipodia and "purse string"-like actin filament cables in the scale-skin culture system of medaka fish, Oryzias latipes (Cell Tissue Res, 2007). The actin purse-string (APS) is a supracellular contractile machinery in which adherens junctions (AJs) link intracellular myosin II-including actin cables between neighboring cells. In this study, we developed a modified "face-to-face" scale-skin culture system as an ex vivo model to study epidermal wound healing, and examined the role of the actin-myosin system in the rapid re-epithelialization using a myosin II ATPase inhibitor, blebbistatin. A low level of blebbistatin suppressed the formation of APS and induced the dissociation of keratocytes from the leading edge without attenuating the growth of the epidermal sheet or the migration rate of solitary keratocytes. AJs in the superficial layer showed no obvious changes elicited by blebbistatin. However, two epidermal sheets without APSs did not make a closure with each other, which was confirmed by inhibiting the connecting AJs between the superficial layers. These results suggest that myosin II activity is required for functional leading-edge cells and for epidermal closure.
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28
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Yonemura S. Cadherin-actin interactions at adherens junctions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:515-22. [PMID: 21807490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) is a major cell-cell junction that mediates cell recognition, adhesion, morphogenesis, and tissue integrity. Although AJs transmit forces generated by actomyosin from one cell to another, AJs have long been considered as an area where signal transduction from cadherin ligation takes place through cell adhesion. Through the efforts to understand embryonic or cellular morphogenesis, dynamic interactions between the AJ and actin filaments have become crucial issues to be addressed since actin association is essential for AJ development, remodeling and function. Here, I provide an overview of cadherin-actin interaction from morphological aspects and of possible molecular mechanisms revealed by recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Yonemura
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Durgan J, Kaji N, Jin D, Hall A. Par6B and atypical PKC regulate mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12461-74. [PMID: 21300793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.174235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 plays an evolutionarily conserved role in promoting cell polarity and is indispensable during epithelial morphogenesis. To further investigate the role of Cdc42, we have used a three-dimensional matrigel model, in which single Caco-2 cells develop to form polarized cysts. Using this system, we previously reported that Cdc42 controls mitotic spindle orientation during cell division to correctly position the apical surface in a growing epithelial structure. In the present study, we have investigated the specific downstream effectors through which Cdc42 controls this process. Here, we report that Par6B and its binding partner, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), are required to regulate Caco-2 morphogenesis. Depletion or inhibition of Par6B or aPKC phenocopies the loss of Cdc42, inducing misorientation of the mitotic spindle, mispositioning of the nascent apical surface, and ultimately, the formation of aberrant cysts with multiple lumens. Mechanistically, Par6B and aPKC function interdependently in this context. Par6B localizes to the apical surface of Caco-2 cysts and is required to recruit aPKC to this compartment. Conversely, aPKC protects Par6B from proteasomal degradation, in a kinase-independent manner. In addition, we report that depletion or inhibition of aPKC induces robust apoptotic cell death in Caco-2 cells, significantly reducing both cyst size and number. Cell survival and apical positioning depend upon different thresholds of aPKC expression, suggesting that they are controlled by distinct downstream pathways. We conclude that Par6B and aPKC control mitotic spindle orientation in polarized epithelia and, furthermore, that aPKC coordinately regulates multiple processes to promote morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Durgan
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Harris TJC, Tepass U. Adherens junctions: from molecules to morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:502-14. [PMID: 20571587 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How adhesive interactions between cells generate and maintain animal tissue structure remains one of the most challenging and long-standing questions in cell and developmental biology. Adherens junctions (AJs) and the cadherin-catenin complexes at their core are therefore the subjects of intense research. Recent work has greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular organization of AJs and how cadherin-catenin complexes engage actin, microtubules and the endocytic machinery. As a result, we have gained important insights into the molecular mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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31
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FRMD4A regulates epithelial polarity by connecting Arf6 activation with the PAR complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:748-53. [PMID: 20080746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908423107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Par-3/Par-6/aPKC/Cdc42 complex regulates the conversion of primordial adherens junctions (AJs) into belt-like AJs and the formation of linear actin cables during epithelial polarization. However, the mechanisms by which this complex functions are not well elucidated. In the present study, we found that activation of Arf6 is spatiotemporally regulated as a downstream signaling pathway of the Par protein complex. When primordial AJs are formed, Par-3 recruits a scaffolding protein, termed the FERM domain containing 4A (FRMD4A). FRMD4A connects Par-3 and the Arf6 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), cytohesin-1. We propose that the Par-3/FRMD4A/cytohesin-1 complex ensures accurate activation of Arf6, a central player in actin cytoskeleton dynamics and membrane trafficking, during junctional remodeling and epithelial polarization.
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Meng W, Takeichi M. Adherens junction: molecular architecture and regulation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1:a002899. [PMID: 20457565 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) is an element of the cell-cell junction in which cadherin receptors bridge the neighboring plasma membranes via their homophilic interactions. Cadherins associate with cytoplasmic proteins, called catenins, which in turn bind to cytoskeletal components, such as actin filaments and microtubules. These molecular complexes further interact with other proteins, including signaling molecules, rendering the AJs into highly dynamic and regulatable structures. The AJs of such nature contribute to the physical linking of cells, as well as to the regulation of cell-cell contacts, which is essential for morphogenesis and remodeling of tissues and organs. Thus, elucidating the molecular architecture of the AJs and their regulatory mechanisms are crucial for understanding how the multicellular system is organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Meng
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Nyholm MK, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Grinblat Y. A novel genetic mechanism regulates dorsolateral hinge-point formation during zebrafish cranial neurulation. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2137-48. [PMID: 19470582 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.043471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During neurulation, vertebrate embryos form a neural tube (NT), the rudiment of the central nervous system. In mammals and birds, a key step in cranial NT morphogenesis is dorsolateral hinge-point (DLHP) bending, which requires an apical actomyosin network. The mechanism of DLHP formation is poorly understood, although several essential genes have been identified, among them Zic2, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor. We found that DLHP formation in the zebrafish midbrain also requires actomyosin and Zic function. Given this conservation, we used the zebrafish to study how genes encoding Zic proteins regulate DLHP formation. We demonstrate that the ventral zic2a expression border predicts DLHP position. Using morpholino (MO) knockdown, we show zic2a and zic5 are required for apical F-actin and active myosin II localization and junction integrity. Furthermore, myosin II activity can function upstream of junction integrity during DLHP formation, and canonical Wnt signaling, an activator of zic gene transcription, is necessary for apical active myosin II localization, junction integrity and DLHP formation. We conclude that zic genes act downstream of Wnt signaling to control cytoskeletal organization, and possibly adhesion, during neurulation. This study identifies zic2a and zic5 as crucial players in the genetic network linking patterned gene expression to morphogenetic changes during neurulation, and strengthens the utility of the zebrafish midbrain as a NT morphogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Nyholm
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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