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Bremer S, Weitkemper E, Häberlein H, Franken S. St. John's wort extract Ze 117 alters the membrane fluidity of C6 glioma cells by influencing cellular cholesterol metabolism. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9878. [PMID: 38684848 PMCID: PMC11059309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Increased glucocorticoid levels caused by uncontrolled release through the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal (HPA) axis can cause changes in the lipid content of the cellular plasma membrane. These changes are suspected to be involved in the development of depressive disorders. St. John's wort extract (SJW) Ze 117 has long been used as an alternative to synthetic antidepressants. Part of its effect may be due to an effect on the cellular lipid composition and thus on the properties of plasma membranes and receptor systems embedded therein. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ze 117 on that of dexamethasone and simvastatin. Dexamethasone increases the fluidity of C6 cell plasma membranes. This effect is counteracted by administration of Ze 117. Here we demonstrate that this is not due to a change in C16:1/16:0 and C18:1/18:0 ratios in C6 cell fatty acids. On the other hand, Ze 117 increased the cellular cholesterol content by 42.5%, whereas dexamethasone reduced cholesterol levels similarly to simvastatin. Lowering cholesterol levels by dexamethasone or simvastatin resulted in decreased β-arrestin 2 recruitment to the 5-HT1a receptor. This effect was counterbalanced by Ze 117, whereas the SJW extract had little effect on β-arrestin 2 recruitment in non-stressed cells. Taken together, in C6 cells, Ze 117 induces changes in membrane fluidity through its effect on cellular cholesterol metabolism rather than by affecting fatty acid saturation. This effect is reflected in an altered signal transduction of the 5-HT1a receptor under Ze 117 administration. The current in vitro results support the hypothesis that Ze 117 addresses relevant parts of the cellular lipid metabolism, possibly explaining some of the antidepressant actions of Ze 117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Bremer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Weitkemper
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanns Häberlein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Franken
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Hai G, Bai J, Liu Y, Li J, Liu A, Wang J, Liu Q, Liu W, Wan P, Fu X. Superior performance of biocomposite nanoparticles PLGA-RES in protecting oocytes against vitrification stimuli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1376205. [PMID: 38529403 PMCID: PMC10961424 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1376205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Irreversible cryogenic damage caused by oocyte vitrification limits its widespread use in female fertility preservation. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have gained great attention as potential alternatives in protecting oocytes against cryoinjuries. In this paper, a novel composite nanoparticle, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-resveratrol (PLGA-RES) was designed to improve the biocompatibility and sustained release properties by encapsulating natural antioxidant RES into PLGA NPs. Firstly, biotoxicity and oxidation resistance of PLGA-RES were determined, and the results showed that PLGA-RES had nontoxic effect on oocyte survival during in vitro maturation (IVM) (97.08% ± 0.24% vs. 98.89% ± 1.11%, p > 0.05). Notably, PLGA-RES even increased maturation (65.10% ± 4.11% vs. 52.85% ± 2.87%, p < 0.05) and blastocyst rate (56.13% ± 1.36% vs. 40.91% ± 5.85%, p < 0.05). Moreover, the reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (13.49 ± 2.30 vs. 34.07 ± 3.30, p < 0.01), increased glutathione (GSH) (44.13 ± 1.57 vs. 37.62 ± 1.79, p < 0.01) and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels (43.10 ± 1.81 vs. 28.52 ± 1.25, p < 0.01) were observed in oocytes treated with PLGA-RES when compared with that of the control group. Subsequently, the role of PLGA-RES played in oocytes during vitrification was systematically evaluated. The results showed that the addition of PLGA-RES during vitrification and thawing significantly improved the survival rate (80.42% ± 1.97% vs. 75.37% ± 1.3%, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, increased GSH (15.09 ± 0.86 vs. 14.51 ± 0.78, p < 0.01) and mitochondrial membrane potential (22.56 ± 3.15 vs. 6.79 ± 0.60, p < 0.01), decreased reactive oxygen species levels (52.11 ± 2.95 vs. 75.41 ± 7.23, p < 0.05) and reduced mitochondrial abnormality distribution rate (25.00% ± 0.29% vs. 33.33% ± 1.15%, p < 0.01) were assessed in vitrified MII oocytes treated with PLGA-RES. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that PLGA-RES participated in endocytosis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulation, which was verified by the rescued expression of ARRB2 and ULK3 protein after PLGA-RES treatment. In conclusion, PLGA-RES exhibited potent antioxidant activity, and could be used as an efficacious strategy to improve the quality of vitrified oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Hai
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jiachen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Reproductive Medical Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aiju Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the MARA, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the MARA, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Liu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Pengcheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiangwei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the MARA, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Kajitani N, Okada-Tsuchioka M, Inoue A, Miyano K, Masuda T, Boku S, Iwamoto K, Ohtsuki S, Uezono Y, Aoki J, Takebayashi M. G protein-biased LPAR1 agonism of prototypic antidepressants: Implication in the identification of novel therapeutic target for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:561-572. [PMID: 37673966 PMCID: PMC10789764 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Prototypic antidepressants, such as tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs), have multiple pharmacological properties and have been considered to be more effective than newer antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in treating severe depression. However, the clinical contribution of non-monoaminergic effects of TCAs remains elusive. In this study, we discovered that amitriptyline, a typical TCA, directly binds to the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor, and activates downstream G protein signaling, while exerting a little effect on β-arrestin recruitment. This suggests that amitriptyline acts as a G protein-biased agonist of LPAR1. This biased agonism was specific to TCAs and was not observed with other antidepressants. LPAR1 was found to be involved in the behavioral effects of amitriptyline. Notably, long-term infusion of mouse hippocampus with the potent G protein-biased LPAR agonist OMPT, but not the non-biased agonist LPA, induced antidepressant-like behavior, indicating that G protein-biased agonism might be necessary for the antidepressant-like effects. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that LPA and OMPT have opposite patterns of gene expression changes in the hippocampus. Pathway analysis indicated that long-term treatment with OMPT activated LPAR1 downstream signaling (Rho and MAPK), whereas LPA suppressed LPAR1 signaling. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the non-monoaminergic antidepressant effects of TCAs and identify the G protein-biased agonism of LPAR1 as a promising target for the development of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kajitani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Mami Okada-Tsuchioka
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyano
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, 737-0023, Japan.
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Koike S, Keino-Masu K, Tanimoto Y, Takahashi S, Masu M. The autotaxin-LPA axis promotes membrane trafficking and secretion in yolk sac visceral endoderm cells. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060081. [PMID: 37795611 PMCID: PMC10629499 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin, encoded by the Enpp2 gene, is an exoenzyme that produces lysophosphatidic acid, thereby regulating many biologic functions. We previously reported that Enpp2 mRNA was abundantly expressed in yolk sac visceral endoderm (VE) cells and that Enpp2-/- mice were lethal at embryonic day 9.5 owing to angiogenic defects in the yolk sac. Enpp2-/- mice showed lysosome fragmentation in VE cells and embryonic abnormalities including allantois malformation, neural tube defects, no axial turning, and head cavity formation. However, whether the defects in endocytic vesicle formation affect membrane trafficking in VE cells remained to be directly examined. In this study, we found that pinocytosis, transcytosis, and secretion of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor β1 were impaired in Enpp2-/- VE cells. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of membrane trafficking phenocopied the defects of Enpp2-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that Enpp2 promotes endocytosis and secretion of angiogenic factors in VE cells, thereby regulating angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Koike
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Laboratory of Organelle Synthetic Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-855, Japan
| | - Kazuko Keino-Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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5
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Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: A pathophysiological manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1120373. [PMID: 36714259 PMCID: PMC9878332 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes, was worked out by Konrad Bloch (and Feodor Lynen) in the 1960s and they received the Nobel Prize around that time in recognition of their pioneering contributions. An elegant consequence of this was a hypothesis proposed by Konrad Bloch (the Bloch hypothesis) which suggests that each subsequent intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is superior in supporting membrane function in higher eukaryotes relative to its precursor. In this review, we discuss an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, known as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), associated with a defect in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that results in accumulation of the immediate precursor of cholesterol in its biosynthetic pathway (7-dehydrocholesterol) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Patients suffering from SLOS have several developmental, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities for which no drug is available yet. We characterize SLOS as a manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis and review its molecular etiology and current treatment. We further discuss defective Hedgehog signaling in SLOS and focus on the role of the serotonin1A receptor, a representative neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the GPCR family, in SLOS. Notably, ligand binding activity and cellular signaling of serotonin1A receptors are impaired in SLOS-like condition. Importantly, cellular localization and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor (which constitute an important determinant of a GPCR cellular function) are compromised in SLOS. We highlight some of the recent developments and emerging concepts in SLOS pathobiology and suggest that novel therapies based on trafficking defects of target receptors could provide new insight into treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Amitabha Chattopadhyay,
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Konopa A, Meier MA, Franz MJ, Bernardinelli E, Voegele AL, Atreya R, Ribback S, Roessler S, Aigner A, Singer K, Singer S, Sarikas A, Muehlich S. LPA receptor 1 (LPAR1) is a novel interaction partner of Filamin A that promotes Filamin A phosphorylation, MRTF-A transcriptional activity and oncogene-induced senescence. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:69. [PMID: 36577757 PMCID: PMC9797565 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardin-related transcription factors A and B (MRTFs) are coactivators of Serum Response Factor (SRF), which controls fundamental biological processes such as cell growth, migration, and differentiation. MRTF and SRF transcriptional activity play an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth, which represents the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in humans worldwide. We, therefore, searched for druggable targets in HCC that regulate MRTF/SRF transcriptional activity and can be exploited therapeutically for HCC therapy. We identified the G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) as a novel interaction partner of MRTF-A and Filamin A (FLNA) using fluorescence resonance energy transfer-(FRET) and proximity ligation assay (PLA) in vitro in HCC cells and in vivo in organoids. We found that LPAR1 promotes FLNA phosphorylation at S2152 which enhances the complex formation of FLNA and MRTF-A, actin polymerization, and MRTF transcriptional activity. Pharmacological blockade or depletion of LPAR1 prevents FLNA phosphorylation and complex formation with MRTF-A, resulting in reduced MRTF/SRF target gene expression and oncogene-induced senescence. Thus, inhibition of the LPAR1-FLNA-MRTF-A interaction represents a promising strategy for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konopa
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie A. Meier
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miriam J. Franz
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emanuele Bernardinelli
- grid.21604.310000 0004 0523 5263Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena Voegele
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Ribback
- grid.5603.0Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Singer
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department for Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department for Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sarikas
- grid.21604.310000 0004 0523 5263Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Muehlich
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Spencer SA, Suárez-Pozos E, Verdugo JS, Wang H, Afshari FS, Li G, Manam S, Yasuda D, Ortega A, Lister JA, Ishii S, Zhang Y, Fuss B. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling via LPA 6 : A negative modulator of developmental oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurochem 2022; 163:478-499. [PMID: 36153691 PMCID: PMC9772207 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The developmental process of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath formation is characterized by well-coordinated cellular activities ultimately ensuring rapid and synchronized neural communication. During this process, myelinating CNS cells, namely oligodendrocytes (OLGs), undergo distinct steps of differentiation, whereby the progression of earlier maturation stages of OLGs represents a critical step toward the timely establishment of myelinated axonal circuits. Given the complexity of functional integration, it is not surprising that OLG maturation is controlled by a yet fully to be defined set of both negative and positive modulators. In this context, we provide here first evidence for a role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor LPA6 as a negative modulatory regulator of myelination-associated gene expression in OLGs. More specifically, the cell surface accessibility of LPA6 was found to be restricted to the earlier maturation stages of differentiating OLGs, and OLG maturation was found to occur precociously in Lpar6 knockout mice. To further substantiate these findings, a novel small molecule ligand with selectivity for preferentially LPA6 and LPA6 agonist characteristics was functionally characterized in vitro in primary cultures of rat OLGs and in vivo in the developing zebrafish. Utilizing this approach, a negative modulatory role of LPA6 signaling in OLG maturation could be corroborated. During development, such a functional role of LPA6 signaling likely serves to ensure timely coordination of circuit formation and myelination. Under pathological conditions as seen in the major human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS), however, persistent LPA6 expression and signaling in OLGs can be seen as an inhibitor of myelin repair. Thus, it is of interest that LPA6 protein levels appear elevated in MS brain samples, thereby suggesting that LPA6 signaling may represent a potential new druggable pathway suitable to promote myelin repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Spencer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edna Suárez-Pozos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jazmín Soto Verdugo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fatemah S Afshari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susmita Manam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daisuke Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Cholesterol-dependent endocytosis of GPCRs: implications in pathophysiology and therapeutics. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1007-1017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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10
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Cancer Cells: What Makes LPA So Special? Cells 2021; 10:cells10082059. [PMID: 34440828 PMCID: PMC8394178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) refers to a family of simple phospholipids that act as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. While LPA exerts effects throughout the body in normal physiological circumstances, its pathological role in cancer is of great interest from a therapeutic viewpoint. The numerous LPA receptors (LPARs) are coupled to a variety of G proteins, and more than one LPAR is typically expressed on any given cell. While the individual receptors signal through conventional GPCR pathways, LPA is particularly efficacious in stimulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. This review addresses the mechanistic aspects underlying these pro-tumorigenic effects. We provide examples of LPA signaling responses in various types of cancers, with an emphasis on those where roles have been identified for specific LPARs. While providing an overview of LPAR signaling, these examples also reveal gaps in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of LPA action at the receptor level. The current understanding of the LPAR structure and the roles of LPAR interactions with other receptors are discussed. Overall, LPARs provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of individual GPCRs (or combinations of GPCRs) to elicit a unique spectrum of responses from their agonist ligands. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will inform drug discovery, since GPCRs are promising therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Zhao J, Stephens T, Zhao Y. Molecular Regulation of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Maturation and Desensitization. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:477-483. [PMID: 34032994 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family. The ligand for LPA1 is LPA, the simplest lysophospholipid. LPA is considered a growth factor and induces cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and cell migration. The pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic roles of LPA have also been well-demonstrated. Most of the biological functions of LPA are mostly executed through LPA1. The mature form of LPA1 is glycosylated and localized on the plasma membrane. LPA1 is bound to heterotrimetric G proteins and transduces intracellular signaling in response to ligation to LPA. Desensitization of LPA1 negatively regulates LPA1-mediated signaling and the resulting biological functions. Phosphorylation and ubiquitination are well-demonstrated posttranslational modifications of GPCR. In this review, we will discuss our knowledge of LPA1 glycosylation, maturation, and trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi to the plasma membrane. Moreover, in light of recent findings, we will also discuss molecular regulation of LPA1 internalization and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Stephens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Kumar GA, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane cholesterol regulates endocytosis and trafficking of the serotonin 1A receptor: Insights from acute cholesterol depletion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158882. [PMID: 33429076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking constitute important regulatory features associated with G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function. GPCR endocytosis involves several remodeling events at the plasma membrane orchestrated by a concerted interplay of a large number of proteins and membrane lipids. Although considerable literature exists on the protein framework underlying GPCR endocytosis, the role of membrane lipids in this process remains largely unexplored. In order to explore the role of membrane cholesterol (an essential and important lipid in higher eukaryotes) in GPCR endocytosis, we monitored the effect of acute cholesterol depletion using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) on endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor, an important neurotransmitter GPCR. Our results show that the serotonin1A receptor exhibits agonist-induced clathrin-mediated endocytosis with a concentration-dependent inhibition in internalization with increasing concentrations of MβCD, which was restored upon cholesterol replenishment. Interestingly, subsequent to internalization under these conditions, serotonin1A receptors were re-routed toward lysosomal degradation, instead of endosomal recycling observed under normal conditions, thereby implicating membrane cholesterol in modulation of intracellular trafficking of the receptor. This raises the possibility of a novel cholesterol-dependent role of intracellular sorting proteins in GPCR trafficking. These results differ from our previous observations on the endocytosis of the serotonin1A receptor upon statin-induced chronic cholesterol depletion, in terms of endocytic pathway. We conclude that analysis of complex cellular trafficking events such as GPCR endocytosis under acute and chronic cholesterol depletion conditions should be carried out with caution due to fundamental differences underlying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Thibeault PE, Ramachandran R. Biased signaling in platelet G-protein coupled receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:255-269. [PMID: 32846106 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are small megakaryocyte-derived, anucleate, disk-like structures that play an outsized role in human health and disease. Both a decrease in the number of platelets and a variety of platelet function disorders result in petechiae or bleeding that can be life threatening. Conversely, the inappropriate activation of platelets, within diseased blood vessels, remains the leading cause of death and morbidity by affecting heart attacks and stroke. The fine balance of the platelet state in healthy individuals is controlled by a number of receptor-mediated signaling pathways that allow the platelet to rapidly respond and maintain haemostasis. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are particularly important regulators of platelet function. Here we focus on the major platelet-expressed GPCRs and discuss the roles of downstream signaling pathways (e.g., different G-protein subtypes or β-arrestin) in regulating the different phases of the platelet activation. Further, we consider the potential for selectively targeting signaling pathways that may contribute to platelet responses in disease through development of biased agonists. Such selective targeting of GPCR-mediated signaling pathways by drugs, often referred to as biased signaling, holds promise in delivering therapeutic interventions that do not present significant side effects, especially in finely balanced physiological systems such as platelet activation in haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada
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Kumar GA, Chattopadhyay A. Statin-Induced Chronic Cholesterol Depletion Switches GPCR Endocytosis and Trafficking: Insights from the Serotonin 1A Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:453-465. [PMID: 31880914 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a key regulatory mechanism adopted by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate downstream signaling responses within a stringent spatiotemporal regime. Although the role of membrane lipids has been extensively studied in the context of the function, organization, and dynamics of GPCRs, their role in receptor endocytosis remains largely unexplored. Cholesterol, the predominant sterol in higher eukaryotes, plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and organization of cell membranes and is involved in essential cellular processes in health and disease. The serotonin1A receptor is a representative GPCR involved in neuronal development and in neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. We recently combined quantitative flow cytometric and confocal microscopic approaches to demonstrate that the serotonin1A receptor undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis upon agonist stimulation and subsequently traffics along the endosomal recycling pathway. In this work, we show that statin-induced chronic cholesterol depletion switches the endocytic pathway of the serotonin1A receptor from clathrin- to caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, under these conditions, a significant proportion of endocytosed receptors is rerouted toward lysosomal degradation. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute one of the first comprehensive reports on the role of membrane cholesterol in GPCR endocytosis and trafficking. These results are significant in our overall understanding of the modulatory effects of membrane lipids on GPCR endocytosis and trafficking and could provide novel insight in developing therapeutic interventions against neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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15
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Banach-Orłowska M, Wyszyńska R, Pyrzyńska B, Maksymowicz M, Gołąb J, Miączyńska M. Cholesterol restricts lymphotoxin β receptor-triggered NF-κB signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:171. [PMID: 31878945 PMCID: PMC6933913 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) plays important roles in the development of the immune system and immune response. At the cellular level, ligand-bound LTβR activates the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway but the detailed mechanisms regulating its signaling remain unknown. Understanding them is of high importance since LTβR and its ligands are promising therapeutic targets. Here, we studied the consequences of perturbed cellular cholesterol content on LTβR-induced NF-κB signaling. METHODS To modulate cholesterol availability and/or level in lung carcinoma A549 and H2228, and endothelial HUVEC cells different treatment regimens with filipin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin were applied. LTβR localization was studied by confocal microscopy. The activity of LTβR-induced NF-κB pathway was assessed by measuring the levels of NF-κB pathway inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of RelA transcription factor by Western blotting. The NF-κB transcriptional response, production of chemokines and adhesion molecules were examined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting, respectively. Adherence of different types of primary immune cells to epithelial A549 cells and endothelial HUVECs was measured fluorometrically. Interactions of LTβR with its protein partners were investigated by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We showed that filipin-mediated sequestration of cholesterol or its depletion from the plasma membrane with methyl-β-cyclodextrin impaired LTβR internalization and potentiated LTβR-dependent activation of the canonical branch of the NF-κB pathway. The latter was manifested by enhanced degradation of IκBα inhibitor, elevated RelA phosphorylation, substantial increase in the expression of NF-κB target genes encoding, among others, cytokines and adhesion molecules known to play important roles in immune response. It was followed by robust secretion of CXCL8 and upregulation of ICAM1, that favored the adhesion of immune cells (NK and T cells, neutrophils) to A549 cells and HUVECs. Mechanistically, we showed that cholesterol depletion stabilized interactions of ligand-stimulated LTβR with modified forms of TRAF2 and NEMO proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the reduction of the plasma membrane content of cholesterol or its sequestration strongly potentiated signaling outcome initiated by LTβR. Thus, drugs modulating cholesterol levels could potentially improve efficacy of LTβR-based therapies. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Banach-Orłowska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Wyszyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Pyrzyńska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Maksymowicz
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Miączyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Ta HT, Xu S, Kamato D. Lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors: pharmacology and therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis and vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gras S, Jimenez-Ruiz E, Klinger CM, Schneider K, Klingl A, Lemgruber L, Meissner M. An endocytic-secretory cycle participates in Toxoplasma gondii in motility. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000060. [PMID: 31233488 PMCID: PMC6611640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites invade host cells in an active process involving their ability to move by gliding motility. While the acto-myosin system of the parasite plays a crucial role in the formation and release of attachment sites during this process, there are still open questions regarding the involvement of other mechanisms in parasite motility. In many eukaryotes, a secretory-endocytic cycle leads to the recycling of receptors (integrins), necessary to form attachment sites, regulation of surface area during motility, and generation of retrograde membrane flow. Here, we demonstrate that endocytosis operates during gliding motility in Toxoplasma gondii and appears to be crucial for the establishment of retrograde membrane flow, because inhibition of endocytosis blocks retrograde flow and motility. We demonstrate that extracellular parasites can efficiently incorporate exogenous material, such as labelled phospholipids, nanogold particles (NGPs), antibodies, and Concanavalin A (ConA). Using labelled phospholipids, we observed that the endocytic and secretory pathways of the parasite converge, and endocytosed lipids are subsequently secreted, demonstrating the operation of an endocytic-secretory cycle. Together our data consolidate previous findings, and we propose an additional model, working in parallel to the acto-myosin motor, that reconciles parasite motility with observations in other eukaryotes: an apicomplexan fountain-flow-model for parasite motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gras
- Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Tierärztliche Fakultät, München, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (SG)
| | - Elena Jimenez-Ruiz
- Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Tierärztliche Fakultät, München, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christen M. Klinger
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Katja Schneider
- Pflanzliche Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Pflanzliche Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Meissner
- Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Tierärztliche Fakultät, München, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (SG)
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Niu S, Li H, Chen W, Zhao J, Gao L, Bo T. Beta-Arrestin 1 Mediates Liver Thyrotropin Regulation of Cholesterol Conversion Metabolism via the Akt-Dependent Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4371396. [PMID: 29853881 PMCID: PMC5954953 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4371396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After activation, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are desensitized by β-arrestins (ARRBs). Moreover, ARRBs can initiate a second wave of signaling independent of G proteins. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is one of the GPCR members. In our previous study, TSHR was identified in the liver; the major role of TSHR in cholesterol metabolism was illustrated, as TSH could regulate hepatic cholesterol metabolism via cAMP/PKA/CREB/HMGCR and SREBP2/HNF4α/CYP7A1 pathways. It has been reported that ARRB2 predominates over ARRB1 in TSHR internalization. However, the significance of ARRBs in TSH-initiated cholesterol metabolism has not been illustrated. In our study, the effects of ARRBs on TSH-regulated cholesterol metabolism are investigated. ARRB1/2 was genetically inactivated in C57BL/6 mice and HepG2 cell line, respectively. Cholesterol levels in arrestin-knockout mice and arrestin-knockdown cells were measured. Molecules participating in cholesterol metabolism were analyzed. It turned out that deficiencies in ARRB1 led to decreased cholesterol levels and decreased TSH-stimulated AKT phosphorylation. Subsequently, the inhibitory effect on CYP7A1 by SREBP2 was reduced due to lowered mature SREBP2 level. Other than the failures of TSH in ARRB-knockdown cells, the AKT activator SC79 could enhance AKT phosphorylation and mature SREBP2 level. Our results demonstrate that ARRBs, especially ARRB1, are involved in TSH-regulated cholesterol metabolism through the AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Niu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Lin Yi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Hui Li
- Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
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Carmona-Rosas G, Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Hernández-Espinosa DA, Romero-Ávila MT, García-Sáinz JA. A549 cells as a model to study endogenous LPA 1 receptor signaling and regulation. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:258-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Javadi A, Deevi RK, Evergren E, Blondel-Tepaz E, Baillie GS, Scott MGH, Campbell FC. PTEN controls glandular morphogenesis through a juxtamembrane β-Arrestin1/ARHGAP21 scaffolding complex. eLife 2017; 6:e24578. [PMID: 28749339 PMCID: PMC5576923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN controls three-dimensional (3D) glandular morphogenesis by coupling juxtamembrane signaling to mitotic spindle machinery. While molecular mechanisms remain unclear, PTEN interacts through its C2 membrane-binding domain with the scaffold protein β-Arrestin1. Because β-Arrestin1 binds and suppresses the Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein ARHGAP21, we hypothesize that PTEN controls Cdc42 -dependent morphogenic processes through a β-Arrestin1-ARHGAP21 complex. Here, we show that PTEN knockdown (KD) impairs β-Arrestin1 membrane localization, β-Arrestin1-ARHGAP21 interactions, Cdc42 activation, mitotic spindle orientation and 3D glandular morphogenesis. Effects of PTEN deficiency were phenocopied by β-Arrestin1 KD or inhibition of β-Arrestin1-ARHGAP21 interactions. Conversely, silencing of ARHGAP21 enhanced Cdc42 activation and rescued aberrant morphogenic processes of PTEN-deficient cultures. Expression of the PTEN C2 domain mimicked effects of full-length PTEN but a membrane-binding defective mutant of the C2 domain abrogated these properties. Our results show that PTEN controls multicellular assembly through a membrane-associated regulatory protein complex composed of β-Arrestin1, ARHGAP21 and Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen’s University of BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Ravi K Deevi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen’s University of BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Evergren
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen’s University of BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Elodie Blondel-Tepaz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut CochinParisFrance
- CNRS, UMR8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowScotland
| | - Mark GH Scott
- Inserm, U1016, Institut CochinParisFrance
- CNRS, UMR8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Frederick C Campbell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen’s University of BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
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Shimizu Y, Nakayama M. Discovery of Novel Gq-Biased LPA1 Negative Allosteric Modulators. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:859-866. [PMID: 28346103 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217691719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activates the G-protein-coupled receptor LPA1, which regulates various cellular processes, including cell proliferation and migration. Although LPA1 transduces cellular responses via Gq, Gi, and G12/13, associations between these signaling molecules and cellular phenotypes remain poorly characterized due to the lack of signal-specific pharmacological tools. Here, we characterized novel signal-biased modulators using multiple assays, including label-free impedance assays. LPA caused dramatic changes in cellular impedance in LPA1-expressing recombinant cells, which were susceptible to G-protein and protein kinase inhibitors. Subsequently, Gq-biased LPA1 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) were identified using high-throughput screening, and a nonbiased antagonist differently affected the LPA-induced cellular impedance. These NAMs provide pharmacological tools for further investigations of the biology of LPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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22
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Fang B, Zhang M, Wu H, Fan X, Ren F. Internalization properties of the anti-tumor α-lactalbumin-oleic acid complex. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Kajitani N, Miyano K, Okada-Tsuchioka M, Abe H, Itagaki K, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Morioka N, Uezono Y, Takebayashi M. Identification of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 in Astroglial Cells as a Target for Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression Induced by Antidepressants. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27364-27370. [PMID: 27864362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is important in the therapeutic effect of antidepressants. A previous study demonstrated that the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline induces Gαi/o activation, which leads to GDNF expression in astrocytes. However, the specific target expressed in astrocytes that mediates antidepressant-evoked Gαi/o activation has yet to be identified. Thus, the current study explored the possibility that antidepressant-induced Gαi/o activation depends on lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), a Gαi/o-coupled receptor. GDNF mRNA expression was examined using real-time PCR and Gαi/o activation was examined using the cell-based receptor assay system CellKeyTM in rat C6 astroglial cells and rat primary cultured astrocytes. LPAR1 antagonists blocked GDNF mRNA expression and Gαi/o activation evoked by various classes of antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline, mianserin, and fluoxetine). In addition, deletion of LPAR1 by RNAi suppressed amitriptyline-evoked GDNF mRNA expression. Treatment of astroglial cells with the endogenous LPAR agonist LPA increased GDNF mRNA expression through LPAR1, whereas treatment of primary cultured neurons with LPA failed to affect GDNF mRNA expression. Astrocytic GDNF expression evoked by either amitriptyline or LPA utilized, in part, transactivation of fibroblast growth factor receptor and a subsequent ERK cascade. The current results suggest that LPAR1 is a novel, specific target of antidepressants that leads to GDNF expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kajitani
- From the Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023
| | - Kanako Miyano
- the Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045
| | - Mami Okada-Tsuchioka
- From the Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023
| | - Hiromi Abe
- From the Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023
| | - Kei Itagaki
- From the Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023.,the Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023
| | - Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- the Department of Pharmacology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, and
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- the Department of Pharmacology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, and
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- the Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045.,the Division of Supportive Care Research, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- From the Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023, .,the Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023
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24
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Zhao J, Wei J, Dong S, Bowser RK, Zhang L, Jacko AM, Zhao Y. Destabilization of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Reduces Cytokine Release and Protects Against Lung Injury. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:195-203. [PMID: 27448760 PMCID: PMC5006730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) is a druggable target for treating pulmonary inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular regulation of LPA1 stability, a factor that critically impacts its biological activity, remains largely unknown. Here we identify two enzymes that regulate the balance of LPA1 ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Nedd4L targets LPA1 for its site specific ubiquitination and degradation in the lysosome. Nedd4L negatively regulates LPA-LPA1-mediated cytokine release. The stability of LPA1 is up-regulated by ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11), which deubiquitinates LPA1 and enhances LPA1-mediated pro-inflammatory effects. LPA1 is associated with USP11 in quiescent cells, while LPA treatment triggers LPA1 dis-association with USP11 and in turn binding to Nedd4L. Knockdown or inhibition of USP11 reduces LPA1 stability, levels of LPA1, and LPA1-CD14 interaction complex; thereby diminishing both LPA- and LPS-induced inflammatory responses and lung injury in preclinical murine models. Thus, our findings identify an ubiquitin E3 ligase and a deubiquitinating enzyme responsible for regulation of LPA1 stability and biological activities. This study provides potential targets for the development of anti-inflammatory molecules to lessen lung injury. Nedd4L ubiquitinates LPA1 and diminishes LPA1 signaling. USP11 deubiquitinates and stabilizes LPA1, thus promotes LPA1- and LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory response. Inhibition of USP11 reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptor (LPA1) play a critical role in lung inflammation through triggering cytokine release and neutrophil influx to the lungs. Here, we show that LPA1 is ubiquitinated and degraded in the lysosome, and the process is mediated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase Nedd4L. Further, we reveal that a deubiquitination enzyme USP11 stabilizes LPA1 by targeting and deubiquitinating LPA1. To investigate whether destabilization of LPA1 diminishes lung injury, USP11 was inhibited or down-regulated prior to endotoxin challenge. Destabilization of LPA1 reduces cytokine release and lung inflammation in a preclinical murine model of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, United States; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Jianxin Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, United States; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Su Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, United States; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Anesthesia, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rachel K Bowser
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, United States; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Anastasia M Jacko
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, United States; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, United States; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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25
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Han SC, Guo HC, Sun SQ, Jin Y, Wei YQ, Feng X, Yao XP, Cao SZ, Xiang Liu D, Liu XT. Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19294. [PMID: 26757826 PMCID: PMC4725844 DOI: 10.1038/srep19294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus entry is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Here, using a combination of electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay, siRNA interference, specific pharmacological inhibitors, and dominant negative mutation, we demonstrated that the entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) triggered a substantial amount of plasma membrane ruffling. We also found that the internalization of FMDV induced a robust increase in fluid-phase uptake, and virions internalized within macropinosomes colocalized with phase uptake marker dextran. During this stage, the Rac1-Pak1 signaling pathway was activated. After specific inhibition on actin, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, receptor tyrosine kinase, Rac1, Pak1, myosin II, and protein kinase C, the entry and infection of FMDV significantly decreased. However, inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) did not reduce FMDV internalization but increased the viral entry and infection to a certain extent, implying that FMDV entry did not require PI3K activity. Results showed that internalization of FMDV exhibited the main hallmarks of macropinocytosis. Moreover, intracellular trafficking of FMDV involves EEA1/Rab5-positive vesicles. The present study demonstrated macropinocytosis as another endocytic pathway apart from the clathrin-mediated pathway. The findings greatly expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of FMDV entry into cells, as well as provide potential insights into the entry mechanisms of other picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Ping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Sui-Zhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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26
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Phosphorylation and Internalization of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140583. [PMID: 26473723 PMCID: PMC4608732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Results The lysophosphatidic acid receptors LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 were individually expressed in C9 cells and their signaling and regulation were studied. Agonist-activation increases intracellular calcium concentration in a concentration-dependent fashion. Phorbol myristate acetate markedly inhibited LPA1- and LPA3-mediated effect, whereas that mediated by LPA2 was only partially diminished; the actions of the phorbol ester were inhibited by bisindolylmaleimide I and by overnight incubation with the protein kinase C activator, which leads to down regulation of this protein kinase. Homologous desensitization was also observed for the three LPA receptors studied, with that of LPA2 receptors being consistently of lesser magnitude; neither inhibition nor down-regulation of protein kinase C exerted any effect on homologous desensitization. Activation of LPA1–3 receptors induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation; this effect was markedly attenuated by inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting growth factor receptor transactivation in this effect. Lysophosphatidic acid and phorbol myristate acetate were able to induce LPA1–3 phosphorylation, in time- and concentration-dependent fashions. It was also clearly observed that agonists and protein kinase C activation induced internalization of these receptors. Phosphorylation of the LPA2 subtype required larger concentrations of these agents and its internalization was less intense than that of the other subtypes. Conclusion Our data show that these three LPA receptors are phosphoproteins whose phosphorylation state is modulated by agonist-stimulation and protein kinase C-activation and that differences in regulation and cellular localization exist, among the subtypes.
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27
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Kim NH, Kim S, Hong JS, Jeon SH, Huh SO. Application of in utero electroporation of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, for subcellular localization of hardly identifiable GPCR in mouse cerebral cortex. Mol Cells 2014; 37:554-61. [PMID: 25078448 PMCID: PMC4132308 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid growth factor that exerts diverse biological effects through its cognate receptors (LPA1-LPA6). LPA1, which is predominantly expressed in the brain, plays a pivotal role in brain development. However, the role of LPA1 in neuronal migration has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we delivered LPA1 to mouse cerebral cortex using in utero electroporation. We demonstrated that neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex was not affected by the overexpression of LPA1. Moreover, these results can be applied to the identification of the localization of LPA1. The subcellular localization of LPA1 was endogenously present in the perinuclear area, and overexpressed LPA1 was located in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, LPA1 in developing mouse cerebral cortex was mainly expressed in the ventricular zone and the cortical plate. In summary, the overexpression of LPA1 did not affect neuronal migration, and the protein expression of LPA1 was mainly located in the ventricular zone and cortical plate within the developing mouse cerebral cortex. These studies have provided information on the role of LPA1 in brain development and on the technical advantages of in utero electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
- Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Seunghyuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Hong
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Department of Life Science and Center for Aging and Health Care, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Sung-Oh Huh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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28
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Klomsiri C, Rogers LC, Soito L, McCauley AK, King SB, Nelson KJ, Poole LB, Daniel LW. Endosomal H2O2 production leads to localized cysteine sulfenic acid formation on proteins during lysophosphatidic acid-mediated cell signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:49-60. [PMID: 24657741 PMCID: PMC4064372 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a growth factor for many cells including prostate and ovarian cancer-derived cell lines. LPA stimulates H2O2 production which is required for growth. However, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the spatial and temporal regulation of H2O2-dependent signaling and the way in which signals are transmitted following receptor activation. Herein, we describe the use of two reagents, DCP-Bio1 and DCP-Rho1, to evaluate the localization of active protein oxidation after LPA stimulation by detection of nascent protein sulfenic acids. We found that LPA stimulation causes internalization of LPA receptors into early endosomes that contain NADPH oxidase components and are sites of H2O2 generation. DCP-Rho1 allowed visualization of sulfenic acid formation, indicative of active protein oxidation, which was stimulated by LPA and decreased by an LPA receptor antagonist. Protein oxidation sites colocalized with LPAR1 and the endosomal marker EEA1. Concurrent with the generation of these redox signaling-active endosomes (redoxosomes) is the H2O2- and NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidation of Akt2 and PTP1B detected using DCP-Bio1. These new approaches therefore enable detection of active, H2O2-dependent protein oxidation linked to cell signaling processes. DCP-Rho1 may be a particularly useful protein oxidation imaging agent enabling spatial resolution due to the transient nature of the sulfenic acid intermediate it detects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chananat Klomsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - LeAnn C Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Laura Soito
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Anita K McCauley
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Larry W Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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29
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Dason JS, Smith AJ, Marin L, Charlton MP. Cholesterol and F-actin are required for clustering of recycling synaptic vesicle proteins in the presynaptic plasma membrane. J Physiol 2013; 592:621-33. [PMID: 24297851 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.265447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles (SVs) and their proteins must be recycled for sustained synaptic transmission. We tested the hypothesis that SV cholesterol is required for proper sorting of SV proteins during recycling in live presynaptic terminals. We used the reversible block of endocytosis in the Drosophila temperature-sensitive dynamin mutant shibire-ts1 to trap exocytosed SV proteins, and then examined the effect of experimental treatments on the distribution of these proteins within the presynaptic plasma membrane by confocal microscopy. SV proteins synaptotagmin, vglut and csp were clustered following SV trapping in control experiments but dispersed in samples treated with the cholesterol chelator methyl-β-cyclodextrin to extract SV cholesterol. There was accumulation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) in presynaptic terminals following SV trapping and this was reduced following SV cholesterol extraction. Reduced PIP2 accumulation was associated with disrupted accumulation of actin in presynaptic terminals. Similar to vesicular cholesterol extraction, disruption of actin by latrunculin A after SV proteins had been trapped on the plasma membrane resulted in the dispersal of SV proteins and prevented recovery of synaptic transmission due to impaired endocytosis following relief of the endocytic block. Our results demonstrate that vesicular cholesterol is required for aggregation of exocytosed SV proteins in the presynaptic plasma membrane and are consistent with a mechanism involving regulation of PIP2 accumulation and local actin polymerization by cholesterol. Thus, alteration of membrane or SV lipids may affect the ability of synapses to undergo sustained synaptic transmission by compromising the recycling of SV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Dason
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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30
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Alemayehu M, Dragan M, Pape C, Siddiqui I, Sacks DB, Di Guglielmo GM, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. β-Arrestin2 regulates lysophosphatidic acid-induced human breast tumor cell migration and invasion via Rap1 and IQGAP1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56174. [PMID: 23405264 PMCID: PMC3566084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins play critical roles in chemotaxis and cytoskeletal reorganization downstream of several receptor types, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targets for greater than 50% of all pharmaceuticals. Among them, receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), namely LPA(1) are overexpressed in breast cancer and promote metastatic spread. We have recently reported that β-arrestin2 regulates LPA(1)-mediated breast cancer cell migration and invasion, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. We show here that LPA induces activity of the small G protein, Rap1 in breast cancer cells in a β-arrestin2-dependent manner, but fails to activate Rap1 in non-malignant mammary epithelial cells. We found that Rap1A mRNA levels are higher in human breast tumors compared to healthy patient samples and Rap1A is robustly expressed in human ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive tumors, in contrast to the normal mammary ducts. Rap1A protein expression is also higher in aggressive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t) relative to the weakly invasive MCF-7 cells or non-malignant MCF10A mammary cells. Depletion of Rap1A expression significantly impaired LPA-stimulated migration of breast cancer cells and invasiveness in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures. Furthermore, we found that β-arrestin2 associates with the actin binding protein IQGAP1 in breast cancer cells, and is necessary for the recruitment of IQGAP1 to the leading edge of migratory cells. Depletion of IQGAP1 blocked LPA-stimulated breast cancer cell invasion. Finally, we have identified that LPA enhances the binding of endogenous Rap1A to β-arrestin2, and also stimulates Rap1A and IQGAP1 to associate with LPA(1). Thus our data establish novel roles for Rap1A and IQGAP1 as critical regulators of LPA-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arrestins/genetics
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Shelterin Complex
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Telomere-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Telomere-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- beta-Arrestins
- ras GTPase-Activating Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- ras GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- ras GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mistre Alemayehu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magdalena Dragan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Pape
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David B. Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- The Children’s Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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31
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Varsano T, Taupin V, Guo L, Baterina OY, Farquhar MG. The PDZ protein GIPC regulates trafficking of the LPA1 receptor from APPL signaling endosomes and attenuates the cell's response to LPA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49227. [PMID: 23145131 PMCID: PMC3493537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediates diverse cellular responses through the activation of at least six LPA receptors – LPA1–6, but the interacting proteins and signaling pathways that mediate the specificity of these receptors are largely unknown. We noticed that LPA1 contains a PDZ binding motif (SVV) identical to that present in two other proteins that interact with the PDZ protein GIPC. GIPC is involved in endocytic trafficking of several receptors including TrkA, VEGFR2, lutropin and dopamine D2 receptors. Here we show that GIPC binds directly to the PDZ binding motif of LPA1 but not that of other LPA receptors. LPA1 colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with GIPC and its binding partner APPL, an activator of Akt signaling found on APPL signaling endosomes. GIPC depletion by siRNA disturbed trafficking of LPA1 to EEA1 early endosomes and promoted LPA1 mediated Akt signaling, cell proliferation, and cell motility. We propose that GIPC binds LPA1 and promotes its trafficking from APPL-containing signaling endosomes to EEA1 early endosomes and thus attenuates LPA-mediated Akt signaling from APPL endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Varsano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lixia Guo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Oscar Y. Baterina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marilyn G. Farquhar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Japanese encephalitis virus enters rat neuroblastoma cells via a pH-dependent, dynamin and caveola-mediated endocytosis pathway. J Virol 2012; 86:13407-22. [PMID: 23015720 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00903-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and one of the most common agents of viral encephalitis. The infectious entry process of JEV into host cells remains largely unknown. Here, we present a systemic study concerning the cellular entry mechanism of JEV to B104 rat neuroblastoma cells. It was observed that JEV internalization was inhibited by chloroquine and ammonium chloride, both of which can elevate the pH of acidic organelles. However, JEV entry was not affected by chlorpromazine, overexpression of a dominant-negative form of EPS 15 protein, or silencing of the clathrin heavy chain by small interfering RNA (siRNA). These results suggested that JEV entry depended on the acidic intracellular pH but was independent of clathrin. We found that endocytosis of JEV was dependent on membrane cholesterol and was inhibited by inactivation of caveolin-1 with siRNA or dominant-negative mutants. It was also shown, by using the inhibitor dynasore, the K44A mutant, and specific siRNA, that dynamin was required for JEV entry. Phagocytosis or macropinocytosis did not play a role in JEV internalization. In addition, we showed that JEV entry into the neuroblastoma cells is not virus strain specific by assessing the effect of the pharmacological inhibitors on the internalization of JEV belonging to different genotypes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that JEV enters B104 cells through a dynamin-dependent caveola-mediated uptake with a pH-dependent step, which is distinct from the clathrin-mediated endocytosis used by most flaviviruses.
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33
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Colín-Santana CC, Avendaño-Vázquez SE, Alcántara-Hernández R, García-Sáinz JA. EGF and angiotensin II modulate lysophosphatidic acid LPA(1) receptor function and phosphorylation state. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1170-7. [PMID: 21914461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a local mediator that exerts its actions through G protein coupled receptors. Knowledge on the regulation of such receptors is scarce to date. Here we show that bidirectional cross-talk exits between LPA(1) and EGF receptors. METHODS C9 cells expressing LPA(1) receptor fussed to the enhanced green fluorescent protein were used. We studied intracellular calcium concentration, Akt/PKB phosphorylation, LPA(1) and EGF receptor phosphorylation. RESULTS EGF diminished LPA-mediated intracellular calcium response and induced LPA(1) receptor phosphorylation, which was sensitive to protein kinase C inhibitors. Angiotensin II and LPA induced EGF receptor transactivation as evidenced by Akt/PKB phosphorylation through metalloproteinase-catalyzed membrane shedding of heparin-binding EGF and autocrine/paracrine activation of EGF receptors. This process was found to be of major importance in angiotensin II-induced LPA(1) receptor phosphorylation. Attempts to define a role for EGF receptor transactivation in homologous LPA(1) receptor desensitization and phosphorylation suggested that G protein-coupled receptor kinases are the major players in this process, overshadowing other events. CONCLUSIONS EGF receptors and LPA(1) receptors are engaged in an intense liaison, in that EGF receptors are capable of modulating LPA(1) receptor function through phosphorylation cascades. EGF transactivation plays a dual role: it mediates some LPA actions, and it modulates LPA(1) receptor function in inhibitory fashion. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE EGF and LPA receptors coexist in many cell types and play key roles in maintaining the delicate equilibrium that we call health and in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The intense cross-talk described here has important physiological and pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Colín-Santana
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiologíca Celular, Universidad Naxional Autónoma de México, México
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Zhao J, He D, Su Y, Berdyshev E, Chun J, Natarajan V, Zhao Y. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells and murine lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L547-56. [PMID: 21821728 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00058.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, plays an important role in lung inflammation by inducing the release of chemokines and lipid mediators. Our previous studies have shown that LPA induces the secretion of interleukin-8 and prostaglandin E(2) in lung epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that LPA receptors contribute to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Pretreatment with LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 or downregulation of LPA receptor 1 (LPA(1)) by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, I-κB kinase, and I-κB in MLE12 epithelial cells. In addition, the blocking of LPA(1) also suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 production. Furthermore, LPS treatment promoted interaction between LPA(1) and CD14, a LPS coreceptor, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Disruption of lipid rafts attenuated the interaction between LPA(1) and CD14. Mice challenged with LPS increased plasma LPA levels and enhanced expression of LPA receptors in lung tissues. To further investigate the role of LPA receptors in LPS-induced inflammation, wild-type, or LPA(1)-deficient mice, or wild-type mice pretreated with Ki16425 were intratracheally challenged with LPS for 24 h. Knock down or inhibition of LPA(1) decreased LPS-induced IL-6 release in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and infiltration of cells into alveolar space compared with wild-type mice. However, no significant differences in total protein concentration in BAL fluids were observed. These results showed that knock down or inhibition of LPA(1) offered significant protection against LPS-induced lung inflammation but not against pulmonary leak as observed in the murine model for lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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Lima-Fernandes E, Enslen H, Camand E, Kotelevets L, Boularan C, Achour L, Benmerah A, Gibson LCD, Baillie GS, Pitcher JA, Chastre E, Etienne-Manneville S, Marullo S, Scott MGH. Distinct functional outputs of PTEN signalling are controlled by dynamic association with β-arrestins. EMBO J 2011; 30:2557-68. [PMID: 21642958 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin deleted on chromosome 10) regulates major cellular functions via lipid phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Despite its fundamental pathophysiological importance, how PTEN's cellular activity is regulated has only been partially elucidated. We report that the scaffolding proteins β-arrestins (β-arrs) are important regulators of PTEN. Downstream of receptor-activated RhoA/ROCK signalling, β-arrs activate the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN to negatively regulate Akt and cell proliferation. In contrast, following wound-induced RhoA activation, β-arrs inhibit the lipid phosphatase-independent anti-migratory effects of PTEN. β-arrs can thus differentially control distinct functional outputs of PTEN important for cell proliferation and migration.
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Abstract
Synaptic vesicles have a high sterol content, but the importance of vesicular sterols during vesicle recycling is unclear. We used the Drosophila temperature-sensitive dynamin mutant, shibire-ts1, to block endocytosis of recycling synaptic vesicles and to trap them reversibly at the plasma membrane where they were accessible to sterol extraction. Depletion of sterols from trapped vesicles prevented recovery of synaptic transmission after removal of the endocytic block. Measurement of vesicle recycling with synaptopHluorin, FM1-43, and FM4-64 demonstrated impaired membrane retrieval after vesicular sterol depletion. When plasma membrane sterols were extracted before vesicle trapping, no vesicle recycling defects were observed. Ultrastructural analysis indicated accumulation of endosomes and a defect in the formation of synaptic vesicles in synaptic terminals subjected to vesicular sterol depletion. Our results demonstrate the importance of a high vesicular sterol concentration for endocytosis and suggest that vesicular and membrane sterol pools do not readily intermingle during vesicle recycling.
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Cho O, Hong SH, Kim JS, Yoon JK, Kim K, Chwae YJ, Shin HJ, Park S. IFN-λ endocytosis and IFN-λ responsive promoter activation are dependent on cholesterol. Cytokine 2010; 51:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Endocytosis of murine norovirus 1 into murine macrophages is dependent on dynamin II and cholesterol. J Virol 2010; 84:6163-76. [PMID: 20375172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00331-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although noroviruses cause the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, little is known about their life cycle, including viral entry. Murine norovirus (MNV) is the only norovirus to date that efficiently infects cells in culture. To elucidate the productive route of infection for MNV-1 into murine macrophages, we used a neutral red (NR) infectious center assay and pharmacological inhibitors in combination with dominant-negative (DN) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) constructs to show that clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not play a role in entry. In addition, we showed that phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, flotillin-1, and GRAF1 are not required for the major route of MNV-1 uptake. However, MNV-1 genome release occurred within 1 h, and endocytosis was significantly inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering drugs nystatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, the dynamin-specific inhibitor dynasore, and the dominant-negative dynamin II mutant K44A. Therefore, we conclude that the productive route of MNV-1 entry into murine macrophages is rapid and requires host cholesterol and dynamin II.
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Schlicher RK, Hutcheson JD, Radhakrishna H, Apkarian RP, Prausnitz MR. Changes in cell morphology due to plasma membrane wounding by acoustic cavitation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2010; 36:677-92. [PMID: 20350691 PMCID: PMC2848178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation-mediated wounding (i.e., sonoporation) has great potential to improve medical and laboratory applications requiring intracellular uptake of exogenous molecules; however, the field lacks detailed understanding of cavitation-induced morphologic changes in cells and their relative importance. Here, we present an in-depth study of the effects of acoustic cavitation on cells using electron and confocal microscopy coupled with quantitative flow cytometry. High resolution images of treated cells show that morphologically different types of blebs can occur after wounding conditions caused by ultrasound exposure as well as by mechanical shear and strong laser ablation. In addition, these treatments caused wound-induced nonlytic necrotic death resulting in cell bodies we call wound-derived perikarya (WD-P). However, only cells exposed to acoustic cavitation experienced ejection of intact nuclei and nearly instant lytic necrosis. Quantitative analysis by flow cytometry indicates that wound-derived perikarya are the dominant morphology of nonviable cells, except at the strongest wounding conditions, where nuclear ejection accounts for a significant portion of cell death after ultrasound exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn K. Schlicher
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Robert P. Apkarian
- Integrated Microscopy & Microanalytical Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Address editorial correspondence to: Mark R. Prausnitz School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30332-0100 Tel: (404) 894-5135 Fax: (404) 894-2291
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40
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Li TT, Alemayehu M, Aziziyeh AI, Pape C, Pampillo M, Postovit LM, Mills GB, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. Beta-arrestin/Ral signaling regulates lysophosphatidic acid-mediated migration and invasion of human breast tumor cells. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1064-77. [PMID: 19609003 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays a role in cancer progression and signals via specific G protein-coupled receptors, LPA(1-3). LPA has been shown to enhance the metastasis of breast carcinoma cells to bone. However, the mechanisms by which LPA receptors regulate breast cancer cell migration and invasion remain unclear. Breast cancer cell proliferation has been shown to be stimulated by Ral GTPases, a member of the Ras superfamily. Ral activity can be regulated by the multifunctional protein beta-arrestin. We now show that HS578T and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells have higher expression of beta-arrestin 1 mRNA compared with the nontumorigenic mammary MCF-10A cells. Moreover, we found that the mRNA levels of LPA1, LPA2, beta-arrestin 2, and Ral GTPases are elevated in the advanced stages of breast cancer. LPA stimulates the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, but not of MCF-10A cells, and this is mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and LPA1. However, ectopic expression of LPA1 in MCF-10A cells caused these cells to acquire an invasive phenotype. Gene knockdown of either beta-arrestin or Ral proteins significantly impaired LPA-stimulated migration and invasion. Thus, our data show a novel role for beta-arrestin/Ral signaling in mediating LPA-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion, two important processes in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Aziziyeh AI, Li TT, Pape C, Pampillo M, Chidiac P, Possmayer F, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. Dual regulation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA1) receptor signalling by Ral and GRK. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1207-17. [PMID: 19306925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a major constituent of blood and is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. LPA signals via the ubiquitously expressed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), LPA(1) and LPA(2) that are specific for LPA. However, in large, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the signalling of these receptors are unknown. We show that the small GTPase RalA associates with both LPA(1) and LPA(2) in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells and that stimulation of LPA(1) receptors with LPA triggers the activation of RalA. While RalA was not found to play a role in the endocytosis of LPA receptors, we reveal that LPA(1) receptor stimulation promoted Ral-dependent phospholipase C activity. Furthermore, we found that GRK2 is required for the desensitization of LPA(1) and LPA(2) and have identified a novel interaction between RalA and GRK2, which is promoted by LPA(1) receptor activity. Taken together, these results establish RalA and GRK2 as key regulators of LPA receptor signalling and demonstrate for the first time that LPA(1) activity facilitates the formation of a novel protein complex between these two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel I Aziziyeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Murph M, Nguyen G, Radhakrishna H, Mills GB. Sharpening the edges of understanding the structure/function of the LPA1 receptor: expression in cancer and mechanisms of regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1781:547-57. [PMID: 18501205 PMCID: PMC2565514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the molecular cloning of the vzg-1/Edg-2/LPA1 gene, studies have attempted to characterize LPA1 receptor functionality into a single categorical role, different from the other Edg-family LPA receptors. The desire to categorize LPA1 function has highlighted its complexity and demonstrated that the LPA1 receptor does not have one absolute function throughout every system. The central nervous system is highly enriched in the LPA1 receptor, suggesting an integral role in neuronal processes. Metastatic and invasive breast cancer also appears to have LPA-mediated LPA1 receptor functions that enhance phenotypes associated with tumorigenesis. LPA1 possesses a number of motifs conserved among G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): a DRY-like motif, a PDZ domain, Ser/Thr predicted sites of phosphorylation, a di-leucine motif, double cysteines in the tail and conserved residues that stabilize structure and determine ligand binding. The third intracellular loop of the LPA1 receptor may be the crux of receptor signaling and attenuation with phosphorylation of Thr-236 potentially a key determinant of basal LPA1 signaling. Mutagenesis data supports the notion that Thr-236 regulates this process since mutating Thr-236 to Ala-236 increased basal and LPA-mediated serum response factor (SRF) signaling activity and Lys-236 further increased this basal signaling. Here we describe progress on defining the major functions of the LPA1 receptor, discuss a context dependent dualistic role as both a negative regulator in cancer and a proto-oncogene, outline its structural components at the molecular amino acid level and present mutagenesis data on the third intracellular loop of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Murph
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Giang Nguyen
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Harish Radhakrishna
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,The Coca-Cola Company, One Coca-Cola Plaza, TEC-437, Atlanta, GA 30301
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Nogaroli L, Yuelling LM, Dennis J, Gorse K, Payne SG, Fuss B. Lysophosphatidic acid can support the formation of membranous structures and an increase in MBP mRNA levels in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:182-93. [PMID: 18594965 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During development, differentiating oligodendrocytes progress in distinct maturation steps from premyelinating to myelinating cells. Such maturing oligodendrocytes express both the receptors mediating signaling via extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the major enzyme generating extracellular LPA, namely phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin (PD-Ialpha/ATX). However, the biological role of extracellular LPA during the maturation of differentiating oligodendrocytes is currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that application of exogenous LPA induced an increase in the area occupied by the oligodendrocytes' process network, but only when PD-Ialpha/ATX expression was down-regulated. This increase in network area was caused primarily by the formation of membranous structures. In addition, LPA increased the number of cells positive for myelin basic protein (MBP). This effect was associated by an increase in the mRNA levels coding for MBP but not myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Taken together, these data suggest that LPA may play a crucial role in regulating the later stages of oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Nogaroli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Urs NM, Kowalczyk AP, Radhakrishna H. Different Mechanisms Regulate Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA)-dependent Versus Phorbol Ester-dependent Internalization of the LPA1 Receptor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:5249-57. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Pincet F. Membrane recruitment of scaffold proteins drives specific signaling. PLoS One 2007; 2:e977. [PMID: 17912354 PMCID: PMC1991591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must give the right response to each stimulus they receive. Scaffolding, a signaling process mediated by scaffold proteins, participates in the decoding of the cues by specifically directing signal transduction. The aim of this paper is to describe the molecular mechanisms of scaffolding, i.e. the principles by which scaffold proteins drive a specific response of the cell. Since similar scaffold proteins are found in many species, they evolved according to the purpose of each organism. This means they require adaptability. In the usual description of the mechanisms of scaffolding, scaffold proteins are considered as reactors where molecules involved in a cascade of reactions are simultaneously bound with the right orientation to meet and interact. This description is not realistic: (i) it is not verified by experiments and (ii) timing and orientation constraints make it complex which seems to contradict the required adaptability. A scaffold protein, Ste5, is used in the MAPK pathway of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for the cell to provide a specific response to stimuli. The massive amount of data available for this pathway makes it ideal to investigate the actual mechanisms of scaffolding. Here, a complete treatment of the chemical reactions allows the computation of the distributions of all the proteins involved in the MAPK pathway when the cell receives various cues. These distributions are compared to several experimental results. It turns out that the molecular mechanisms of scaffolding are much simpler and more adaptable than previously thought in the reactor model. Scaffold proteins bind only one molecule at a time. Then, their membrane recruitment automatically drives specific, amplified and localized signal transductions. The mechanisms presented here, which explain how the membrane recruitment of a protein can produce a drastic change in the activity of cells, are generic and may be commonly used in many biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
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Martín-Acebes MA, González-Magaldi M, Sandvig K, Sobrino F, Armas-Portela R. Productive entry of type C foot-and-mouth disease virus into susceptible cultured cells requires clathrin and is dependent on the presence of plasma membrane cholesterol. Virology 2007; 369:105-18. [PMID: 17714753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the entry leading to productive infection of a type C FMDV in two cell lines widely used for virus growth, BHK-21 and IBRS-2. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by sucrose treatment decreased both cell entry and virus multiplication. Evidence of a direct requirement of clathrin for productive viral entry was obtained using BHK21-tTA/anti-CHC cells, which showed a significant reduction of viral entry and infection when the synthesis and functionality of clathrin heavy chain was inhibited (Tet- cells). This was also observed for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) productive entry. The effect of NH(4)Cl and concanamycin A on FMDV entry and infection was consistent with the requirement of acidic compartments for decapsidation and virus replication. As expected from its higher stability at acidic pH, this requirement was higher for VSV. Since BHK-21 and IBRS-2 cells expressed caveolin-1, we explored the effect on productive virus entry of drugs that interfere with caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Treatment with nystatin did not reduce entry and infection of FMDV or VSV, while cholesterol depletion with MbetaCD significantly inhibited both steps of the FMDV cycle, indicating that plasma membrane cholesterol is required for virus productive entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Guo R, Kasbohm EA, Arora P, Sample CJ, Baban B, Sud N, Sivashanmugam P, Moniri NH, Daaka Y. Expression and function of lysophosphatidic acid LPA1 receptor in prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4883-92. [PMID: 16809448 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes cell proliferation, survival, and migration by acting on cognate G protein-coupled receptors named LPA(1), LPA(2), and LPA(3). We profiled gene expression of LPA receptors in androgen-dependent and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells and found that LPA(1) gene is differentially expressed in androgen-insensitive and LPA-responsive but not androgen-dependent and LPA-resistant cells. In human prostate specimens, expression of LPA(1) gene was significantly higher in the cancer compared with the benign tissues. The androgen-dependent LNCaP cells do not express LPA(1) and do not proliferate in response to LPA stimulation, implying LPA(1) transduces cell growth signals. Accordingly, stable expression of LPA(1) in LNCaP cells rendered them responsive to LPA-induced cell proliferation and decreased their doubling time in serum. Implantation of LNCaP-LPA(1) cells resulted in increased rate of tumor growth in animals compared with those tumors that developed from the wild-type cells. Growth of LNCaP cells depends on androgen receptor activation, and we show that LPA(1) transduces Galphai-dependent signals to promote nuclear localization of androgen receptor and cell proliferation. In addition, treatment with bicalutamide inhibited LPA-induced cell cycle progression and proliferation of LNCaP-LPA(1) cells. These results suggest the possible utility of LPA(1) as a drug target to interfere with progression of prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Guo
- Department of Surgery, Duke University of Medical Center, North Carolina 27710, USA
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