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Chambers BE, Weaver NE, Lara CM, Nguyen TK, Wingert RA. (Zebra)fishing for nephrogenesis genes. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2219605. [PMID: 37254823 PMCID: PMC11042071 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2219605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a devastating condition affecting millions of people worldwide, where over 100,000 patients in the United States alone remain waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant. Concomitant with a surge in personalized medicine, single-gene mutations, and polygenic risk alleles have been brought to the forefront as core causes of a spectrum of renal disorders. With the increasing prevalence of kidney disease, it is imperative to make substantial strides in the field of kidney genetics. Nephrons, the core functional units of the kidney, are epithelial tubules that act as gatekeepers of body homeostasis by absorbing and secreting ions, water, and small molecules to filter the blood. Each nephron contains a series of proximal and distal segments with explicit metabolic functions. The embryonic zebrafish provides an ideal platform to systematically dissect the genetic cues governing kidney development. Here, we review the use of zebrafish to discover nephrogenesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Nicole E. Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Caroline M. Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
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2
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Bolten JS, Mancuso RV, Roos NJ, Mayr A, Puligilla RD, Kraus L, Odermatt A, Fricker G, Huwyler J. Nephrotoxicity of iopamidol is associated with mitochondrial impairment in human cell and teleost models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 466:116493. [PMID: 36977437 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Iopamidol is a nonionic, low-osmolar iodinated contrast agent used for angiography. Its clinical use is associated with renal dysfunction. Patients suffering from preexisting kidney disease have an increased risk of renal failure upon iopamidol administration. Studies in animals confirmed renal toxicity, but the involved mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to use human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) as a general cell model of mitochondrial damage, as well as, zebrafish larvae, and isolated proximal tubules of killifish to investigate factors promoting renal tubular toxicity of iopamidol with a focus on mitochondrial damage. Results from in vitro HEK293T cell-based assays indicate that iopamidol affects mitochondrial function Treatment with iopamidol induces ATP depletion, reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevates mitochondrial superoxide and reactive oxygen species accumulation. Similar results were obtained with gentamicin sulfate and cadmium chloride, two well-known model compounds associated with renal tubular toxicity. Confocal microscopy confirms changes in mitochondrial morphology, such as mitochondrial fission. Importantly, these results were confirmed in proximal renal tubular epithelial cells using ex vivo and in vivo teleost models. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for iopamidol-induced mitochondrial damage in proximal renal epithelial cells. Teleost models allow studying proximal tubular toxicity with translational relevance for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stephan Bolten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Vincenzo Mancuso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Basel, 4031, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Noëmi Johanna Roos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Aline Mayr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ramya Deepthi Puligilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Kraus
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salsbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056, Switzerland; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salsbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
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Naylor RW, Lemarie E, Jackson-Crawford A, Davenport JB, Mironov A, Lowe M, Lennon R. A novel nanoluciferase transgenic reporter measures proteinuria in zebrafish. Kidney Int 2022; 102:815-827. [PMID: 35716957 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.19.452884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an important animal system for modeling human diseases. This includes kidney dysfunction as the embryonic kidney (pronephros) shares considerable molecular and morphological homology with the human nephron. A key clinical indicator of kidney disease is proteinuria, but a high-throughput readout of proteinuria in the zebrafish is currently lacking. To remedy this, we used the Tol2 transposon system to generate a transgenic zebrafish line that uses the fabp10a liver-specific promoter to over-express a nanoluciferase molecule fused with the D3 domain of Receptor-Associated Protein (a type of molecular chaperone) which we term NL-D3. Using a luminometer, we quantified proteinuria in NL-D3 zebrafish larvae by measuring the intensity of luminescence in the embryo medium. In the healthy state, NL-D3 is not excreted, but when embryos were treated with chemicals that affected either proximal tubular reabsorption (cisplatin, gentamicin) or glomerular filtration (angiotensin II, Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, Bovine Serum Albumin), NL-D3 is detected in fish medium. Similarly, depletion of several gene products associated with kidney disease (nphs1, nphs2, lrp2a, ocrl, col4a3, and col4a4) also induced NL-D3 proteinuria. Treating col4a4 depleted zebrafish larvae (a model of Alport syndrome) with captopril reduced proteinuria in this system. Thus, our findings validate the use of the NL-D3 transgenic zebrafish as a robust and quantifiable proteinuria reporter. Hence, given the feasibility of high-throughput assays in zebrafish, this novel reporter will permit screening for drugs that ameliorate proteinuria, thereby prioritizing candidates for further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Naylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lemarie
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - J Bernard Davenport
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- EM Core Facility (RRID: SCR_021147), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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4
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Naylor RW, Lemarie E, Jackson-Crawford A, Davenport JB, Mironov A, Lowe M, Lennon R. A novel nanoluciferase transgenic reporter measures proteinuria in zebrafish. Kidney Int 2022; 102:815-827. [PMID: 35716957 PMCID: PMC7614274 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an important animal system for modeling human diseases. This includes kidney dysfunction as the embryonic kidney (pronephros) shares considerable molecular and morphological homology with the human nephron. A key clinical indicator of kidney disease is proteinuria, but a high-throughput readout of proteinuria in the zebrafish is currently lacking. To remedy this, we used the Tol2 transposon system to generate a transgenic zebrafish line that uses the fabp10a liver-specific promoter to over-express a nanoluciferase molecule fused with the D3 domain of Receptor-Associated Protein (a type of molecular chaperone) which we term NL-D3. Using a luminometer, we quantified proteinuria in NL-D3 zebrafish larvae by measuring the intensity of luminescence in the embryo medium. In the healthy state, NL-D3 is not excreted, but when embryos were treated with chemicals that affected either proximal tubular reabsorption (cisplatin, gentamicin) or glomerular filtration (angiotensin II, Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, Bovine Serum Albumin), NL-D3 is detected in fish medium. Similarly, depletion of several gene products associated with kidney disease (nphs1, nphs2, lrp2a, ocrl, col4a3, and col4a4) also induced NL-D3 proteinuria. Treating col4a4 depleted zebrafish larvae (a model of Alport syndrome) with captopril reduced proteinuria in this system. Thus, our findings validate the use of the NL-D3 transgenic zebrafish as a robust and quantifiable proteinuria reporter. Hence, given the feasibility of high-throughput assays in zebrafish, this novel reporter will permit screening for drugs that ameliorate proteinuria, thereby prioritizing candidates for further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Naylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lemarie
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - J Bernard Davenport
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- EM Core Facility (RRID: SCR_021147), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Morgan J, Yarwood R, Starborg T, Yan G, Lowe M. Pacsin2 is required for endocytosis in the zebrafish pronephric tubule. Biol Open 2022; 11:275521. [PMID: 35616009 PMCID: PMC9235069 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis mediates the cellular uptake of numerous molecules from the extracellular space and is a fundamentally important process. In the renal proximal tubule, the scavenger receptor megalin and its co-receptor cubilin mediate endocytosis of low molecular weight proteins from the renal filtrate. However, the extent to which megalin endocytosis relies on different components of the trafficking machinery remains relatively poorly defined in vivo. In this study, we identify a functional requirement for the F-BAR protein pacsin2 in endocytosis in the renal proximal tubule of zebrafish larvae. Pacsin2 is expressed throughout development and in all zebrafish tissues, similar to the mammalian orthologue. Within renal tubular epithelial cells, pacsin2 is enriched at the apical pole where it is localised to endocytic structures. Loss of pacsin2 results in reduced endocytosis within the proximal tubule, which is accompanied by a reduction in the abundance of megalin and endocytic organelles. Our results indicate that pacsin2 is required for efficient endocytosis in the proximal tubule, where it likely cooperates with other trafficking machinery to maintain endocytic uptake and recycling of megalin. Summary: We identify a role for the F-BAR protein pacsin2 in endocytosis in the renal tubule of zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rebecca Yarwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tobias Starborg
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Guanhua Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Bolten JS, Pratsinis A, Alter CL, Fricker G, Huwyler J. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) larva as an in vivo vertebrate model to study renal function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F280-F294. [PMID: 35037468 PMCID: PMC8858672 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00375.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larva as a vertebrate screening model to study drug disposition. As the pronephric kidney of zebrafish larvae shares high similarity with the anatomy of nephrons in higher vertebrates including humans, we explored in this study whether 3- to 4-day-old zebrafish larvae have a fully functional pronephron. Intravenous injection of fluorescent polyethylene glycol and dextran derivatives of different molecular weight revealed a cutoff of 4.4-7.6 nm in hydrodynamic diameter for passive glomerular filtration, which is in agreement with corresponding values in rodents and humans. Distal tubular reabsorption of a FITC-folate conjugate, covalently modified with PEG2000, via folate receptor 1 was shown. Transport experiments of fluorescent substrates were assessed in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors in the blood systems. Thereby, functional expression in the proximal tubule of organic anion transporter oat (slc22) multidrug resistance-associated protein mrp1 (abcc1), mrp2 (abcc2), mrp4 (abcc4), and zebrafish larva p-glycoprotein analog abcb4 was shown. In addition, nonrenal clearance of fluorescent substrates and plasma protein binding characteristics were assessed in vivo. The results of transporter experiments were confirmed by extrapolation to ex vivo experiments in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) proximal kidney tubules. We conclude that the zebrafish larva has a fully functional pronephron at 96 h postfertilization and is therefore an attractive translational vertebrate screening model to bridge the gap between cell culture-based test systems and pharmacokinetic experiments in higher vertebrates.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study of renal function remains a challenge. In vitro cell-based assays are approved to study, e.g., ABC/SLC-mediated drug transport but do not cover other renal functions such as glomerular filtration. Here, in vivo studies combined with in vitro assays are needed, which are time consuming and expensive. In view of these limitations, our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the zebrafish larva is a translational in vivo test model that allows for mechanistic investigations to study renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stephan Bolten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Pratsinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Luca Alter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salsbury Cove, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salsbury Cove, Bar Harbor, Maine
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7
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Bauer B, Mally A, Liedtke D. Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae as Alternative Animal Models for Toxicity Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13417. [PMID: 34948215 PMCID: PMC8707050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prerequisite to any biological laboratory assay employing living animals is consideration about its necessity, feasibility, ethics and the potential harm caused during an experiment. The imperative of these thoughts has led to the formulation of the 3R-principle, which today is a pivotal scientific standard of animal experimentation worldwide. The rising amount of laboratory investigations utilizing living animals throughout the last decades, either for regulatory concerns or for basic science, demands the development of alternative methods in accordance with 3R to help reduce experiments in mammals. This demand has resulted in investigation of additional vertebrate species displaying favourable biological properties. One prominent species among these is the zebrafish (Danio rerio), as these small laboratory ray-finned fish are well established in science today and feature outstanding biological characteristics. In this review, we highlight the advantages and general prerequisites of zebrafish embryos and larvae before free-feeding stages for toxicological testing, with a particular focus on cardio-, neuro, hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we discuss toxicokinetics, current advances in utilizing zebrafish for organ toxicity testing and highlight how advanced laboratory methods (such as automation, advanced imaging and genetic techniques) can refine future toxicological studies in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Angela Mally
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniel Liedtke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Molecular determinants of protein reabsorption in the amphibian kidneys. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151760. [PMID: 34303296 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Participation of molecular determinants of endocytosis in the processes of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of albumin and lysozyme in the mesonephros of grass frogs (Rana temporaria L.), lake frogs (Rana ridibunda P.), and newts (Triturus vulgaris L.) is investigated. In all studied species, the constitutive expression of endocytic receptors in proximal tubule (PT) cells is established using immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. The certain stages of lysozyme and albumin endocytosis involving megalin/LRP2, cubilin, clathrin and protein Rab11 are detailed, and the central role of ligand-induced megalin/LRP2 activity in this process is shown. Increased ligand-induced expression for clathrin and Rab11was also found. In grass frogs, the different patterns of endocytic receptors and both absorbed proteins in the initial parts of proximal tubules suggest the proximo-distal specialization of absorptive processes along these tubule segments, similar to this in more complex mammalian nephrons. This data, as well as the revealed peculiarities of ligand-receptor interactions during intracellular trafficking of proteins prove that megalin is mainly involved in the absorption of lysozyme. At the same time, albumin absorption is mediated by both receptors, or cubilin contributes the most. The detection of endocytic receptor in glomerular structural elements in frogs and newts suggests the participation of filtration barrier components in endocytosis of filterable proteins. The results represent a new contribution to the study of the fundamental mechanisms of renal protein uptake in the amphibian mesonephros as a more primitive kidney compared to mammalian metanephros.
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Kim JH, Barbagallo B, Annunziato K, Farias-Pereira R, Doherty JJ, Lee J, Zina J, Tindal C, McVey C, Aresco R, Johnstone M, Sant KE, Timme-Laragy A, Park Y, Clark JM. Maternal preconception PFOS exposure of Drosophila melanogaster alters reproductive capacity, development, morphology and nutrient regulation. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112153. [PMID: 33774094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent synthetic surfactant widely detected in the environment. Developmental PFOS exposures are associated with low birth weight and chronic exposures increase risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. As an obesogen, PFOS poses a major public health exposure risk and much remains to be understood about the critical windows of exposure and mechanisms impacted, especially during preconception. Here, we leverage evolutionarily conserved pathways and processes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (wild-type Canton-S and megalin-UAS RNAi transgenic fly lines) to investigate the window of maternal preconception exposure to PFOS on reproductive and developmental toxicity, and examine receptor (megalin)-mediated endocytosis of nutrients and PFOS into the oocyte as a potential mechanism. Preconception exposure to 2 ng PFOS/female resulted in an internal concentration of 0.081 ng/fly over two days post exposure, no mortality and reduced megalin transcription. The number of eggs laid 1-3 days post exposure was reduced and contained 0.018 ng PFOS/egg. Following heat shock, PFOS was significantly reduced in eggs from megalin-knockdown transgenic females. Cholesterol and triglycerides were increased in eggs laid immediately following PFOS exposure by non-heat shocked transgenic females whereas decreased cholesterol and increased protein levels were found in eggs laid by heat shocked transgenic females. Preconception exposure likewise increased cholesterol in early emerging wildtype F1 adults and also resulted in progeny with a substantial developmental delay, a reduction in adult weights, and altered transcription of Drosophila insulin-like peptide genes. These findings support an interaction between PFOS and megalin that interferes with normal nutrient transport during oocyte maturation and embryogenesis, which may be associated with later in life developmental delay and reduced weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Belinda Barbagallo
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Kate Annunziato
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffery J Doherty
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jonghwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jake Zina
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Cole Tindal
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Cailin McVey
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Racheal Aresco
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Megan Johnstone
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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10
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Shipman KE, Weisz OA. Making a Dent in Dent Disease. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2020; 1:zqaa017. [PMID: 33015630 PMCID: PMC7519470 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dent disease (DD) is a rare kidney disorder caused by mutations in the Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-5. Extensive physiologic characterization of the transporter has begun to illuminate its role in endosomal ion homeostasis. Nevertheless, we have yet to understand how loss of ClC-5 function in the kidney proximal tubule impairs membrane traffic of megalin and cubilin receptors to cause the low molecular weight proteinuria characteristic of DD. This review identifies open questions that remain to be answered, evaluates the current literature addressing these questions, and suggests new testable models that may link loss of ClC-5 function to tubular proteinuria in DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shipman
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Address correspondence to O.A.W. (e-mail: )
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11
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Ates KM, Wang T, Moreland T, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Ma M, Jeter C, Anand P, Wenzel W, Kim HG, Wolfe LA, Stephen J, Adams DR, Markello T, Tifft CJ, Settlage R, Gahl WA, Gonsalvez GB, Malicdan MC, Flanagan-Steet H, Pan YA. Deficiency in the endocytic adaptor proteins PHETA1/2 impairs renal and craniofacial development. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm041913. [PMID: 32152089 PMCID: PMC7272357 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical barrier in the treatment of endosomal and lysosomal diseases is the lack of understanding of the in vivo functions of the putative causative genes. We addressed this by investigating a key pair of endocytic adaptor proteins, PH domain-containing endocytic trafficking adaptor 1 and 2 (PHETA1/2; also known as FAM109A/B, Ses1/2, IPIP27A/B), which interact with the protein product of OCRL, the causative gene for Lowe syndrome. Here, we conducted the first study of PHETA1/2 in vivo, utilizing the zebrafish system. We found that impairment of both zebrafish orthologs, pheta1 and pheta2, disrupted endocytosis and ciliogenesis in renal tissues. In addition, pheta1/2 mutant animals exhibited reduced jaw size and delayed chondrocyte differentiation, indicating a role in craniofacial development. Deficiency of pheta1/2 resulted in dysregulation of cathepsin K, which led to an increased abundance of type II collagen in craniofacial cartilages, a marker of immature cartilage extracellular matrix. Cathepsin K inhibition rescued the craniofacial phenotypes in the pheta1/2 double mutants. The abnormal renal and craniofacial phenotypes in the pheta1/2 mutant animals were consistent with the clinical presentation of a patient with a de novo arginine (R) to cysteine (C) variant (R6C) of PHETA1. Expressing the patient-specific variant in zebrafish exacerbated craniofacial deficits, suggesting that the R6C allele acts in a dominant-negative manner. Together, these results provide insights into the in vivo roles of PHETA1/2 and suggest that the R6C variant is contributory to the pathogenesis of disease in the patient.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Ates
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Trevor Moreland
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | | | - Manxiu Ma
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Chelsi Jeter
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Priya Anand
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David R Adams
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Markello
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Settlage
- Advanced Research Computing Unit, Division of Information Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Graydon B Gonsalvez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - May Christine Malicdan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Y Albert Pan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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12
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Luciani A, Schumann A, Berquez M, Chen Z, Nieri D, Failli M, Debaix H, Festa BP, Tokonami N, Raimondi A, Cremonesi A, Carrella D, Forny P, Kölker S, Diomedi Camassei F, Diaz F, Moraes CT, Di Bernardo D, Baumgartner MR, Devuyst O. Impaired mitophagy links mitochondrial disease to epithelial stress in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:970. [PMID: 32080200 PMCID: PMC7033137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of mitochondrial network in terminally differentiated cells contributes to a broad spectrum of disorders. Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is one of the most common inherited metabolic disorders, due to deficiency of the mitochondrial methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (MMUT). How MMUT deficiency triggers cell damage remains unknown, preventing the development of disease-modifying therapies. Here we combine genetic and pharmacological approaches to demonstrate that MMUT deficiency induces metabolic and mitochondrial alterations that are exacerbated by anomalies in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, causing the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria that trigger epithelial stress and ultimately cell damage. Using drug-disease network perturbation modelling, we predict targetable pathways, whose modulation repairs mitochondrial dysfunctions in patient-derived cells and alleviate phenotype changes in mmut-deficient zebrafish. These results suggest a link between primary MMUT deficiency, diseased mitochondria, mitophagy dysfunction and epithelial stress, and provide potential therapeutic perspectives for MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Luciani
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anke Schumann
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marine Berquez
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Nieri
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Failli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Huguette Debaix
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Paola Festa
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natsuko Tokonami
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Center, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Cremonesi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diego Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diego Di Bernardo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology and NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1040, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Chen Z, Luciani A, Mateos JM, Barmettler G, Giles RH, Neuhauss SCF, Devuyst O. Transgenic zebrafish modeling low-molecular-weight proteinuria and lysosomal storage diseases. Kidney Int 2019; 97:1150-1163. [PMID: 32061435 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule of the kidney reabsorb and metabolize most of the filtered low-molecular-weight proteins through receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal processing. Congenital and acquired dysfunctions of the proximal tubule are consistently reflected by the inappropriate loss of solutes including low-molecular-weight proteins in the urine. The zebrafish pronephros shares individual functional segments with the human nephron, including lrp2a/megalin-dependent endocytic transport processes of the proximal tubule. Although the zebrafish has been used as a model organism for toxicological studies and drug discovery, there is no available assay that allows large-scale assessment of proximal tubule function in larval or adult stages. Here we establish a transgenic Tg(lfabp::½vdbp-mCherry) zebrafish line expressing in the liver the N-terminal region of vitamin D-binding protein coupled to the acid-insensitive, red monomeric fluorescent protein mCherry (½vdbp-mCherry). This low-molecular-weight protein construct is secreted into the bloodstream, filtered through the glomerulus, reabsorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis and processed in the lysosomes of proximal tubule cells of the fish. Thus, our proof-of-concept studies using zebrafish larvae knockout for lrp2a and clcn7 or exposed to known nephrotoxins (gentamicin and cisplatin) demonstrate that this transgenic line is useful to monitor low-molecular-weight proteinuria and lysosomal processing. This represents a powerful new model organism for drug screening and studies of nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chen
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - José María Mateos
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gery Barmettler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Lysosome-Rich Enterocytes Mediate Protein Absorption in the Vertebrate Gut. Dev Cell 2019; 51:7-20.e6. [PMID: 31474562 PMCID: PMC6783362 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The guts of neonatal mammals and stomachless fish have a limited capacity for luminal protein digestion, which allows oral acquisition of antibodies and antigens. However, how dietary protein is absorbed during critical developmental stages when the gut is still immature is unknown. Here, we show that specialized intestinal cells, which we call lysosome-rich enterocytes (LREs), internalize dietary protein via receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis for intracellular digestion and trans-cellular transport. In LREs, we identify a conserved endocytic machinery, composed of the scavenger receptor complex Cubilin/Amnionless and Dab2, that is required for protein uptake by LREs and for growth and survival of larval zebrafish. Moreover, impairing LRE function in suckling mice, via conditional deletion of Dab2, leads to stunted growth and severe protein malnutrition reminiscent of kwashiorkor, a devastating human malnutrition syndrome. These findings identify digestive functions and conserved molecular mechanisms in LREs that are crucial for vertebrate growth and survival.
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15
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Abstract
The vertebrate kidney is comprised of functional units known as nephrons. Defects in nephron development or activity are a common feature of kidney disease. Current medical treatments are unable to ameliorate the dire consequences of nephron deficit or injury. Although there have been tremendous advancements in our understanding of nephron ontogeny and the response to damage, many significant knowledge gaps still remain. The zebrafish embryo kidney, or pronephros, is an ideal model for many renal development and regeneration studies because it is comprised of nephrons that share conserved features with the nephron units that comprise the mammalian metanephric kidney. In this chapter, we provide an overview about the benefits of using the zebrafish pronephros to study the mechanisms underlying nephrogenesis as well as epithelial repair and regeneration. We subsequently detail methods for the spatiotemporal assessment of gene and protein expression in zebrafish embryos that can be used to extend the understanding of nephron development and disease, and thereby create new opportunities to identify therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine.
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16
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Outtandy P, Russell C, Kleta R, Bockenhauer D. Zebrafish as a model for kidney function and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:751-762. [PMID: 29502161 PMCID: PMC6424945 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-3921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease is a global problem with around three million people diagnosed in the UK alone and the incidence is rising. Research is critical to develop better treatments. Animal models can help to better understand the pathophysiology behind the various kidney diseases and to screen for therapeutic compounds, but the use especially of mammalian models should be minimised in the interest of animal welfare. Zebrafish are increasingly used, as they are genetically tractable and have a basic renal anatomy comparable to mammalian kidneys with glomerular filtration and tubular filtration processing. Here, we discuss how zebrafish have advanced the study of nephrology and the mechanisms underlying kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Outtandy
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital/Medical School, University College London, 1. Floor, Room 1.7007, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital/Medical School, University College London, 1. Floor, Room 1.7007, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital/Medical School, University College London, 1. Floor, Room 1.7007, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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17
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Kozyraki R, Cases O. Cubilin, the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 Receptor in Development and Disease. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:3123-3150. [PMID: 30295181 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008143945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gp280/Intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor/Cubilin (CUBN) is a large endocytic receptor serving multiple functions in vitamin B12 homeostasis, renal reabsorption of protein or toxic substances including albumin, vitamin D-binding protein or cadmium. Cubilin is a peripheral membrane protein consisting of 8 Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like repeats and 27 CUB (defined as Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, BMP1) domains. This structurally unique protein interacts with at least two molecular partners, Amnionless (AMN) and Lrp2/Megalin. AMN is involved in appropriate plasma membrane transport of Cubilin whereas Lrp2 is essential for efficient internalization of Cubilin and its ligands. Observations gleaned from animal models with Cubn deficiency or human diseases demonstrate the importance of this protein. In this review addressed to basic research and medical scientists, we summarize currently available data on Cubilin and its implication in renal and intestinal biology. We also discuss the role of Cubilin as a modulator of Fgf8 signaling during embryonic development and propose that the Cubilin-Fgf8 interaction may be relevant in human pathology, including in cancer progression, heart or neural tube defects. We finally provide experimental elements suggesting that some aspects of Cubilin physiology might be relevant in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kozyraki
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cases
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
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18
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Elmonem MA, Berlingerio SP, van den Heuvel LP, de Witte PA, Lowe M, Levtchenko EN. Genetic Renal Diseases: The Emerging Role of Zebrafish Models. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090130. [PMID: 30200518 PMCID: PMC6162634 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional similarity of the larval zebrafish pronephros to the human nephron, together with the recent development of easier and more precise techniques to manipulate the zebrafish genome have motivated many researchers to model human renal diseases in the zebrafish. Over the last few years, great advances have been made, not only in the modeling techniques of genetic diseases in the zebrafish, but also in how to validate and exploit these models, crossing the bridge towards more informative explanations of disease pathophysiology and better designed therapeutic interventions in a cost-effective in vivo system. Here, we review the significant progress in these areas giving special attention to the renal phenotype evaluation techniques. We further discuss the future applications of such models, particularly their role in revealing new genetic diseases of the kidney and their potential use in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11628 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sante Princiero Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Bio-Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Wen X, Cui L, Morrisroe S, Maberry D, Emlet D, Watkins S, Hukriede NA, Kellum JA. A zebrafish model of infection-associated acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F291-F299. [PMID: 29537312 PMCID: PMC6139521 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00328.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (S-AKI) independently predicts mortality among critically ill patients. The role of innate immunity in this process is unclear, and there is an unmet need for S-AKI models to delineate the pathophysiological response. Mammals and zebrafish ( Danio rerio) share a conserved nephron structure and homologous innate immune systems, making the latter suitable for S-AKI research. We introduced Edwardsiella tarda to the zebrafish. Systemic E. tarda bacteremia resulted in sustained bacterial infection and dose-dependent mortality. A systemic immune reaction was characterized by increased mRNA expressions of il1b, tnfa, tgfb1a, and cxcl8-l1 ( P < 0.0001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.01, respectively). Increase of host stress response genes ccnd1 and tp53 was observed at 24 h postinjection ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Moderate E. tarda infection induced zebrafish mortality of over 50% in larvae and 20% in adults, accompanied by pericardial edema in larvae and renal dysfunction in both larval and adult zebrafish. Expression of AKI markers insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) was found to be significantly increased in the septic animals at the transcription level ( P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05) and in nephric tubules compared with noninfected animals. In conclusion, we established a zebrafish model of S-AKI induced by E. tarda injection, with both larval and adult zebrafish showing nephron injury in the setting of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wen
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liyan Cui
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Seth Morrisroe
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald Maberry
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Emlet
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Prutskova NP, Seliverstova EV. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Renal Endocytic Receptors in the Frog Rana temporaria during the Spring–Summer Period. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093018010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Gehrig J, Pandey G, Westhoff JH. Zebrafish as a Model for Drug Screening in Genetic Kidney Diseases. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:183. [PMID: 30003073 PMCID: PMC6031734 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders account for a wide range of renal diseases emerging during childhood and adolescence. Due to the utilization of modern biochemical and biomedical techniques, the number of identified disease-associated genes is increasing rapidly. Modeling of congenital human disease in animals is key to our understanding of the biological mechanism underlying pathological processes and thus developing novel potential treatment options. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been established as a versatile small vertebrate organism that is widely used for studying human inherited diseases. Genetic accessibility in combination with elegant experimental methods in zebrafish permit modeling of human genetic diseases and dissecting the perturbation of underlying cellular networks and physiological processes. Beyond its utility for genetic analysis and pathophysiological and mechanistic studies, zebrafish embryos, and larvae are amenable for phenotypic screening approaches employing high-content and high-throughput experiments using automated microscopy. This includes large-scale chemical screening experiments using genetic models for searching for disease-modulating compounds. Phenotype-based approaches of drug discovery have been successfully performed in diverse zebrafish-based screening applications with various phenotypic readouts. As a result, these can lead to the identification of candidate substances that are further examined in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we discuss zebrafish models for inherited kidney disease as well as requirements and considerations for the technical realization of drug screening experiments in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Gehrig
- Acquifer is a Division of Ditabis, Digital Biomedical Imaging Systems AG, Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Gunjan Pandey
- Acquifer is a Division of Ditabis, Digital Biomedical Imaging Systems AG, Pforzheim, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens H Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Cases O, Obry A, Ben-Yacoub S, Augustin S, Joseph A, Toutirais G, Simonutti M, Christ A, Cosette P, Kozyraki R. Impaired vitreous composition and retinal pigment epithelium function in the FoxG1::LRP2 myopic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1242-1254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Endocytic receptor LRP2/megalin—of holoprosencephaly and renal Fanconi syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:907-916. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Sun J, Hultenby K, Axelsson J, Nordström J, He B, Wernerson A, Lindström K. Proximal Tubular Expression Patterns of Megalin and Cubilin in Proteinuric Nephropathies. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:721-732. [PMID: 29142988 PMCID: PMC5678615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Receptor-mediated endocytosis is responsible for protein reabsorption in the proximal tubules. For albumin this process involves at least 2 interacting receptors, megalin and cubilin. Albumin is not usually present in the urine, indicating a highly efficient tubular reuptake under physiological conditions. However, early appearance of albuminuria may mean that the tubular system is overwhelmed by large quantities of albumin or that the function is impaired. Methods To better understand the physiological role of megalin and cubilin in human renal disease, renal biopsies from 15 patients with a range of albuminuria and 3 healthy living donors were analyzed for proximal tubular expression of megalin and cubilin using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and semiquantitative immune-electron microscopy. Their expression in proteinuric zebrafish was also studied. Results Megalin and cubilin were expressed in brush border and cytoplasmic vesicles. Patients with microalbuminuric IgA nephropathy and thin membrane disease had significantly higher megalin in proximal tubules, whereas those with macro- or nephrotic-range albuminuria had unchanged levels. Cubilin expression was significantly higher in all patients. In a proteinuric zebrafish nphs2 knockdown model, we found a dose-dependent increase in the expression of tubular megalin and cubilin in response to tubular protein uptake. Discussion Megalin and cubilin show different expression patterns in different human diseases, which indicates that the 2 tubular proteins differently cooperate in cleaning up plasma proteins in kidney tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Axelsson
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordström
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Transplant Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bing He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Lindström
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Nephrology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Briens A, Bardou I, Lebas H, Miles LA, Parmer RJ, Vivien D, Docagne F. Astrocytes regulate the balance between plasminogen activation and plasmin clearance via cell-surface actin. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17001. [PMID: 28417010 PMCID: PMC5318850 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activation is involved in many processes within the central nervous system, including synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms that regulate plasminogen activation in the brain still remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that astrocytes participate in this regulation by two mechanisms. First, the astrocyte plasma membrane serves as a surface for plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator. This activation triggers downstream plasmin-dependent processes with important impacts in brain health and disease, such as fibrinolysis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor conversion. Second, astrocytes take up plasminogen and plasmin in a regulated manner through a novel mechanism involving endocytosis mediated by cell-surface actin and triggered by extracellular plasmin activity at the surface of astrocytes. Following endocytosis, plasminogen and plasmin are targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Thus, cell-surface actin acts as a sensor of plasmin activity to induce a negative feedback through plasmin endocytosis. This study provides evidence that astrocytes control the balance between plasmin formation and plasmin elimination in the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Briens
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Héloïse Lebas
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France.,CHU Caen, Department of Clinical Research, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
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26
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Abstract
Cells lining the proximal tubule (PT) of the kidney are highly specialized for apical endocytosis of filtered proteins and small bioactive molecules from the glomerular ultrafiltrate to maintain essentially protein-free urine. Compromise of this pathway results in low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria that can progress to end-stage kidney disease. This review describes our current understanding of the endocytic pathway and the multiligand receptors that mediate LMW protein uptake in PT cells, how these are regulated in response to physiologic cues, and the molecular basis of inherited diseases characterized by LMW proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Eshbach
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
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27
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Abstract
The kidney of the zebrafish shares many features with other vertebrate kidneys including the human kidney. Similar cell types and shared developmental and patterning mechanisms make the zebrafish pronephros a valuable model for kidney organogenesis. Here we review recent advances in studies of zebrafish pronephric development and provide experimental protocols to analyze kidney cell types and structures, measure nephron function, live image kidney cells in vivo, and probe mechanisms of kidney regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Drummond
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - A J Davidson
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Christ A, Herzog K, Willnow TE. LRP2, an auxiliary receptor that controls sonic hedgehog signaling in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:569-79. [PMID: 26872844 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To fulfill their multiple roles in organ development and adult tissue homeostasis, hedgehog (HH) morphogens act through their receptor Patched (PTCH) on target cells. However, HH actions also require HH binding proteins, auxiliary cell surface receptors that agonize or antagonize morphogen signaling in a context-dependent manner. Here, we discuss recent findings on the LDL receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), an exemplary HH binding protein that modulates sonic hedgehog activities in stem and progenitor cell niches in embryonic and adult tissues. LRP2 functions are crucial for developmental processes in a number of tissues, including the brain, the eye, and the heart, and defects in this receptor pathway are the cause of devastating congenital diseases in humans. Developmental Dynamics 245:569-579, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Herzog
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Marra AN, Wingert RA. Epithelial cell fate in the nephron tubule is mediated by the ETS transcription factors etv5a and etv4 during zebrafish kidney development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:231-245. [PMID: 26827902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney development requires the differentiation and organization of discrete nephron epithelial lineages, yet the genetic and molecular pathways involved in these events remain poorly understood. The embryonic zebrafish kidney, or pronephros, provides a simple and useful model to study nephrogenesis. The pronephros is primarily comprised of two types of epithelial cells: transportive and multiciliated cells (MCCs). Transportive cells occupy distinct tubule segments and are characterized by the expression of various solute transporters, while MCCs function in fluid propulsion and are dispersed in a "salt-and-pepper" fashion within the tubule. Epithelial cell identity is reliant on interplay between the Notch signaling pathway and retinoic acid (RA) signaling, where RA promotes MCC fate by inhibiting Notch activity in renal progenitors, while Notch acts downstream to trigger transportive cell formation and block adoption of an MCC identity. Previous research has shown that the transcription factor ets variant 5a (etv5a), and its closely related ETS family members, are required for ciliogenesis in other zebrafish tissues. Here, we mapped etv5a expression to renal progenitors that occupy domains where MCCs later emerge. Thus, we hypothesized that etv5a is required for normal development of MCCs in the nephron. etv5a loss of function caused a decline of MCC number as indicated by the reduced frequency of cells that expressed the MCC-specific markers outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3b (odf3b) and centrin 4 (cetn4), where rescue experiments partially restored MCC incidence. Interestingly, deficiency of ets variant 4 (etv4), a related gene that is broadly expressed in the posterior mesoderm during somitogenesis stages, also led to reduced MCC numbers, which were further reduced by dual etv5a/4 deficiency, suggesting that both of these ETS factors are essential for MCC formation and that they also might have redundant activities. In epistatic studies, exogenous RA treatment expanded the etv5a domain within the renal progenitor field and RA inhibition blocked etv5a in this populace, indicating that etv5a acts downstream of RA. Additionally, treatment with exogenous RA partially rescued the reduced MCC phenotype after loss of etv5a. Further, abrogation of Notch with the small molecule inhibitor DAPT increased the renal progenitor etv5a expression domain as well as MCC density in etv5a deficient embryos, suggesting Notch acts upstream to inhibit etv5a. In contrast, etv4 levels in renal progenitors were unaffected by changes in RA or Notch signaling levels, suggesting a possible non-cell autonomous role during pronephros formation. Taken together, these findings have revealed new insights about the genetic mechanisms of epithelial cell development during nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Marra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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30
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Wan X, Chen Z, Choi WI, Gee HY, Hildebrandt F, Zhou W. Loss of Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 Aggravates Podocyte Injury via Upregulation of Caveolin-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1066-75. [PMID: 26264854 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome is a CKD defined by proteinuria with subsequent hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema caused by impaired renal glomerular filtration barrier function. We previously identified mutations in epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) as a monogenic cause of this disease. Here, we generated an emp2-knockout zebrafish model using transcription activator-like effector nuclease-based genome editing. We found that loss of emp2 in zebrafish upregulated caveolin-1 (cav1), a major component of caveolae, in embryos and adult mesonephric glomeruli and exacerbated podocyte injury. This phenotype was partially rescued by glucocorticoids. Furthermore, overexpression of cav1 in zebrafish podocytes was sufficient to induce the same phenotype observed in emp2 homozygous mutants, which was also treatable with glucocorticoids. Similarly, knockdown of EMP2 in cultured human podocytes resulted in increased CAV1 expression and decreased podocyte survival in the presence of puromycin aminonucleoside, whereas glucocorticoid treatment ameliorated this phenotype. Taken together, we have established excessive CAV1 as a mediator of the predisposition to podocyte injury because of loss of EMP2, suggesting CAV1 could be a novel therapeutic target in nephrotic syndrome and podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhaohong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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31
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Recent advances in elucidating the genetic mechanisms of nephrogenesis using zebrafish. Cells 2015; 4:218-33. [PMID: 26024215 PMCID: PMC4493457 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of working units known as nephrons, which are epithelial tubules that contain a series of specialized cell types organized into a precise pattern of functionally distinct segment domains. There is a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that establish these discrete nephron cell types during renal development. The zebrafish embryonic kidney serves as a simplified yet conserved vertebrate model to delineate how nephron segments are patterned from renal progenitors. Here, we provide a concise review of recent advances in this emerging field, and discuss how continued research using zebrafish genetics can be applied to gain insightsabout nephrogenesis.
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32
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McKee RA, Wingert RA. Zebrafish Renal Pathology: Emerging Models of Acute Kidney Injury. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:171-181. [PMID: 25973344 PMCID: PMC4419198 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renal system is vital to maintain homeostasis in the body, where the kidneys contain nephron functional units that remove metabolic waste from the bloodstream, regulate fluids, and balance electrolytes. Severe organ damage from toxins or ischemia that occurs abruptly can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in which there is a rapid, life-threatening loss of these activities. Humans have a limited but poorly understood ability to regenerate damaged nephrons after AKI. However, researchers studying AKI in vertebrate animal models such as mammals, and more recently the zebrafish, have documented robust regeneration within the nephron blood filter and tubule following injury. Further, zebrafish kidneys contain progenitors that create new nephrons after AKI. Here, we review investigations in zebrafish which have established a series of exciting renal pathology paradigms that complement existing AKI models and can be implemented to discover insights into kidney regeneration and the roles of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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33
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Seliverstova EV, Prutskova NP. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of lysozyme in renal proximal tubules of the frog Rana temporaria. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2482. [PMID: 26150156 PMCID: PMC4503969 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of protein reabsorption in the kidney of lower vertebrates remains insufficiently investigated in spite of raising interest to the amphibian and fish kidneys as a useful model for physiological and pathophysiological examinations. In the present study, we examined the renal tubular uptake and the internalization rote of lysozyme after its intravenous injection in the wintering frog Rana temporaria using immunohisto- and immunocytochemistry and specific markers for some endocytic compartments. The distinct expression of megalin and cubilin in the proximal tubule cells of lysozyme-injected frogs was revealed whereas kidney tissue of control animals showed no positive immunoreactivity. Lysozyme was detected in the apical endocytic compartment of the tubular cells and colocalized with clathrin 10 min after injection. After 20 min, lysozyme was located in the subapical compartment negative to clathrin (endo-somes), and intracellular trafficking of lysozyme was coincided with the distribution of megalin and cubilin. However, internalized protein was retained in the endosomes and did not reach lysosomes within 30 min after treatment that may indicate the inhibition of intra-cellular trafficking in hibernating frogs. For the first time, we provided the evidence that lysozyme is filtered through the glomeruli and absorbed by receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis in the frog proximal tubule cells. Thus, the protein uptake in the amphibian mesonephros is mediated by megalin and cubilin that confirms a critical role of endocytic receptors in the renal reabsorption of proteins in amphibians as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Seliverstova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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34
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Oltrabella F, Pietka G, Ramirez IBR, Mironov A, Starborg T, Drummond IA, Hinchliffe KA, Lowe M. The Lowe syndrome protein OCRL1 is required for endocytosis in the zebrafish pronephric tubule. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005058. [PMID: 25838181 PMCID: PMC4383555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease are caused by mutation of the inositol 5-phosphatase OCRL1. Despite our increased understanding of the cellular functions of OCRL1, the underlying basis for the renal tubulopathy seen in both human disorders, of which a hallmark is low molecular weight proteinuria, is currently unknown. Here, we show that deficiency in OCRL1 causes a defect in endocytosis in the zebrafish pronephric tubule, a model for the mammalian renal tubule. This coincides with a reduction in levels of the scavenger receptor megalin and its accumulation in endocytic compartments, consistent with reduced recycling within the endocytic pathway. We also observe reduced numbers of early endocytic compartments and enlarged vacuolar endosomes in the sub-apical region of pronephric cells. Cell polarity within the pronephric tubule is unaffected in mutant embryos. The OCRL1-deficient embryos exhibit a mild ciliogenesis defect, but this cannot account for the observed impairment of endocytosis. Catalytic activity of OCRL1 is required for renal tubular endocytosis and the endocytic defect can be rescued by suppression of PIP5K. These results indicate for the first time that OCRL1 is required for endocytic trafficking in vivo, and strongly support the hypothesis that endocytic defects are responsible for the renal tubulopathy in Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease. Moreover, our results reveal PIP5K as a potential therapeutic target for Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease. Phosphoinositide lipids are key regulators of cellular physiology and consequently enzymes that generate or remove these lipids are of fundamental importance. Mutation of one such enzyme, called OCRL1, causes two disorders in humans, Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that OCRL1 regulates endocytosis, the process by which cells internalize material from their extracellular environment. Importantly, this is demonstrated in a physiologically relevant tissue in vivo, namely the zebrafish renal tubule. Defective endocytosis can explain the renal symptoms seen in Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 patients. We also report that defects in cell polarity or cilia formation cannot explain the renal symptoms. This study not only increases our understanding of the endocytic pathway, it also provides a mechanistic explanation for the renal defects observed in Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Pietka
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Starborg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Cheng CN, Wingert RA. Nephron proximal tubule patterning and corpuscles of Stannius formation are regulated by the sim1a transcription factor and retinoic acid in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2014; 399:100-116. [PMID: 25542995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that establish nephron segments are poorly understood. The zebrafish embryonic kidney, or pronephros, is a simplified yet conserved genetic model to study this renal development process because its nephrons contain segments akin to other vertebrates, including the proximal convoluted and straight tubules (PCT, PST). The zebrafish pronephros is also associated with the corpuscles of Stannius (CS), endocrine glands that regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis, but whose ontogeny from renal progenitors is largely mysterious. Initial patterning of zebrafish renal progenitors in the intermediate mesoderm (IM) involves the formation of rostral and caudal domains, the former being reliant on retinoic acid (RA) signaling, and the latter being repressed by elevated RA levels. Here, using expression profiling to gain new insights into nephrogenesis, we discovered that the gene single minded family bHLH transcription factor 1a (sim1a) is dynamically expressed in the renal progenitors-first marking the caudal domain, then becoming restricted to the proximal segments, and finally exhibiting specific CS expression. In loss of function studies, sim1a knockdown expanded the PCT and abrogated both the PST and CS populations. Conversely, overexpression of sim1a modestly expanded the PST and CS, while it reduced the PCT. These results show that sim1a activity is necessary and partially sufficient to induce PST and CS fates, and suggest that sim1a may inhibit PCT fate and/or negotiate the PCT/PST boundary. Interestingly, the sim1a expression domain in renal progenitors is responsive to altered levels of RA, suggesting that RA regulates sim1a, directly or indirectly, during nephrogenesis. sim1a deficient embryos treated with exogenous RA formed nephrons that were predominantly composed of PCT segments, but lacked the enlarged PST observed in RA treated wild-types, indicating that RA is not sufficient to rescue the PST in the absence of sim1a expression. Alternately, when sim1a knockdowns were exposed to the RA inhibitor diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), the CS was abrogated rather than expanded as seen in DEAB treated wild-types, revealing that CS formation in the absence of sim1a cannot be rescued by RA biosynthesis abrogation. Taken together, these data reveal previously unappreciated roles for sim1a in zebrafish pronephric proximal tubule and CS patterning, and are consistent with the model that sim1a acts downstream of RA to mitigate the formation of these lineages. These findings provide new insights into the genetic pathways that direct nephron development, and may have implications for understanding renal birth defects and kidney reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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36
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Sander V, Patke S, Sahu S, Teoh CL, Peng Z, Chang YT, Davidson AJ. The small molecule probe PT-Yellow labels the renal proximal tubules in zebrafish. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:395-8. [PMID: 25407666 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a small fluorescent molecule, BDNCA3-D2, herein referred to as PT-Yellow. Soaking zebrafish embryos in PT-Yellow or intraperitoneal injection into adults results in non-toxic in vivo fluorescent labeling of the renal proximal tubules, the major site of blood filtrate reabsorption and a common target of injury in acute kidney injury. We demonstrate the applicability of this new compound as a rapid and simple readout for zebrafish kidney filtration and proximal tubule reabsorption function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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37
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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McCampbell KK, Springer KN, Wingert RA. Analysis of nephron composition and function in the adult zebrafish kidney. J Vis Exp 2014:e51644. [PMID: 25145398 PMCID: PMC4459603 DOI: 10.3791/51644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish model has emerged as a relevant system to study kidney development, regeneration and disease. Both the embryonic and adult zebrafish kidneys are composed of functional units known as nephrons, which are highly conserved with other vertebrates, including mammals. Research in zebrafish has recently demonstrated that two distinctive phenomena transpire after adult nephrons incur damage: first, there is robust regeneration within existing nephrons that replaces the destroyed tubule epithelial cells; second, entirely new nephrons are produced from renal progenitors in a process known as neonephrogenesis. In contrast, humans and other mammals seem to have only a limited ability for nephron epithelial regeneration. To date, the mechanisms responsible for these kidney regeneration phenomena remain poorly understood. Since adult zebrafish kidneys undergo both nephron epithelial regeneration and neonephrogenesis, they provide an outstanding experimental paradigm to study these events. Further, there is a wide range of genetic and pharmacological tools available in the zebrafish model that can be used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate renal regeneration. One essential aspect of such research is the evaluation of nephron structure and function. This protocol describes a set of labeling techniques that can be used to gauge renal composition and test nephron functionality in the adult zebrafish kidney. Thus, these methods are widely applicable to the future phenotypic characterization of adult zebrafish kidney injury paradigms, which include but are not limited to, nephrotoxicant exposure regimes or genetic methods of targeted cell death such as the nitroreductase mediated cell ablation technique. Further, these methods could be used to study genetic perturbations in adult kidney formation and could also be applied to assess renal status during chronic disease modeling.
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McMahon GM, Olden M, Garnaas M, Yang Q, Liu X, Hwang SJ, Larson MG, Goessling W, Fox CS. Sequencing of LRP2 reveals multiple rare variants associated with urinary trefoil factor-3. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2896-905. [PMID: 24876117 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel biomarkers are being investigated to identify patients with kidney disease. We measured a panel of 13 urinary biomarkers in participants from the Offspring Cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. Using an Affymetrix chip with imputation to 2.5 M single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we conducted a GWAS of these biomarkers (n=2640) followed by exonic sequencing and genotyping. Functional studies in zebrafish were used to investigate histologic correlation with renal function. Across all 13 biomarkers, there were 97 significant SNPs at three loci. Lead SNPs at each locus were rs6555820 (P=6.7×10(-49); minor allele frequency [MAF]=0.49) in HAVCR1 (associated with kidney injury molecule-1), rs7565788 (P=2.15×10(-16); MAF=0.22) in LRP2 (associated with trefoil factor 3 [TFF3]), and rs11048230 (P=4.77×10(-8); MAF=0.10) in an intergenic region near RASSF8 (associated with vascular endothelial growth factor). Validation in the CKDGen Consortium (n=67,093) showed that only rs7565788 at LRP2, which encodes megalin, was associated with eGFR (P=0.003). Sequencing of exons 16-72 of LRP2 in 200 unrelated individuals at extremes of urinary TFF3 levels identified 197 variants (152 rare; MAF<0.05), 31 of which (27 rare) were nonsynonymous. In aggregate testing, rare variants were associated with urinary TFF3 levels (P=0.003), and the lead GWAS signal was not explained by these variants. Knockdown of LRP2 in zebrafish did not alter the renal phenotype in static or kidney injury models. In conclusion, this study revealed common variants associated with urinary levels of TFF3, kidney injury molecule-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor and identified a cluster of rare variants independently associated with TFF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gearoid M McMahon
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts; Divisions of Nephrology
| | - Matthias Olden
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Martin G Larson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts; Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Mehta ZB, Pietka G, Lowe M. The cellular and physiological functions of the Lowe syndrome protein OCRL1. Traffic 2014; 15:471-87. [PMID: 24499450 PMCID: PMC4278560 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide lipids play a key role in cellular physiology, participating in a wide array of cellular processes. Consequently, mutation of phosphoinositide-metabolizing enzymes is responsible for a growing number of diseases in humans. Two related disorders, oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) and Dent-2 disease, are caused by mutation of the inositol 5-phosphatase OCRL1. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of OCRL1 function. OCRL1 appears to regulate many processes within the cell, most of which depend upon coordination of membrane dynamics with remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Recently developed animal models have managed to recapitulate features of Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease, and revealed new insights into the underlying mechanisms of these disorders. The continued use of both cell-based approaches and animal models will be key to fully unraveling OCRL1 function, how its loss leads to disease and, importantly, the development of therapeutics to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia B Mehta
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Current address: Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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41
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Bouillon R, Suda T. Vitamin D: calcium and bone homeostasis during evolution. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:480. [PMID: 24466411 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is already found early in the evolution of life but essentially as inactive end products of the photochemical reaction of 7-dehydrocholestol with ultraviolet light B. A full vitamin D (refers to vitamin D2 and D3) endocrine system, characterized by a specific VDR (vitamin D receptor, member of the nuclear receptor family), specific vitamin D metabolizing CYP450 enzymes regulated by calciotropic hormones and a dedicated plasma transport-protein is only found in vertebrates. In the earliest vertebrates (lamprey), vitamin D metabolism and VDR may well have originated from a duplication of a common PRX/VDR ancestor gene as part of a xenobiotic detoxification pathway. The vitamin D endocrine system, however, subsequently became an important regulator of calcium supply for an extensive calcified skeleton. Vitamin D is essential for normal calcium and bone homeostasis as shown by rickets in vitamin D-deficient growing amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. From amphibians onward, bone is gradually more dynamic with regulated bone resorption, mainly by combined action of PTH and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the generation and function of multinucleated osteoclasts. Therefore, bone functions as a large internal calcium reservoir, under the control of osteoclasts. Osteocytes also display a remarkable spectrum of activities, including mechanical sensing and regulating mineral homeostasis, but also have an important role in global nutritional and energy homeostasis. Mineralization from reptiles onward is under the control of well-regulated SIBLING proteins and associated enzymes, nearly all under the control of 1,25(OH)2D3. The vitamin D story thus started as inert molecule but gained an essential role for calcium and bone homeostasis in terrestrial animals to cope with the challenge of higher gravity and calcium-poor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven; Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatsuo Suda
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University , Saitama, Japan
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42
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Prutskova N, Seliverstova E. Absorption capacity of renal proximal tubular cells studied by combined injections of YFP and GFP in Rana temporaria L. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Carpentier S, N'Kuli F, Grieco G, Van Der Smissen P, Janssens V, Emonard H, Bilanges B, Vanhaesebroeck B, Gaide Chevronnay HP, Pierreux CE, Tyteca D, Courtoy PJ. Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase/VPS34 and dynamin are critical for apical endocytic recycling. Traffic 2013; 14:933-48. [PMID: 23621784 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recycling is a limiting step for receptor-mediated endocytosis. We first report three in vitro or in vivo evidences that class III PI3K/VPS34 is the key PI3K isoform regulating apical recycling. A substractive approach, comparing in Opossum Kidney (OK) cells a pan-class I/II/III PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) with a class I/II PI3K inhibitor (ZSTK474), suggested that class III PI3K/VPS34 inhibition induced selective apical endosome swelling and sequestration of the endocytic receptor, megalin/LRP-2, causing surface down-regulation. GFP-(FYVE)x2 overexpression to sequester PI(3)P caused undistinguishable apical endosome swelling. In mouse kidney proximal tubular cells, conditional Vps34 inactivation also led to vacuolation and intracellular megalin redistribution. We next report that removal of LY294002 from LY294002-treated OK cells induced a spectacular burst of recycling tubules and restoration of megalin surface pool. Acute triggering of recycling tubules revealed recruitment of dynamin-GFP and dependence of dynamin-GTPase, guidance directionality by microtubules, and suggested that a microfilamentous net constrained endosomal swelling. We conclude that (i) besides its role in endosome fusion, PI3K-III is essential for endosome fission/recycling; and (ii) besides its role in endocytic entry, dynamin also supports tubulation of recycling endosomes. The unleashing of recycling upon acute reversal of PI3K inhibition may help study its dynamics and associated machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Carpentier
- CELL Unit, Université catholique de Louvain & de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Arif E, Kumari B, Wagner MC, Zhou W, Holzman LB, Nihalani D. Myo1c is an unconventional myosin required for zebrafish glomerular development. Kidney Int 2013; 84:1154-65. [PMID: 23715127 PMCID: PMC3844053 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The targeting and organization of podocyte slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and neph1 is critical for development and maintenance of a functional glomerular filtration barrier. Myo1c is a non-muscle myosin motor protein that interacts directly with nephrin and neph1 and mediates their intracellular transport to the podocyte intercellular junction. Here we investigated the necessity of Myo1c in podocyte development using zebrafish as a model system. Immunofluorescence microscopy and in situ RNA hybridization analysis of zebrafish embryos showed that Myo1c is widely expressed in various tissues including the zebrafish glomerulus. Knockdown of the Myo1c gene in zebrafish using antisense morpholino derivatives resulted in an abnormal developmental phenotype that included pericardial edema and dilated renal tubules. Ultra-structural analysis of the glomerulus in Myo1c depleted zebrafish showed abnormal podocyte morphology and absence of the slit diaphragm. Consistent with these observations, the glomerular filter permeability appeared altered in zebrafish in which Myo1c expression was attenuated. The specificity of Myo1c knockdown was confirmed by a rescue experiment in which co-injection of Myo1c morpholino derivatives with orthologous Myo1c mRNA prepared from mouse cDNA lessened phenotypic abnormalities including edema in Myo1c morphants. Thus, our results demonstrate that Myo1c is necessary for podocyte morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Arif
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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45
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Kim JD, Kang H, Larrivée B, Lee MY, Mettlen M, Schmid SL, Roman BL, Qyang Y, Eichmann A, Jin SW. Context-dependent proangiogenic function of bone morphogenetic protein signaling is mediated by disabled homolog 2. Dev Cell 2012; 23:441-8. [PMID: 22898784 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have diverse functions during development in vertebrates. We have recently shown that BMP2 signaling promotes venous-specific angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. However, factors that confer a context-dependent proangiogenic function of BMP2 signaling within endothelial cells need to be identified. Here, we report that Disabled homolog 2 (Dab2), a cargo-specific adaptor protein for Clathrin, is essential to mediate the proangiogenic function of BMP2 signaling. We find that inhibition of Dab2 attenuates internalization of BMP receptors and abrogates the proangiogenic effects of BMP signaling in endothelial cells. Moreover, inhibition of Dab2 decreases phosphorylation of SMAD-1, 5, and 8, indicating that Dab2 plays an essential role in determining the outcome of BMP signaling within endothelial cells and may provide a molecular basis for a context-dependent proangiogenic function of BMP2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Kidney organogenesis in the zebrafish: insights into vertebrate nephrogenesis and regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:559-85. [PMID: 24014448 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates form a progressive series of up to three kidney organs during development-the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Each kidney derives from the intermediate mesoderm and is comprised of conserved excretory units called nephrons. The zebrafish is a powerful model for vertebrate developmental genetics, and recent studies have illustrated that zebrafish and mammals share numerous similarities in nephron composition and physiology. The zebrafish embryo forms an architecturally simple pronephros that has two nephrons, and these eventually become a scaffold onto which a mesonephros of several hundred nephrons is constructed during larval stages. In adult zebrafish, the mesonephros exhibits ongoing nephrogenesis, generating new nephrons from a local pool of renal progenitors during periods of growth or following kidney injury. The characteristics of the zebrafish pronephros and mesonephros make them genetically tractable kidney systems in which to study the functions of renal genes and address outstanding questions about the mechanisms of nephrogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of the formation and composition of these zebrafish kidney organs, and discuss how various zebrafish mutants, gene knockdowns, and transgenic models have created frameworks in which to further delineate nephrogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Mo D, Ihrke G, Costa SA, Brilli L, Labilloy A, Halfter W, Cianciolo Cosentino C, Hukriede NA, Weisz OA. Apical targeting and endocytosis of the sialomucin endolyn are essential for establishment of zebrafish pronephric kidney function. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5546-54. [PMID: 22976307 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney function requires the appropriate distribution of membrane proteins between the apical and basolateral surfaces along the kidney tubule. Further, the absolute amount of a protein at the cell surface versus intracellular compartments must be attuned to specific physiological needs. Endolyn (CD164) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed at the brush border and in apical endosomes of the proximal convoluted tubule and in lysosomes of more distal segments of the kidney. Endolyn has been shown to regulate CXCR4 signaling in hematopoietic precursor cells and myoblasts; however, little is known about endolyn function in the adult or developing kidney. Here we identify endolyn as a gene important for zebrafish pronephric kidney function. Zebrafish endolyn lacks the N-terminal mucin-like domain of the mammalian protein, but is otherwise highly conserved. Using in situ hybridization we show that endolyn is expressed early during development in zebrafish brain, eye, gut and pronephric kidney. Embryos injected with a translation-inhibiting morpholino oligonucleotide targeted against endolyn developed pericardial edema, hydrocephaly and body curvature. The pronephric kidney appeared normal morphologically, but clearance of fluorescent dextran injected into the common cardinal vein was delayed, consistent with a defect in the regulation of water balance in morphant embryos. Heterologous expression of rat endolyn rescued the morphant phenotypes. Interestingly, rescue experiments using mutant rat endolyn constructs revealed that both apical sorting and endocytic/lysosomal targeting motifs are required for normal pronephric kidney function. This suggests that both polarized targeting and postendocytic trafficking of endolyn are essential for the protein's proper function in mammalian kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Mo
- Renal Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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48
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Plieschnig JA, Gensberger ET, Bajari TM, Schneider WJ, Hermann M. Renal LRP2 expression in man and chicken is estrogen-responsive. Gene 2012; 508:49-59. [PMID: 22868208 PMCID: PMC3443750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 (LRP2) is an endocytic receptor that binds multiple ligands and is essential for a wide range of physiological processes. To gain new insights into the biology of this complex protein, we have initiated the molecular characterization of the LRP2 homolog from an oviparous species, the chicken (Gallus gallus). The galline LRP2 cDNA encodes a membrane protein of 4658 residues. Overall, the galline and human proteins are 73% identical, indicating that the avian gene has been well conserved over 300 million years. Unexpectedly, LRP2 transcript and protein levels in the kidney of females and estrogen-treated roosters were significantly higher than those in untreated males. The estrogen-responsiveness of avian LRP2 may be related to the dramatic differences in lipoprotein metabolism between mature roosters and laying hens. Newly identified potential estrogen-responsive elements (ERE) in the human and galline LRP2 gene, and additional Sp1 sites present in the promoter of the chicken gene, are compatible with both direct estrogen induction via the classical ligand-induced ERE pathway and the indirect transcription factor crosstalk pathway engaging the Sp1 sites. In agreement with this assumption, estrogen induction of LRP2 was observed not only in primary cultured chicken kidney cells, but also human kidney cell lines. These findings point to novel regulatory features of the LRP2 gene resulting in sex-specific receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Plieschnig
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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49
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Zebrafish: a model system for the study of vertebrate renal development, function, and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011; 20:416-24. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e3283477797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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50
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Kur E, Christa A, Veth KN, Gajera CR, Andrade-Navarro MA, Zhang J, Willer JR, Gregg RG, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Bachmann S, Link BA, Hammes A, Willnow TE. Loss of Lrp2 in zebrafish disrupts pronephric tubular clearance but not forebrain development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1567-77. [PMID: 21455927 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2) is a multifunctional cell surface receptor conserved from nematodes to humans. In mammals, it acts as regulator of sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein pathways in patterning of the embryonic forebrain and as a clearance receptor in the adult kidney. Little is known about activities of this LRP in other phyla. Here, we extend the functional elucidation of LRP2 to zebrafish as a model organism of receptor (dys)function. We demonstrate that expression of Lrp2 in embryonic and larval fish recapitulates the patterns seen in mammalian brain and kidney. Furthermore, we studied the consequence of receptor deficiencies in lrp2 and in lrp2b, a homologue unique to fish, using ENU mutagenesis or morpholino knockdown. While receptor-deficient zebrafish suffer from overt renal resorption deficiency, their brain development proceeds normally, suggesting evolutionary conservation of receptor functions in pronephric duct clearance but not in patterning of the teleost forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Kur
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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