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Wang Y, Li Q, Tao B, Angelini M, Ramadoss S, Sun B, Wang P, Krokhaleva Y, Ma F, Gu Y, Espinoza A, Yamauchi K, Pellegrini M, Novitch B, Olcese R, Qu Z, Song Z, Deb A. Fibroblasts in heart scar tissue directly regulate cardiac excitability and arrhythmogenesis. Science 2023; 381:1480-1487. [PMID: 37769108 PMCID: PMC10768850 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
After heart injury, dead heart muscle is replaced by scar tissue. Fibroblasts can electrically couple with myocytes, and changes in fibroblast membrane potential can lead to myocyte excitability, which suggests that fibroblast-myocyte coupling in scar tissue may be responsible for arrhythmogenesis. However, the physiologic relevance of electrical coupling of myocytes and fibroblasts and its impact on cardiac excitability in vivo have never been demonstrated. We genetically engineered a mouse that expresses the optogenetic cationic channel ChR2 (H134R) exclusively in cardiac fibroblasts. After myocardial infarction, optical stimulation of scar tissue elicited organ-wide cardiac excitation and induced arrhythmias in these animals. Complementing computational modeling with experimental approaches, we showed that gap junctional and ephaptic coupling, in a synergistic yet functionally redundant manner, excited myocytes coupled to fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qihao Li
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marina Angelini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sivakumar Ramadoss
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baiming Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuliya Krokhaleva
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiqian Gu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences–The Collaboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alejandro Espinoza
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences–The Collaboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ken Yamauchi
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences–The Collaboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bennett Novitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Riccardo Olcese
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhilin Qu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhen Song
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Moore JL, Bhaskar D, Gao F, Matte-Martone C, Du S, Lathrop E, Ganesan S, Shao L, Norris R, Campamà Sanz N, Annusver K, Kasper M, Cox A, Hendry C, Rieck B, Krishnaswamy S, Greco V. Cell cycle controls long-range calcium signaling in the regenerating epidermis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202302095. [PMID: 37102999 PMCID: PMC10140546 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202302095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is maintained by stem cells, which must communicate to balance their regenerative behaviors. Yet, how adult stem cells signal across regenerative tissue remains unknown due to challenges in studying signaling dynamics in live mice. We combined live imaging in the mouse basal stem cell layer with machine learning tools to analyze patterns of Ca2+ signaling. We show that basal cells display dynamic intercellular Ca2+ signaling among local neighborhoods. We find that these Ca2+ signals are coordinated across thousands of cells and that this coordination is an emergent property of the stem cell layer. We demonstrate that G2 cells are required to initiate normal levels of Ca2+ signaling, while connexin43 connects basal cells to orchestrate tissue-wide coordination of Ca2+ signaling. Lastly, we find that Ca2+ signaling drives cell cycle progression, revealing a communication feedback loop. This work provides resolution into how stem cells at different cell cycle stages coordinate tissue-wide signaling during epidermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Moore
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dhananjay Bhaskar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Shuangshuang Du
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lathrop
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Smirthy Ganesan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachael Norris
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nil Campamà Sanz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andy Cox
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Hendry
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bastian Rieck
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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van der Sande E, Haarman AEG, Quint WH, Tadema KCD, Meester-Smoor MA, Kamermans M, De Zeeuw CI, Klaver CCW, Winkelman BHJ, Iglesias AI. The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 35262731 PMCID: PMC8934558 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive errors are common eye disorders characterized by a mismatch between the focal power of the eye and its axial length. An increased axial length is a common cause of the refractive error myopia (nearsightedness). The substantial increase in myopia prevalence over the last decades has raised public health concerns because myopia can lead to severe ocular complications later in life. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have made considerable contributions to the understanding of the genetic architecture of refractive errors. Among the hundreds of genetic variants identified, common variants near the gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) gene have consistently been reported as one of the top hits. GJD2 encodes the connexin 36 (Cx36) protein, which forms gap junction channels and is highly expressed in the neural retina. In this review, we provide current evidence that links GJD2(Cx36) to the development of myopia. We summarize the gap junctional communication in the eye and the specific role of GJD2(Cx36) in retinal processing of visual signals. Finally, we discuss the pathways involving dopamine and gap junction phosphorylation and coupling as potential mechanisms that may explain the role of GJD2(Cx36) in refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie van der Sande
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Quint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirke C. D. Tadema
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Photonics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beerend H. J. Winkelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Mugisho OO, Green CR. The NLRP3 inflammasome in age-related eye disease: Evidence-based connexin hemichannel therapeutics. Exp Eye Res 2021; 215:108911. [PMID: 34958779 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome pathway is a fundamental component of the innate immune system, playing a key role especially in chronic age-related eye diseases (AREDs). The inflammasome is of particular interest because it is a common disease pathway that once instigated, can amplify and perpetuate itself leading to chronic inflammation. With aging, it becomes more difficult to shut down inflammation after an insult but the common pathway means that a shared solution may be feasible that could be effective across multiple disease indications. This review focusses on the NLRP3 inflammasome, the most studied and characterized inflammasome in the eye. It describes the two-step signalling required for NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation, and provides evidence for its role in AREDs. In the final section, the article gives an overview of potential NLRP3 inflammasome targeting therapies, before presenting evidence for connexin hemichannel regulators as upstream blockers of inflammasome activation. These have shown therapeutic efficacy in multiple ocular disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo O Mugisho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Pang J, Thomas N, Tsuchiya D, Parmely T, Yan D, Xie T, Wang Y. Step-by-step preparation of mouse eye sections for routine histology, immunofluorescence, and RNA in situ hybridization multiplexing. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100879. [PMID: 34806041 PMCID: PMC8585658 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It can be challenging to maintain tissue integrity using established histology protocols. Here, we describe a protocol composed of Hartman's fixation, window technique, microwave-based tissue processing, optimized depigmentation, and antigen retrieval pretreatment. This is followed by the ViewRNA single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques to optimize routine histological staining and molecular histology multiplexing assays. Our protocol is highly reproducible in any laboratory and may decrease animal usage and lab resource expenditure. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pang et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Pang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nancy Thomas
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Dai Tsuchiya
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Tari Parmely
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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6
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Wu F, Bard JE, Kann J, Yergeau D, Sapkota D, Ge Y, Hu Z, Wang J, Liu T, Mu X. Single cell transcriptomics reveals lineage trajectory of retinal ganglion cells in wild-type and Atoh7-null retinas. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1465. [PMID: 33674582 PMCID: PMC7935890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atoh7 has been believed to be essential for establishing the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) lineage, and Pou4f2 and Isl1 are known to regulate RGC specification and differentiation. Here we report our further study of the roles of these transcription factors. Using bulk RNA-seq, we identify genes regulated by the three transcription factors, which expand our understanding of the scope of downstream events. Using scRNA-seq on wild-type and mutant retinal cells, we reveal a transitional cell state of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) co-marked by Atoh7 and other genes for different lineages and shared by all early retinal lineages. We further discover the unexpected emergence of the RGC lineage in the absence of Atoh7. We conclude that competence of RPCs for different retinal fates is defined by lineage-specific genes co-expressed in the transitional state and that Atoh7 defines the RGC competence and collaborates with other factors to shepherd transitional RPCs to the RGC lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Bard
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Julien Kann
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Darshan Sapkota
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yichen Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zihua Hu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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7
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Mastorakos P, Mihelson N, Luby M, Burks SR, Johnson K, Hsia AW, Witko J, Frank JA, Latour L, McGavern DB. Temporally distinct myeloid cell responses mediate damage and repair after cerebrovascular injury. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:245-258. [PMID: 33462481 PMCID: PMC7854523 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular injuries can cause severe edema and inflammation that adversely affect human health. Here, we observed that recanalization after successful endovascular thrombectomy for acute large vessel occlusion was associated with cerebral edema and poor clinical outcomes in patients who experienced hemorrhagic transformation. To understand this process, we developed a cerebrovascular injury model using transcranial ultrasound that enabled spatiotemporal evaluation of resident and peripheral myeloid cells. We discovered that injurious and reparative responses diverged based on time and cellular origin. Resident microglia initially stabilized damaged vessels in a purinergic receptor-dependent manner, which was followed by an influx of myelomonocytic cells that caused severe edema. Prolonged blockade of myeloid cell recruitment with anti-adhesion molecule therapy prevented severe edema but also promoted neuronal destruction and fibrosis by interfering with vascular repair subsequently orchestrated by proinflammatory monocytes and proangiogenic repair-associated microglia (RAM). These data demonstrate how temporally distinct myeloid cell responses can contain, exacerbate and ultimately repair a cerebrovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mastorakos
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Surgical Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Mihelson
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marie Luby
- Acute Cerebrovascular Diagnostics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Burks
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amie W Hsia
- Acute Cerebrovascular Diagnostics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center Comprehensive Stroke Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jaclyn Witko
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Latour
- Acute Cerebrovascular Diagnostics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Huang OS, Seet LF, Ho HW, Chu SW, Narayanaswamy A, Perera SA, Husain R, Aung T, Wong TT. Altered Iris Aquaporin Expression and Aqueous Humor Osmolality in Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:34. [PMID: 33616622 PMCID: PMC7910645 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate transmembrane osmotic water transport and may play a role in iris fluid conductivity, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. In this study, we compared the iris expression of AQPs and aqueous osmolality between primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and nonglaucoma eyes. Methods AQP1-5 transcripts from a cohort of 36 PACG, 34 POAG and 26 nonglaucoma irises were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Osmolality of aqueous humor from another cohort of 49 PACG, 50 POAG, and 50 nonglaucoma eyes were measured using an osmometer. The localization of AQP1 in both glaucoma and nonglaucoma irises was determined by immunofluorescent analysis. Results Of the five AQP genes evaluated, AQP1 and AQP2 transcripts were significantly upregulated in both PACG (3.48- and 8.07-fold, respectively) and POAG (3.12- and 11.58-fold, respectively) irises relative to nonglaucoma counterparts. The aqueous osmolalities of PACG (303.68 mmol/kg) and POAG (300.79 mmol/kg) eyes were significantly lower compared to nonglaucoma eyes (312.6 mmol/kg). There was no significant difference in expression of AQP transcripts or aqueous osmolality between PACG and POAG eyes. Conclusions PACG and POAG eyes featured significant increase in AQP1 and AQP2 expression in the iris and reduced aqueous osmolality compared to nonglaucoma eyes. These findings suggest that the iris may be involved in altered aqueous humor dynamics in glaucoma pathophysiology. Because PACG did not differ from POAG in both properties studied, it is likely that they are common to glaucoma disease in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Huang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Li-Fong Seet
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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9
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Pang J, Le L, Zhou Y, Tu R, Hou Q, Tsuchiya D, Thomas N, Wang Y, Yu Z, Alexander R, Thexton M, Lewis B, Corbin T, Durnin M, Li H, Ashery-Padan R, Yan D, Xie T. NOTCH Signaling Controls Ciliary Body Morphogenesis and Secretion by Directly Regulating Nectin Protein Expression. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108603. [PMID: 33440163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis is often associated with cornea diseases, cataracts, and glaucoma. In the anterior segment, the ciliary body (CB) containing inner and outer ciliary epithelia (ICE and OCE) secretes aqueous humor that maintains intraocular pressure (IOP). However, CB development and function remain poorly understood. Here, this study shows that NOTCH signaling in the CB maintains the vitreous, IOP, and eye structures by regulating CB morphogenesis, aqueous humor secretion, and vitreous protein expression. Notch2 and Notch3 function via RBPJ in the CB to control ICE-OCE adhesion, CB morphogenesis, aqueous humor secretion, and protein expression, thus maintaining IOP and eye structures. Mechanistically, NOTCH signaling transcriptionally controls Nectin1 expression in the OCE to promote cell adhesion for driving CB morphogenesis and to directly stabilize Cx43 for controlling aqueous humor secretion. Finally, NOTCH signaling directly controls vitreous protein secretion in the ICE. Therefore, this study provides important insight into CB functions and involvement in eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Pang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liang Le
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Renjun Tu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Qiang Hou
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dai Tsuchiya
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Nancy Thomas
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Richard Alexander
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Marina Thexton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Brandy Lewis
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Timothy Corbin
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Michael Durnin
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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10
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Trementozzi AN, Hufnagel S, Xu H, Hanafy MS, Rosero Castro F, Smyth HDC, Cui Z, Stachowiak JC. Gap Junction Liposomes for Efficient Delivery of Chemotherapeutics to Solid Tumors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4851-4857. [PMID: 33455217 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic delivery is limited by inefficient transport across cellular membranes. Here, we harness the cellular gap junction network to release therapeutic cargos directly into the cytosol. Specifically, cell-derived vesicles, termed connectosomes, contain gap junction transmembrane proteins that open a direct passageway to the cellular interior. Connectosomes were previously shown to substantially improve chemotherapeutic delivery in vitro. Here, we test connectosomes in vivo, using a murine breast tumor model. We demonstrate that connectosomes improve chemotherapeutic delivery to cellular targets within tumors by up to 16-fold, compared to conventional drug-loaded liposomes, suggesting an efficient alternative pathway for intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Trementozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Haiyue Xu
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mahmoud S Hanafy
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Felipe Rosero Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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11
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Lyons O, Saha P, Seet C, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Grover S, Rashbrook V, Sabine A, Vizcay-Barrena G, Patel A, Ludwinski F, Padayachee S, Kume T, Kwak BR, Brice G, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Brown N, Makinen T, Petrova TV, Modarai B, Smith A. Human venous valve disease caused by mutations in FOXC2 and GJC2. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2437-2452. [PMID: 28724617 PMCID: PMC5551565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous valves (VVs) prevent venous hypertension and ulceration. We report that FOXC2 and GJC2 mutations are associated with reduced VV number and length. In mice, early VV formation is marked by elongation and reorientation ("organization") of Prox1hi endothelial cells by postnatal day 0. The expression of the transcription factors Foxc2 and Nfatc1 and the gap junction proteins Gjc2, Gja1, and Gja4 were temporospatially regulated during this process. Foxc2 and Nfatc1 were coexpressed at P0, and combined Foxc2 deletion with calcineurin-Nfat inhibition disrupted early Prox1hi endothelial organization, suggesting cooperative Foxc2-Nfatc1 patterning of these events. Genetic deletion of Gjc2, Gja4, or Gja1 also disrupted early VV Prox1hi endothelial organization at postnatal day 0, and this likely underlies the VV defects seen in patients with GJC2 mutations. Knockout of Gja4 or Gjc2 resulted in reduced proliferation of Prox1hi valve-forming cells. At later stages of blood flow, Foxc2 and calcineurin-Nfat signaling are each required for growth of the valve leaflets, whereas Foxc2 is not required for VV maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Steven Grover
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Rashbrook
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Center for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Ash Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Francesca Ludwinski
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Glen Brice
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Nigel Brown
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
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12
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Guglielmi P, Carradori S, Campestre C, Poce G. Novel therapies for glaucoma: a patent review (2013-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:769-780. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1653279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Guglielmi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Lam PT, Padula SL, Hoang TV, Poth JE, Liu L, Liang C, LeFever AS, Wallace LM, Ashery-Padan R, Riggs PK, Shields JE, Shaham O, Rowan S, Brown NL, Glaser T, Robinson ML. Considerations for the use of Cre recombinase for conditional gene deletion in the mouse lens. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:10. [PMID: 30770771 PMCID: PMC6377743 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a number of different transgenes that can mediate DNA deletion in the developing lens, each has unique features that can make a given transgenic line more or less appropriate for particular studies. The purpose of this work encompasses both a review of transgenes that lead to the expression of Cre recombinase in the lens and a comparative analysis of currently available transgenic lines with a particular emphasis on the Le-Cre and P0-3.9GFPCre lines that can mediate DNA deletion in the lens placode. Although both of these transgenes are driven by elements of the Pax6 P0 promoter, the Le-Cre transgene consistently leads to ocular abnormalities in homozygous state and can lead to ocular defects on some genetic backgrounds when hemizygous. Result Although both P0-3.9GFPCre and Le-Cre hemizygous transgenic mice undergo normal eye development on an FVB/N genetic background, Le-Cre homozygotes uniquely exhibit microphthalmia. Examination of the expression patterns of these two transgenes revealed similar expression in the developing eye and pancreas. However, lineage tracing revealed widespread non-ocular CRE reporter gene expression in the P0-3.9GFPCre transgenic mice that results from stochastic CRE expression in the P0-3.9GFPCre embryos prior to lens placode formation. Postnatal hemizygous Le-Cre transgenic lenses express higher levels of CRE transcript and protein than the hemizygous lenses of P0-3.9GFPCre mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Le-Cre hemizygous lenses deregulated the expression of 15 murine genes, several of which are associated with apoptosis. In contrast, P0-3.9GFPCre hemizygous lenses only deregulated two murine genes. No known PAX6-responsive genes or genes directly associated with lens differentiation were deregulated in the hemizygous Le-Cre lenses. Conclusions Although P0-3.9GFPCre transgenic mice appear free from ocular abnormalities, extensive non-ocular CRE expression represents a potential problem for conditional gene deletion studies using this transgene. The higher level of CRE expression in Le-Cre lenses versus P0-3.9GFPCre lenses may explain abnormal lens development in homozygous Le-Cre mice. Given the lack of deregulation of PAX6-responsive transcripts, we suggest that abnormal eye development in Le-Cre transgenic mice stems from CRE toxicity. Our studies reinforce the requirement for appropriate CRE-only expressing controls when using CRE as a driver of conditional gene targeting strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-019-0192-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Lam
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | | | - Thanh V Hoang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.,Present Address: Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Justin E Poth
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Adam S LeFever
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - Lindsay M Wallace
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Penny K Riggs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Jordan E Shields
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA.,Present Address: Emory Children's Center, Room 410, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ohad Shaham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tom Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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14
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Li SKL, Shan SW, Li HL, Cheng AKW, Pan F, Yip SP, Civan MM, To CH, Do CW. Characterization and Regulation of Gap Junctions in Porcine Ciliary Epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3461-3468. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Ka-Lok Li
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze-Wan Shan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hoi-Lam Li
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angela King-Wah Cheng
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shea-Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mortimer M. Civan
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chi-Ho To
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Do
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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15
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A new angle on blood-CNS interfaces: A role for connexins? FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Schey KL, Wang Z, L Wenke J, Qi Y. Aquaporins in the eye: expression, function, and roles in ocular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1513-23. [PMID: 24184915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All thirteen known mammalian aquaporins have been detected in the eye. Moreover, aquaporins have been identified as playing essential roles in ocular functions ranging from maintenance of lens and corneal transparency to production of aqueous humor to maintenance of cellular homeostasis and regulation of signal transduction in the retina. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the expression and known functions of ocular aquaporins and discusses their known and potential roles in ocular diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Aquaporins play essential roles in all ocular tissues. Remarkably, not all aquaporin function as a water permeable channel and the functions of many aquaporins in ocular tissues remain unknown. Given their vital roles in maintaining ocular function and their roles in disease, aquaporins represent potential targets for future therapeutic development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Since aquaporins play key roles in ocular physiology, an understanding of these functions is important to improving ocular health and treating diseases of the eye. It is likely that future therapies for ocular diseases will rely on modulation of aquaporin expression and/or function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jamie L Wenke
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ying Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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17
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Han Y, Yu HX, Sun ML, Wang Y, Xi W, Yu YQ. Astrocyte-restricted disruption of connexin-43 impairs neuronal plasticity in mouse barrel cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 39:35-45. [PMID: 24148096 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is intensive gap-junctional coupling between glial processes, but their significance in sensory functions remains unknown. Connexin-43 (Cx43), a major component of astrocytic gap-junction channels, is abundantly expressed in astrocytes. To investigate the role of Cx43-mediated gap junctions between astrocytes in sensory functions, we generated Cx43 knockout (KO) mice with a mouse line carrying loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the Cx43 gene and the transgenic line expressing Cre recombinase under control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, which exhibited a significant loss of Cx43 in astrocytes in the barrel cortex. Although Cx43 expression between the astrocytes measured by immunohistochemistry was virtually abolished in Cx43 KO mice, they had normal architecture in the barrel cortex but the intensity of cytochrome oxide histochemistry decreased significantly. In vivo electrophysiological analysis revealed that the long-term potentiation of the vibrissal evoked responses in the barrel cortex evoked by high-frequency rhythmic vibrissal stimuli (100 Hz, 1 s) was abolished in Cx43 KO mice. Current source density analysis also revealed that astrocytic Cx43 was important to the flow of excitation within the laminar connections in barrel cortex. Behavioral tests showed that the ability of Cx43 KO mice to sense the environment with their whiskers decreased. Even so, the jump-stand experiment showed that they could still discriminate rough from smooth surfaces. Our findings suggest that Cx43-mediated gap-junctional coupling between astrocytes is important in the neuron-glia interactions required for whisker-related sensory functions and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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18
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Notch2 regulates BMP signaling and epithelial morphogenesis in the ciliary body of the mouse eye. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8966-71. [PMID: 23676271 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218145110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ciliary body (CB) of the mammalian eye is responsible for secreting aqueous humor to maintain intraocular pressure, which is elevated in the eyes of glaucoma patients. It contains a folded two-layered epithelial structure comprising the nonpigmented inner ciliary epithelium (ICE), the pigmented outer ciliary epithelium (OCE), and the underlying stroma. Although the CB has an important function in the eye, its morphogenesis remains poorly studied. In this study, we show that conditional inactivation of the Jagged 1 (Jag1)-Notch2 signaling pathway in the developing CB abolishes its morphogenesis. Notch2 is expressed in the OCE of the CB, whereas Jag1 is expressed in the ICE. Conditional inactivation of Jag1 in the ICE or Notch2 in the OCE disrupts CB morphogenesis, but neither affects the specification of the CB region. Notch2 signaling in the OCE is required for promoting cell proliferation and maintaining bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, both of which have been suggested to be important for CB morphogenesis. Although Notch and BMP signaling pathways are known to cross-talk via the interaction between their downstream transcriptional factors, this study suggests that Notch2 maintains BMP signaling in the OCE possibly by repressing expression of secreted BMP inhibitors. Based on our findings, we propose that Jag1-Notch2 signaling controls CB morphogenesis at least in part by regulating cell proliferation and BMP signaling.
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19
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Janssen SF, Gorgels TGMF, Bossers K, ten Brink JB, Essing AHW, Nagtegaal M, van der Spek PJ, Jansonius NM, Bergen AAB. Gene expression and functional annotation of the human ciliary body epithelia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44973. [PMID: 23028713 PMCID: PMC3445623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The ciliary body (CB) of the human eye consists of the non-pigmented (NPE) and pigmented (PE) neuro-epithelia. We investigated the gene expression of NPE and PE, to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the most important functions of the CB. We also developed molecular signatures for the NPE and PE and studied possible new clues for glaucoma. Methods We isolated NPE and PE cells from seven healthy human donor eyes using laser dissection microscopy. Next, we performed RNA isolation, amplification, labeling and hybridization against 44×k Agilent microarrays. For microarray conformations, we used a literature study, RT-PCRs, and immunohistochemical stainings. We analyzed the gene expression data with R and with the knowledge database Ingenuity. Results The gene expression profiles and functional annotations of the NPE and PE were highly similar. We found that the most important functionalities of the NPE and PE were related to developmental processes, neural nature of the tissue, endocrine and metabolic signaling, and immunological functions. In total 1576 genes differed statistically significantly between NPE and PE. From these genes, at least 3 were cell-specific for the NPE and 143 for the PE. Finally, we observed high expression in the (N)PE of 35 genes previously implicated in molecular mechanisms related to glaucoma. Conclusion Our gene expression analysis suggested that the NPE and PE of the CB were quite similar. Nonetheless, cell-type specific differences were found. The molecular machineries of the human NPE and PE are involved in a range of neuro-endocrinological, developmental and immunological functions, and perhaps glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. F. Gorgels
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H. W. Essing
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Nagtegaal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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20
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Lagar'kova MA, Shilov AG, Gubanova NI, Prokhorovich MA, Kiselev SL. In vitro histogenesis of human embryonic stem cells into retina components. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 152:516-8. [PMID: 22803124 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a protocol of in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into three-dimensional structures histologically and molecularly similar to the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lagar'kova
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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21
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Davis N, Mor E, Ashery-Padan R. Roles for Dicer1 in the patterning and differentiation of the optic cup neuroepithelium. Development 2011; 138:127-38. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.053637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic ocular neuroepithilium generates a myriad of cell types, including the neuroretina, the pigmented epithelium, the ciliary and iris epithelia, and the iris smooth muscles. As in other regions of the developing nervous system, the generation of these various cell types requires a coordinated sequence of patterning, specification and differentiation events. We investigated the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of optic cup (OC)-derived structures. We inactivated Dicer1, a key mediator of miRNA biosynthesis, within the OC in overlapping yet distinct spatiotemporal patterns. Ablation of Dicer1 in the inner layer of the OC resulted in patterning alteration, particularly at the most distal margins. Following loss of Dicer1, this region generated a cryptic population of cells with a mixed phenotype of neuronal and ciliary body (CB) progenitors. Notably, inactivation of Dicer1 in the retinal progenitors further resulted in abrogated neurogenesis, with prolongation of ganglion cell birth and arrested differentiation of other neuronal subtypes, including amacrine and photoreceptor cells. These alterations were accompanied by changes in the expression of Notch and Hedgehog signaling components, indicating the sensitivity of the pathways to miRNA activity. Moreover, this study revealed the requirement of miRNAs for morphogenesis of the iris and for the regulation of CB cell type proliferation and differentiation. Together, analysis of the three genetic models revealed novel, stage-dependent roles for miRNAs in the development of the ocular sub-organs, which are all essential for normal vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Davis
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eyal Mor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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22
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Zhang N, Bai H, David KK, Dong J, Zheng Y, Cai J, Giovannini M, Liu P, Anders RA, Pan D. The Merlin/NF2 tumor suppressor functions through the YAP oncoprotein to regulate tissue homeostasis in mammals. Dev Cell 2010; 19:27-38. [PMID: 20643348 PMCID: PMC2925178 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The conserved Hippo signaling pathway regulates organ size in Drosophila and mammals. While a core kinase cascade leading from the protein kinase Hippo (Hpo) (Mst1 and Mst2 in mammals) to the transcription coactivator Yorkie (Yki) (YAP in mammals) has been established, upstream regulators of the Hippo kinase cascade are less well defined, especially in mammals. Using conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that the Merlin/NF2 tumor suppressor and the YAP oncoprotein function antagonistically to regulate liver development. While inactivation of Yap led to loss of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, inactivation of Nf2 led to hepatocellular carcinoma and bile duct hamartoma. Strikingly, the Nf2-deficient phenotypes in multiple tissues were largely suppressed by heterozygous deletion of Yap, suggesting that YAP is a major effector of Merlin/NF2 in growth regulation. Our studies link Merlin/NF2 to mammalian Hippo signaling and implicate YAP activation as a mediator of pathologies relevant to Neurofibromatosis 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Dense cataract and microphthalmia (dcm) in BALB/c mice is caused by mutations in the GJA8 locus. J Genet 2010; 89:147-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-010-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Strunnikova NV, Maminishkis A, Barb JJ, Wang F, Zhi C, Sergeev Y, Chen W, Edwards AO, Stambolian D, Abecasis G, Swaroop A, Munson PJ, Miller SS. Transcriptome analysis and molecular signature of human retinal pigment epithelium. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2468-86. [PMID: 20360305 PMCID: PMC2876890 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a polarized cell layer critical for photoreceptor function and survival. The unique physiology and relationship to the photoreceptors make the RPE a critical determinant of human vision. Therefore, we performed a global expression profiling of native and cultured human fetal and adult RPE and determined a set of highly expressed ‘signature’ genes by comparing the observed RPE gene profiles to the Novartis expression database (SymAtlas: http://wombat.gnf.org/index.html) of 78 tissues. Using stringent selection criteria of at least 10-fold higher expression in three distinct preparations, we identified 154 RPE signature genes, which were validated by qRT-PCR analysis in RPE and in an independent set of 11 tissues. Several of the highly expressed signature genes encode proteins involved in visual cycle, melanogenesis and cell adhesion and Gene ontology analysis enabled the assignment of RPE signature genes to epithelial channels and transporters (ClCN4, BEST1, SLCA20) or matrix remodeling (TIMP3, COL8A2). Fifteen RPE signature genes were associated with known ophthalmic diseases, and 25 others were mapped to regions of disease loci. An evaluation of the RPE signature genes in a recently completed AMD genomewide association (GWA) data set revealed that TIMP3, GRAMD3, PITPNA and CHRNA3 signature genes may have potential roles in AMD pathogenesis and deserve further examination. We propose that RPE signature genes are excellent candidates for retinal diseases and for physiological investigations (e.g. dopachrome tautomerase in melanogenesis). The RPE signature gene set should allow the validation of RPE-like cells derived from human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells for cell-based therapies of degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Strunnikova
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-2510, USA
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25
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Mathias RT, White TW, Gong X. Lens gap junctions in growth, differentiation, and homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:179-206. [PMID: 20086076 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cells of most mammalian organs are connected by groups of cell-to-cell channels called gap junctions. Gap junction channels are made from the connexin (Cx) family of proteins. There are at least 20 isoforms of connexins, and most tissues express more than 1 isoform. The lens is no exception, as it expresses three isoforms: Cx43, Cx46, and Cx50. A common role for all gap junctions, regardless of their Cx composition, is to provide a conduit for ion flow between cells, thus creating a syncytial tissue with regard to intracellular voltage and ion concentrations. Given this rather simple role of gap junctions, a persistent question has been: Why are there so many Cx isoforms and why do tissues express more than one isoform? Recent studies of lens Cx knockout (KO) and knock in (KI) lenses have begun to answer these questions. To understand these roles, one must first understand the physiological requirements of the lens. We therefore first review the development and structure of the lens, its numerous transport systems, how these systems are integrated to generate the lens circulation, the roles of the circulation in lens homeostasis, and finally the roles of lens connexins in growth, development, and the lens circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Mathias
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA.
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Abstract
Ocular involvement in muscular dystrophy ranges from structural defects to abnormal electroretinograms. While the mechanisms underlying the abnormal retinal physiology in patients are not understood, it is thought that alpha-dystroglycan extracellular interactions are critical for normal visual function. Here we show that beta-dystroglycan anchors dystrophin and the inward rectifying K(+) channel Kir4.1 at glial endfeet and that disruption of dystrophin and potassium channel clustering in dystroglycan mutant mice is associated with an attenuation of the electroretinogram b-wave. Glial-specific inactivation of dystroglycan or deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of beta-dystroglycan was sufficient to attenuate the electroretinogram b-wave. Unexpectedly, deletion of the beta-dystroglycan cytoplasmic domain did not disrupt the laminar structure of the retina. In contrast to the role of alpha-dystroglycan extracellular interactions during early development of the CNS, beta-dystroglycan intracellular interactions are important for visual function but not the laminar development of the retina.
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DeRosa AM, Meşe G, Li L, Sellitto C, Brink PR, Gong X, White TW. The cataract causing Cx50-S50P mutant inhibits Cx43 and intercellular communication in the lens epithelium. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1063-75. [PMID: 19331825 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Connexin50 (Cx50) cause cataracts in both humans and mice. The mechanism(s) behind how mutated connexins lead to a variety of cataracts have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we tested whether the cataract inducing Cx50-S50P mutant interacts with wild-type Connexin43 (Cx43) to form mixed channels with attenuated function. Using dual whole-cell voltage clamp, immunofluorescent microscopy and in situ dye transfer analysis we identified a unique interaction between the mutant subunit and wild-type Cx43. In paired Xenopus oocytes, co-expression of Cx50-S50P with Cx43 reduced electrical coupling >/=90%, without a reduction in protein expression. In transfected cells, Cx50-S50P did not target to cell-cell interfaces by itself, but co-expression of Cx50-S50P with Cx43 resulted in its localization at areas of cell-cell contact. We used Cx43 conditional knockout, Cx50 knockout and Cx50-S50P mutant mice to examine this interaction in vivo. Mice expressing both Cx43 and Cx50-S50P in the lens epithelium revealed a unique expression pattern for Cx43 and a reduction in Cx43 protein. In situ dye transfer experiments showed that the Cx50-S50P mutant, but not the Cx50, or Cx43 conditional knockout, greatly inhibited epithelial cell gap junctional communication in a manner similar to a double knockout of Cx43 and Cx50. The inhibitory affects of Cx50-S50P lead to diminished electrical coupling in vitro, as well as a discernable reduction in epithelial cell dye permeation. These data suggest that dominant inhibition of Cx43 mediated epithelial cell coupling may play a role in the lens pathophysiology caused by the Cx50-S50P mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M DeRosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York, T5-147, Basic Science Tower, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
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Calera MR, Wang Z, Sanchez-Olea R, Paul DL, Civan MM, Goodenough DA. Depression of intraocular pressure following inactivation of connexin43 in the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:2185-93. [PMID: 19168903 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Conditional inactivation of connexin43 (Cx43) in the pigmented epithelium of the mouse eye results in a reduction in aqueous humor production and complete loss of the vitreous chamber. It was proposed that gap junctions between pigmented and nonpigmented epithelia of the ciliary body are critical for the production of the aqueous humor. To form such junctions, Cx43 in the pigmented epithelium must interact with connexin(s) present in the adjacent cells of the nonpigmented epithelium. The importance of Cx43 expression in the nonpigmented epithelium for the establishment of gap junctions and the regulation of intraocular pressure was tested. METHODS To inactivate Cx43 in the nonpigmented epithelium of the mouse eye, a mouse line was crossed with a floxed Cx43 locus (Cx43(flox/flox)) and a transgenic mouse line expressing cre recombinase under the control of the Pax6alpha promoter. General eye structure was evaluated by light microscopy, gap junctions were analyzed by electron microscopy, and intraocular pressure was directly assessed with micropipettes. RESULTS In Pax6alpha-cre/Cx43(flox/flox) mice, Cx43 was partially inactivated in the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body and iris. Animals developed dilatations between the pigmented and nonpigmented epithelia and displayed a significant reduction in intraocular pressure. However, gap junctions between the ciliary epithelial layers were decreased but not eliminated. CONCLUSIONS Cx43 expression in the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body contributes to the formation of gap junctions with the cells of the pigmented epithelium. These gap junctions play a critical role in maintaining the physical integrity of the ciliary body epithelium. Although the partial loss of Cx43 from the nonpigmented epithelium was correlated with a measurable drop in intraocular pressure, possible changes in Cx43 in the aqueous outflow pathway may provide an additional contribution to the observed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica R Calera
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
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Cartwright JH, Piro O, Tuval I. Fluid dynamics in developmental biology: moving fluids that shape ontogeny. HFSP JOURNAL 2008; 3:77-93. [PMID: 19794816 PMCID: PMC2707792 DOI: 10.2976/1.3043738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human conception, indeed fertilization in general, takes place in a fluid, but what role does fluid dynamics have during the subsequent development of an organism? It is becoming increasingly clear that the number of genes in the genome of a typical organism is not sufficient to specify the minutiae of all features of its ontogeny. Instead, genetics often acts as a choreographer, guiding development but leaving some aspects to be controlled by physical and chemical means. Fluids are ubiquitous in biological systems, so it is not surprising that fluid dynamics should play an important role in the physical and chemical processes shaping ontogeny. However, only in a few cases have the strands been teased apart to see exactly how fluid forces operate to guide development. Here, we review instances in which the hand of fluid dynamics in developmental biology is acknowledged, both in human development and within a wider biological context, together with some in which fluid dynamics is notable but whose workings have yet to be understood, and we provide a fluid dynamicist's perspective on possible avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H.E. Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Oreste Piro
- Departamento de Física e Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Fenwick A, Richardson RJ, Butterworth J, Barron MJ, Dixon MJ. Novel mutations in GJA1 cause oculodentodigital syndrome. J Dent Res 2008; 87:1021-6. [PMID: 18946008 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculodentodigital syndrome (ODD) is a rare, usually autosomal-dominant disorder that is characterized by developmental abnormalities of the face, eyes, teeth, and limbs. The most common clinical findings include a long, narrow nose, short palpebral fissures, type III syndactyly, and dental abnormalities including generalized microdontia and enamel hypoplasia. Recently, it has been shown that mutations in the gene GJA1, which encodes the gap junction protein connexin 43, underlie oculodentodigital syndrome. Gap junction communication between adjacent cells is known to be vital during embryogenesis and subsequently for normal tissue homeostasis. Here, we report 8 missense mutations in the coding region of GJA1, 6 of which have not been described previously, in ten unrelated families diagnosed with ODD. In addition, immunofluorescence analyses of a developmental series of mouse embryos and adult tissue demonstrates a strong correlation between the sites of connexin 43 expression and the clinical phenotype displayed by individuals affected by ODD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fenwick
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Dental School, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Zhang Y, Davidson BR, Stamer WD, Barton JK, Marmorstein LY, Marmorstein AD. Enhanced inflow and outflow rates despite lower IOP in bestrophin-2-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:765-70. [PMID: 18936135 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bestrophin-2 (Best2), a putative Cl(-) channel is expressed in the nonpigmented epithelium (NPE). Disruption of Best2 in mice results in a diminished intraocular pressure (IOP). Aqueous humor dynamics were compared in Best2(+/+) and Best2(-/-) mice, to better understand the contribution of Best2 to IOP. METHODS Measurements of IOP, episcleral venous pressure (EVP), conventional outflow facility (C(t)), aqueous humor production (F(a)), and anterior chamber volume (V(a)) were made using anterior chamber cannulation. Conventional (F(c)) and uveoscleral outflow (F(u)), and rate of aqueous humor turnover, were calculated from measured data. The anterior chamber was examined in live mice by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and postmortem by light microscopy. RESULTS IOP in Best2(-/-) mice was lower compared with Best2(+/+) littermates. EVP was unchanged. Since Best2 is expressed in NPE cells, the hypothesis was that Best2 is involved in generating aqueous flow. However, F(a) in Best2(-/-) mice was increased by approximately 73% compared with Best2(+/+) mice. This was accompanied by increases in F(c) and F(u). Aqueous humor turnover was enhanced more than twofold in Best2(-/-) mice. No evidence of developmental structural changes was noted. CONCLUSIONS Best2 appears to antagonize the formation of aqueous humor and cause an inhibition of both F(c) and F(u), despite being expressed only in NPE cells. These data support the hypothesis that the inflow and outflow pathways communicate via soluble agents present in the aqueous humor and implicate Best2 as a critical mediator of that communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85711, USA
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Mathias RT, White TW, Brink PR. Chapter 3 The Role of Gap Junction Channels in the Ciliary Body Secretory Epithelium. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(08)00403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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