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Morimoto YV. Ion Signaling in Cell Motility and Development in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biomolecules 2024; 14:830. [PMID: 39062545 PMCID: PMC11274586 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is fundamental to the organization and functionality of multicellular organisms. Intercellular signals orchestrate a variety of cellular responses, including gene expression and protein function changes, and contribute to the integrated functions of individual tissues. Dictyostelium discoideum is a model organism for cell-to-cell interactions mediated by chemical signals and multicellular formation mechanisms. Upon starvation, D. discoideum cells exhibit coordinated cell aggregation via cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) gradients and chemotaxis, which facilitates the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. During this process, the calcium signaling synchronizes with the cAMP signaling. The resulting multicellular body exhibits organized collective migration and ultimately forms a fruiting body. Various signaling molecules, such as ion signals, regulate the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns within multicellular bodies. Understanding cell-to-cell and ion signaling in Dictyostelium provides insight into general multicellular formation and differentiation processes. Exploring cell-to-cell and ion signaling enhances our understanding of the fundamental biological processes related to cell communication, coordination, and differentiation, with wide-ranging implications for developmental biology, evolutionary biology, biomedical research, and synthetic biology. In this review, I discuss the role of ion signaling in cell motility and development in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke V. Morimoto
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Fukuoka, Japan;
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Saitama, Japan
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2
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Stock C. pH-regulated single cell migration. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:639-658. [PMID: 38214759 PMCID: PMC11006768 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, extra- and intracellular pH have emerged as fundamental regulators of cell motility. Fundamental physiological and pathological processes relying on appropriate cell migration, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and a proper immune defense on the one hand, and autoimmune diseases, metastatic cancer, and the progression of certain parasitic diseases on the other, depend on surrounding pH. In addition, migrating single cells create their own localized pH nanodomains at their surface and in the cytosol. By this means, the migrating cells locally modulate their adhesion to, and the re-arrangement and digestion of, the extracellular matrix. At the same time, the cytosolic nanodomains tune cytoskeletal dynamics along the direction of movement resulting in concerted lamellipodia protrusion and rear end retraction. Extracellular pH gradients as found in wounds, inflamed tissues, or the periphery of tumors stimulate directed cell migration, and long-term exposure to acidic conditions can engender a more migratory and invasive phenotype persisting for hours up to several generations of cells after they have left the acidic milieu. In the present review, the different variants of pH-dependent single cell migration are described. The underlying pH-dependent molecular mechanisms such as conformational changes of adhesion molecules, matrix protease activity, actin (de-)polymerization, and signaling events are explained, and molecular pH sensors stimulated by H+ signaling are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Lasota S, Zimolag E, Bobis-Wozowicz S, Pilipiuk J, Madeja Z. The dynamics of the electrotactic reaction of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119647. [PMID: 38092134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind electrotaxis remain largely unknown, with no identified primary direct current electric field (dcEF) sensor. Two leading hypotheses propose mechanisms involving the redistribution of charged components in the cell membrane (driven by electrophoresis or electroosmosis) and the asymmetric activation of ion channels. To investigate these mechanisms, we studied the dynamics of electrotactic behaviour of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. We observed that 3T3 fibroblasts exhibit cathodal migration within just 1 min when exposed to physiological dcEF. This rapid response suggests the involvement of ion channels in the cell membrane. Our large-scale screening method identified several ion channel genes as potential key players, including the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.2. Blocking the Kir channel family with Ba2+ or silencing the Kcnj15 gene, encoding Kir4.2, significantly reduced the directional migration of 3T3 cells. Additionally, the levels of the intracellular regulators of Kir channels, spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD), had a significant impact on cell directionality. Interestingly, inhibiting Kir4.2 resulted in the temporary cessation of electrotaxis for approximately 1-2 h before its return. This observation suggests a two-phase mechanism for the electrotaxis of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, where ion channel activation triggers the initial rapid response to dcEF, and the subsequent redistribution of membrane receptors sustains long-term directional movement. In summary, our study unveils the involvement of Kir channels and proposes a biphasic mechanism to explain the electrotactic behaviour of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, shedding light on the molecular underpinnings of electrotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lasota
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Eliza Zimolag
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jagoda Pilipiuk
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Chen ST, He SY, Li Y, Gu N, Wen C, Lu J. Metallurgical manipulation of surface Volta potential in bimetals and cell response of human mesenchymal stem cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213529. [PMID: 37348184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectricity plays an overriding role in directing cell migration, proliferation, differentiation etc. Tailoring the electro-extracellular environment through metallurgical manipulation could modulate the surrounding cell behaviors. In this study, different electric potential patterns, in terms of Volta potential distribution and gradient, were created on the metallic surface as an electric microenvironment, and their effects on adherent human mesenchymal stem cells were investigated. Periodically and randomly distributed Volta potential pattern, respectively, were generated on the surface through spark plasma sintering of two alternatively stacked dissimilar metals films and of a mixture of metallic powders. Actin cytoskeleton staining demonstrated that the Volta potential pattern strongly affected cell attachment and deformation. The cytoskeletons of cells were observed to elongate along the Volta potential gradient and across the border of adjacent regions with higher and lower potentials. Moreover, the steepest potential gradient resulting from the drastic compositional changes on the periodic borders gave rise to the strongest osteogenic tendency among all the samples. This study suggests that tailoring the Volta potential distribution and gradient of metallic biomaterials via metallurgical manipulation is a promising approach to activate surrounding cells, providing an extra degree of freedom for designing desirable bone-repairing metallic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Si-Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ning Gu
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Bierman-Duquette RD, Safarians G, Huang J, Rajput B, Chen JY, Wang ZZ, Seidlits SK. Engineering Tissues of the Central Nervous System: Interfacing Conductive Biomaterials with Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101577. [PMID: 34808031 PMCID: PMC8986557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conductive biomaterials provide an important control for engineering neural tissues, where electrical stimulation can potentially direct neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) maturation into functional neuronal networks. It is anticipated that stem cell-based therapies to repair damaged central nervous system (CNS) tissues and ex vivo, "tissue chip" models of the CNS and its pathologies will each benefit from the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and conductive biomaterials. Here, technological advances in conductive biomaterials are reviewed over the past two decades that may facilitate the development of engineered tissues with integrated physiological and electrical functionalities. First, one briefly introduces NS/PCs of the CNS. Then, the significance of incorporating microenvironmental cues, to which NS/PCs are naturally programmed to respond, into biomaterial scaffolds is discussed with a focus on electrical cues. Next, practical design considerations for conductive biomaterials are discussed followed by a review of studies evaluating how conductive biomaterials can be engineered to control NS/PC behavior by mimicking specific functionalities in the CNS microenvironment. Finally, steps researchers can take to move NS/PC-interfacing, conductive materials closer to clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gevick Safarians
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joyce Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bushra Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jessica Y. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ze Zhong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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Salvalaio M, Oliver N, Tiknaz D, Schwarze M, Kral N, Kim SJ, Sena G. Root electrotropism in Arabidopsis does not depend on auxin distribution but requires cytokinin biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1604-1616. [PMID: 34893912 PMCID: PMC8896602 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient foraging by plant roots relies on the ability to sense multiple physical and chemical cues in soil and to reorient growth accordingly (tropism). Root tropisms range from sensing gravity (gravitropism), light (phototropism), water (hydrotropism), touch (thigmotropism), and more. Electrotropism, also known as galvanotropism, is the phenomenon of aligning growth with external electric fields and currents. Although root electrotropism has been observed in a few species since the end of the 19th century, its molecular and physical mechanisms remain elusive, limiting its comparison with the more well-defined sensing pathways in plants. Here, we provide a quantitative and molecular characterization of root electrotropism in the model system Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), showing that it does not depend on an asymmetric distribution of the plant hormone auxin, but instead requires the biosynthesis of a second hormone, cytokinin. We also show that the dose-response kinetics of the early steps of root electrotropism follows a power law analogous to the one observed in some physiological reactions in animals. Future studies involving more extensive molecular and quantitative characterization of root electrotropism would represent a step toward a better understanding of signal integration in plants and would also serve as an independent outgroup for comparative analysis of electroreception in animals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Oliver
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Deniz Tiknaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Nicolas Kral
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Soo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Giovanni Sena
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Yang Q, Jiang N, Xu H, Zhang Y, Xiong C, Huang J. Integration of electrotaxis and durotaxis in cancer cells: Subtle nonlinear responses to electromechanical coupling cues. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 186:113289. [PMID: 33975207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells in living organisms live in multiphysics-coupled environments. There is growing evidence indicating that both exogenous electric field (EEF) and extracellular stiffness gradient (ESG) can regulate directional movement of cells, which are known as electrotaxis and durotaxis, respectively. How single cells respond to the ubiquitous electromechanical coupling cues, however, remains mysterious. Using microfluidic chip-based methodology and finite element-based electromechanical coupling design strategies, we develope an electromechanical coupling microchip system, enabling us to quantitatively investigate polarization and directional migration governed by EEF and ESG at the single cell level. It is revealed that both of electrotaxis and durotaxis nonlinearly depend on the physiological EEF and ESG, respectively. Specific combinations of EEF and ESG can subtly modify the polarization states of single cells and thus induce hyperpolarization and depolarization. Cells can integrate electrotaxis and durotaxis in response to multi-cue microenvironments via subtle mechanisms involving cooperation and competition during cellular electrosensing and mechanosensing. The work offers a platform for quantifying migration and polarization of cells driven by electromechanical cues, which is essential not only for elucidating physiological and pathological processes like embryo development, and invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, but for manipulating cell behaviors in a controllable and programmable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Yang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Wang D, Tan J, Zhu H, Mei Y, Liu X. Biomedical Implants with Charge-Transfer Monitoring and Regulating Abilities. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004393. [PMID: 34166584 PMCID: PMC8373130 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane charge (ion/electron) transfer is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is involved in many biological processes, from protein synthesis to embryonic development in organisms. Designing implant devices that can detect or regulate cellular transmembrane charge transfer is expected to sense and modulate the behaviors of host cells and tissues. Thus, charge transfer can be regarded as a bridge connecting living systems and human-made implantable devices. This review describes the mode and mechanism of charge transfer between organisms and nonliving materials, and summarizes the strategies to endow implants with charge-transfer regulating or monitoring abilities. Furthermore, three major charge-transfer controlling systems, including wired, self-activated, and stimuli-responsive biomedical implants, as well as the design principles and pivotal materials are systematically elaborated. The clinical challenges and the prospects for future development of these implant devices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructureShanghai Institutes of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| | - Ji Tan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructureShanghai Institutes of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Hongqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructureShanghai Institutes of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructureShanghai Institutes of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou310024China
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Shim G, Devenport D, Cohen DJ. Overriding native cell coordination enhances external programming of collective cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101352118. [PMID: 34272284 PMCID: PMC8307614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101352118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As collective cell migration is essential in biological processes spanning development, healing, and cancer progression, methods to externally program cell migration are of great value. However, problems can arise if the external commands compete with strong, preexisting collective behaviors in the tissue or system. We investigate this problem by applying a potent external migratory cue-electrical stimulation and electrotaxis-to primary mouse skin monolayers where we can tune cell-cell adhesion strength to modulate endogenous collectivity. Monolayers with high cell-cell adhesion showed strong natural coordination and resisted electrotactic control, with this conflict actively damaging the leading edge of the tissue. However, reducing preexisting coordination in the tissue by specifically inhibiting E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion, either by disrupting the formation of cell-cell junctions with E-cadherin-specific antibodies or rapidly dismantling E-cadherin junctions with calcium chelators, significantly improved controllability. Finally, we applied this paradigm of weakening existing coordination to improve control and demonstrate accelerated wound closure in vitro. These results are in keeping with those from diverse, noncellular systems and confirm that endogenous collectivity should be considered as a key quantitative design variable when optimizing external control of collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawoon Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;
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Song B, Gu Y, Jiang W, Li Y, Ayre WN, Liu Z, Yin T, Janetopoulos C, Iijima M, Devreotes P, Zhao M. Electric signals counterbalanced posterior vs anterior PTEN signaling in directed migration of Dictyostelium. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:111. [PMID: 34127068 PMCID: PMC8201722 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cells show directed migration response to electric signals, namely electrotaxis or galvanotaxis. PI3K and PTEN jointly play counterbalancing roles in this event via a bilateral regulation of PIP3 signaling. PI3K has been proved essential in anterior signaling of electrotaxing cells, whilst the role of PTEN remains elusive. Methods Dictyostelium cells with different genetic backgrounds were treated with direct current electric signals to investigate the genetic regulation of electrotaxis. Results We demonstrated that electric signals promoted PTEN phosphatase activity and asymmetrical translocation to the posterior plasma membrane of the electrotaxing cells. Electric stimulation produced a similar but delayed rear redistribution of myosin II, immediately before electrotaxis started. Actin polymerization is required for the asymmetric membrane translocation of PTEN and myosin. PTEN signaling is also responsible for the asymmetric anterior redistribution of PIP3/F-actin, and a biased redistribution of pseudopod protrusion in the forwarding direction of electrotaxing cells. Conclusions PTEN controls electrotaxis by coordinately regulating asymmetric redistribution of myosin to the posterior, and PIP3/F-actin to the anterior region of the directed migration cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00580-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Wayne Nishio Ayre
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Miho Iijima
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Peter Devreotes
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95618, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, UC Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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Guido I, Diehl D, Olszok NA, Bodenschatz E. Cellular velocity, electrical persistence and sensing in developed and vegetative cells during electrotaxis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239379. [PMID: 32946489 PMCID: PMC7500600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have the ability to detect electric fields and respond to them with directed migratory movement. Investigations identified genes and proteins that play important roles in defining the migration efficiency. Nevertheless, the sensing and transduction mechanisms underlying directed cell migration are still under discussion. We use Dictyostelium discoideum cells as model system for studying eukaryotic cell migration in DC electric fields. We have defined the temporal electric persistence to characterize the memory that cells have in a varying electric field. In addition to imposing a directional bias, we observed that the electric field influences the cellular kinematics by accelerating the movement of cells along their paths. Moreover, the study of vegetative and briefly starved cells provided insight into the electrical sensing of cells. We found evidence that conditioned medium of starved cells was able to trigger the electrical sensing of vegetative cells that would otherwise not orient themselves in the electric field. This observation may be explained by the presence of the conditioned medium factor (CMF), a protein secreted by the cells, when they begin to starve. The results of this study give new insights into understanding the mechanism that triggers the electrical sensing and transduces the external stimulus into directed cell migration. Finally, the observed increased mobility of cells over time in an electric field could offer a novel perspective towards wound healing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Guido
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Douglas Diehl
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nora Aleida Olszok
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Bodenschatz
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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12
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Tsai HF, IJspeert C, Shen AQ. Voltage-gated ion channels mediate the electrotaxis of glioblastoma cells in a hybrid PMMA/PDMS microdevice. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:036102. [PMID: 32637857 PMCID: PMC7332302 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformed astrocytes in the most aggressive form cause glioblastoma, the most common cancer in the central nervous system with high mortality. The physiological electric field by neuronal local field potentials and tissue polarity may guide the infiltration of glioblastoma cells through the electrotaxis process. However, microenvironments with multiplex gradients are difficult to create. In this work, we have developed a hybrid microfluidic platform to study glioblastoma electrotaxis in controlled microenvironments with high throughput quantitative analysis by machine learning-powered single cell tracking software. By equalizing the hydrostatic pressure difference between inlets and outlets of the microchannel, uniform single cells can be seeded reliably inside the microdevice. The electrotaxis of two glioblastoma models, T98G and U-251MG, requires an optimal laminin-containing extracellular matrix and exhibits opposite directional and electro-alignment tendencies. Calcium signaling is a key contributor in glioblastoma pathophysiology but its role in glioblastoma electrotaxis is still an open question. Anodal T98G electrotaxis and cathodal U-251MG electrotaxis require the presence of extracellular calcium cations. U-251MG electrotaxis is dependent on the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) and T98G is dependent on the R-type VGCC. U-251MG electrotaxis and T98G electrotaxis are also mediated by A-type (rapidly inactivating) voltage-gated potassium channels and acid-sensing sodium channels. The involvement of multiple ion channels suggests that the glioblastoma electrotaxis is complex and patient-specific ion channel expression can be critical to develop personalized therapeutics to fight against cancer metastasis. The hybrid microfluidic design and machine learning-powered single cell analysis provide a simple and flexible platform for quantitative investigation of complicated biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Camilo IJspeert
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Consalvo KM, Rijal R, Tang Y, Kirolos SA, Smith MR, Gomer RH. Extracellular signaling in Dictyostelium. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 63:395-405. [PMID: 31840778 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.190259rg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, we have learned a considerable amount about how eukaryotic cells communicate with each other, and what it is the cells are telling each other. The simplicity of Dictyostelium discoideum, and the wide variety of available tools to study this organism, makes it the equivalent of a hydrogen atom for cell and developmental biology. Studies using Dictyostelium have pioneered a good deal of our understanding of eukaryotic cell communication. In this review, we will present a brief overview of how Dictyostelium cells use extracellular signals to attract each other, repel each other, sense their local cell density, sense whether the nearby cells are starving or stressed, count themselves to organize the formation of structures containing a regulated number of cells, sense the volume they are in, and organize their multicellular development. Although we are probably just beginning to learn what the cells are telling each other, the elucidation of Dictyostelium extracellular signals has already led to the development of possible therapeutics for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Consalvo
- Department of Biology, Texas A∧M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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14
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Cole J, Gagnon Z. A flow-based microfluidic device for spatially quantifying intracellular calcium ion activity during cellular electrotaxis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064107. [PMID: 31737156 PMCID: PMC6837942 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
How a cell senses, responds, and moves toward, or away from an external cue is central to many biological and medical phenomena including morphogenesis, immune response, and cancer metastasis. Many eukaryotic cells have internal sensory mechanisms that allow them to sense these cues, often in the form of gradients of chemoattractant, voltage, or mechanical stress, and bias their motion in a specific direction. In this study, a new method for using microfluidics to study the electrotactic migration of cells is presented. Electrotaxis (also known as galvanotaxis) is the phenomenon by which cells bias their motion directionally in response to an externally applied electrical field. In this work, we present a new flow-based, salt bridge-free microfluidic device for imaging and quantifying cell motility and intracellular ion activity during electrotaxis. To eliminate salt bridges, we used a low nanoliter flow rate to slowly drive Faradaic waste products away from and out of the electrotaxis zone. This cell migration zone consisted of an array of fluidic confinement channels approximately 2 μm in thickness. This confined height served to insulate the migrating cells from the electric field at the top and bottom of the cell, such that only the two-dimensional perimeter of the cells interacted with the electrical source. We demonstrate the ability to quantify the electrotactic velocity of migrating Dictyostelium discoideum cells and show how this confined design facilitates the imaging and quantification of the ion activity of electrotaxing cells. Finally, by spatially imaging the calcium concentration within these cells, we demonstrate that intracellular calcium preferentially translocates to the leading edge of migrating Dictyostelium cells during electrotaxis but does not exhibit this behavior during migration by chemotaxis in a gradient of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate or when cells freely migrate in the absence of an external cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Cole
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Zachary Gagnon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 203 Jack E. Brown Building, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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15
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Doxycycline inhibits electric field-induced migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8094. [PMID: 31147570 PMCID: PMC6542854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most commonly diagnosed subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Numerous lung cancer cell types have exhibited electrotaxis under direct current electric fields (dcEF). Physiological electric fields (EF) play key roles in cancer cell migration. In this study, we investigated electrotaxis of NSCLC cells, including human large cell lung carcinoma NCI-H460 and human lung squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520 cells. Non-cancerous MRC-5 lung fibroblasts were included as a control. After dcEF stimulation, NCI-H460 and NCI-H520 cells, which both exhibit epithelial-like morphology, migrated towards the cathode, while MRC-5 cells, which have fibroblast-like morphology, migrated towards the anode. The effect of doxycycline, a common antibiotic, on electrotaxis of MRC-5, NCI-H460 and NCI-H520 cells was examined. Doxycycline enhanced the tested cells’ motility but inhibited electrotaxis in the NSCLC cells without inhibiting non-cancerous MRC-5 cells. Based on our finding, further in-vivo studies could be devised to investigate the metastasis inhibition effect of doxycycline in an organism level.
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16
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Manipulation of cell migration by laserporation-induced local wounding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4291. [PMID: 30862930 PMCID: PMC6414676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms employ various mechanisms to escape harm. At the cellular level, mobile cells employ movement to avoid harmful chemicals or repellents. The present study is the first to report that cells move away from the site of injury in response to local wounding. When a migrating Dictyostelium cell was locally wounded at its anterior region by laserporation, the cell retracted its anterior pseudopods, extended a new pseudopod at the posterior region, and migrated in the opposite direction with increasing velocity. When wounded in the posterior region, the cell did not change its polarity and moved away from the site of wounding. Since the cells repair wounds within a short period, we successfully manipulated cell migration by applying multiple wounds. Herein, we discussed the signals that contributed to the wound-induced escape behavior of Dictyostelium cells. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which cells establish their polarity.
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17
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Chen S, Hourwitz MJ, Campanello L, Fourkas JT, Losert W, Parent CA. Actin Cytoskeleton and Focal Adhesions Regulate the Biased Migration of Breast Cancer Cells on Nanoscale Asymmetric Sawteeth. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1454-1468. [PMID: 30707556 PMCID: PMC7159974 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical guidance from the underlying matrix is a key regulator of cancer invasion and metastasis. We explore the effects of surface topography on the migration phenotype of multiple breast cancer cell lines using aligned nanoscale ridges and asymmetric sawtooth structures. Both benign and metastatic breast cancer cells preferentially move parallel to nanoridges, with enhanced speeds compared to flat surfaces. In contrast, asymmetric sawtooth structures unidirectionally bias the movement of breast cancer cells in a cell-type-dependent manner. Quantitative analysis shows that the level of bias in cell migration increases when cells move with higher speeds or with higher directional persistence. Live-cell imaging studies further reveal that actin polymerization waves are unidirectionally guided by the sawteeth in the same direction as the cell motion. High-resolution fluorescence imaging and scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that two breast cancer cell lines with opposite migrational profiles exhibit profoundly different cell cortical plasticity and focal adhesion patterns. These results suggest that the overall migration response of cancer cells to surface topography is directly related to the underlying cytoskeletal architectures and dynamics, which are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matt J. Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Leonard Campanello
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John T. Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Park J, Mazare A, Schneider H, von der Mark K, Fischer MJM, Schmuki P. Electric Field-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation on TiO2 Nanotubular Layer. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:809-21. [PMID: 27416901 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
On biocompatible implant surfaces, cellular behavior and fate of stem cells are determined not only by microenvironmental signals but also by electrochemical signals. The potential of electric fields (EFs) to stimulate bone growth and bone healing has been widely demonstrated, but the molecular mechanism linking EFs to osteogenic differentiation has remained elusive. Here we show that constant EFs triggered osteogenic induction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on a defined nanotubular TiO2 substrate. EFs stimulate the formation of plasma membrane protrusions and the transport of connexin 43 to these protrusions. Connexin 43 is required for the EF-induced lasting intracellular calcium increase, which rapidly propagates to neighboring cells by gap junctions. This enables simultaneous osteogenic induction following downstream calcineurin/CAMKII/NFAT signaling. We propose that connexin 43-mediated, EF-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs on a defined nanotubular titanium oxide surface may give new insight on therapeutic interventions for bone regeneration and tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Park
- 1 Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anca Mazare
- 2 Department of Materials Science, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- 1 Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- 3 Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- 4 Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrik Schmuki
- 2 Department of Materials Science, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Unraveling the mechanistic effects of electric field stimulation towards directing stem cell fate and function: A tissue engineering perspective. Biomaterials 2017; 150:60-86. [PMID: 29032331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electric field (EF) stimulation can play a vital role in eliciting appropriate stem cell response. Such an approach is recently being established to guide stem cell differentiation through osteogenesis/neurogenesis/cardiomyogenesis. Despite significant recent efforts, the biophysical mechanisms by which stem cells sense, interpret and transform electrical cues into biochemical and biological signals still remain unclear. The present review critically analyses the variety of EF stimulation approaches that can be employed to evoke appropriate stem cell response and also makes an attempt to summarize the underlying concepts of this notion, placing special emphasis on stem cell based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review also discusses the major signaling pathways and cellular responses that are elicited by electric stimulation, including the participation of reactive oxygen species and heat shock proteins, modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration, ATP production and numerous other events involving the clustering or reassembling of cell surface receptors, cytoskeletal remodeling and so on. The specific advantages of using external electric stimulation in different modalities to regulate stem cell fate processes are highlighted with explicit examples, in vitro and in vivo.
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20
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Abstract
Cell polarization is a key step in the migration, development, and organization of eukaryotic cells, both at the single cell and multicellular level. Research on the mechanisms that give rise to polarization of a given cell, and organization of polarity within a tissue has led to new understanding across cellular and developmental biology. In this review, we describe some of the history of theoretical and experimental aspects of the field, as well as some interesting questions and challenges for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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21
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Chrisman SD, Waite CB, Scoville AG, Carnell L. C. elegans Demonstrates Distinct Behaviors within a Fixed and Uniform Electric Field. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151320. [PMID: 26998749 PMCID: PMC4801214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
C. elegans will orient and travel in a straight uninterrupted path directly towards the negative pole of a DC electric field. We have sought to understand the strategy worms use to navigate to the negative pole in a uniform electric field that is fixed in both direction and magnitude. We examined this behavior by quantifying three aspects of electrotaxis behavior in response to different applied field strengths: the mean approach trajectory angles of the animals’ tracks, turning behavior (pirouettes) and average population speeds. We determined that C. elegans align directly to the negative pole of an electric field at sub-preferred field strength and alter approach trajectories at higher field strengths to maintain taxis within a preferred range we have calculated to be ~ 5V/cm. We sought to identify the sensory neurons responsible for the animals’ tracking to a preferred field strength. eat-4 mutant animals defective in glutamatergic signaling of the amphid sensory neurons are severely electrotaxis defective and ceh-36 mutant animals, which are defective in the terminal differentiation of two types of sensory neurons, AWC and ASE, are partially defective in electrotaxis. To further elucidate the role of the AWC neurons, we examined the role of each of the pair of AWC neurons (AWCOFF and AWCON), which are functionally asymmetric and express different genes. nsy-5/inx-19 mutant animals, which express both neurons as AWCOFF, are severely impaired in electrotaxis behavior while nsy-1 mutants, which express both neurons as AWCON, are able to differentiate field strengths required for navigation to a specific field strength within an electric field. We also tested a strain with targeted genetic ablation of AWC neurons and found that these animals showed only slight disruption of directionality and turning behavior. These results suggest a role for AWC neurons in which complete loss of function is less disruptive than loss of functional asymmetry in electrotaxis behavior within a uniform fixed field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Chrisman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Waite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alison G. Scoville
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucinda Carnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Zhang G, Edmundson M, Telezhkin V, Gu Y, Wei X, Kemp PJ, Song B. The Role of Kv1.2 Channel in Electrotaxis Cell Migration. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1375-84. [PMID: 26580832 PMCID: PMC4832312 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium Kv1.2 channels play pivotal role in maintaining of resting membrane potential and, consequently, regulation of cellular excitability of neurons. Endogenously generated electric field (EF) have been proven as an important regulator for cell migration and tissue repair. The mechanisms of ion channel involvement in EF-induced cell responses are extensively studied but largely are poorly understood. In this study we generated three COS-7 clones with different expression levels of Kv1.2 channel, and confirmed their functional variations with patch clamp analysis. Time-lapse imaging analysis showed that EF-induced cell migration response was Kv1.2 channel expression level depended. Inhibition of Kv1.2 channels with charybdotoxin (ChTX) constrained the sensitivity of COS-7 cells to EF stimulation more than their motility. Immunocytochemistry and pull-down analyses demonstrated association of Kv1.2 channels with actin-binding protein cortactin and its re-localization to the cathode-facing membrane at EF stimulation, which confirms the mechanism of EF-induced directional migration. This study displays that Kv1.2 channels represent an important physiological link in EF-induced cell migration. The described mechanism suggests a potential application of EF which may improve therapeutic performance in curing injuries of neuronal and/or cardiac tissue repair, post operational therapy, and various degenerative syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Edmundson
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vsevolod Telezhkin
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoqing Wei
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Kemp
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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23
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Guo L, Xu C, Li D, Zheng X, Tang J, Bu J, Sun H, Yang Z, Sun W, Yu X. Calcium Ion Flow Permeates Cells through SOCs to Promote Cathode-Directed Galvanotaxis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139865. [PMID: 26447479 PMCID: PMC4598171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing and responding to endogenous electrical fields are important abilities for cells engaged in processes such as embryogenesis, regeneration and wound healing. Many types of cultured cells have been induced to migrate directionally within electrical fields in vitro using a process known as galvanotaxis. The underlying mechanism by which cells sense electrical fields is unknown. In this study, we assembled a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) galvanotaxis system and found that mouse fibroblasts and human prostate cancer PC3 cells migrated to the cathode. By comparing the effects of a pulsed direct current, a constant direct current and an anion-exchange membrane on the directed migration of mouse fibroblasts, we found that these cells responded to the ionic flow in the electrical fields. Taken together, the observed effects of the calcium content of the medium, the function of the store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) and the intracellular calcium content on galvanotaxis indicated that calcium ionic flow from the anode to the cathode within the culture medium permeated the cells through SOCs at the drift velocity, promoting migration toward the cathode. The RTK-PI3K pathway was involved in this process, but the ROCK and MAPK pathways were not. PC3 cells and mouse fibroblasts utilized the same mechanism of galvanotaxis. Together, these results indicated that the signaling pathway responsible for cathode-directed cellular galvanotaxis involved calcium ionic flow from the anode to the cathode within the culture medium, which permeated the cells through SOCs, causing cytoskeletal reorganization via PI3K signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
- Bioinformatics Research Center, College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Zheng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jiebing Tang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhengkai Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Electrical Stimulation Modulates the Expression of Multiple Wound Healing Genes in Primary Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1982-90. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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25
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Mousavi SJ, Hamdy Doweidar M. Three-dimensional numerical model of cell morphology during migration in multi-signaling substrates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122094. [PMID: 25822332 PMCID: PMC4379188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell Migration associated with cell shape changes are of central importance in many biological processes ranging from morphogenesis to metastatic cancer cells. Cell movement is a result of cyclic changes of cell morphology due to effective forces on cell body, leading to periodic fluctuations of the cell length and cell membrane area. It is well-known that the cell can be guided by different effective stimuli such as mechanotaxis, thermotaxis, chemotaxis and/or electrotaxis. Regulation of intracellular mechanics and cell's physical interaction with its substrate rely on control of cell shape during cell migration. In this notion, it is essential to understand how each natural or external stimulus may affect the cell behavior. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) computational model is here developed to analyze a free mode of cell shape changes during migration in a multi-signaling micro-environment. This model is based on previous models that are presented by the same authors to study cell migration with a constant spherical cell shape in a multi-signaling substrates and mechanotaxis effect on cell morphology. Using the finite element discrete methodology, the cell is represented by a group of finite elements. The cell motion is modeled by equilibrium of effective forces on cell body such as traction, protrusion, electrostatic and drag forces, where the cell traction force is a function of the cell internal deformations. To study cell behavior in the presence of different stimuli, the model has been employed in different numerical cases. Our findings, which are qualitatively consistent with well-known related experimental observations, indicate that adding a new stimulus to the cell substrate pushes the cell to migrate more directionally in more elongated form towards the more effective stimuli. For instance, the presence of thermotaxis, chemotaxis and electrotaxis can further move the cell centroid towards the corresponding stimulus, respectively, diminishing the mechanotaxis effect. Besides, the stronger stimulus imposes a greater cell elongation and more cell membrane area. The present model not only provides new insights into cell morphology in a multi-signaling micro-environment but also enables us to investigate in more precise way the cell migration in the presence of different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jamaleddin Mousavi
- Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modeling (GEMM), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mohamed Hamdy Doweidar
- Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modeling (GEMM), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Yang HY, La TD, Isseroff RR. Utilizing custom-designed galvanotaxis chambers to study directional migration of prostate cells. J Vis Exp 2014:51973. [PMID: 25549020 PMCID: PMC4396920 DOI: 10.3791/51973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological electric field serves specific biological functions, such as directing cell migration in embryo development, neuronal outgrowth and epithelial wound healing. Applying a direct current electric field to cultured cells in vitro induces directional cell migration, or galvanotaxis. The 2-dimensional galvanotaxis method we demonstrate here is modified with custom-made poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) chambers, glass surface, platinum electrodes and the use of a motorized stage on which the cells are imaged. The PVC chambers and platinum electrodes exhibit low cytotoxicity and are affordable and re-useable. The glass surface and the motorized microscope stage improve quality of images and allow possible modifications to the glass surface and treatments to the cells. We filmed the galvanotaxis of two non-tumorigenic, SV40-immortalized prostate cell lines, pRNS-1-1 and PNT2. These two cell lines show similar migration speeds and both migrate toward the cathode, but they do show a different degree of directionality in galvanotaxis. The results obtained via this protocol suggest that the pRNS-1-1 and the PNT2 cell lines may have different intrinsic features that govern their directional migratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-ya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis;
| | - Thi Dinh La
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - R Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis
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27
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Özkucur N, Song B, Bola S, Zhang L, Reid B, Fu G, Funk RHW, Zhao M. NHE3 phosphorylation via PKCη marks the polarity and orientation of directionally migrating cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4653-4663. [PMID: 24788043 PMCID: PMC4437769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous electric fields (EF) may provide an overriding cue for directional cell migration during wound closure. Perceiving a constant direction requires active sodium-hydrogen exchanger (pNHE3) at the leading edge of HEK 293 cells but its activation mechanism is not yet fully understood. Because protein kinase C (PKC) is required in electrotaxis, we asked whether NHE3 is activated by PKC during wound healing. Using pharmacological (pseudosubstrate and edelfosine) inhibition, we showed that inhibition of PKCη isoform impairs directional cell migration in HEK 293 cells in the presence of a persistent directional cue (0.25-0.3 V/mm of EF for 2 h). Further, we found that pNHE3 forms complexes with both PKCη and ɣ-tubulin, suggesting that these molecules may regulate the microtubule-organizing center. In addition, cellular pNHE3 content was reduced significantly when PKCη was inhibited during directional cell migration. Taken together, these data suggest that PKCη-dependent phosphorylation of NHE3 and the formation of pNHE3/PKCη/ɣ-tubulin complexes at the leading edge of the cell are required for directional cell migration in an EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Özkucur
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Theoretical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sharanya Bola
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Theoretical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Guo Fu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard H W Funk
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Theoretical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032;
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France;
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29
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Liu Q, Song B. Electric field regulated signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:264-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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DC electric fields direct breast cancer cell migration, induce EGFR polarization, and increase the intracellular level of calcium ions. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:1115-25. [PMID: 23657921 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Migration of cancer cells leads to invasion of primary tumors to distant organs (i.e., metastasis). Growing number of studies have demonstrated the migration of various cancer cell types directed by applied direct current electric fields (dcEF), i.e., electrotaxis, and suggested its potential implications in metastasis. MDA-MB-231 cell, a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, has been shown to migrate toward the anode of dcEF. Further characterizations of MDA-MB-231 cell electrotaxis and investigation of its underlying signaling mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of electrically guided cancer cell migration and metastasis. Therefore, we quantitatively characterized MDA-MB-231 cell electrotaxis and a few associated signaling events. Using a microfluidic device that can create well-controlled dcEF, we showed the anode-directing migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, surface staining of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and confocal microscopy showed the dcEF-induced anodal EGFR polarization in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, we showed an increase of intracellular calcium ions in MDA-MB-231 cells upon dcEF stimulation. Altogether, our study provided quantitative measurements of electrotactic migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and demonstrated the electric field-mediated EGFR and calcium signaling events, suggesting their involvement in breast cancer cell electrotaxis.
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31
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Hayashi Y, Sugawara K. Simultaneous coupling of phototaxis and electrotaxis in Volvox algae. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:042714. [PMID: 24827285 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.042714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In nature, living creatures are affected by several stimuli simultaneously. The response of living creatures to stimuli is called taxis. In order to reveal the principles of taxis behavior in response to complex stimuli, we simultaneously applied photostimulation and electric stimulation perpendicularly to a Volvox algae solution. The probability distribution of the swimming direction showed that a large population of swimming cells moved in a direction that was the result of the composition of phototaxis and electrotaxis. More surprisingly, we uncovered the coupling of signs of taxis, i.e., coupling of phototaxis and electrotaxis induced positive electrotaxis, which did not emerge in the single stimulation experiments. We qualitatively explained the coupling of taxis based on the polarization of the swimming cells induced by the simultaneous photo- and electric stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Hayashi
- Brain Embodiment Laboratory, School of Systems Engineering, University of Reading, PO Box 225, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Sugawara
- Department of Information Science, College of Liberal Arts, Tohoku Gakuin University, 2-1-1 Tenjinzawa, Izumi-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3193, Japan
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32
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Mousavi SJ, Doblaré M, Doweidar MH. Computational modelling of multi-cell migration in a multi-signalling substrate. Phys Biol 2014; 11:026002. [PMID: 24632566 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/11/2/026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a vital process in many biological phenomena ranging from wound healing to tissue regeneration. Over the past few years, it has been proven that in addition to cell-cell and cell-substrate mechanical interactions (mechanotaxis), cells can be driven by thermal, chemical and/or electrical stimuli. A numerical model was recently presented by the authors to analyse single cell migration in a multi-signalling substrate. That work is here extended to include multi-cell migration due to cell-cell interaction in a multi-signalling substrate under different conditions. This model is based on balancing the forces that act on the cell population in the presence of different guiding cues. Several numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the effect of different stimuli on the trajectory and final location of the cell population within a 3D heterogeneous multi-signalling substrate. Our findings indicate that although multi-cell migration is relatively similar to single cell migration in some aspects, the associated behaviour is very different. For instance, cell-cell interaction may delay single cell migration towards effective cues while increasing the magnitude of the average net cell traction force as well as the local velocity. Besides, the random movement of a cell within a cell population is slightly greater than that of single cell migration. Moreover, higher electrical field strength causes the cell slug to flatten near the cathode. On the other hand, as with single cell migration, the existence of electrotaxis dominates mechanotaxis, moving the cells to the cathode or anode pole located at the free surface. The numerical results here obtained are qualitatively consistent with related experimental works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jamaleddin Mousavi
- Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modelling (GEMM), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain. Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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Lima WC, Vinet A, Pieters J, Cosson P. Role of PKD2 in rheotaxis in Dictyostelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88682. [PMID: 24520414 PMCID: PMC3919814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of mechanical forces modulates several cellular responses as adhesion, migration and differentiation. Transient elevations of calcium concentration play a key role in the activation of cells following mechanical stress, but it is still unclear how eukaryotic cells convert a mechanical signal into an ion flux. In this study, we used the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum to assess systematically the role of individual calcium channels in mechanosensing. Our results indicate that PKD2 is the major player in the cell response to rheotaxis (i.e., shear-flow induced mechanical motility), while other putative calcium channels play at most minor roles. Mutant pkd2 KO cells lose the ability to orient relative to a shear flow, whereas their ability to move towards a chemoattractant is unaffected. PKD2 is also important for calcium-induced lysosome exocytosis: WT cells show a transient, 2-fold increase in lysosome secretion upon sudden exposure to high levels of extracellular calcium, but pkd2 KO cells do not. In Dictyostelium, PKD2 is specifically localized at the plasma membrane, where it may generate calcium influxes in response to mechanical stress or extracellular calcium changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa C. Lima
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrien Vinet
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bonazzi D, Minc N. Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms of Electrotactic Effects. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:139-148. [PMID: 24761354 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Steady electric fields (EFs) surround cells and tissues in vivo and may regulate cellular behavior during development, wound healing, or tissue regeneration. Application of exogenous EFs of similar magnitude as those found in vivo can direct migration, growth, and division in most cell types, ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. These EF effects have therapeutic potential, for instance, in accelerating wound healing or improving nerve repair. EFs are thought to signal through the plasma membrane to locally activate or recruit components of the cytoskeleton and the polarity machinery. How EFs might function to steer polarity is, however, poorly understood at a molecular level. Recent Advances: Here, we review recent work introducing genetically tractable systems, such as yeast and Dictyostelium cells, that begin to identify proteins and pathways involved in this response both at the level of ion transport at the membrane and at the level of cytoskeleton regulation. Critical Issues: These studies highlight the complexity of these EF effects and bring important novel views on core polarity regulation. Future Directions: Future work pursuing initial screening in model organisms should generate broad mechanistic understanding of electrotactic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bonazzi
- Subcellular Structure and Cellular Dynamics Research Group (UMR 144 CNRS/IC), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Subcellular Structure and Cellular Dynamics Research Group (UMR 144 CNRS/IC), Institut Curie, Paris, France
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35
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Cortese B, Palamà IE, D'Amone S, Gigli G. Influence of electrotaxis on cell behaviour. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:817-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of cell migration and interaction with the microenvironment is not only of critical significance to the function and biology of cells, but also has extreme relevance and impact on physiological processes and diseases such as morphogenesis, wound healing, neuron guidance, and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cortese
- NNL
- Institute of Nanoscience CNR
- 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Physics
- University Sapienza
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Gigli
- NNL
- Institute of Nanoscience CNR
- 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Salento
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36
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Zhao S, Gao R, Devreotes PN, Mogilner A, Zhao M. 3D arrays for high throughput assay of cell migration and electrotaxis. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:995-1002. [PMID: 23589440 PMCID: PMC3729600 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell behaviour in 3D environments can be significantly different from those in 2D cultures. With many different 3D matrices being developed and many experimental modalities used to modulate cell behaviour in 3D, it is necessary to develop high throughput techniques to study behaviour in 3D. We report on a 3D array on slide and have adapted this to our electrotaxis chamber, thereby offering a novel approach to quantify cellular responses to electric fields (EFs) in 3D conditions, in different matrices, with different strains of cells, under various field strengths. These developments used Dictyostelium cells to illustrate possible applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjun Zhao
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China 650500
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Runchi Gao
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China 650500
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, MD 21205
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and Department of Mathematics, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
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37
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Rudell JC, Gao J, Sun Y, Sun Y, Chodosh J, Schwab I, Zhao M. Acanthamoeba migration in an electric field. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4225-33. [PMID: 23716626 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the in vitro response of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to electric fields (EFs). METHODS Acanthamoeba castellanii were exposed to varying strengths of an EF. During EF exposure, cell migration was monitored using an inverted microscope equipped with a CCD camera and the SimplePCI 5.3 imaging system to capture time-lapse images. The migration of A. castellanii trophozoites was analyzed and quantified with ImageJ software. For analysis of cell migration in a three-dimensional culture system, Acanthamoeba trophozoites were cultured in agar, exposed to an EF, digitally video recorded, and analyzed at various Z focal planes. RESULTS Acanthamoeba trophozoites move at random in the absence of an EF, but move directionally in response to an EF. Directedness in the absence of an EF is 0.08 ± 0.01, while in 1200 mV/mm EF, directedness is significantly higher at -0.65 ± 0.01 (P < 0.001). We find that the trophozoite migration response is voltage-dependent, with higher directionality with higher voltage application. Acanthamoeba move directionally in a three-dimensional (3D) agar system as well when exposed to an EF. CONCLUSIONS Acanthamoeba trophozoites move directionally in response to an EF in a two-dimensional and 3D culture system. Acanthamoeba trophozoite migration is also voltage-dependent, with increased directionality with increasing voltage. This may provide new treatment modalities for Acanthamoeba keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Chang Rudell
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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38
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Borys P. The role of passive calcium influx through the cell membrane in galvanotaxis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:187-99. [PMID: 23468381 PMCID: PMC6275758 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive calcium influx is one of the theories to explain the cathodal galvanotaxis of cells that utilize the electric field to guide their motion. When exposed to an electric field, the intracellular fluid becomes polarized, leading to positive charge accumulation on the cathodal side and negative charge accumulation on the anodal side. The negative charge on the anodal side attracts extracellular calcium ions, increasing the anodal calcium concentration, which is supposed to decrease the mobile properties of this side. Unfortunately, this model does not capture the Ca(2+) dynamics after its presentation to the intracellular fluid. The ions cannot permanently accumulate on the anodal side because that would build a potential drop across the cytoplasm leading to an ionic current, which would carry positive ions (not only Ca(2+)) from the anodal to the cathodal part through the cytoplasm. If the cytoplasmic conductance for Ca(2+) is low enough compared to the membrane conductance, the theory could correctly predict the actual behavior. If the ions move through the cytoplasm at a faster rate, compensating for the passive influx, this theory may fail. This paper contains a discussion of the regimes of validity for this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Borys
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
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39
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Cook JM, O’Donnell C, Dinnen S, Bernardy N, Rosenheck R, Desai R. A formative evaluation of two evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD in VA residential treatment programs. J Trauma Stress 2013; 26:56-63. [PMID: 23417875 PMCID: PMC3652649 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Between July 2008 and March 2011, 38 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential treatment programs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) participated in a formative evaluation of their programmatic services, including evidenced-based treatments (EBTs). Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with over 250 staff by an independent psychologist along with onsite participant observations. This evaluation coincided with a national VA dissemination initiative to train providers in two EBTs for PTSD: prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). A substantial proportion of eligible (based on professional background) residential treatment providers received training in PE (37.4%) or CPT (64.2%), with 9.5% completing case consultation or becoming national trainers in each therapy respectively. In semistructured interviews, providers reported that their clinical programs had adopted these EBTs at varying levels ranging from no adoption to every patient receiving the full protocol. Suggestions for improving the adoption of PE and CPT are noted, including distilling manualized treatments to essential common elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M. Cook
- Yale School of Medicine
,National Center for PTSD
| | | | | | | | | | - Rani Desai
- Yale School of Medicine
,National Center for PTSD
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40
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Endogenous electric currents might guide rostral migration of neuroblasts. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:184-90. [PMID: 23328740 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that guide directional migration of neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) are not well understood. We report here that endogenous electric currents serve as a guidance cue for neuroblast migration. We identify the existence of naturally occurring electric currents (1.5±0.6 μA/cm(2), average field strength of ∼3 mV/mm) along the rostral migration path in adult mouse brain. Electric fields of similar strength direct migration of neuroblasts from the SVZ in culture and in brain slices. The purinergic receptor P2Y1 mediates this migration. The results indicate that naturally occurring electric currents serve as a new guidance mechanism for rostral neuronal migration.
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41
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Campetelli A, Bonazzi D, Minc N. Electrochemical regulation of cell polarity and the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:601-12. [PMID: 22736620 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity plays a key role in regulating cell-cell communication, tissue architecture, and development. Both internal and external cues participate in directing polarity and feedback onto each other for robust polarization. One poorly appreciated layer of polarity regulation comes from electrochemical signals spatially organized at the level of the cell or the tissue. These signals which include ion fluxes, membrane potential gradients, or even steady electric fields, emerge from the polarized activation of specific ion transporters, and may guide polarity in wound-healing, development or regeneration. How a given electrochemical cue may influence cytoskeletal elements and cell polarity remains unclear. Here, we review recent progress highlighting the role of electrochemical signals in cell and tissue spatial organization, and elucidating the mechanisms for how such signals may regulate cytoskeletal assembly for cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Campetelli
- Institut Curie, UMR 144 CNRS/IC, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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42
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Lusche DF, Wessels D, Scherer A, Daniels K, Kuhl S, Soll DR. The IplA Ca2+ channel of Dictyostelium discoideum is necessary for chemotaxis mediated through Ca2+, but not through cAMP, and has a fundamental role in natural aggregation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1770-83. [PMID: 22375061 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.098301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum, nondissipating, symmetrical, outwardly moving waves of cAMP direct cells towards aggregation centers. It has been assumed that the spatial and temporal characteristics of the front and back of each cAMP wave regulate both chemokinesis and chemotaxis. However, during the period preceding aggregation, cells acquire not only the capacity to chemotax in a spatial gradient of cAMP, but also in a spatial gradient of Ca(2+). The null mutant of the putative IplA Ca(2+) channel gene, iplA(-), undergoes normal chemotaxis in spatial gradients of cAMP and normal chemokinetic responses to increasing temporal gradients of cAMP, both generated in vitro. However, iplA(-) cells lose the capacity to undergo chemotaxis in response to a spatial gradient of Ca(2+), suggesting that IplA is either the Ca(2+) chemotaxis receptor or an essential component of the Ca(2+) chemotaxis regulatory pathway. In response to natural chemotactic waves generated by wild-type cells, the chemokinetic response of iplA(-) cells to the temporal dynamics of the cAMP wave is intact, but the capacity to reorient in the direction of the aggregation center at the onset of each wave is lost. These results suggest that transient Ca(2+) gradients formed between cells at the onset of each natural cAMP wave augment reorientation towards the aggregation center. If this hypothesis proves correct, it will provide a more complex contextual framework for interpreting D. discoideum chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Lusche
- W M Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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43
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Hyphal growth in human fungal pathogens and its role in virulence. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2012:517529. [PMID: 22121367 PMCID: PMC3216317 DOI: 10.1155/2012/517529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the fungal species that infect humans can grow in more than one morphological form but only a subset of pathogens produce filamentous hyphae during the infection process. This subset is phylogenetically unrelated and includes the commonly carried yeasts, Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, and Malassezia spp., and the acquired pathogens, Aspergillus fumigatus and dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. The primary function of hypha formation in these opportunistic pathogens is to invade the substrate they are adhered to, whether biotic or abiotic, but other functions include the directional translocation between host environments, consolidation of the colony, nutrient acquisition and the formation of 3-dimensional matrices. To support these functions, polarised hyphal growth is co-regulated with other factors that are essential for normal hypha function in vivo.
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44
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Huang CW, Chen HY, Yen MH, Chen JJW, Young TH, Cheng JY. Gene expression of human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 in response to a direct current electric field. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25928. [PMID: 21998723 PMCID: PMC3187831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrotaxis is the movement of adherent living cells in response to a direct current (dc) electric field (EF) of physiological strength. Highly metastatic human lung cancer cells, CL1–5, exhibit directional migration and orientation under dcEFs. To understand the transcriptional response of CL1–5 cells to a dcEF, microarray analysis was performed in this study. Methodology/Principal Findings A large electric-field chip (LEFC) was designed, fabricated, and used in this study. CL1–5 cells were treated with the EF strength of 0mV/mm (the control group) and 300mV/mm (the EF-treated group) for two hours. Signaling pathways involving the genes that expressed differently between the two groups were revealed. It was shown that the EF-regulated genes highly correlated to adherens junction, telomerase RNA component gene regulation, and tight junction. Some up-regulated genes such as ACVR1B and CTTN, and some down-regulated genes such as PTEN, are known to be positively and negatively correlated to cell migration, respectively. The protein-protein interactions of adherens junction-associated EF-regulated genes suggested that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and ephrin receptors may participate in sensing extracellular electrical stimuli. We further observed a high percentage of significantly regulated genes which encode cell membrane proteins, suggesting that dcEF may directly influence the activity of cell membrane proteins in signal transduction. Conclusions/Significance In this study, some of the EF-regulated genes have been reported to be essential whereas others are novel for electrotaxis. Our result confirms that the regulation of gene expression is involved in the mechanism of electrotactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Yi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J. W. Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechantronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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45
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Microfluidic devices for studying chemotaxis and electrotaxis. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:489-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Different roles of membrane potentials in electrotaxis and chemotaxis of dictyostelium cells. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1251-6. [PMID: 21743003 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05066-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many types of cells migrate directionally in direct current (DC) electric fields (EFs), a phenomenon termed galvanotaxis or electrotaxis. The directional sensing mechanisms responsible for this response to EFs, however, remain unknown. Exposing cells to an EF causes changes in plasma membrane potentials (V(m)). Exploiting the ability of Dictyostelium cells to tolerate drastic V(m) changes, we investigated the role of V(m) in electrotaxis and, in parallel, in chemotaxis. We used three independent factors to control V(m): extracellular pH, extracellular [K(+)], and electroporation. Changes in V(m) were monitored with microelectrode recording techniques. Depolarized V(m) was observed under acidic (pH 5.0) and alkaline (pH 9.0) conditions as well as under higher extracellular [K(+)] conditions. Electroporation permeabilized the cell membrane and significantly reduced the V(m), which gradually recovered over 40 min. We then recorded the electrotactic behaviors of Dictyostelium cells with a defined V(m) using these three techniques. The directionality (directedness of electrotaxis) was quantified and compared to that of chemotaxis (chemotactic index). We found that a reduced V(m) significantly impaired electrotaxis without significantly affecting random motility or chemotaxis. We conclude that extracellular pH, [K(+)], and electroporation all significantly affected electrotaxis, which appeared to be mediated by the changes in V(m). The initial directional sensing mechanisms for electrotaxis therefore differ from those of chemotaxis and may be mediated by changes in resting V(m).
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Reguera G. When microbial conversations get physical. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:105-13. [PMID: 21239171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that microorganisms are social beings. Whereas communication via chemical signals (e.g. quorum sensing) has been the focus of most investigations, the use of physical signals for microbial cell-cell communication has received only limited attention. In this Opinion article, I postulate that physical modes of microbial communication could be widespread in nature. This is based on experimental evidence on the microbial emission and response to three physical signals: sound waves, electromagnetic radiation and electric currents. These signals propagate rapidly, and even at very low intensities, they provide useful mechanisms when a rapid response is required. I also make some suggestions for promising future research avenues that could provide novel and unsuspected insights into the physical nature of microbial signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reguera
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 6190 Biomedical & Physical Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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48
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Minc N, Chang F. Electrical control of cell polarization in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Biol 2010; 20:710-6. [PMID: 20362451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electric signals surround tissues and cells and have been proposed to participate in directing cell polarity in processes such as development, wound healing, and host invasion [1, 2]. The application of exogenous electric fields (EFs) can direct cell polarization in cell types ranging from bacteria and fungi to neurons and neutrophils [3-7]. The mechanisms by which EFs modulate cell polarity, however, remain poorly understood. Here we introduce the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this process. In these rod-shaped cells, an exogenous EF reorients cell growth in a direction orthogonal to the field, producing cells with a bent morphology. A candidate genetic screen identifies conserved factors involved in this process: an integral membrane proton ATPase pma1p that regulates intracellular pH, the small GTPase cdc42p, and the formin for3p that assembles actin cables. Interestingly, mutants in these genes still respond to the EF but orient in a different direction, toward the anode. In addition, EFs also cause electrophoretic movement of cell wall synthase complex proteins toward the anode. These data suggest molecular models for how the EF reorients cell polarization by modulating intracellular pH and steering cell polarity factors in multiple directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Minc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Lin F, Baldessari F, Gyenge CC, Sato T, Chambers RD, Santiago JG, Butcher EC. Lymphocyte electrotaxis in vitro and in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2465-71. [PMID: 18684937 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electric fields are generated in vivo in a variety of physiologic and pathologic settings, including penetrating injury to epithelial barriers. An applied electric field with strength within the physiologic range can induce directional cell migration (i.e., electrotaxis) of epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and neutrophils suggesting a potential role in cell positioning during wound healing. In the present study, we investigated the ability of lymphocytes to respond to applied direct current (DC) electric fields. Using a modified Transwell assay and a simple microfluidic device, we show that human PBLs migrate toward the cathode in physiologically relevant DC electric fields. Additionally, electrical stimulation activates intracellular kinase signaling pathways shared with chemotactic stimuli. Finally, video microscopic tracing of GFP-tagged immunocytes in the skin of mouse ears reveals that motile cutaneous T cells actively migrate toward the cathode of an applied DC electric field. Lymphocyte positioning within tissues can thus be manipulated by externally applied electric fields, and may be influenced by endogenous electrical potential gradients as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Lin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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50
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Maroto R, Hamill OP. MscCa Regulation of Tumor Cell Migration and Metastasis. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2007; 59:485-509. [PMID: 25168147 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(06)59019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of cell motility is a required step in order for a cancer cell to migrate from the primary tumor and spread to secondary sites (metastasize). For this reason, blocking tumor cell migration is considered a promising approach for preventing the spread of cancer. However, cancer cells just as normal cells can migrate by several different modes referred to as "amoeboid," "mesenchymal," and "collective cell." Under appropriate conditions, a single cell can switch between modes. A consequence of this plasticity is that a tumor cell may be able to avoid the effects of an agent that targets only one mode by switching modes. Therefore, a preferred strategy would be to target mechanisms that are shared by all modes. This chapter reviews the evidence that Ca(2+) influx via the mechanosensitive Ca(2+)-permeable channel (MscCa) is a critical regulator of all modes of cell migration and therefore represents a very good therapeutic target to block metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Maroto
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Owen P Hamill
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
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