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Hordijk S, Carter T, Bierings R. A new look at an old body: molecular determinants of Weibel-Palade body composition and von Willebrand factor exocytosis. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1290-1303. [PMID: 38307391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells, forming a monolayer along blood vessels, intricately regulate vascular hemostasis, inflammatory responses, and angiogenesis. A key determinant of these functions is the controlled secretion of Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), which are specialized endothelial storage organelles housing a presynthesized pool of the hemostatic protein von Willebrand factor and various other hemostatic, inflammatory, angiogenic, and vasoactive mediators. This review delves into recent mechanistic insights into WPB biology, including the biogenesis that results in their unique morphology, the acquisition of intraluminal vesicles and other cargo, and the contribution of proton pumps to organelle acidification. Additionally, in light of a number of proteomic approaches to unravel the regulatory networks that control WPB formation and secretion, we provide a comprehensive overview of the WPB exocytotic machinery, including their molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hordijk
- Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. https://twitter.com/SophieHordijk
| | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Meli A, McCormack A, Conte I, Chen Q, Streetley J, Rose ML, Bierings R, Hannah MJ, Molloy JE, Rosenthal PB, Carter T. Altered Storage and Function of von Willebrand Factor in Human Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells Isolated from Recipient Transplant Hearts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054553. [PMID: 36901985 PMCID: PMC10003102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of von Willebrand factor (VWF) into ordered helical tubules within endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) is required for the efficient deployment of the protein at sites of vascular injury. VWF trafficking and storage are sensitive to cellular and environmental stresses that are associated with heart disease and heart failure. Altered storage of VWF manifests as a change in WPB morphology from a rod shape to a rounded shape and is associated with impaired VWF deployment during secretion. In this study, we examined the morphology, ultrastructure, molecular composition and kinetics of exocytosis of WPBs in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells isolated from explanted hearts of patients with a common form of heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM; HCMECD), or from nominally healthy donors (controls; HCMECC). Using fluorescence microscopy, WPBs in HCMECC (n = 3 donors) showed the typical rod-shaped morphology containing VWF, P-selectin and tPA. In contrast, WPBs in primary cultures of HCMECD (n = 6 donors) were predominantly rounded in shape and lacked tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Ultrastructural analysis of HCMECD revealed a disordered arrangement of VWF tubules in nascent WPBs emerging from the trans-Golgi network. HCMECD WPBs still recruited Rab27A, Rab3B, Myosin-Rab Interacting Protein (MyRIP) and Synaptotagmin-like protein 4a (Slp4-a) and underwent regulated exocytosis with kinetics similar to that seen in HCMECc. However, secreted extracellular VWF strings from HCMECD were significantly shorter than for endothelial cells with rod-shaped WPBs, although VWF platelet binding was similar. Our observations suggest that VWF trafficking, storage and haemostatic potential are perturbed in HCMEC from DCM hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athinoula Meli
- Transplant Immunology, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Harefield UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Ann McCormack
- Transplant Immunology, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Harefield UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Ianina Conte
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Qu Chen
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James Streetley
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marlene L. Rose
- Transplant Immunology, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Harefield UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J. Hannah
- High Containment Microbiology, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Justin E. Molloy
- Single Molecule Enzymology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(208)-7255961
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3
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Hellen N, Mashanov GI, Conte IL, le Trionnaire S, Babich V, Knipe L, Mohammed A, Ogmen K, Martin-Almedina S, Török K, Hannah MJ, Molloy JE, Carter T. P-selectin mobility undergoes a sol-gel transition as it diffuses from exocytosis sites into the cell membrane. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3031. [PMID: 35641503 PMCID: PMC9156680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to vascular damage, P-selectin molecules are secreted onto the surface of cells that line our blood vessels. They then serve as mechanical anchors to capture leucocytes from the blood stream. Here, we track individual P-selectin molecules released at the surface of live endothelial cells following stimulated secretion. We find P-selectin initially shows fast, unrestricted diffusion but within a few minutes, movement becomes increasingly restricted and ~50% of the molecules become completely immobile; a process similar to a sol-gel transition. We find removal of the extracellular C-type lectin domain (ΔCTLD) and/or intracellular cytoplasmic tail domain (ΔCT) has additive effects on diffusive motion while disruption of the adapter complex, AP2, or removal of cell-surface heparan sulphate restores mobility of full-length P-selectin close to that of ΔCT and ΔCTLD respectively. We have found P-selectin spreads rapidly from sites of exocytosis and evenly decorates the cell surface, but then becomes less mobile and better-suited to its mechanical anchoring function. P-selectin recruits leucocytes to regions of blood vessel damage. Using single molecule imaging, we find newly secreted P-selectin spreads rapidly across the plasma membrane and then becomes immobilized and better-suited to leucocyte capture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ianina L Conte
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Sophie le Trionnaire
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Victor Babich
- Mercy College of Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | | | - Alamin Mohammed
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Kazim Ogmen
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Katalin Török
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Hannah
- Microbiology Services Colindale, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK.
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Izumi T. In vivo Roles of Rab27 and Its Effectors in Exocytosis. Cell Struct Funct 2021; 46:79-94. [PMID: 34483204 PMCID: PMC10511049 DOI: 10.1247/csf.21043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomeric GTPase Rab27 regulates exocytosis of a broad range of vesicles in multicellular organisms. Several effectors bind GTP-bound Rab27a and/or Rab27b on secretory vesicles to execute a series of exocytic steps, such as vesicle maturation, movement along microtubules, anchoring within the peripheral F-actin network, and tethering to the plasma membrane, via interactions with specific proteins and membrane lipids in a local milieu. Although Rab27 effectors generally promote exocytosis, they can also temporarily restrict it when they are involved in the rate-limiting step. Genetic alterations in Rab27-related molecules cause discrete diseases manifesting pigment dilution and immunodeficiency, and can also affect common diseases such as diabetes and cancer in complex ways. Although the function and mechanism of action of these effectors have been explored, it is unclear how multiple effectors act in coordination within a cell to regulate the secretory process as a whole. It seems that Rab27 and various effectors constitutively reside on individual vesicles to perform consecutive exocytic steps. The present review describes the unique properties and in vivo roles of the Rab27 system, and the functional relationship among different effectors coexpressed in single cells, with pancreatic beta cells used as an example.Key words: membrane trafficking, regulated exocytosis, insulin granules, pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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Xiao J, Zhang B, Su Z, Liu Y, Shelite TR, Chang Q, Qiu Y, Bei J, Wang P, Bukreyev A, Soong L, Jin Y, Ksiazek T, Gaitas A, Rossi SL, Zhou J, Laposata M, Saito TB, Gong B. Intracellular receptor EPAC regulates von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3K-/eNOS-dependent manner during inflammation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101315. [PMID: 34678311 PMCID: PMC8526113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infections with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infection with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Clot formation is promoted via cAMP-mediated secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which fine-tunes the process of hemostasis. The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular cAMP receptor that plays a regulatory role in suppressing inflammation. To assess whether EPAC could regulate vWF release during inflammation, we utilized our EPAC1-null mouse model and revealed increased secretion of vWF in endotoxemic mice in the absence of the EPAC1 gene. Pharmacological inhibition of EPAC1 in vitro mimicked the EPAC1-/- phenotype. In addition, EPAC1 regulated tumor necrosis factor-α-triggered vWF secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a manner dependent upon inflammatory effector molecules PI3K and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, EPAC1 activation reduced inflammation-triggered vWF release, both in vivo and in vitro. Our data delineate a novel regulatory role for EPAC1 in vWF secretion and shed light on the potential development of new strategies to control thrombosis during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Laposata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Pleskova SN, Bobyk SZ, Kriukov RN, Gorshkova EN, Novikov DV, Vasilchikov PI, Bezrukov NA, Novikov VV. S. aureus and E. coli change the force and work of adhesion between P- and E-selectins of endothelial cells and ligands of neutrophil granulocytes. Micron 2021; 150:103139. [PMID: 34428610 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the modification of the force spectroscopy method, when a neutrophil is fixed on the tip, and an endotheliocyte culture is grown on the substrate, the exact indicators of the adhesion force and adhesion work between cells have been investigated. The high variability of adhesion contacts in different donors associated with different expression profiles of neutrophils. It was found by flow cytometry that the EA.hy926 cell line actively expresses VCAM-1, as well as P- and E-selectin under the Staphylococcus aureus influence after 60 min of co-incubation. At the same time, the integral indicators of the adhesion force and adhesion work in the "neutrophil - endothelial cell" interaction were significantly inhibited by S. aureus in all studied donors. Since the VCAM-1 receptor is not involved in the adhesion bonds between neutrophils and endothelial cells, the suppression of the interaction is associated with the inhibition of P- and E-selectins, but direct receptors removal from the endothelial cells surface of the EA.hy926 cell line does not occur. Escherichia coli causes multidirectional effects in the system of interaction "neutrophil - endothelial cell", depending on the expression profile of the donor's neutrophils. However, the cumulative effect of interaction from all donors shows that in general, under the influence of E. coli, there is an increase in adhesion force and a suppression of adhesion work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Pleskova
- Research and Education Center for Physics of Solid State Nanostructures, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Ave., 23, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Department "Nanotechnology and Biotechnology", R.E. Alekseev Technical State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Minina St., 24, 603155, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - S Z Bobyk
- Research and Education Center for Physics of Solid State Nanostructures, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Ave., 23, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - R N Kriukov
- Research and Education Center for Physics of Solid State Nanostructures, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Ave., 23, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E N Gorshkova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Ave., 23, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - D V Novikov
- Nizhniy Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Academician I.N. Blokhina, Malaya Yamskaya St., 71, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - P I Vasilchikov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Ave., 23, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N A Bezrukov
- Department "Nanotechnology and Biotechnology", R.E. Alekseev Technical State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Minina St., 24, 603155, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - V V Novikov
- Nizhniy Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Academician I.N. Blokhina, Malaya Yamskaya St., 71, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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7
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Morikis VA, Hernandez AA, Magnani JL, Sperandio M, Simon SI. Targeting Neutrophil Adhesive Events to Address Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Sickle Cell Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663886. [PMID: 33995392 PMCID: PMC8113856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential to protect the host against invading pathogens but can promote disease progression in sickle cell disease (SCD) by becoming adherent to inflamed microvascular networks in peripheral tissue throughout the body. During the inflammatory response, leukocytes extravasate from the bloodstream using selectin adhesion molecules and migrate to sites of tissue insult through activation of integrins that are essential for combating pathogens. However, during vaso-occlusion associated with SCD, neutrophils are activated during tethering and rolling on selectins upregulated on activated endothelium that line blood vessels. Recently, we reported that recognition of sLex on L-selectin by E-selectin during neutrophil rolling initiates shear force resistant catch-bonds that facilitate tethering to endothelium and activation of integrin bond clusters that anchor cells to the vessel wall. Evidence indicates that blocking this important signaling cascade prevents the congestion and ischemia in microvasculature that occurs from neutrophil capture of sickled red blood cells, which are normally deformable ellipses that flow easily through small blood vessels. Two recently completed clinical trials of therapies targeting selectins and their effect on neutrophil activation in small blood vessels reveal the importance of mechanoregulation that in health is an immune adaption facilitating rapid and proportional leukocyte adhesion, while sustaining tissue perfusion. We provide a timely perspective on the mechanism underlying vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) with a focus on new drugs that target selectin mediated integrin adhesive bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios A. Morikis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alfredo A. Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Walter Brendel Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott I. Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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Xiao J, Zhang B, Su Z, Liu Y, Shelite TR, Chang Q, Wang P, Bukreyev A, Soong L, Jin Y, Ksiazek T, Gaitas A, Rossi SL, Zhou J, Laposata M, Saito TB, Gong B. EPAC regulates von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3K/eNOS-dependent manner during inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32908983 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.04.282806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Endothelial cells (ECs) fine tune hemostasis via cAMP-mediated secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which promote the process of clot formation. The e xchange p rotein directly a ctivated by c AMP (EPAC) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular cAMP receptor that plays a key role in stabilizing ECs and suppressing inflammation. To assess whether EPAC could regulate vWF release during inflammation, we utilized our EPAC1 -null mouse model and revealed an increased secretion of vWF in endotoxemic mice in the absence of the EPAC1 gene. Pharmacological inhibition of EPAC1 in vitro mimicked the EPAC1 -/- phenotype. EPAC1 regulated TNFα-triggered vWF secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent manner. Furthermore, EPAC1 activation reduced inflammation-triggered vWF release, both in vivo and in vitro . Our data delineate a novel regulatory role of EPAC1 in vWF secretion and shed light on potential development of new strategies to controlling thrombosis during inflammation. Key Point PI3K/eNOS pathway-mediated, inflammation-triggered vWF secretion is the target of the pharmacological manipulation of the cAMP-EPAC system.
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9
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Schillemans M, Kat M, Westeneng J, Gangaev A, Hofman M, Nota B, van Alphen FPJ, de Boer M, van den Biggelaar M, Margadant C, Voorberg J, Bierings R. Alternative trafficking of Weibel-Palade body proteins in CRISPR/Cas9-engineered von Willebrand factor-deficient blood outgrowth endothelial cells. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:718-732. [PMID: 31624792 PMCID: PMC6782018 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthesis of the hemostatic protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) drives formation of endothelial storage organelles called Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). In the absence of VWF, angiogenic and inflammatory mediators that are costored in WPBs are subject to alternative trafficking routes. In patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD), partial or complete absence of VWF/WPBs may lead to additional bleeding complications, such as angiodysplasia. Studies addressing the role of VWF using VWD patient-derived blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) have reported conflicting results due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of patient-derived BOECs. OBJECTIVE To generate a VWF-deficient endothelial cell model using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome engineering of blood outgrowth endothelial cells. METHODS We used CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 editing in single-donor cord blood-derived BOECs (cbBOECs) to generate clonal VWF -/- cbBOECs. Clones were selected using high-throughput screening, VWF mutations were validated by sequencing, and cells were phenotypically characterized. RESULTS Two VWF -/- BOEC clones were obtained and were entirely devoid of WPBs, while their overall cell morphology was unaltered. Several WPB proteins, including CD63, syntaxin-3 and the cargo proteins angiopoietin (Ang)-2, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 showed alternative trafficking and secretion in the absence of VWF. Interestingly, Ang-2 was relocated to the cell periphery and colocalized with Tie-2. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR editing of VWF provides a robust method to create VWF- deficient BOECs that can be directly compared to their wild-type counterparts. Results obtained with our model system confirmed alternative trafficking of several WPB proteins in the absence of VWF and support the theory that increased Ang-2/Tie-2 interaction contributes to angiogenic abnormalities in VWD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schillemans
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marije Kat
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Westeneng
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Menno Hofman
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Nota
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. van Alphen
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martin de Boer
- Blood Cell ResearchSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maartje van den Biggelaar
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coert Margadant
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- HematologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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WPBs: making a mark and leaving a trail. Blood 2019; 134:909-910. [PMID: 31537537 PMCID: PMC8270482 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Holthenrich et al used a proximity labeling approach to pull, from out of the crowded intracellular milieu, proteins that specifically interact with Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). From the resulting catalog of proteins, the authors identified Munc13-2 as a novel WPB-associated SNARE-interacting protein that positively regulates hormone-evoked WPB exocytosis.1
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11
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Is the endothelial cell responsible for the thrombus core and shell architecture? Med Hypotheses 2019; 129:109244. [PMID: 31371073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia leading to heart attacks and strokes is the major cause of deaths in the world. This report explores the possibility that intracellular material from ruptured endothelial cells is partially responsible for the heterogeneous core-and-shell blood clot architecture, typically observed using intravital microscopy. As evidence, we present a fluid dynamic argument that platelet agonists emanating from the injury cannot activate platelets in the thrombus core, given that they would have to travel against flow of blood escaping into the extravascular. Furthermore, we demonstrate visual evidence that the core material appears to be continuous and originating from the damaged endothelium. Finally, we present a mechanism, illustrating the steps of platelet recruitment into the thrombus and sealing of the injury. If correct, the model presented herein will be beneficial to the understanding and treatment of heart attacks, strokes and hemophilia.
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12
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Streetley J, Fonseca AV, Turner J, Kiskin NI, Knipe L, Rosenthal PB, Carter T. Stimulated release of intraluminal vesicles from Weibel-Palade bodies. Blood 2019; 133:2707-2717. [PMID: 30760452 PMCID: PMC6624784 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-874552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are secretory granules that contain von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, molecules that regulate hemostasis and inflammation, respectively. The presence of CD63/LAMP3 in the limiting membrane of WPBs has led to their classification as lysosome-related organelles. Many lysosome-related organelles contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) enriched in CD63 that are secreted into the extracellular environment during cell activation to mediate intercellular communication. To date, there are no reports that WPBs contain or release ILVs. By light microscopy and live-cell imaging, we show that CD63 is enriched in microdomains within WPBs. Extracellular antibody recycling studies showed that CD63 in WPB microdomains can originate from the plasma membrane. By cryo-electron tomography of frozen-hydrated endothelial cells, we identify internal vesicles as novel structural features of the WPB lumen. By live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we directly observe the exocytotic release of EGFP-CD63 ILVs as discrete particles from individual WPBs. WPB exocytosis provides a novel route for release of ILVs during endothelial cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Streetley
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana-Violeta Fonseca
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Turner
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nikolai I Kiskin
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Knipe
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tom Carter
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Lenzi C, Stevens J, Osborn D, Hannah MJ, Bierings R, Carter T. Synaptotagmin 5 regulates Ca 2+-dependent Weibel-Palade body exocytosis in human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.221952. [PMID: 30659119 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) are a potent trigger for Weibel-Palade body (WPB) exocytosis and secretion of von Willebrand factor (VWF) from endothelial cells; however, the identity of WPB-associated Ca2+-sensors involved in transducing acute increases in [Ca2+]i into granule exocytosis remains unknown. Here, we show that synaptotagmin 5 (SYT5) is expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and is recruited to WPBs to regulate Ca2+-driven WPB exocytosis. Western blot analysis of HUVECs identified SYT5 protein, and exogenously expressed SYT5-mEGFP localised almost exclusively to WPBs. shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous SYT5 (shSYT5) reduced the rate and extent of histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis and reduced secretion of the WPB cargo VWF-propeptide (VWFpp). The shSYT5-mediated reduction in histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis was prevented by expression of shRNA-resistant SYT5-mCherry. Overexpression of SYT5-EGFP increased the rate and extent of histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis, and increased secretion of VWFpp. Expression of a Ca2+-binding defective SYT5 mutant (SYT5-Asp197Ser-EGFP) mimicked depletion of endogenous SYT5. We identify SYT5 as a WPB-associated Ca2+ sensor regulating Ca2+-dependent secretion of stored mediators from vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lenzi
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW18 ORE, UK
| | | | - Daniel Osborn
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW18 ORE, UK
| | - Matthew J Hannah
- Microbiology Services Colindale, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1006 AD Amsterdam, PO Box 9190, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW18 ORE, UK
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14
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Robinson CL, Evans RD, Sivarasa K, Ramalho JS, Briggs DA, Hume AN. The adaptor protein melanophilin regulates dynamic myosin-Va:cargo interaction and dendrite development in melanocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:742-752. [PMID: 30699046 PMCID: PMC6589771 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of organelle transport by the cytoskeleton is fundamental for eukaryotic survival. Cytoskeleton motors are typically modular proteins with conserved motor and diverse cargo-binding domains. Motor:cargo interactions are often indirect and mediated by adaptor proteins, for example, Rab GTPases. Rab27a, via effector melanophilin (Mlph), recruits myosin-Va (MyoVa) to melanosomes and thereby disperses them into melanocyte dendrites. To better understand how adaptors regulate motor:cargo interaction, we used single melanosome fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (smFRAP) to characterize the association kinetics among MyoVa, its adaptors, and melanosomes. We found that MyoVa and Mlph rapidly recovered after smFRAP, whereas Rab27a did not, indicating that MyoVa and Mlph dynamically associate with melanosomes and Rab27a does not. This suggests that dynamic Rab27a:effector interaction rather than Rab27a melanosome:cytosol cycling regulates MyoVa:melanosome association. Accordingly, a Mlph-Rab27a fusion protein reduced MyoVa smFRAP, indicating that it stabilized melanosomal MyoVa. Finally, we tested the functional importance of dynamic MyoVa:melanosome interaction. We found that whereas a MyoVa-Rab27a fusion protein dispersed melanosomes in MyoVa-deficient cells, dendrites were significantly less elongated than in wild-type cells. Given that dendrites are the prime sites of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, we suggest that dynamic MyoVa:melanosome interaction is important for pigmentation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D Evans
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kajana Sivarasa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jose S Ramalho
- CEDOC Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deborah A Briggs
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair N Hume
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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15
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Nightingale TD, McCormack JJ, Grimes W, Robinson C, Lopes da Silva M, White IJ, Vaughan A, Cramer LP, Cutler DF. Tuning the endothelial response: differential release of exocytic cargos from Weibel-Palade bodies. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1873-1886. [PMID: 29956444 PMCID: PMC6166140 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Endothelial activation initiates multiple processes, including hemostasis and inflammation. The molecules that contribute to these processes are co-stored in secretory granules. How can the cells control release of granule content to allow differentiated responses? Selected agonists recruit an exocytosis-linked actin ring to boost release of a subset of cargo. SUMMARY Background Endothelial cells harbor specialized storage organelles, Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). Exocytosis of WPB content into the vascular lumen initiates primary hemostasis, mediated by von Willebrand factor (VWF), and inflammation, mediated by several proteins including P-selectin. During full fusion, secretion of this large hemostatic protein and smaller pro-inflammatory proteins are thought to be inextricably linked. Objective To determine if secretagogue-dependent differential release of WPB cargo occurs, and whether this is mediated by the formation of an actomyosin ring during exocytosis. Methods We used VWF string analysis, leukocyte rolling assays, ELISA, spinning disk confocal microscopy, high-throughput confocal microscopy and inhibitor and siRNA treatments to demonstrate the existence of cellular machinery that allows differential release of WPB cargo proteins. Results Inhibition of the actomyosin ring differentially effects two processes regulated by WPB exocytosis; it perturbs VWF string formation but has no effect on leukocyte rolling. The efficiency of ring recruitment correlates with VWF release; the ratio of release of VWF to small cargoes decreases when ring recruitment is inhibited. The recruitment of the actin ring is time dependent (fusion events occurring directly after stimulation are less likely to initiate hemostasis than later events) and is activated by protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Conclusions Secretagogues differentially recruit the actomyosin ring, thus demonstrating one mechanism by which the prothrombotic effect of endothelial activation can be modulated. This potentially limits thrombosis whilst permitting a normal inflammatory response. These results have implications for the assessment of WPB fusion, cargo-content release and the treatment of patients with von Willebrand disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Nightingale
- Centre for Microvascular ResearchWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - J. J. McCormack
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - W. Grimes
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Imaging Informatics DivisionBioinformatics InstituteSingapore
| | - C. Robinson
- Centre for Microvascular ResearchWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Lopes da Silva
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - I. J. White
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Vaughan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - L. P. Cramer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity CollegeLondonUK
| | - D. F. Cutler
- Centre for Microvascular ResearchWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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16
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Mourik M, Eikenboom J. Lifecycle of Weibel-Palade bodies. Hamostaseologie 2016; 37:13-24. [PMID: 28004844 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-16-07-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are rod or cigar-shaped secretory organelles that are formed by the vascular endothelium. They contain a diverse set of proteins that either function in haemostasis, inflammation, or angiogenesis. Biogenesis of the WPB occurs at the Golgi apparatus in a process that is dependent on the main component of the WPB, the haemostatic protein von Willebrand Factor (VWF). During this process the organelle is directed towards the regulated secretion pathway by recruiting the machinery that responds to exocytosis stimulating agonists. Upon maturation in the periphery of the cell the WPB recruits Rab27A which regulates WPB secretion. To date several signaling pathways have been found to stimulate WPB release. These signaling pathways can trigger several secretion modes including single WPB release and multigranular exocytosis. In this review we will give an overview of the WPB lifecycle from biogenesis to secretion and we will discuss several deficiencies that affect the WPB lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen Eikenboom
- Jeroen Eikenboom, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, C7-61, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 71 526 4906, E-Mail:
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17
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Zhou Y, Yang SX, Yue YN, Wei XF, Liu Y. N-ethylmaleimide‑sensitive factor siRNA inhibits the release of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1061-6. [PMID: 27277949 PMCID: PMC4940057 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) methods on the expression of N‑ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) and Weibel‑Palade body (WPB) release in endothelial cells. A small hairpin RNA (shRNA), mediated with an adenovirus vector, was designed to target the N‑terminal functional area of NSF. Subsequently, viruses were transfected into human aortic endothelial cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NSF were detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively, and the release of WPBs in the endothelial cells was examined using immunofluorescence. The mRNA expression of NSF in the endothelial cells, which were transfected with the adenoviruses carrying the NSF‑shRNA was significantly decreased, compared with the negative control group (P=0.035) and blank control group (P=0.02). In addition, the mRNA expression of NSF was gradually decreased as duration increased; there were marked differences between the 24, 48 and 72 h groups (P<0.05). The protein expression of NSF was significantly decreased in the experimental group, compared with the negative control group (P=0.004) and blank control group (P=0.031), however, no difference was observed between the negative control and blank control groups (P=0.249). The immunofluorescence staining showed that the release of WPBs in the endothelial cells induced with thrombin was inhibited markedly following transfection with the virus carrying the NSF‑shRNA. Therefore NSF‑siRNA inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of NSF, and inhibited the release of WPBs in endothelial cells induced with thrombin. These results suggested that NSF-siRNA may be valuable for preventing and treating atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Shui-Xiang Yang
- Emergency Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Nan Yue
- Emergency Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wei
- Emergency Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Emergency Department, The 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
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18
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Conte IL, Hellen N, Bierings R, Mashanov GI, Manneville JB, Kiskin NI, Hannah MJ, Molloy JE, Carter T. Interaction between MyRIP and the actin cytoskeleton regulates Weibel-Palade body trafficking and exocytosis. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:592-603. [PMID: 26675235 PMCID: PMC4760305 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Weibel-Palade body (WPB)-actin interactions are essential for the trafficking and secretion of von Willebrand factor; however, the molecular basis for this interaction remains poorly defined. Myosin Va (MyoVa or MYO5A) is recruited to WPBs by a Rab27A-MyRIP complex and is thought to be the prime mediator of actin binding, but direct MyRIP-actin interactions can also occur. To evaluate the specific contribution of MyRIP-actin and MyRIP-MyoVa binding in WPB trafficking and Ca(2+)-driven exocytosis, we used EGFP-MyRIP point mutants with disrupted MyoVa and/or actin binding and high-speed live-cell fluorescence microscopy. We now show that the ability of MyRIP to restrict WPB movement depends upon its actin-binding rather than its MyoVa-binding properties. We also show that, although the role of MyRIP in Ca(2+)-driven exocytosis requires both MyoVa- and actin-binding potential, it is the latter that plays a dominant role. In view of these results and together with the analysis of actin disruption or stabilisation experiments, we propose that the role of MyRIP in regulating WPB trafficking and exocytosis is mediated largely through its interaction with actin rather than with MyoVa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianina L Conte
- Cardiovascular and Cell Science Research Institute, St George's University, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Nicola Hellen
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ruben Bierings
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | | | | - Nikolai I Kiskin
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Matthew J Hannah
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Justin E Molloy
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Tom Carter
- Cardiovascular and Cell Science Research Institute, St George's University, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Gremmel T, Ay C, Riedl J, Kopp CW, Eichelberger B, Koppensteiner R, Panzer S. Platelet-specific markers are associated with monocyte-platelet aggregate formation and thrombin generation potential in advanced atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:615-21. [PMID: 26467184 DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation and thrombin generation are crucial steps in primary and secondary haemostasis. However, both also play major roles in intravascular thrombus formation and therefore in the development of adverse cardiovascular events. In the current study, we first sought to investigate the associations of the platelet biomarkers platelet factor (PF)-4, thrombospondin (TSP)-1, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), and soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) with each other and with monocyte-platelet aggregate (MPA) formation in 316 patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting. To better understand the interplay between platelet activation and thrombin generation, we subsequently investigated the associations of the platelet biomarkers with thrombin generation potential. The mostly platelet-specific markers PF-4, TSP-1 and sCD40L correlated strongly with each other (all p < 0.001), and the best correlation was observed between PF-4 and TSP-1 (r=0.91). In contrast, sP-selectin, which derives from platelets and endothelial cells, correlated rather poorly with TSP-1 (r=0.12, p=0.04), and did not correlate with PF-4 and sCD40L. While PF-4, TSP-1 and sP-selectin correlated significantly with in vivo MPA formation (all p< 0.001), no such association was found between sCD40L and MPA formation. PF-4, TSP-1 and sCD40L correlated strongly with peak thrombin generation (all p< 0.001) with the best correlation between PF-4 and peak thrombin generation (r=0.55), whereas sP-selectin did not correlate with peak thrombin generation. Likewise, PF-4, TSP-1 and sCD40L correlated significantly with the area under the thrombin generation curve (AUC; all p< 0.01), whereas sP-selectin did not correlate with the AUC. In conclusion, platelet-specific markers are associated with MPA formation and thrombin generation potential in patients with advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gremmel
- Prof. Dr. Thomas Gremmel, MD, Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +43 1 40400 46710, Fax: +43 1 40400 46650, E-mail:
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20
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Kiskin NI, Babich V, Knipe L, Hannah MJ, Carter T. Differential cargo mobilisation within Weibel-Palade bodies after transient fusion with the plasma membrane. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108093. [PMID: 25233365 PMCID: PMC4169479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory chemokines can be selectively released from Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) during kiss-and-run exocytosis. Such selectivity may arise from molecular size filtering by the fusion pore, however differential intra-WPB cargo re-mobilisation following fusion-induced structural changes within the WPB may also contribute to this process. To determine whether WPB cargo molecules are differentially re-mobilised, we applied FRAP to residual post-fusion WPB structures formed after transient exocytosis in which some or all of the fluorescent cargo was retained. Transient fusion resulted in WPB collapse from a rod to a spheroid shape accompanied by substantial swelling (>2 times by surface area) and membrane mixing between the WPB and plasma membranes. Post-fusion WPBs supported cumulative WPB exocytosis. To quantify diffusion inside rounded organelles we developed a method of FRAP analysis based on image moments. FRAP analysis showed that von Willebrand factor-EGFP (VWF-EGFP) and the VWF-propolypeptide-EGFP (Pro-EGFP) were immobile in post-fusion WPBs. Because Eotaxin-3-EGFP and ssEGFP (small soluble cargo proteins) were largely depleted from post-fusion WPBs, we studied these molecules in cells preincubated in the weak base NH4Cl which caused WPB alkalinisation and rounding similar to that produced by plasma membrane fusion. In these cells we found a dramatic increase in mobilities of Eotaxin-3-EGFP and ssEGFP that exceeded the resolution of our method (∼ 2.4 µm2/s mean). In contrast, the membrane mobilities of EGFP-CD63 and EGFP-Rab27A in post-fusion WPBs were unchanged, while P-selectin-EGFP acquired mobility. Our data suggest that selective re-mobilisation of chemokines during transient fusion contributes to selective chemokine secretion during transient WPB exocytosis. Selective secretion provides a mechanism to regulate intravascular inflammatory processes with reduced risk of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Kiskin
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Neurophysiology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Babich
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Knipe
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Hannah
- Microbiology Services Colindale, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Carter
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Weiss AN, Bittner MA, Holz RW, Axelrod D. Protein mobility within secretory granules. Biophys J 2014; 107:16-25. [PMID: 24988337 PMCID: PMC4478961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the basis for previous observations that fluorescent-labeled neuropeptide Y (NPY) is usually released within 200 ms after fusion, whereas labeled tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is often discharged over many seconds. We found that tPA and NPY are endogenously expressed in small and different subpopulations of bovine chromaffin cells in culture. We measured the mobility of these proteins (tagged with fluorophore) within the lumen of individual secretory granules in living chromaffin cells, and related their mobilities to postfusion release kinetics. A method was developed that is not limited by standard optical resolution, in which a bright flash of strongly decaying evanescent field (∼64 nm exponential decay constant) produced by total internal reflection (TIR) selectively bleaches cerulean-labeled protein proximal to the glass coverslip within individual granules. Fluorescence recovery occurred as unbleached protein from distal regions within the 300 nm granule diffused into the bleached proximal regions. The fractional bleaching of tPA-cerulean (tPA-cer) was greater when subsequently probed with TIR excitation than with epifluorescence, indicating that tPA-cer mobility was low. The almost equal NPY-cer bleaching when probed with TIR and epifluorescence indicated that NPY-cer equilibrated within the 300 ms bleach pulse, and therefore had a greater mobility than tPA-cer. TIR-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed a significant recovery of tPA-cer (but not NPY-cer) fluorescence within several hundred milliseconds after bleaching. Numerical simulations, which take into account bleach duration, granule diameter, and the limited number of fluorophores in a granule, are consistent with tPA-cer being 100% mobile, with a diffusion coefficient of 2 × 10(-10) cm(2)/s (∼1/3000 of that for a protein of similar size in aqueous solution). However, the low diffusive mobility of tPA cannot alone explain its slow postfusion release. In the accompanying study, we suggest that, additionally, tPA itself stabilizes the fusion pore with dimensions that restrict its own exit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary A Bittner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronald W Holz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Daniel Axelrod
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Physics and LSA Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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22
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Goltz D, Hittetiya K, Yadegari H, Driesen J, Kirfel J, Neuhaus T, Steiner S, Esch C, Bedorf J, Hertfelder HJ, Fischer HP. ATZ11 recognizes not only Z-α1-antitrypsin-polymers and complexed forms of non-Z-α1-antitrypsin but also the von Willebrand factor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91538. [PMID: 24646657 PMCID: PMC3960128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The ATZ11 antibody has been well established for the identification of α1-anti-trypsin (AAT) molecule type PiZ (Z-AAT) in blood samples and liver tissue. In this study, we systematically analyzed the antibody for additional binding sites in human tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS Ultrastructural ATZ11 binding was investigated immunoelectron microscopically in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in platelets of a healthy individual. Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells were transiently transfected with Von Willebrand factor (VWF) and analyzed immunocytochemically using confocal microscopy and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis followed by western blotting (WB). Platelets and serum samples of VWF-competent and VWF-deficient patients were investigated using native PAGE and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis followed by WB. The specificity of the ATZ11 reaction was tested immunohistochemically by extensive antibody-mediated blocking of AAT- and VWF-antigens. ATZ11-positive epitopes could be detected in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) of HUVECs and α-granules of platelets. ATZ11 stains pseudo-WBP containing recombinant wild-type VWF (rVWF-WT) in HEK293 cells. In SDS-PAGE electrophoresis followed by WB, anti-VWF and ATZ11 both identified rVWF-WT. However, neither rVWF-WT-multimers, human VWF-multimers, nor serum proteins of VWF-deficient patients were detected using ATZ11 by WB, whereas anti-VWF antibody (anti-VWF) detected rVWF-WT-multimers as well as human VWF-multimers. In human tissue specimens, AAT-antigen blockade using anti-AAT antibody abolished ATZ11 staining of Z-AAT in a heterozygous AAT-deficient patient, whereas VWF-antigen blockade using anti-VWF abolished ATZ11 staining of endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. CONCLUSIONS ATZ11 reacts with cellular bound and denatured rVWF-WT and human VWF as shown using immunocytochemistry and subsequent confocal imaging, immunoelectron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and WB, and immunohistology. These immunoreactions are independent of the binding of Z-AAT-molecules and non-Z-AAT complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Goltz
- Department of Pathology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hamideh Yadegari
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Driesen
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Department of Pathology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Bedorf
- Department of Pathology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Bello-Morales R, Crespillo AJ, Fraile-Ramos A, Tabarés E, Alcina A, López-Guerrero JA. Role of the small GTPase Rab27a during herpes simplex virus infection of oligodendrocytic cells. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:265. [PMID: 23164453 PMCID: PMC3554593 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) comprises several events, of which some are not completely understood. It has been shown that HSV-1 glycoproteins accumulate in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and in TGN-derived vesicles. It is also accepted that HSV-1 acquires its final morphology through a secondary envelopment by budding into TGN-derived vesicles coated with viral glycoproteins and tegument proteins. Nevertheless, several aspects of this process remain elusive. The small GTPase Rab27a has been implicated in regulated exocytosis, and it seems to play a key role in certain membrane trafficking events. Rab27a also seems to be required for human cytomegalovirus assembly. However, despite the involvement of various Rab GTPases in HSV-1 envelopment, there is, to date, no data reported on the role of Rab27a in HSV-1 infection. RESULTS Herein, we show that Rab27a colocalized with GHSV-UL46, a tegument-tagged green fluorescent protein-HSV-1, in the TGN. In fact, this small GTPase colocalized with viral glycoproteins gH and gD in that compartment. Functional analysis through Rab27a depletion showed a significant decrease in the number of infected cells and viral production in Rab27a-silenced cells. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results indicate that Rab27a plays an important role in HSV-1 infection of oligodendrocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 5, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Crespillo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 5, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Tabarés
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
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The interplay between the Rab27A effectors Slp4-a and MyRIP controls hormone-evoked Weibel-Palade body exocytosis. Blood 2012; 120:2757-67. [PMID: 22898601 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-429936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Weibel-Palade body (WPB) exocytosis underlies hormone-evoked VWF secretion from endothelial cells (ECs). We identify new endogenous components of the WPB: Rab3B, Rab3D, and the Rab27A/Rab3 effector Slp4-a (granuphilin), and determine their role in WPB exocytosis. We show that Rab3B, Rab3D, and Rab27A contribute to Slp4-a localization to WPBs. siRNA knockdown of Slp4-a, MyRIP, Rab3B, Rab3D, Rab27A, or Rab3B/Rab27A, or overexpression of EGFP-Slp4-a or EGFP-MyRIP showed that Slp4-a is a positive and MyRIP a negative regulator of WPB exocytosis and that Rab27A alone mediates these effects. We found that ECs maintain a constant amount of cellular Rab27A irrespective of the WPB pool size and that Rab27A (and Rab3s) cycle between WPBs and a cytosolic pool. The dynamic redistribution of Rab proteins markedly decreased the Rab27A concentration on individual WPBs with increasing WPB number per cell. Despite this, the probability of WPB release was independent of WPB pool size showing that WPB exocytosis is not determined simply by the absolute amount of Rab27A and its effectors on WPBs. Instead, we propose that the probability of release is determined by the fractional occupancy of WPB-Rab27A by Slp4-a and MyRIP, with the balance favoring exocytosis.
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Hewlett L, Zupančič G, Mashanov G, Knipe L, Ogden D, Hannah MJ, Carter T. Temperature-dependence of Weibel-Palade body exocytosis and cell surface dispersal of von Willebrand factor and its propolypeptide. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27314. [PMID: 22096550 PMCID: PMC3214045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weibel-Palade bodies (WPB) are endothelial cell (EC) specific secretory organelles containing Von Willebrand factor (VWF). The temperature-dependence of Ca(2+)-driven WPB exocytosis is not known, although indirect evidence suggests that WPB exocytosis may occur at very low temperatures. Here we quantitatively analyse the temperature-dependence of Ca(2+)-driven WPB exocytosis and release of secreted VWF from the cell surface of ECs using fluorescence microscopy of cultured human ECs containing fluorescent WPBs. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Ca(2+)-driven WPB exocytosis occurred at all temperatures studied (7-37°C). The kinetics and extent of WPB exocytosis were strongly temperature-dependent: Delays in exocytosis increased from 0.92 s at 37°C to 134.2 s at 7°C, the maximum rate of WPB fusion decreased from 10.0±2.2 s(-1) (37°C) to 0.80±0.14 s(-1) (7°C) and the fractional extent of degranulation of WPBs in each cell from 67±3% (37°C) to 3.6±1.3% (7°C). A discrepancy was found between the reduction in Ca(2+)-driven VWF secretion and WPB exocytosis at reduced temperature; at 17°C VWF secretion was reduced by 95% but WPB exocytosis by 75-80%. This discrepancy arises because VWF dispersal from sites of WPB exocytosis is largely prevented at low temperature. In contrast VWF-propolypeptide (proregion) dispersal from WPBs, although slowed, was complete within 60-120 s. Novel antibodies to the cleaved and processed proregion were characterised and used to show that secreted proregion more accurately reports the secretion of WPBs at sub-physiological temperatures than assay of VWF itself. CONCLUSIONS We report the first quantitative analysis of the temperature-dependence of WPB exocytosis. We provide evidence; by comparison of biochemical data for VWF or proregion secretion with direct analysis of WPB exocytosis at reduced temperature, that proregion is a more reliable marker for WPB exocytosis at reduced temperature, where VWF-EC adhesion is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hewlett
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Councils National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Zupančič
- Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregory Mashanov
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Councils National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Knipe
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Councils National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Ogden
- Brain Physiology Laboratory, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Matthew J. Hannah
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Councils National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Carter
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Councils National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Endothelial cells are reported to contain several distinct populations of regulated secretory organelles, including Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) organelle, and the type-2 chemokine-containing organelle. We show that the tPA and type-2 organelles in human endothelial cells represent a single compartment primarily responsible for unstimulated secretion of tPA or, in cells exposed to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the cytokines IL-8, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and growth-regulated oncogene-α (GRO-α). This compartment was distinct from WPBs in that it lacked detectable von Willebrand factor, P-selectin, Rab27a, or CD63 immunoreactivity, displayed no time-dependent decrease in intragranule pH, underwent detectable unstimulated exocytosis, and was very poorly responsive to Ca(2+)-elevating secretagogues. WPBs could also contain tPA, and in IL-1β-treated cells, IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, and GRO-α, and were the primary source for histamine or ionomycin-stimulated secretion of these molecules. However, analysis of the storage efficiency of cytokines and tPA revealed that all were very poorly stored compared with von Willebrand factor. The nonmammalian, nonsecretory protein EGFP, when expressed in the secretory pathway, also entered WPBs and had a storage efficiency similar to tPA and the cytokines tested. Based on these data, we proposed a revised model for storage and secretion of cytokines and tPA.
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