1
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Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Probert PM, Dunn MP, Meyer SK, Palmer JM, Cooke MP, Blake LI, Morse K, Rosenmai AK, Oskarsson A, Bates L, Figueiredo RS, Ibrahim I, Wilson C, Abdelkader NF, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. The toxicity of the methylimidazolium ionic liquids, with a focus on M8OI and hepatic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111069. [PMID: 31883992 PMCID: PMC6996134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are a diverse range of charged chemicals with low volatility and often liquids at ambient temperatures. This characteristic has in part lead to them being considered environmentally-friendly replacements for existing volatile solvents. However, methylimidazolium ionic liquids are slow to break down in the environment and a recent study at Newcastle detected 1 octyl 3 methylimidazolium (M8OI) - an 8 carbon variant methylimidazolium ionic liquid - in soils in close proximity to a landfill site. The current M8OI toxicity database in cultured mammalian cells, in experimental animal studies and in model indicators of environmental impact are reviewed. Selected analytical data from the Newcastle study suggest the soils in close proximity to the landfill site, an urban soil lacking overt contamination, had variable levels of M8OI. The potential for M8OI - or a structurally related ionic liquid - to trigger primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease thought to be triggered by an unknown agent(s) in the environment, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Dunn
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Morse
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucy Bates
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - David E Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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Alsaeedi F, Wilson R, Candlish C, Ibrahim I, Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Wilson C, Armstrong L, Wright MC. Expression of serine/threonine protein kinase SGK1F promotes an hepatoblast state in stem cells directed to differentiate into hepatocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218135. [PMID: 31242206 PMCID: PMC6594595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat pancreatic AR42J-B13 (B-13) cell line differentiates into non-replicative hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to glucocorticoid. Since this response is dependent on an induction of serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (SGK1), this may suggest that a general pivotal role for SGK1 in hepatocyte maturation. To test this hypothesis, the effects of expressing adenoviral-encoded flag tagged human SGK1F (AdV-SGK1F) was examined at 3 stages of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) differentiation to hepatocytes. B-13 cells infected with AdV-SGK1F in the absence of glucocorticoid resulted in expression of flag tagged SGK1F protein; increases in β-catenin phosphorylation; decreases in Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity; expression of hepatocyte marker genes and conversion of B-13 cells to a cell phenotype near-similar to B-13/H cells. Given this demonstration of functionality, iPSCs directed to differentiate towards hepatocyte-like cells using a standard protocol of chemical inhibitors and mixtures of growth factors were additionally infected with AdV-SGK1F, either at an early time point during differentiation to endoderm; during endoderm differentiation to anterior definitive endoderm and hepatoblasts and once converted to hepatocyte-like cells. SGK1F expression had no effect on differentiation to endoderm, likely due to low levels of expression. However, expression of SGK1F in both iPSCs-derived endoderm and hepatocyte-like cells both resulted in promotion of cells to an hepatoblast phenotype. These data demonstrate that SGK1 expression promotes an hepatoblast phenotype rather than maturation of human iPSC towards a mature hepatocyte phenotype and suggest a transient role for Sgk1 in promoting an hepatoblast state in B-13 trans-differentiation to B-13/H cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzeyyah Alsaeedi
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA
| | - Rachel Wilson
- Institute Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Candlish
- Institute Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C. Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Colin Wilson
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Fairhall EA, Leitch AC, Lakey AF, Abdelghany TM, Ibrahim I, Tosh D, Kass GEN, Wilson C, Wright MC. HNF4alpha expression amplifies the glucocorticoid-induced conversion of a human pancreatic cell line to an hepatocyte-like cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1633-1640. [PMID: 30057318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas and liver are closely related developmentally and trans-differentiation of cells from one tissue into the cells of the other has been documented to occur after injury or exposure to selected growth factors or glucocorticoid hormones. To generate a readily-expandable source of human hepatocyte-like (H-13) cells, the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell (HPAC) line was stably transfected with a construct encoding the variant 2 hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) using a piggyBac vector and transient expression of a transposase. Through induction of transgene HNF4α regulated via an upstream glucocorticoid response element in combination with existing modulating effects of glucocorticoid, H-13 cells were converted into quantitatively similar hepatocyte-like (H-13/H) cells based on expression of a variety of hepatocyte proteins. H-13/H cells also demonstrated the ability to store glycogen and lipids. These data provide proof of concept that regulated expression of genes associated with hepatocyte phenotype could be used to generate quantitatively functional human hepatocyte-like cells using a readily expandable cell source and simple culture protocol. This approach would have utility in Toxicology and Hepatology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Fairhall
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Leica Biosystems Ltd, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom.
| | - David Tosh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.
| | - George E N Kass
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Colin Wilson
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
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Fairhall EA, Leitch AC, Lakey AF, Probert PME, Richardson G, De Santis C, Wright MC. Glucocorticoid-induced pancreatic-hepatic trans-differentiation in a human cell line in vitro. Differentiation 2018; 102:10-18. [PMID: 29857331 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rodent pancreatic AR42J-B13 (B-13) cell line differentiates into non-replicative hepatocyte-like cells in response to glucocorticoid mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The aims of this study were to identify a human cell line that responds similarly and investigate the mechanisms underpinning any alteration in differentiation. Exposing the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HPAC) cell line to 1-10 µM concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX) resulted an inhibition of proliferation, suppressed carcinoembryonic antigen expression, limited expression of pancreatic acinar and hepatic gene expression and significant induction of the constitutively-expressed hepatic CYP3A5 mRNA transcript. These changes were associated with a pulse of genomic DNA methylation and suppressed notch signalling activity. HPAC cells expressed high levels of GR transcript in contrast to other nuclear receptors - such as the glucocorticoid-activated pregnane X receptor (PXR) - and GR transcriptional function was activated by DEX in HPAC cells. Expression of selected hepatocyte transcripts in response to DEX was blocked by co-treatment with the GR antagonist RU486. These data indicate that the HPAC response to glucocorticoid exposure includes an inhibition in proliferation, alterations in notch signalling and a limited change in the expression of genes associated with an acinar and hepatic phenotype. This is the first demonstration of a human cell responding to similarly to the rodent B-13 cell regarding formation of hepatocyte-like cells in response to glucocorticoid. Identifying and modulating the ablating factor(s) may enhance the hepatocyte-like forming capacity of HPAC cells after exposure to glucocorticoid and generate an unlimited in vitro supply of human hepatocytes for toxicology studies and a variety of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Fairhall
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Philip M E Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gabriella Richardson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Carol De Santis
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Leitch AC, Probert PME, Shayman JA, Meyer SK, Kass GEN, Wright MC. B-13 progenitor-derived hepatocytes (B-13/H cells) model lipid dysregulation in response to drugs and chemicals. Toxicology 2017; 386:120-132. [PMID: 28552552 PMCID: PMC5553091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipid dysregulation is a common hepatic adverse outcome after exposure to toxic drugs and chemicals. A donor-free rat hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cell was therefore examined as an in vitro model for investigating mechanisms. The B-13/H cell irreversibly accumulated triglycerides (steatosis) in a time- and dose-dependent manner when exposed to fatty acids, an effect that was potentiated by the combined addition of hyperglycaemic levels of glucose and insulin. B-13/H cells also expressed the LXR nuclear receptors and exposure to their activators – T0901317 or GW3965 – induced luciferase expression from a transfected LXR-regulated reporter gene construct and steatosis in a dose-dependent manner with T0901317. Exposing B-13/H cells to a variety of cationic amphiphilic drugs – but not other hepatotoxins – also resulted in a time- and dose-dependent accumulation of phospholipids (phospholipidosis), an effect that was reduced by over-expression of lysosomal phospholipase A2. Through application of this model, hepatotoxin methapyrilene exposure was shown to induce phospholipidosis in both B-13 and B-13/H cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, methapyrilene was only toxic to B-13/H cells and inhibitors of hepatotoxicity enhanced phospholipidosis, suggesting phospholipidosis is not a pathway in toxicity for this withdrawn drug. In contrast, pre-existing steatosis had minimal effect on methapyrilene hepatotoxicity in B-13/H cells. These data demonstrate that the donor free B-13 cell system for generating hepatocyte-like cells may be employed in studies of fatty acid- and LXR activator-induced steatosis and phospholipidosis and in the dissection of pathways leading to adverse outcomes such as hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip M E Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - George E N Kass
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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6
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Vasconcellos R, Alvarenga ÉC, Parreira RC, Lima SS, Resende RR. Exploring the cell signalling in hepatocyte differentiation. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1773-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Fairhall EA, Charles MA, Probert PME, Wallace K, Gibb J, Ravindan C, Soloman M, Wright MC. Pancreatic B-13 Cell Trans-Differentiation to Hepatocytes Is Dependent on Epigenetic-Regulated Changes in Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150959. [PMID: 26954030 PMCID: PMC4782989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferative B-13 pancreatic cell line is unique in its ability to generate functional hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to exposure to glucocorticoid. In these studies, quantitatively comparable hepatic levels of liver-specific and liver-enriched transcription factor and hepatocyte defining mRNA transcripts were expressed after 10–14 days continuous treatment with glucocorticoid. This conversion in phenotype was associated with increased Gr-α mRNA expression and translation of a functional N-terminally truncated variant protein that localized to the nucleus in B-13/H cells. A short (6 hours) pulse exposure to glucocorticoid was also sufficient to transiently activate the Gr and irreversibly drive near identical conversion to B-13/H cells. Examination of epigenetic-related mechanisms demonstrated that B-13 DNA was rapidly methylated and de-methylated over the initial 2 days in response to both continuous or pulse exposure with glucocorticoid. DNA methylation and glucocorticoid-dependent conversion to an hepatic B-13/H phenotype was blocked by the methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine. Conversion to an hepatic B-13/H phenotype was also blocked by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Previous experiments have identified N-terminal Sgk1 variant proteins as pivotal to the mechanism(s) associated with pancreatic–hepatic differentiation. Both continuous and pulse exposure to DEX was sufficient to result in a near-similar robust transcriptional increase in Sgk1c mRNA expression from undetectable levels in B-13 cells. Notably, expression of Sgk1c mRNA remained constitutive 14 days later; including after pulse exposure to glucocorticoid and this induction was inhibited by 5-azacytidine or by histone deacetylase inhibitors. These data therefore suggest that exposing B-13 cells to glucocorticoid results in a Gr-dependent pulse in DNA methylation and likely other epigenetic changes such as histone modifications that leads to constitutive expression of Sgk1c and irreversible reprogramming of B-13 cells into B-13/H cells. Understanding and application of these mechanism(s) may enhance the functionality of stem cell-derived hepatocytes generated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Fairhall
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A. Charles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Wallace
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Gibb
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Chandni Ravindan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Soloman
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Richter M, Fairhall EA, Hoffmann SA, Tröbs S, Knöspel F, Probert PME, Oakley F, Stroux A, Wright MC, Zeilinger K. Pancreatic progenitor-derived hepatocytes are viable and functional in a 3D high density bioreactor culture system. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:278-290. [PMID: 30090344 PMCID: PMC6062372 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat pancreatic progenitor cell line B-13 is of interest for research on drug metabolism and toxicity since the cells trans-differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells (B-13/H) when treated with glucocorticoids. In this study we investigated the trans-differentiation and liver-specific functions of B-13/H cells in a three-dimensional (3D) multi-compartment bioreactor, which has already been successfully used for primary liver cell culture. Undifferentiated B-13 cells were inoculated into the bioreactor system and exposed to dexamethasone to promote hepatic trans-differentiation (B-13/HT). In a second approach, pre-differentiated B-13 cells were cultured in bioreactors for 15 days to evaluate the maintenance of liver-typical functions (B-13/HP). During trans-differentiation of B-13 cells into hepatocyte-like cells in the 3D bioreactor system (approach B-13/HT), an increase in glucose metabolism and in liver-specific functions (urea and albumin synthesis; cytochrome P450 [CYP] enzyme activity) was observed, whereas amylase - characteristic for exocrine pancreas and undifferentiated B-13 cells - decreased over time. In bioreactors with pre-differentiated cells (approach B-13/HP), the above liver-specific functions were maintained over the whole culture period. Results were confirmed by gene expression and protein analysis showing increased expression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 (CPS-1), albumin, CYP2E1, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 with simultaneous loss of amylase. Immunohistochemical studies showed the formation of 3D structures with expression of liver-specific markers, including albumin, cytokeratin (CK) 18, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBP-β), CYP2E1 and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). In conclusion, successful culture and trans-differentiation of B-13 cells in the 3D bioreactor was demonstrated. The requirement for only one hormone and simple culture conditions to generate liver-like cells makes this cell type useful for in vitro research using 3D high-density culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richter
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - E A Fairhall
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - S A Hoffmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - S Tröbs
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - F Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - P M E Probert
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - F Oakley
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - A Stroux
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - M C Wright
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - K Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
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9
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Probert PME, Meyer SK, Alsaeedi F, Axon AA, Fairhall EA, Wallace K, Charles M, Oakley F, Jowsey PA, Blain PG, Wright MC. An expandable donor-free supply of functional hepatocytes for toxicology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The B-13 cell is a readily expandable rat pancreatic acinar-like cell that differentiates on simple plastic culture substrata into replicatively-senescent hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to glucocorticoid exposure. B-13/H cells express a variety of liver-enriched and liver-specific genes, many at levels similar to hepatocytes in vivo. Furthermore, the B-13/H phenotype is maintained for at least several weeks in vitro, in contrast to normal hepatocytes which rapidly de-differentiate under the same simple – or even under more complex – culture conditions. The origin of the B-13 cell line and the current state of knowledge regarding differentiation to B-13/H cells are presented, followed by a review of recent advances in the use of B-13/H cells in a variety of toxicity endpoints. B-13 cells therefore offer Toxicologists a cost-effective and easy to use system to study a range of toxicologically-related questions. Dissecting the mechanism(s) regulating the formation of B-13/H cell may also increase the likelihood of engineering a human equivalent, providing Toxicologists with an expandable donor-free supply of functional rat and human hepatocytes, invaluable additions to the tool kit of in vitro toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. E. Probert
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephanie K. Meyer
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fouzeyyah Alsaeedi
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew A. Axon
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma A. Fairhall
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen Wallace
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michelle Charles
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul A. Jowsey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter G. Blain
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Halland N, Schmidt F, Weiss T, Saas J, Li Z, Czech J, Dreyer M, Hofmeister A, Mertsch K, Dietz U, Strübing C, Nazare M. Discovery of N-[4-(1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-6-yl)-phenyl]-sulfonamides as Highly Active and Selective SGK1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:73-8. [PMID: 25589934 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From a virtual screening starting point, inhibitors of the serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 were developed through a combination of classical medicinal chemistry and library approaches. This resulted in highly active small molecules with nanomolar activity and a good overall in vitro and ADME profile. Furthermore, the compounds exhibited unusually high kinase and off-target selectivity due to their rigid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Halland
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Friedemann Schmidt
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tilo Weiss
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Saas
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Czech
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Dreyer
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armin Hofmeister
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Mertsch
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Dietz
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carsten Strübing
- Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marc Nazare
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Lang F, Voelkl J. Therapeutic potential of serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase inhibition. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:701-14. [PMID: 23506284 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.778971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1) is low in most cells, but dramatically increases under certain pathophysiological conditions, such as glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid excess, inflammation with TGFβ release, hyperglycemia, cell shrinkage and ischemia. SGK1 is activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. SGK1 sensitive functions include activation of ion channels (including epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC, voltage gated Na(+) channel SCN5A transient receptor potential channels TRPV4 - 6, Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) channel Orai1/STIM1, renal outer medullary K(+) channel ROMK, voltage gated K(+) channels KCNE1/KCNQ1, kainate receptor GluR6, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator CFTR), carriers (including Na(+),Cl(-) symport NCC, Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) symport NKCC, Na(+)/H(+) exchangers NHE1 and NHE3, Na(+), glucose symport SGLT1, several amino acid transporters), and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. SGK1 regulates several enzymes (e.g., glycogen synthase kinase-3, ubiquitin-ligase Nedd4-2) and transcription factors (e.g., forkhead transcription factor 3a, β-catenin, nuclear factor kappa B). AREAS COVERED The phenotype of SGK1 knockout mice is mild and SGK1 is apparently dispensible for basic functions. Excessive SGK1 expression and activity, however, contributes to the pathophysiology of several disorders, including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, fibrosing disease, infertility and tumor growth. A SGK1 gene variant (prevalence ∼ 3 - 5% in Caucasians and ∼ 10% in Africans) is associated with hypertension, stroke, obesity and type 2 diabetes. SGK1 inhibitors have been developed and shown to reduce blood pressure of hyperinsulinemic mice and to counteract tumor cell survival. EXPERT OPINION Targeting SGK1 may be a therapeutic option in several clinical conditions, including metabolic syndrome and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Physiology, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Fairhall EA, Charles MA, Wallace K, Schwab CJ, Harrison CJ, Richter M, Hoffmann SA, Charlton KA, Zeilinger K, Wright MC. The B-13 hepatocyte progenitor cell resists pluripotency induction and differentiation to non-hepatocyte cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Fairhall EA, Wallace K, White SA, Huang GC, Shaw JA, Wright SC, Charlton KA, Burt AD, Wright MC. Adult human exocrine pancreas differentiation to hepatocytes – potential source of a human hepatocyte progenitor for use in toxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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