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Abdelghany TM, Hedya SA, Charlton A, Aljehani FA, Alanazi K, Budastour AA, Marin L, Wright MC. Undifferentiated HepaRG cells show reduced sensitivity to the toxic effects of M8OI through a combination of CYP3A7-mediated oxidation and a reduced reliance on mitochondrial function. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114681. [PMID: 38677401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, also known as [C8mim]Cl) has been detected in the environment and may represent a hazard trigger for the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cholangitis, based in part on studies using a rat liver progenitor cell. The effect of M8OI on an equivalent human liver progenitor (undifferentiated HepaRG cells; u-HepaRG) was therefore examined. u-HepaRG cells were less sensitive (>20-fold) to the toxic effects of M8OI. The relative insensitivity of u-HepaRG cells to M8OI was in part, associated with a detoxification by monooxygenation via CYP3A7 followed by further oxidation to a carboxylic acid. Expression of CYP3A7 - in contrast to the related adult hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 forms - was confirmed in u-HepaRG cells. However, blocking M8OI metabolism with ketoconazole only partly sensitized u-HepaRG cells. Despite similar proliferation rates, u-HepaRG cells consumed around 75% less oxygen than B-13 cells, reflective of reduced dependence on mitochondrial activity (Crabtree effect). Replacing glucose with galactose, resulted in an increase in u-HepaRG cell sensitivity to M8OI, near similar to that seen in B-13 cells. u-HepaRG cells therefore show reduced sensitivity to the toxic effects of M8OI through a combination of metabolic detoxification and their reduced reliance on mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresthill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen A Hedya
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Aljehani
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alanazi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa A Budastour
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Marin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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Pringle TA, Ramon-Gil E, Leslie J, Oakley F, Wright MC, Knight JC, Luli S. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 89Zr-labelled human single chain antibody for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts in acute liver injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:633. [PMID: 38182623 PMCID: PMC10770171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is expressed on fibrogenic hepatic myofibroblasts. C1-3 is a single chain human antibody (scAb) that binds specifically to synaptophysin on hepatic myofibroblasts, providing a targeting vector for novel in vivo imaging agents of chronic liver disease. C1-3 and a negative control scAb, CSBD9, were radiolabelled with zirconium-89 via desferrioxamine chelation to enable non-invasive molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). DFO-scAb conjugates were characterised by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and MALDI-TOF spectrometry, and 89Zr-labelled with high radiolabelling efficiency (99%). [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 exhibited high in vitro stability (> 99%) in mouse and human sera over 3 days at 25 and 37 °C. Activated hepatic myofibroblasts incubated with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 displayed significantly higher internalised activity (59.46%, P = 0.001) compared to the [89Zr]Zr-DFO-CSBD9 control, indicating synaptophysin-mediated uptake and high binding specificity of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3. Mice with CCl4-induced acute liver damage exhibited significantly higher liver uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3, compared to controls, confirmed by both Cerenkov imaging and ex vivo gamma counting (4.41 ± 0.19%ID/g, P < 0.0001). CCl4-induced liver damage and the number of hepatic myofibroblasts was confirmed by αSMA staining of liver sections. These findings indicate that [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 has promising utility as a PET imaging agent for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts following acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni A Pringle
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Erik Ramon-Gil
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Liver Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James C Knight
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Medical School, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Hedya S, Charlton A, Leitch AC, Aljehani FA, Pinker B, Wright MC, Abdelghany TM. The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI is a substrate for OCT1 and p-glycoprotein-1 in rat. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105550. [PMID: 36603777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI was recently found to be present in both the environment and man. In this study, M8OI disposition and toxicity were examined in an established rat progenitor-hepatocyte model. The progenitor B-13 cell was approx. 13 fold more sensitive to the toxic effects of M8OI than the hepatocyte B-13/H cell. However, this difference in sensitivity was not associated with a difference in metabolic capacities. M8OI toxicity was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by co-addition of the OCT1 (SLC22A1) inhibitor clonidine, but not by OCT2 or OCT3 inhibitors in B-13 cells. M8OI toxicity was also dose-dependently increased by the co-addition of p-glycoprotein-1 (ABCB1B, multi drug resistant protein 1 (MDR1)) substrates/inhibitors. Excretion of B-13-loaded fluorophore Hoechst 33342 was also inhibited by the p-glycoproteins substrate cyclosporin A and by M8OI in a dose-dependent manner. Comparing levels of OCT and p-glycoprotein transcripts and proteins in B-13 and B-13/H cells suggest that the lower sensitivity to M8OI in B-13/H cells is predominantly associated with their higher expression of p-glycoprotein-1. These data together therefore suggest that a determinant in M8OI toxicity in rats is the expression and activity of the p-glycoprotein-1 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Hedya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Aljehani
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Pinker
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, United Kingdom
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Tan HS, Plichta JK, Kong A, Tan CW, Hwang S, Sultana R, Wright MC, Sia ATH, Sng BL, Habib AS. Risk factors for persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a multicentre prospective cohort study. Anaesthesia 2023; 78:432-441. [PMID: 36639918 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying factors associated with persistent pain after breast cancer surgery may facilitate risk stratification and individualised management. Single-population studies have limited generalisability as socio-economic and genetic factors contribute to persistent pain development. Therefore, this prospective multicentre cohort study aimed to develop a predictive model from a sample of Asian and American women. We enrolled women undergoing elective breast cancer surgery at KK Women's and Children's Hospital and Duke University Medical Center. Pre-operative patient and clinical characteristics and EQ-5D-3L health status were recorded. Pain catastrophising scale; central sensitisation inventory; coping strategies questionnaire-revised; brief symptom inventory-18; perceived stress scale; mechanical temporal summation; and pressure-pain threshold assessments were performed. Persistent pain was defined as pain score ≥ 3 or pain affecting activities of daily living 4 months after surgery. Univariate associations were generated using generalised estimating equations. Enrolment site was forced into the multivariable model, and risk factors with p < 0.2 in univariate analyses were considered for backwards selection. Of 210 patients, 135 (64.3%) developed persistent pain. The multivariable model attained AUC = 0.807, with five independent associations: age (OR 0.85 95%CI 0.74-0.98 per 5 years); diabetes (OR 4.68, 95%CI 1.03-21.22); pre-operative pain score at sites other than the breast (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.11-1.96); previous mastitis (OR 4.90, 95%CI 1.31-18.34); and perceived stress scale (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.01-1.80 per 5 points), after adjusting for: enrolment site; pre-operative pain score at the breast; pre-operative overall pain score at rest; postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use; and pain catastrophising scale. Future research should validate this model and evaluate pre-emptive interventions to reduce persistent pain risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Tan
- Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - J K Plichta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A Kong
- Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - C W Tan
- Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - S Hwang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R Sultana
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Singapore
| | - M C Wright
- Division of Women's Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A T H Sia
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - B L Sng
- Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - A S Habib
- Division of Women's Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Tan HS, Wright MC, Sng BL, Habib AS. Post-surgical events and persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a reply. Anaesthesia 2023. [PMID: 36896714 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H S Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - M C Wright
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B L Sng
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - A S Habib
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abdelghany TM, Hedya SA, De Santis C, Abd El-Rahman SS, Gill JH, Abdelkader NF, Wright MC. Potential for cardiac toxicity with methylimidazolium ionic liquids. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 249:114439. [PMID: 37272551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylimidazolium ionic liquids (MILs) are solvent chemicals used in industry. Recent work suggests that MILs are beginning to contaminate the environment and lead to exposure in the general population. In this study, the potential for MILs to cause cardiac toxicity has been examined. The effects of 5 chloride MIL salts possessing increasing alkyl chain lengths (2 C, EMI; 4 C, BMI; 6 C; HMI, 8 C, M8OI; 10 C, DMI) on rat neonatal cardiomyocyte beat rate, beat amplitude and cell survival were initially examined. Increasing alkyl chain length resulted in increasing adverse effects, with effects seen at 10-5 M at all endpoints with M8OI and DMI, the lowest concentration tested. A limited sub-acute toxicity study in rats identified potential cardiotoxic effects with longer chain MILs (HMI, M8OI and DMI) based on clinical chemistry. A 5 month oral/drinking water study with these MILs confirmed cardiotoxicity based on histopathology and clinical chemistry endpoints. Since previous studies in mice did not identify the heart as a target organ, the likely cause of the species difference was investigated. qRT-PCR and Western blotting identified a marked higher expression of p-glycoprotein-3 (also known as ABCB4 or MDR2) and the breast cancer related protein transporter BCRP (also known as ABCG2) in mouse, compared to rat heart. Addition of the BCRP inhibitor Ko143 - but not the p-glycoproteins inhibitor cyclosporin A - increased mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell sensitivity to longer chain MILs to a limited extent. MILs therefore have a potential for cardiotoxicity in rats. Mice may be less sensitive to cardiotoxicity from MILs due in part, to increased excretion via higher levels of cardiac BCRP expression and/or function. MILs alone, therefore may represent a hazard in man in the future, particularly if use levels increase. The impact that MILs exposure has on sensitivity to cardiotoxic drugs, heart disease and other chronic diseases is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen A Hedya
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Carol De Santis
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason H Gill
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Leitch AC, Ibrahim I, Abdelghany TM, Charlton A, Roper C, Vidler D, Palmer JM, Wilson C, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI is detectable in human sera and is subject to biliary excretion in perfused human liver. Toxicology 2021; 459:152854. [PMID: 34271081 PMCID: PMC8366605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
M8OI was recently found to be contaminating the environment. M8OI was detected in the sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls. M8OI is taken up by human liver hepatocytes. M8OI is sequentially metabolised by CYPs followed by oxidation by dehydrogenases. The final carboxylic acid metabolite COOH7IM is, in part, excreted into human bile.
A methylimidizolium ionic liquid (M8OI) was recently found to be contaminating the environment and to be related to and/or potentially a component of an environmental trigger for the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The aims of this study were to investigate human exposure to M8OI, hepatic metabolism and excretion. PBC patient and control sera were screened for the presence of M8OI. Human livers were perfused with 50μM M8OI in a closed circuit and its hepatic disposition examined. Metabolism was examined in cultured human hepatocytes and differentiated HepaRG cells by the addition of M8OI and metabolites in the range 10–100 μM. M8OI was detected in the sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls. In perfused livers, M8OI was cleared from the plasma with its appearance – primarily in the form of its hydroxylated (HO8IM) and carboxylated (COOH7IM) products – in the bile. Metabolism was reflected in cultured hepatocytes with HO8IM production inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ketoconazole. Further oxidation of HO8IM to COOH7IM was sequentially inhibited by the alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors 4-methyl pyrazole and disulfiram respectively. Hepatocytes from 1 donor failed to metabolise M8OI to COOH7IM over a 24 h period. These results demonstrate exposure to M8OI in the human population, monooxygenation by cytochromes P450 followed by alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase oxidation to a carboxylic acid that are excreted, in part, via the bile in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Roper
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Vidler
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David E Jones
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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Romer SH, Metzger S, Peraza K, Wright MC, Jobe DS, Song LS, Rich MM, Foy BD, Talmadge RJ, Voss AA. A mouse model of Huntington's disease shows altered ultrastructure of transverse tubules in skeletal muscle fibers. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211860. [PMID: 33683318 PMCID: PMC7931643 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal and progressive condition with severe debilitating motor defects and muscle weakness. Although classically recognized as a neurodegenerative disorder, there is increasing evidence of cell autonomous toxicity in skeletal muscle. We recently demonstrated that skeletal muscle fibers from the R6/2 model mouse of HD have a decrease in specific membrane capacitance, suggesting a loss of transverse tubule (t-tubule) membrane in R6/2 muscle. A previous report also indicated that Cav1.1 current was reduced in R6/2 skeletal muscle, suggesting defects in excitation–contraction (EC) coupling. Thus, we hypothesized that a loss and/or disruption of the skeletal muscle t-tubule system contributes to changes in EC coupling in R6/2 skeletal muscle. We used live-cell imaging with multiphoton confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assess the t-tubule architecture in late-stage R6/2 muscle and found no significant differences in the t-tubule system density, regularity, or integrity. However, electron microscopy images revealed that the cross-sectional area of t-tubules at the triad were 25% smaller in R6/2 compared with age-matched control skeletal muscle. Computer simulation revealed that the resulting decrease in the R6/2 t-tubule luminal conductance contributed to, but did not fully explain, the reduced R6/2 membrane capacitance. Analyses of bridging integrator-1 (Bin1), which plays a primary role in t-tubule formation, revealed decreased Bin1 protein levels and aberrant splicing of Bin1 mRNA in R6/2 muscle. Additionally, the distance between the t-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum was wider in R6/2 compared with control muscle, which was associated with a decrease in junctophilin 1 and 2 mRNA levels. Altogether, these findings can help explain dysregulated EC coupling and motor impairment in Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Romer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH.,Odyssey Systems, Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Navy Medical Research Unit, Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH
| | - Sabrina Metzger
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Kristiana Peraza
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA
| | - D Scott Jobe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Long-Sheng Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Mark M Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Brent D Foy
- Department of Physics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Robert J Talmadge
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA
| | - Andrew A Voss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Charlton A, Grigalyte J, Oakley F, Borthwick LA, Reed L, Knox A, Reilly WJ, Agius L, Blain PG, Wright MC. Renal injury and hepatic effects from the methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI in mouse. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 202:110902. [PMID: 32634706 PMCID: PMC7447983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI) has been found in the environment and identified as a hazard for triggering the liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Given limited toxicity data for M8OI and other structurally-related ionic liquids, target organs for M8OI toxicity were examined. Adult male C57Bl6 mice were acutely exposed to 0-10 mg/kg body weight M8OI via 2 intraperitoneal injections (time zero and 18 h) and effects examined at 24 h. At termination, tissue histopathology, serum and urinary endpoints were examined. No overt pathological changes were observed in the heart and brain. In contrast, focal and mild to multifocal and moderate degeneration with a general trend for an increase in severity with increased dose was observed in the kidney. These changes were accompanied by a dose-dependent increased expression of Kim1 in kidney tissue, marked elevations in urinary Kim1 protein and a dose-dependent increase in serum creatinine. Hepatic changes were limited to a significant dose-dependent loss of hepatic glycogen and a mild but significant increase in portal tract inflammatory recruitment and/or fibroblastic proliferation accompanied by a focal fibrotic change. Cultured mouse tissue slices reflected these in vivo effects in that dose-dependent injury was observed in kidney slices but not in the liver. Kidney slices accumulated higher levels of M8OI than liver slices (e.g. at 10 μM, greater than 4 fold) and liver slices where markedly more active in the metabolism of M8OI. These data indicate that the kidney is a target organ for the toxic effects of M8OI accompanied by mild cholangiopathic changes in the liver after intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Justina Grigalyte
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Reed
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Knox
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - William J Reilly
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Loranne Agius
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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10
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Abdelghany TM, Leitch AC, Nevjestić I, Ibrahim I, Miwa S, Wilson C, Heutz S, Wright MC. Emerging risk from "environmentally-friendly" solvents: Interaction of methylimidazolium ionic liquids with the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a key initiation event in their mammalian toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111593. [PMID: 32777338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified the 8C alkyl chain methylimidazolium ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium in the environment and its potential to trigger the auto-immune liver disease primary biliary cholangitis. The toxicity of a range of methylimidazolium ionic liquids were therefore examined. Oxygen consumption was rapidly inhibited, with potency increasing with alkyl chain length. This preceded caspase 3/7 induction and DNA fragmentation. Time- and dose-dependent loss of dye reduction capacities reflected these effects, with a >700 fold difference in potency between 2C and 10C alkyl chain liquids. None of the ionic liquids directly inhibited mitochondrial complexes I-IV or complex V (F0F1-ATPase). However, dithionite reduction and ESR spectroscopy studies indicate a one electron reduction of oxygen in the presence of a methylimidazolium ionic liquid, suggesting methylimidazolium ionic liquids function as mitochondrial electron acceptors. However, only longer chain ionic liquids form a non-aqueous phase or micelle under aqueous physiological conditions and lead to increases in reactive oxygen species in intact cells. These data therefore suggest that the longer chain methylimidazolium liquids are toxic in sensitive liver progenitor cells because they both readily integrate within the inner mitochondrial membrane and accept electrons from the electron chain, leading to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Bioscience Institute, Cookson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom
| | - Irena Nevjestić
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Bioscience Institute, Cookson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Heutz
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
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11
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Abdelghany TM, Leitch AC, Nevjestić I, Ibrahim I, Tingle SJ, Miwa S, Sandrine H, Wilson C, Wright MC. Investigating the Structure‐Toxicity Relationship of Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids in Isolated Primary Human Hepatocytes. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Institute Cellular Medicine Newcastle University
- Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University
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12
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Young GR, Abdelghany TM, Leitch AC, Dunn MP, Blain PG, Lanyon C, Wright MC. Changes in the gut microbiota of mice orally exposed to methylimidazolium ionic liquids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229745. [PMID: 32163446 PMCID: PMC7067480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are salts used in a variety of industrial processes, and being relatively non-volatile, are proposed as environmentally-friendly replacements for existing volatile liquids. Methylimidazolium ionic liquids resist complete degradation in the environment, likely because the imidazolium moiety does not exist naturally in biological systems. However, there is limited data available regarding their mammalian effects in vivo. This study aimed to examine the effects of exposing mice separately to 2 different methylimidazolium ionic liquids (BMI and M8OI) through their addition to drinking water. Potential effects on key target organs-the liver and kidney-were examined, as well as the gut microbiome. Adult male mice were exposed to drinking water containing ionic liquids at a concentration of 440 mg/L for 18 weeks prior to examination of tissues, serum, urine and the gut microbiome. Histopathology was performed on tissues and clinical chemistry on serum for biomarkers of hepatic and renal injury. Bacterial DNA was isolated from the gut contents and subjected to targeted 16S rRNA sequencing. Mild hepatic and renal effects were limited to glycogen depletion and mild degenerative changes respectively. No hepatic or renal adverse effects were observed. In contrast, ionic liquid exposure altered gut microbial composition but not overall alpha diversity. Proportional abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Clostridia and Coriobacteriaceae spp. were significantly greater in ionic liquid-exposed mice, as were predicted KEGG functional pathways associated with xenobiotic and amino acid metabolism. Exposure to ionic liquids via drinking water therefore resulted in marked changes in the gut microbiome in mice prior to any overt pathological effects in target organs. Ionic liquids may be an emerging risk to health through their potential effects on the gut microbiome, which is implicated in the causes and/or severity of an array of chronic disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Young
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C. Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Dunn
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Lanyon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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13
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Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Probert PM, Dunn MP, Meyer SK, Palmer JM, Cooke MP, Blake LI, Morse K, Rosenmai AK, Oskarsson A, Bates L, Figueiredo RS, Ibrahim I, Wilson C, Abdelkader NF, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. The toxicity of the methylimidazolium ionic liquids, with a focus on M8OI and hepatic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111069. [PMID: 31883992 PMCID: PMC6996134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are a diverse range of charged chemicals with low volatility and often liquids at ambient temperatures. This characteristic has in part lead to them being considered environmentally-friendly replacements for existing volatile solvents. However, methylimidazolium ionic liquids are slow to break down in the environment and a recent study at Newcastle detected 1 octyl 3 methylimidazolium (M8OI) - an 8 carbon variant methylimidazolium ionic liquid - in soils in close proximity to a landfill site. The current M8OI toxicity database in cultured mammalian cells, in experimental animal studies and in model indicators of environmental impact are reviewed. Selected analytical data from the Newcastle study suggest the soils in close proximity to the landfill site, an urban soil lacking overt contamination, had variable levels of M8OI. The potential for M8OI - or a structurally related ionic liquid - to trigger primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease thought to be triggered by an unknown agent(s) in the environment, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Dunn
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Morse
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucy Bates
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - David E Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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14
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Amer A, McColl K, Bouayyad S, Kanwar A, Sen G, French JJ, Wilson CH, Manas DM, Wright MC, White SA. The association of pregnane X receptor activation with outcomes after liver transplantation-A retrospective study. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13734. [PMID: 31628872 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many complications following liver transplantation are linked to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been shown to alleviate this process in animal models. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the effect of early activation of human PXR (hPXR) on postoperative complications and survival following liver transplantation. METHODS The study included deceased donor liver transplants at a single center over 6 years. Estimated hPXR activation value on day 7 (EPAV7 ) was calculated per patient based on potency/total dose of known hPXR-activating drugs administered in the first week post-transplantation. Patients were divided into low and high hPXR activation groups based on EPAV7 . RESULTS Overall, 240 liver transplants were included. Average EPAV7 was significantly lower in patients who developed anastomotic biliary strictures (17.7 ± 5.5 vs 35.1 ± 5.7 in stricture-free patients; P = .03) and sepsis (16.4 ± 7.1 vs 34.9 ± 5.5; P = .04). Patient survival was significantly improved in the high hPXR group (5-year survival: 88.7% ± 3.8% versus 70.7% ± 5.8% [low hPXR]; P = .023). Regression analysis identified EPAV7 as a significant independent predictor of patient survival. CONCLUSION hPXR activation within the first week of liver transplantation is a prognostic indicator of patient survival, possibly due to the associated lower biliary stricture and infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Amer
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty McColl
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Bouayyad
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aditya Kanwar
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gourab Sen
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeremy J French
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Colin H Wilson
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek M Manas
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steve A White
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Oskarsson A, Wright MC. Ionic Liquids: New Emerging Pollutants, Similarities with Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFASs). Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10539-10541. [PMID: 31442027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit , Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA , United Kingdom
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16
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Probert PM, Leitch AC, Dunn MP, Meyer SK, Palmer JM, Abdelghany TM, Lakey AF, Cooke MP, Talbot H, Wills C, McFarlane W, Blake LI, Rosenmai AK, Oskarsson A, Figueiredo R, Wilson C, Kass GE, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. Identification of a xenobiotic as a potential environmental trigger in primary biliary cholangitis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1123-1135. [PMID: 30006067 PMCID: PMC6192827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune-associated chronic liver disease triggered by environmental factors, such as exposure to xenobiotics, which leads to a loss of tolerance to the lipoic acid-conjugated regions of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, typically to the E2 component. We aimed to identify xenobiotics that might be involved in the environmental triggering of PBC. METHODS Urban landfill and control soil samples from a region with high PBC incidence were screened for xenobiotic activities using analytical, cell-based xenobiotic receptor activation assays and toxicity screens. RESULTS A variety of potential xenobiotic classes were ubiquitously present, as identified by their interaction with xenobiotic receptors - aryl hydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha - in cell-based screens. In contrast, xenoestrogens were present at higher levels in soil extracts from around an urban landfill. Furthermore, two landfill sampling sites contained a chemical(s) that inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and induced the apoptosis of a hepatic progenitor cell. The mitochondrial effect was also demonstrated in human liver cholangiocytes from three separate donors. The chemical was identified as the ionic liquid [3-methyl-1-octyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium]+ (M8OI) and the toxic effects were recapitulated using authentic pure chemical. A carboxylate-containing human hepatocyte metabolite of M8OI, bearing structural similarity to lipoic acid, was also enzymatically incorporated into the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex via the exogenous lipoylation pathway in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results identify, for the first time, a xenobiotic in the environment that may be related to and/or be a component of an environmental trigger for PBC. Therefore, further study in experimental animal models is warranted, to determine the risk of exposure to these ionic liquids. LAY SUMMARY Primary biliary cholangitis is a liver disease in which most patients have antibodies to mitochondrial proteins containing lipoic acid binding site(s). This paper identified a man-made chemical present in soils around a waste site. It was then shown that this chemical was metabolized into a product with structural similarity to lipoic acid, which was capable of replacing lipoic acid in mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Probert
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Dunn
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Talbot
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Wills
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - William McFarlane
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Institute for Sustainability, The Key Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Rosenmai
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Rodrigo Figueiredo
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - George E Kass
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - David E Jones
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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17
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Aguilera J, Aguilera‐Gomez M, Barrucci F, Cocconcelli PS, Davies H, Denslow N, Lou Dorne J, Grohmann L, Herman L, Hogstrand C, Kass GEN, Kille P, Kleter G, Nogué F, Plant NJ, Ramon M, Schoonjans R, Waigmann E, Wright MC. EFSA Scientific Colloquium 24 – 'omics in risk assessment: state of the art and next steps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.en-1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lutz Grohmann
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabien Nogué
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research INRA
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18
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Leitch AC, Lakey AF, Hotham WE, Agius L, Kass GEN, Blain PG, Wright MC. The ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI) is an activator of the human estrogen receptor alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2167-2172. [PMID: 30086880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent environmental sampling around a landfill site in the UK demonstrated that unidentified xenoestrogens were present at higher levels than control sites; that these xenoestrogens were capable of super-activating (resisting ligand-dependent antagonism) the murine variant 2 ERβ and that the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (M8OI) was present in some samples. To determine whether M8OI was a contributor to the xenoestrogen pool in the soils, activation of human estrogen receptors by M8OI was examined. M8OI activated the human ERα in MCF7 cells in a dose-response manner. These effects were inhibited by the ER antagonist ICI182780; occurred in the absence of any metabolism of M8OI and were confirmed on examination of ER-dependent induction of trefoil factor 1 mRNA in MCF7 cells. M8OI also super-activated the murine variant 2 ERβ in a murine hepatopancreatobiliary cell line. The human ERβ was not activated by M8OI when expressed in HEK293 cells. These data demonstrate that M8OI is a xenoestrogen capable of activating the human ERα and super-activating the murine variant 2 ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - William E Hotham
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Loranne Agius
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - George E N Kass
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
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19
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Fairhall EA, Leitch AC, Lakey AF, Abdelghany TM, Ibrahim I, Tosh D, Kass GEN, Wilson C, Wright MC. HNF4alpha expression amplifies the glucocorticoid-induced conversion of a human pancreatic cell line to an hepatocyte-like cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1633-1640. [PMID: 30057318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas and liver are closely related developmentally and trans-differentiation of cells from one tissue into the cells of the other has been documented to occur after injury or exposure to selected growth factors or glucocorticoid hormones. To generate a readily-expandable source of human hepatocyte-like (H-13) cells, the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell (HPAC) line was stably transfected with a construct encoding the variant 2 hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) using a piggyBac vector and transient expression of a transposase. Through induction of transgene HNF4α regulated via an upstream glucocorticoid response element in combination with existing modulating effects of glucocorticoid, H-13 cells were converted into quantitatively similar hepatocyte-like (H-13/H) cells based on expression of a variety of hepatocyte proteins. H-13/H cells also demonstrated the ability to store glycogen and lipids. These data provide proof of concept that regulated expression of genes associated with hepatocyte phenotype could be used to generate quantitatively functional human hepatocyte-like cells using a readily expandable cell source and simple culture protocol. This approach would have utility in Toxicology and Hepatology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Fairhall
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Leica Biosystems Ltd, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom.
| | - David Tosh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.
| | - George E N Kass
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Colin Wilson
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
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Fairhall EA, Leitch AC, Lakey AF, Probert PME, Richardson G, De Santis C, Wright MC. Glucocorticoid-induced pancreatic-hepatic trans-differentiation in a human cell line in vitro. Differentiation 2018; 102:10-18. [PMID: 29857331 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rodent pancreatic AR42J-B13 (B-13) cell line differentiates into non-replicative hepatocyte-like cells in response to glucocorticoid mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The aims of this study were to identify a human cell line that responds similarly and investigate the mechanisms underpinning any alteration in differentiation. Exposing the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HPAC) cell line to 1-10 µM concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX) resulted an inhibition of proliferation, suppressed carcinoembryonic antigen expression, limited expression of pancreatic acinar and hepatic gene expression and significant induction of the constitutively-expressed hepatic CYP3A5 mRNA transcript. These changes were associated with a pulse of genomic DNA methylation and suppressed notch signalling activity. HPAC cells expressed high levels of GR transcript in contrast to other nuclear receptors - such as the glucocorticoid-activated pregnane X receptor (PXR) - and GR transcriptional function was activated by DEX in HPAC cells. Expression of selected hepatocyte transcripts in response to DEX was blocked by co-treatment with the GR antagonist RU486. These data indicate that the HPAC response to glucocorticoid exposure includes an inhibition in proliferation, alterations in notch signalling and a limited change in the expression of genes associated with an acinar and hepatic phenotype. This is the first demonstration of a human cell responding to similarly to the rodent B-13 cell regarding formation of hepatocyte-like cells in response to glucocorticoid. Identifying and modulating the ablating factor(s) may enhance the hepatocyte-like forming capacity of HPAC cells after exposure to glucocorticoid and generate an unlimited in vitro supply of human hepatocytes for toxicology studies and a variety of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Fairhall
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Philip M E Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gabriella Richardson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Carol De Santis
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Level 4 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Meyer SK, Probert PME, Lakey AK, Leitch AC, Blake LI, Jowsey PA, Cooke MP, Blain PG, Wright MC. Environmental Xenoestrogens Super-Activate a Variant Murine ER Beta in Cholangiocytes. Toxicol Sci 2018; 156:54-71. [PMID: 28013213 PMCID: PMC5356623 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High systemic levels of oestrogens are cholestatic and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)-which is characterized by hepatic ductular inflammation-is thought to be triggered by exposure to xenobiotics such as those around landfill sites. Xenoestrogens may be a component of this chemical trigger. We therefore hypothesized that xenoestrogens are present at higher levels in the proximity of landfill sites. To test this hypothesis, soil samples were collected, extracts prepared and biological oestrogenic activity examined using cell-based reporter gene assays. Extracts from several sample sites around a landfill site contained a chemical(s) which activated the human ERα in a dose-dependent manner. Extracts from 3 separate control sampling sites were absent of any detectable activity. The mouse ERα and 2 variant mouse ERβ cDNAs were cloned and extracts from sample sites around a landfill site also activated these receptors. One variant murine ERβ was constitutively active when expressed in cholangiocytes, was readily inactivated by ICI182780 and activated in a dose-responsive, ICI182780-inhibitable manner by oestrogen. However, when this receptor was activated by extracts from landfill site soils, ICI182780 failed to antagonize activation. ERβ was readily detectable in murine cholangiocytes and exposing mice acutely to a pooled ER activating soil extracts also gave rise to a mild cholestatic injury. These data indicate that the environment around landfill sites may contain higher levels of xenoestrogens; that these chemicals have "super-activating" characteristics with a variant ERβ and therefore these chemicals could be a component of a xenobiotic insult that triggers PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Philip M E Probert
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Anne K Lakey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Alastair C Leitch
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Institute for Sustainability, The Key Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TQ, UK
| | - Paul A Jowsey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
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Leitch AC, Probert PME, Shayman JA, Meyer SK, Kass GEN, Wright MC. B-13 progenitor-derived hepatocytes (B-13/H cells) model lipid dysregulation in response to drugs and chemicals. Toxicology 2017; 386:120-132. [PMID: 28552552 PMCID: PMC5553091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipid dysregulation is a common hepatic adverse outcome after exposure to toxic drugs and chemicals. A donor-free rat hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cell was therefore examined as an in vitro model for investigating mechanisms. The B-13/H cell irreversibly accumulated triglycerides (steatosis) in a time- and dose-dependent manner when exposed to fatty acids, an effect that was potentiated by the combined addition of hyperglycaemic levels of glucose and insulin. B-13/H cells also expressed the LXR nuclear receptors and exposure to their activators – T0901317 or GW3965 – induced luciferase expression from a transfected LXR-regulated reporter gene construct and steatosis in a dose-dependent manner with T0901317. Exposing B-13/H cells to a variety of cationic amphiphilic drugs – but not other hepatotoxins – also resulted in a time- and dose-dependent accumulation of phospholipids (phospholipidosis), an effect that was reduced by over-expression of lysosomal phospholipase A2. Through application of this model, hepatotoxin methapyrilene exposure was shown to induce phospholipidosis in both B-13 and B-13/H cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, methapyrilene was only toxic to B-13/H cells and inhibitors of hepatotoxicity enhanced phospholipidosis, suggesting phospholipidosis is not a pathway in toxicity for this withdrawn drug. In contrast, pre-existing steatosis had minimal effect on methapyrilene hepatotoxicity in B-13/H cells. These data demonstrate that the donor free B-13 cell system for generating hepatocyte-like cells may be employed in studies of fatty acid- and LXR activator-induced steatosis and phospholipidosis and in the dissection of pathways leading to adverse outcomes such as hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip M E Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - George E N Kass
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Radwan MA, AlQuadeib BT, Šiller L, Wright MC, Horrocks B. Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:40-50. [PMID: 28155565 PMCID: PMC8247729 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1228715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AMB) is used most commonly in severe systemic life-threatening fungal infections. There is currently an unmet need for an efficacious (AMB) formulation amenable to oral administration with better bioavailability and lower nephrotoxicity. Novel PEGylated polylactic-polyglycolic acid copolymer (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) formulations of AMB were therefore studied for their ability to kill Candida albicans (C. albicans). The antifungal activity of AMB formulations was assessed in C. albicans. Its bioavalability was investigated in nine groups of rats (n = 6). Toxicity was examined by an in vitro blood hemolysis assay, and in vivo nephrotoxicity after single and multiple dosing for a week by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine (PCr) measurements. The MIC of AMB loaded to PLGA-PEG NPs against C. albicans was reduced two to threefold compared with free AMB. Novel oral AMB delivery loaded to PLGA-PEG NPs was markedly systemically available compared to Fungizone® in rats. The addition of 2% of GA to the AMB formulation significantly (p < 0.05) improved the bioavailability from 1.5 to 10.5% and the relative bioavailability was > 790% that of Fungizone®. The novel AMB formulations showed minimal toxicity and better efficacy compared to Fungizone®. No nephrotoxicity in rats was detected after a week of multiple dosing of AMB NPs based on BUN and PCr, which remained at normal levels. An oral delivery system of AMB-loaded to PLGA-PEG NPs with better efficacy and minimal toxicity was formulated. The addition of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) to AMB NPs formulation resulted in a significant oral absorption and improved bioavailability in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasen A Radwan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Practice , College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdelrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , College of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University , Bader City , Egypt
| | - Bushra T AlQuadeib
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Lidija Šiller
- d School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Herschel Building, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK , and
| | - Matthew C Wright
- e Institute of Cellular Medicine, Leech Building, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Benjamin Horrocks
- d School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Herschel Building, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK , and
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Luli S, Di Paolo D, Perri P, Brignole C, Hill SJ, Brown H, Leslie J, Marshall H, Wright MC, Mann DA, Ponzoni M, Oakley F. A new fluorescence-based optical imaging method to non-invasively monitor hepatic myofibroblasts in vivo. J Hepatol 2016; 65:75-83. [PMID: 27067455 PMCID: PMC4914605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Currently, staging of fibrosis in preclinical rodent liver fibrosis models is achieved histologically. Many animals are used at multiple time-points to assess disease progression or therapeutic responses. Hepatic myofibroblasts promote liver fibrosis therefore quantifying these cells in vivo could assess disease or predict therapeutic responses in mice. We fluorescently labelled a single chain antibody (C1-3) that binds hepatic myofibroblasts to monitor fibrogenesis in vivo. METHODS CCl4 was used to induce acute liver injury in WT and cRel(-/-) mice. Bile duct ligation was used to model chronic fibrosis. Hepatic myofibroblasts were depleted using a liposome-drug delivery system or chemically with sulfasalazine. An IVIS® spectrum visualised fluorophore-conjugated C1-3 in vivo. RESULTS IVIS detection of fluorescently labelled-C1-3 but not a control antibody discriminates between fibrotic and non-fibrotic liver in acute and chronic liver fibrosis models. cRel(-/-) mice have a fibro-protective phenotype and IVIS signal is reduced in CCl4 injured cRel(-/-) mice compared to wild-type. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labelled-C1-3 successfully predicts reductions in hepatic myofibroblast numbers in fibrotic liver disease in response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel fluorescence imaging method to assess murine hepatic myofibroblast numbers in vivo during liver fibrosis and after therapy. We also describe a novel liposomal antibody targeting system to selectively deliver drugs to hepatic myofibroblasts in vivo. C1-3 binds human hepatic myofibroblast therefore imaging labelled-C1-3 could be used for clinical studies in man to help stage fibrosis, demonstrate efficacy of drugs that promote hepatic myofibroblast clearance or predict early therapeutic responses. LAY SUMMARY In response to damage and injury scars develop in the liver and the main cell that makes the scar tissue is the hepatic myofibroblast (HM). C1-3 is an antibody fragment that binds to the scar forming HM. We have fluorescently labelled C1-3 and given it to mice that have either normal or scarred livers (which contain HM) and then used a machine called an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) that takes pictures of different wavelengths of light, to visualise the antibody binding to HM inside the living mouse. Using fluorescently labelled C1-3 we can assess HM numbers in the injured liver and monitor response to therapy. We have also used C1-3 to target drugs encapsulated in lipid carriers (liposomes) to the HM to kill the HM and reduce the liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimir Luli
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniela Di Paolo
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Perri
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brignole
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - H.L. Marshall
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Derek A. Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Fairhall EA, Charles MA, Probert PME, Wallace K, Gibb J, Ravindan C, Soloman M, Wright MC. Pancreatic B-13 Cell Trans-Differentiation to Hepatocytes Is Dependent on Epigenetic-Regulated Changes in Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150959. [PMID: 26954030 PMCID: PMC4782989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferative B-13 pancreatic cell line is unique in its ability to generate functional hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to exposure to glucocorticoid. In these studies, quantitatively comparable hepatic levels of liver-specific and liver-enriched transcription factor and hepatocyte defining mRNA transcripts were expressed after 10–14 days continuous treatment with glucocorticoid. This conversion in phenotype was associated with increased Gr-α mRNA expression and translation of a functional N-terminally truncated variant protein that localized to the nucleus in B-13/H cells. A short (6 hours) pulse exposure to glucocorticoid was also sufficient to transiently activate the Gr and irreversibly drive near identical conversion to B-13/H cells. Examination of epigenetic-related mechanisms demonstrated that B-13 DNA was rapidly methylated and de-methylated over the initial 2 days in response to both continuous or pulse exposure with glucocorticoid. DNA methylation and glucocorticoid-dependent conversion to an hepatic B-13/H phenotype was blocked by the methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine. Conversion to an hepatic B-13/H phenotype was also blocked by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Previous experiments have identified N-terminal Sgk1 variant proteins as pivotal to the mechanism(s) associated with pancreatic–hepatic differentiation. Both continuous and pulse exposure to DEX was sufficient to result in a near-similar robust transcriptional increase in Sgk1c mRNA expression from undetectable levels in B-13 cells. Notably, expression of Sgk1c mRNA remained constitutive 14 days later; including after pulse exposure to glucocorticoid and this induction was inhibited by 5-azacytidine or by histone deacetylase inhibitors. These data therefore suggest that exposing B-13 cells to glucocorticoid results in a Gr-dependent pulse in DNA methylation and likely other epigenetic changes such as histone modifications that leads to constitutive expression of Sgk1c and irreversible reprogramming of B-13 cells into B-13/H cells. Understanding and application of these mechanism(s) may enhance the functionality of stem cell-derived hepatocytes generated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Fairhall
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A. Charles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Wallace
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Gibb
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Chandni Ravindan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Soloman
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Khadem F, Gao X, Mou Z, Jia P, Movassagh H, Onyilagha C, Gounni AS, Wright MC, Uzonna JE. Hepatic stellate cells regulate liver immunity to visceral leishmaniasis through P110δ-dependent induction and expansion of regulatory T cells in mice. Hepatology 2016; 63:620-32. [PMID: 26289140 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is associated with severe immune dysfunction and if untreated leads to death. Because the liver is one of the primary target organs in VL, unraveling the mechanisms governing the local hepatic immune response is important for understanding the immunopathogenesis of VL. We previously reported that mice with inactivating knockin mutation in the p110δ gene (p110δ(D910A) ) are resistant to VL, due in part to impaired regulatory T-cell (Treg) expansion. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of this resistance by focusing on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are known to regulate Treg induction and expansion. We show that HSCs are infected with Leishmania donovani in vivo and in vitro and that this infection leads to the production of interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor-β, cytokines known to induce Tregs. We further demonstrate that L. donovani infection leads to expansion of HSCs in a p110δ-dependent manner and that this correlated with proliferation of hepatic Tregs in vivo. In vitro studies clearly show that L. donovani-infected HSCs induce CD4(+) T cells to become Tregs and expand Tregs in a p110δ-dependent manner. Targeted depletion of HSCs during infection caused a dramatic reduction in liver Treg numbers and proliferation, which was associated with a decrease in interleukin-10 production by hepatic T cells and a more efficient parasite control. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the critical role of HSCs in the pathogenesis of VL and suggest that the enhanced resistance of p110δ(D910A) mice to L. donovani infection is due in part to impaired expansion and inability of their HSCs to induce and expand Tregs in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hesamaldin Movassagh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Richter M, Fairhall EA, Hoffmann SA, Tröbs S, Knöspel F, Probert PME, Oakley F, Stroux A, Wright MC, Zeilinger K. Pancreatic progenitor-derived hepatocytes are viable and functional in a 3D high density bioreactor culture system. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:278-290. [PMID: 30090344 PMCID: PMC6062372 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat pancreatic progenitor cell line B-13 is of interest for research on drug metabolism and toxicity since the cells trans-differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells (B-13/H) when treated with glucocorticoids. In this study we investigated the trans-differentiation and liver-specific functions of B-13/H cells in a three-dimensional (3D) multi-compartment bioreactor, which has already been successfully used for primary liver cell culture. Undifferentiated B-13 cells were inoculated into the bioreactor system and exposed to dexamethasone to promote hepatic trans-differentiation (B-13/HT). In a second approach, pre-differentiated B-13 cells were cultured in bioreactors for 15 days to evaluate the maintenance of liver-typical functions (B-13/HP). During trans-differentiation of B-13 cells into hepatocyte-like cells in the 3D bioreactor system (approach B-13/HT), an increase in glucose metabolism and in liver-specific functions (urea and albumin synthesis; cytochrome P450 [CYP] enzyme activity) was observed, whereas amylase - characteristic for exocrine pancreas and undifferentiated B-13 cells - decreased over time. In bioreactors with pre-differentiated cells (approach B-13/HP), the above liver-specific functions were maintained over the whole culture period. Results were confirmed by gene expression and protein analysis showing increased expression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 (CPS-1), albumin, CYP2E1, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 with simultaneous loss of amylase. Immunohistochemical studies showed the formation of 3D structures with expression of liver-specific markers, including albumin, cytokeratin (CK) 18, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBP-β), CYP2E1 and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). In conclusion, successful culture and trans-differentiation of B-13 cells in the 3D bioreactor was demonstrated. The requirement for only one hormone and simple culture conditions to generate liver-like cells makes this cell type useful for in vitro research using 3D high-density culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richter
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - E A Fairhall
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - S A Hoffmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - S Tröbs
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - F Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - P M E Probert
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - F Oakley
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - A Stroux
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - M C Wright
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - K Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
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Probert PM, Palmer JM, Alhusainy W, Amer AO, Rietjens IMCM, White SA, Jones DE, Wright MC. Progenitor-derived hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells metabolise 1'-hydroxyestragole to a genotoxic species via a SULT2B1-dependent mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2015; 243:98-110. [PMID: 26739637 PMCID: PMC4729325 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rat B-13 progenitor cells are readily converted into functional hepatocyte-like B-13/H cells capable of phase I cytochrome P450-dependent activation of pro-carcinogens and induction of DNA damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the cells are also capable of Phase II sulphotransferase (SULT)-dependent activation of a pro-carcinogen to an ultimate carcinogen. To this end we therefore examined the bioactivation of the model hepatic (hepato- and cholangio-) carcinogen estragole and its proximate SULT1A1-activated genotoxic metabolite 1'-hydroxyestragole. Exposing B-13 or B-13/H cells to estragole (at concentrations up to 1mM) resulted in the production of low levels of 1'-hydroxyestragole, but did not result in detectable DNA damage. Exposing B-13/H cells - but not B-13 cells - to 1'-hydroxyestragole resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in comet assays, confirmed by detection of N(2)-(trans-isoestragol-3'-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts. Genotoxicity was inhibited by general SULT inhibitors, supporting a role for SULTS in the activation of 1-hydroxyestragole in B-13/H cells. However, B-13 and B-13/H cells did not express biologically significant levels of SULT1A1 as determined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and its associated 7-hydroxycoumarin sulphation activity. B-13 and B-13/H cells expressed - relative to intact rat liver - high levels of SULT2B1 (primarily the b isoform) and SULT4A1 mRNAs and proteins. B-13 and B-13/H cells also expressed the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate synthase 1 required for the generation of activated sulphate cofactor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate. However, only B-13/H cells expressed functional SULT activities towards SULT2B1 substrates DHEA, pregnenolone and 4 methylumbelliferone. Since liver progenitor cells are bi-potential and also form cholangiocytes, we therefore hypothesised that B-13 cells express a cholangiocyte-like SULT profile. To test this hypothesis, the expression of SULTs was examined in liver by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. SULT2B1 - but not SULT1A1 - was determined to be expressed in both rat and human cholangiocytes. Since 1'-hydroxyestragole exposure readily produced DNA injury in B-13/H cells, these data suggest that cholangiocarcinomas generated in rats fed estragole may be dependent, in part, on SULT2B1 activation of the 1'-hydroxyestragole metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Probert
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wasma Alhusainy
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aimen O Amer
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A White
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David E Jones
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Amer AO, Probert PM, Dunn M, Knight M, Vallance AE, Flecknell PA, Oakley F, Cameron I, White SA, Blain PG, Wright MC. Sustained Isoprostane E2 Elevation, Inflammation and Fibrosis after Acute Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury Are Reduced by Pregnane X Receptor Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136173. [PMID: 26302150 PMCID: PMC4547732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver grafts donated after cardiac death are increasingly used to expand the donor pool but are prone to ischaemic-type biliary lesions. The anti-inflammatory effects of the activated pregnane X receptor have previously been shown to be beneficial in a number of inflammatory liver conditions. However, its role in reducing peri-portal inflammation and fibrosis following ischaemia-reperfusion injury has not been investigated. Hepatic injury and its response to pregnane X receptor activation was examined after partial hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury induced by surgically clamping the left and middle lobar blood vessels in rats. Molecular and pathological changes in the liver were examined over the following 28 days. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury resulted in transient cholestasis associated with microvillar changes in biliary epithelial cell membranes and hepatocellular injury which resolved within days after reperfusion. However, in contrast to chemically-induced acute liver injuries, this was followed by sustained elevation in isoprostane E2, peri-portal inflammation and fibrosis that remained unresolved in the ischaemic reperfused lobe for at least 28 days after clamping. Administration of pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile—a rodent-specific pregnane X receptor activator—resulted in significant reductions in cholestasis, hepatic injury, ischaemic lobe isoprostane E2 levels, peri-portal inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury therefore results in inflammatory and fibrotic changes that persist well beyond the initial ischaemic insult. Drug-mediated activation of the pregnane X receptor reduced these adverse changes in rats, suggesting that the pregnane X receptor is a viable drug target to reduce ischaemic-type biliary lesions in recipients of liver transplants donated after cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen O Amer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dunn
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Knight
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail E Vallance
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Flecknell
- Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Cameron
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Probert PME, Meyer SK, Alsaeedi F, Axon AA, Fairhall EA, Wallace K, Charles M, Oakley F, Jowsey PA, Blain PG, Wright MC. An expandable donor-free supply of functional hepatocytes for toxicology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The B-13 cell is a readily expandable rat pancreatic acinar-like cell that differentiates on simple plastic culture substrata into replicatively-senescent hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to glucocorticoid exposure. B-13/H cells express a variety of liver-enriched and liver-specific genes, many at levels similar to hepatocytes in vivo. Furthermore, the B-13/H phenotype is maintained for at least several weeks in vitro, in contrast to normal hepatocytes which rapidly de-differentiate under the same simple – or even under more complex – culture conditions. The origin of the B-13 cell line and the current state of knowledge regarding differentiation to B-13/H cells are presented, followed by a review of recent advances in the use of B-13/H cells in a variety of toxicity endpoints. B-13 cells therefore offer Toxicologists a cost-effective and easy to use system to study a range of toxicologically-related questions. Dissecting the mechanism(s) regulating the formation of B-13/H cell may also increase the likelihood of engineering a human equivalent, providing Toxicologists with an expandable donor-free supply of functional rat and human hepatocytes, invaluable additions to the tool kit of in vitro toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. E. Probert
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephanie K. Meyer
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fouzeyyah Alsaeedi
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew A. Axon
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma A. Fairhall
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen Wallace
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michelle Charles
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul A. Jowsey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter G. Blain
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech Building; Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Al-Quadeib BT, Radwan MA, Siller L, Horrocks B, Wright MC. Stealth Amphotericin B nanoparticles for oral drug delivery: In vitro optimization. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 23:290-302. [PMID: 26106277 PMCID: PMC4475820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Amphotericin B (AmB) is an effective anti-fungal and anti-leishmanial agent. However, AmB has low oral bioavailability (0.3%) and adverse effects (e.g., nephrotoxicity). The objectives of this study were to improve the oral bioavailability by entrapping AmB in pegylated (PEG) poly lactide co glycolide copolymer (PLGA–PEG) nanoparticles (NPs). The feasibility of different surfactants and stabilizers on the mean particle size (MPS) and entrapment efficiency were also investigated. Materials and methods NPs of AmB were prepared by a modified emulsification diffusion method employing a vitamin E derivative as a stabilizer. Physicochemical properties and particle size characterization were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, in vitro dissolution profiles were performed for all formulated AmB NPs. Results MPS of the prepared spherical particles of AmB ranged from 26.4 ± 2.9 to 1068 ± 489.8 nm. An increased stirring rate favored AmB NPs with a smaller MPS. There was a significant reduction in MPS, drug content and drug release, when AmB NPs were prepared using the diblock polymer PLGA–PEG with 15% PEG. Addition of three emulsifying agents poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Vitamin E (TPGS) and pluronic F-68 to AmB formulations led to a significant reduction in particle size and increase in drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) compared to addition of PVP alone. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated a successful loading of AmB to pegylated PLGA–PEG copolymers. PLGA–PEG copolymer entrapment efficiency of AmB was increased up to 56.7%, with 92.7% drug yield. After a slow initial release, between 20% and 54% of AmB was released in vitro within 24 h phosphate buffer containing 2% sodium deoxycholate and were best fit Korsmeyer–Peppas model. In conclusion, PLGA–PEG diblock copolymer with 15% PEG produced a significant reduction (>70%) in MPS with highest drug content. The percentage of PEG in the copolymer and the surfactant/stabilizer used had a direct effect on AmB release in vitro, entrapment efficiency and MPS. These developed formulations are feasible, effective and improved alternatives to other carriers for oral delivery of AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra T Al-Quadeib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahasen A Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Practice, Princess Nourah bint Abdelrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lidija Siller
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Benjamin Horrocks
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Leech Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, UK
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Hayward GM, Wallace HM, Wright MC, MacFarlane M. SMAC mimetics in combination with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα augment cell death in B-13 progenitor-derived hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wilson CL, Mann J, Walsh M, Perrugoria MJ, Oakley F, Wright MC, Brignole C, Di Paolo D, Perri P, Ponzoni M, Karin M, Mann DA. Quiescent hepatic stellate cells functionally contribute to the hepatic innate immune response via TLR3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83391. [PMID: 24416163 PMCID: PMC3885413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pathogen pattern recognition receptor that plays a key role in innate immunity. TLR3 signalling has numerous functions in liver, both in health and disease. Here we report that TLR3 is expressed by quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) where it functions to induce transcription and secretion of functional interferons as well as a number of other cytokines and chemokines. Upon transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, HSCs rapidly loose the ability to produce interferon gamma (IFNγ). Mechanistically, this gene silencing may be due to Polycomb complex mediated repression via methylation of histone H3 lysine 27. In contrast to wild type, quiescent HSC isolated from tlr3 knockout mice do not produce IFNγ in response to Poly(I∶C) treatment. Therefore, quiescent HSC may contribute to induction of the hepatic innate immune system in response to injury or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Meagan Walsh
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J. Perrugoria
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Brignole
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Paolo
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Perri
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Derek A. Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Probert PME, Ebrahimkhani MR, Oakley F, Mann J, Burt AD, Mann DA, Wright MC. A reversible model for periportal fibrosis and a refined alternative to bile duct ligation. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Probert PME, Chung GW, Cockell SJ, Agius L, Mosesso P, White SA, Oakley F, Brown CDA, Wright MC. Utility of B-13 progenitor-derived hepatocytes in hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity studies. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:350-70. [PMID: 24235770 PMCID: PMC3908725 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AR42J-B-13 (B-13) cells form hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to glucocorticoid treatment. To establish its utility in toxicity and genotoxicity screening, cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction, susceptibility to toxins, and transporter gene expression were examined. Conversion to B-13/H cells resulted in expression of male-specific CYP2C11 and sensitivity to methapyrilene. B-13/H cells constitutively expressed CYP1A, induced expression in response to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, and activated benzo[α]pyrene to a DNA-damaging species. Functional CYP1A2 was not expressed due to deletions in the Cyp1a2 gene. A B-13 cell line stably expressing the human CYP1A2 was therefore engineered (B-13−TR/h1A2) and the derived B-13/H cells expressed metabolically functional CYP1A2. Treatment with the cooked food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage. B-13/H cells expressed constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and induced CYP2B1 mRNA levels in response to classical CAR activators. However, translation to functional CYP2B1 protein was low and increased minimally by CAR activator treatment. B-13/H cells expressed high levels of pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and induced CYP3A1 in response to classical PXR activators. CYP3A genes were inducible, functional, and activated aflatoxin B1 to a DNA-damaging species. All 23 major hepatic transporters were induced when B-13 cells were converted to B-13/H cells, although in many cases, levels remained below those present in adult rat liver. However, bile salt export pump, Abcb1b, multidrug resistance-associated protein, and breast cancer resistance protein transporters were functional in B-13/H cells. These data demonstrate that the B-13 cell generates hepatocyte-like cells with functional drug metabolism and transporter activities, which can alone—or in a humanized form—be used to screen for hepatotoxic and genotoxic endpoints in vitro.
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Fairhall EA, Charles MA, Wallace K, Schwab CJ, Harrison CJ, Richter M, Hoffmann SA, Charlton KA, Zeilinger K, Wright MC. The B-13 hepatocyte progenitor cell resists pluripotency induction and differentiation to non-hepatocyte cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Fairhall EA, Wallace K, White SA, Huang GC, Shaw JA, Wright SC, Charlton KA, Burt AD, Wright MC. Adult human exocrine pancreas differentiation to hepatocytes – potential source of a human hepatocyte progenitor for use in toxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Liu H, Chu K, Ochoa AE, Ye Z, Zhang X, Jin J, Wright MC, Barsky SH, Cristofanilli M, Robertson FM. Abstract P6-10-04: The Presence of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Recapitulates Formation of Breast Tumor Emboli with Encircling Lymphovasculogenesis. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p6-10-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Genetic abnormalities in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene result in activation of signaling pathways including Akt, mTor, and JAK/Stat3. ALK has been shown to be a primary oncogenic driver in a variety of human tumors, including both hematologic malignancies such as anaplastic large cell lymphoma, as well as solid tumors including neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, myofibroblastic tumors and most recently, high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. While only ∼3% of all breast cancers have been reported to have ALK genetic abnormalities, our studies revealed that inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), the most lethal variant of breast cancer, is characterized by prevalent ALK gene amplification with activated ALK signaling. The present studies investigated the role of ALK in breast cancer by expressing full-length wild type ALK in MCF-7 cells.
Materials and Methods: Clones of MCF-7 breast cancer cells expressing wild type ALK or non-target vector were produced by lentivirus infection and selection of single cell clones. MCF-7 ALK clones were evaluated using live cell and phase contrast imaging, immunofluorescent staining with confocal imaging, gene profiling, phospho-protein array analysis, western blot and ELISA validation. In vivo studies were performed by injection of MCF-7 ALK clones into using NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice using IACUC approved animal protocols.
Results: When cultured on plastic substrates, MCF-7 ALK clones formed tumor cell aggregates instead of monolayer cultures, and when cultured as tumor spheroids under non-adherent 3D conditions had a distinct cellular phenotype with significantly greater clonogenicity than either non-target vector MCF-7 clones or the parental cell line. Whole transcriptome analysis, with validation using protein arrays, western blots and ELISA analysis revealed that the presence of ALK up-regulated phospho-src. In vivo studies revealed that ALK expressing MCF-7 clones formed tumor emboli that were enwrapped by dermal lymphatic vessels, essentially recapitulating the phenotype of IBC tumor emboli that exhibit encircling lymphovasculogenesis. Enforced expression of wild type ALK in another breast cancer cell line resulted in similar formation of tumor emboli.
Discussion: These studies provide first time evidence for the association between full length ALK and formation of highly invasive tumor emboli enwrapped by lymphatic vessels, which is a primary characteristic of IBC. These studies, taken together with discovery of the prevalence of ALK gene amplification in IBC patients, indicate that ALK represents an important therapeutic target for IBC, with the availability of new ALK targeted therapies to evaluate as single agents and in combinations with other agents that may effectively target IBC tumor emboli that we have now linked to ALK and which represent the metastatic lesion of this lethal variant of breast cancer.
Funding by Susan G. Komen Organization Promise Grant KG081287 (FMR and MC).
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Chu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - AE Ochoa
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Z Ye
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - X Zhang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J Jin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - MC Wright
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - SH Barsky
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Cristofanilli
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - FM Robertson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Robertson FM, Hibbs S, Boley KM, Chu K, Ye Z, Wright MC, Liu H, Luo AZ, Cristofanilli M, Wemhoff G. Abstract P4-06-03: Zinc Finger Nuclease Genome Engineering Reveal Multiple Functions of Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor in Regulating Pleuripotency of Cancer Stem Cells in Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p4-06-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive and lethal variant of this disease and is known to be enriched for cells with a cancer stem cell phenotype. IBC is characterized by the presence of cell aggregates, defined as tumor emboli, that metastasize into skin and chest wall. The only documented biomarker of tumor emboli is the surface glycoprotein, E-cadherin. We previously demonstrated that IBC tumor emboli express the alarm anti-protease, secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), a metastasis related gene highly expressed in IBC patient tumors. Since the function of SLPI in IBC is unknown, the present studies used zinc finger technology to knockout (KO) copies of SLPI in the SUM149 IBC cell line to define the role of SLPI in IBC.
Materials and Methods: Using CompoZr zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology (Sigma-Aldrich), SLPI KO cell lines were generated by disrupting all alleles (3) in exon 1 of SUM149 cells derived from an IBC primary tumor with a high CD44+cell population. The target-specific ZFNs bound DNA at a sequence-specific location and created double strand breaks repaired by non-homologous end joining, resulting in deletions at the SLPI locus. Single cell SLPI KO clones were isolated and serially passaged to establish stable cell lines. Functional assays were used to assess proliferation, invasion, tube formation and clonogenicity. Global transcriptional profiling was performed to identify genes and signaling pathways directly regulated by SLPI.
Results: SUM149 SLPI KO clones did not produce SLPI protein and had a significantly slower turn-over time of 75 hrs compared with 24 hrs in SUM149 wild type clones. Loss of SLPI blocked invasion by 50%, and completely inhibited formation of tube-like structures, an activity defined as vasculogenic mimicry, characteristic of IBC. The loss of only 1 SLPI allele resulted in the inability of SUM149 cells to grow as anchorage independent clones in soft agar, commonly used as a predictor of in vivo tumorigenicity. SLPI directly regulated expression of multiple genes within the embryonic stem cell pleuripotency canonical pathway, including WNT, Frizzled, PDK-1, platelet derived growth factor receptor and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor. Studies are underway to determine the specific role of SLPI in IBC tumor growth and metastasis.
Conclusions: Our previous studies demonstrated that SLPI is expressed by IBC tumor emboli and can be used as a biomarker of tumor emboli in IBC core and skin punch biopsies. SLPI was found to not only regulate critical functional activities of IBC tumor cells but also to directly regulate genes within pathways critically important to maintenance of pleuripotency of tumors with a cancer stem cell phenotype. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the power and utility of the zinc finger technology, which enables the interrogation of tumor cells to discern the direct function and role of specific genes of interest.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- FM Robertson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S Hibbs
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - KM Boley
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Chu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Z Ye
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - MC Wright
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - H Liu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - AZ Luo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Cristofanilli
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G Wemhoff
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Liu H, Luo AZ, Mu Z, Chu K, Ye Z, Alpaugh RK, Fernandez S, Boley KM, Jin J, Wright MC, Cristofanilli M, Robertson FM. P2-05-04: Mapping the Specific Gene Families Activated in the Lymphangiogenesis and Vasculogenic Mimicry Exhibited by Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p2-05-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most metastatic variant of locally advanced breast cancer. Although IBC is diagnosed less commonly than other types of breast cancer, it is extremely aggressive, and accounts for a disproportionate number of breast cancer related deaths annually. IBC exhibits very specific patterns of lymphangiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry, however detailed studies of the genes and proteins involved in these angiogenic processes are lacking. This study performed whole unbiased gene transcription studies with validation by protein arrays using all available pre-clinical cell lines and in vivo xenograft models of IBC, including a new model of IBC, FC-IBC01, which exhibits lymphovascular invasion, to identify the specific pathways involved in the distinctive angiogenesis observed in IBC.
Materials and Methods: Real-time quantitative RT-PCR, cDNA microarray gene profiling, immunofluorescence with confocal imaging and protein arrays were used to examine differential expression of specific angiogenic gene families including VEGFA,B,C,D, VEGF Receptor genes, and ANG/TIE genes linked to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
Results: Activity of the matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-2, is required for IBC tumor cells to undergo vasculogenic mimicry (VM), which is associated with a loss of TIMP-2, a well known inhibitor of angiogenesis. Therapeutics that target MMP activity can successfully inhibit this VM. Furthermore, pre-clinical models of IBC that form IBC tumor emboli exhibit lymphovascular invasion that is associated with distinct patterns of expression of genes that encode for distinct receptor tyrosine kinases that may represent important therapeutic targets for IBC.
Discussion: Identification of the distinct angiogenic pathways that are activated in IBC provides insight into the therapeutic targets that may abrogate the distinct lymphovascular invasion and vasculogenic mimicry that are linked to the aggressive metastasis of IBC.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-05-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - AZ Luo
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Z Mu
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Chu
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Z Ye
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - RK Alpaugh
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S Fernandez
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - KM Boley
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J Jin
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - MC Wright
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Cristofanilli
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - FM Robertson
- 1The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Chu K, Boley KM, Luo AZ, Ye Z, Wright MC, Freiter EM, Robertson FM. P1-02-03: The Reciprocal Roles of E-Cadherin and ZEB1 Demonstrate the Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition as a Primary Characteristic of Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p1-02-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare but very aggressive form of breast cancer. IBC is characterized by nests of tightly aggregated cells, defined as tumor emboli, that exhibit characteristics of cancer stem cells (CSCs). IBC tumor emboli express E-cadherin which is required to maintain their integrity and our recent evidence demonstrates that expression of E-cadherin by tumor emboli is associated with lack of ZEB1 expression, a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin. This is at odds with the current hypothesis that metastatic progression is associated with the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), with loss of E-cadherin and gain of transcription factors including ZEB1, acquisition of CSC characteristics and enhanced invasive capabilities.
Materials and Methods: shRNA knockdown and over-expression methods, real time PCR arrays, western blotting, and in vitro assays to evaluate proliferation, invasion, growth in soft agar and clonogenicity and in vivo animal studies were used.
Results: Expression of E-cadherin was reduced by shRNA and ZEB1 was expressed in SUM149 IBC tumor cells. Numerous EMT-related genes were upregulated with loss of E-cadherin and gain of ZEB1, including N-cadherin and vimentin. However, there were marginal differences in the in vitro parameters of proliferation, Matrigel invasion and anchorage independent growth in soft agar between SUM149-shECad or SUM149-ZEB1 clones and their respective vector control cells. The loss of E-cadherin and gain of ZEB1 altered the morphology of SUM149 cells when cultured under low adherence conditions permissive for the enrichment of CSC, exhibiting a reversion in grape-like morphology to more well defined spheres, which was accompanied by increased clonogenicity in both SUM149-shECad and SUM149-ZEB1 cells. The loss of E-cadherin and the gain of ZEB1 significantly inhibited tumor growth of cells injected in the mammary fat pad of NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice. Tumor volume at 56 days for E-cadherin vector control cells was 771.9 mm3 +/− 185.6 compared to shECadherin tumors, which was 13.6 mm3 +/− 7.2. Tumor volume of ZEB1 vector control tumors was 346.1 mm3 +/− 96 compared to volume of ZEB1 expressing tumors, which was 21.5 mm3 +/− 7.2.Conclusions: E-cadherin with lack of ZEB1 expression in IBC is consistent with a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), consistent with the retention of the epithelial phenotype while maintaining a program of rapid metastasis and colonization of lymph nodes and distant organ sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the E-cadherin-ZEB1 axis is critical for the in vivo growth of IBC tumor cells. Although SUM149 cells are fully capable of undergoing an EMT process, which is under negative regulation by E-cadherin, the process of EMT does not drive in vivo tumor growth in IBC.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-02-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chu
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - KM Boley
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - AZ Luo
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Z Ye
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - MC Wright
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - EM Freiter
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - FM Robertson
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Wallace K, Long Q, Fairhall EA, Charlton KA, Wright MC. Serine/threonine protein kinase SGK1 in glucocorticoid-dependent transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells to hepatocytes. J Cell Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.090084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wallace K, Long Q, Fairhall EA, Charlton KA, Wright MC. Serine/threonine protein kinase SGK1 in glucocorticoid-dependent transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells to hepatocytes. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:405-13. [PMID: 21224398 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.077503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid levels result in the transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells into hepatocytes through a process that requires a transient repression of WNT signalling upstream of the induction of C/EBP-β. However, the mechanism by which glucocorticoid interacts with WNT signalling is unknown. A screen of microarray data showed that the serine/threonine protein kinase SGK1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1) was markedly induced in the model B-13 pancreatic rat acinar cell line after glucocorticoid treatment (which converts them into hepatocyte-like 'B-13/H' cells) and this was confirmed at the level of mRNA (notably an alternatively transcribed SGK1C form) and protein. Knockdown of SGK1 using an siRNA designed to target all variant transcripts inhibited glucocorticoid-dependent transdifferentiation, whereas overexpression of the human C isoform (and also the human SGK1F isoform, for which no orthologue in the rat has been identified) alone - but not the wild-type A form - inhibited distal WNT signalling Tcf/Lef transcription factor activity, and converted B-13 cells into B-13/H cells. These effects were lost when the kinase functions of SGK1C and SGK1F were mutated. Inhibition of SGK1 kinase activity also inhibited glucocorticoid-dependent transdifferentiation. Expression of SGK1C and SGK1F resulted in the appearance of phosphorylated β-catenin, and recombinant SGK1 was shown to directly phosphorylate purified β-catenin in vitro in an ATP-dependent reaction. These data therefore demonstrate a crucial role for SGK1 induction in B-13 cell transdifferentiation to B-13/H hepatocytes and suggest that direct phosphorylation of β-catenin by SGK1C represents the mechanism of crosstalk between glucocorticoid and WNT signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wallace
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
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Noormohamed MS, Cowie DE, White SA, Wright MC. Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation in a porcine non-heart beating liver model of organ preservation – A tool for improved hepatocyte isolation. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marshall HL, Oakley F, Wright MC. Myofibroblast depletion does not inhibit liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Axon A, Cowie DE, Oakley F, Williams FM, Blain PG, Wright MC. Acute oestradiol (E2) administration to mice results in liver portal tract inflammation. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hill S, Wright MC. Hepatic myofibroblasts are pro-inflammatory and activate NF-κB in monocytes via a soluble factor. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Douglass A, Marshall H, Wright MC. Myofibroblast depletion during acute CCl4 injury delays hepatocyte injury and promotes liver regeneration. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wallace K, Hoppler S, Wright MC. The trans-differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells into hepatocytes is mediated by a suppression of WNT signalling. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Taekman JM, Stafford-Smith M, Velazquez EJ, Wright MC, Phillips-Bute BG, Pfeffer MA, Sellers MA, Pieper KS, Newman MF, Van de Werf F, Diaz R, Leimberger J, Califf RM. Departures from the protocol during conduct of a clinical trial: a pattern from the data record consistent with a learning curve. BMJ Qual Saf 2010; 19:405-10. [PMID: 20702441 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2008.028605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recognition of learning curves in medical skill acquisition has enhanced patient safety through improved training techniques. Clinical trials research has not been similarly scrutinised. The VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion, a large multinational, pragmatic, randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial, was retrospectively evaluated for evidence of research conduct consistent with a performance "learning curve". DESIGN Records provided protocol departure (deviations/violations) and documentation query data. For each site, analysis included patient order (eg, first, second), recruitment rate and first enrollment relative to study start date. SETTING Computerised data from a trial coordinated by an academic research organisation collaborating with 10 academic and 2 commercial research organisations and an industry sponsor. Interventions 931 sites enrolled 14,703 patients. Departures were restricted to the first year. Exclusions included patient's death or loss to follow-up within 12 months and subjects enrolled 80th or higher at a site. Departures were assessed for variance with higher patient rank, more frequent recruitment and later start date. METHODS AND RESULTS 12,367 patients at 931 sites were analysed. Departures were more common for patients enrolled earlier at a site (p<0.0001). For example, compared with the 30th patient, the first had 47% more departures. Departures were also more common with slower enrollment and site start closer to the trial start date (p<0.0001). Similar patterns existed for queries. CONCLUSIONS Research performance improved during the VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion consistent with a "learning curve". Although effects were not related to a change in outcome (mortality), learning curves in clinical research may have important safety, ethical, research quality and economic implications for trial conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Taekman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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