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Chowdhury SR, Koley T, Singh M, Samath EA, Kaur P. Association of Hsp90 with p53 and Fizzy related homolog (Fzr) synchronizing Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC/C): An unexplored ally towards oncogenic pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188883. [PMID: 36972769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The intricate molecular interactions leading to the oncogenic pathway are the consequence of cell cycle modification controlled by a bunch of cell cycle regulatory proteins. The tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulatory proteins work in coordination to maintain a healthy cellular environment. The integrity of this cellular protein pool is perpetuated by heat shock proteins/chaperones, which assist in proper protein folding during normal and cellular stress conditions. Among these versatile groups of chaperone proteins, Hsp90 is one of the significant ATP-dependent chaperones that aid in stabilizing many tumor suppressors and cell cycle regulator protein targets. Recently, studies have revealed that in cancerous cell lines, Hsp90 stabilizes mutant p53, 'the guardian of the genome.' Hsp90 also has a significant impact on Fzr, an essential regulator of the cell cycle having an important role in the developmental process of various organisms, including Drosophila, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and plants. During cell cycle progression, p53 and Fzr coordinately regulate the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC/C) from metaphase to anaphase transition up to cell cycle exit. APC/C mediates proper centrosome function in the dividing cell. The centrosome acts as the microtubule organizing center for the correct segregation of the sister chromatids to ensure perfect cell division. This review examines the structure of Hsp90 and its co-chaperones, which work in synergy to stabilize proteins such as p53 and Fizzy-related homolog (Fzr) to synchronize the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC/C). Dysfunction of this process activates the oncogenic pathway leading to the development of cancer. Additionally, an overview of current drugs targeting Hsp90 at various phases of clinical trials has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghati Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tirthankar Koley
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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2
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Qi H, Kikuchi M, Yoshino Y, Fang Z, Ohashi K, Gotoh T, Ideta R, Ui A, Endo S, Otsuka K, Shindo N, Gonda K, Ishioka C, Miki Y, Iwabuchi T, Chiba N. BRCA1 transports the DNA damage signal for CDDP-induced centrosome amplification through the centrosomal Aurora A. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:4230-4243. [PMID: 36082621 PMCID: PMC9746055 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) plays roles in DNA repair and centrosome regulation and is involved in DNA damage-induced centrosome amplification (DDICA). Here, the centrosomal localization of BRCA1 and the kinases involved in centrosome duplication were analyzed in each cell cycle phase after treatment with DNA crosslinker cisplatin (CDDP). CDDP treatment increased the centrosomal localization of BRCA1 in early S-G2 phase. BRCA1 contributed to the increased centrosomal localization of Aurora A in S phase and that of phosphorylated Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in late S phase after CDDP treatment, resulting in centriole disengagement and overduplication. The increased centrosomal localization of BRCA1 and Aurora A induced by CDDP treatment involved the nuclear export of BRCA1 and BRCA1 phosphorylation by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Patient-derived variants and mutations at phosphorylated residues of BRCA1 suppressed the interaction between BRCA1 and Aurora A, as well as the CDDP-induced increase in the centrosomal localization of BRCA1 and Aurora A. These results suggest that CDDP induces the phosphorylation of BRCA1 by ATM in the nucleus and its transport to the cytoplasm, thereby promoting the centrosomal localization Aurora A, which phosphorylates PLK1. The function of BRCA1 in the translocation of the DNA damage signal from the nucleus to the centrosome to induce centrosome amplification after CDDP treatment might support its role as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Cancer BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Megumi Kikuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Yuki Yoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Cancer BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Zhenzhou Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Cancer BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kazune Ohashi
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takato Gotoh
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Ryo Ideta
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Tohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Ayako Ui
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Shino Endo
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Cancer BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kei Otsuka
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular OncologyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Kohsuke Gonda
- Department of Medical PhysicsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical OncologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshio Miki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Tokuro Iwabuchi
- Faculty of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo University of TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Cancer BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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3
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Braun AL, Meghini F, Villa-Fombuena G, Guermont M, Fernandez-Martinez E, Qian Z, Dolores Martín-Bermudo M, González-Reyes A, Glover DM, Kimata Y. The careful control of Polo kinase by APC/C-Ube2C ensures the intercellular transport of germline centrosomes during Drosophila oogenesis. Open Biol 2021; 11:200371. [PMID: 34186008 PMCID: PMC8241486 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A feature of metazoan reproduction is the elimination of maternal centrosomes from the oocyte. In animals that form syncytial cysts during oogenesis, including Drosophila and human, all centrosomes within the cyst migrate to the oocyte where they are subsequently degenerated. The importance and the underlying mechanism of this event remain unclear. Here, we show that, during early Drosophila oogenesis, control of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), the ubiquitin ligase complex essential for cell cycle control, ensures proper transport of centrosomes into the oocyte through the regulation of Polo/Plk1 kinase, a critical regulator of the integrity and activity of the centrosome. We show that novel mutations in the APC/C-specific E2, Vihar/Ube2c, that affect its inhibitory regulation on APC/C cause precocious Polo degradation and impedes centrosome transport, through destabilization of centrosomes. The failure of centrosome migration correlates with weakened microtubule polarization in the cyst and allows ectopic microtubule nucleation in nurse cells, leading to the loss of oocyte identity. These results suggest a role for centrosome migration in oocyte fate maintenance through the concentration and confinement of microtubule nucleation activity into the oocyte. Considering the conserved roles of APC/C and Polo throughout the animal kingdom, our findings may be translated into other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Leah Braun
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Francesco Meghini
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Gema Villa-Fombuena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Morgane Guermont
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | - Zhang Qian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Dolores Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Yuu Kimata
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ito KK, Watanabe K, Ishida H, Matsuhashi K, Chinen T, Hata S, Kitagawa D. Cep57 and Cep57L1 maintain centriole engagement in interphase to ensure centriole duplication cycle. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202005153. [PMID: 33492359 PMCID: PMC7836272 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles duplicate in interphase only once per cell cycle. Newly formed centrioles remain associated with their mother centrioles. The two centrioles disengage at the end of mitosis, which licenses centriole duplication in the next cell cycle. Therefore, timely centriole disengagement is critical for the proper centriole duplication cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying centriole engagement during interphase are poorly understood. Here, we show that Cep57 and Cep57L1 cooperatively maintain centriole engagement during interphase. Codepletion of Cep57 and Cep57L1 induces precocious centriole disengagement in interphase without compromising cell cycle progression. The disengaged daughter centrioles convert into centrosomes during interphase in a Plk1-dependent manner. Furthermore, the centrioles reduplicate and the centriole number increases, which results in chromosome segregation errors. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the maintenance of centriole engagement by Cep57 and Cep57L1 during interphase is crucial for the tight control of centriole copy number and thus for proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei K. Ito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Watanabe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Ishida
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsuhashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Chinen
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Hata
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Vishnoi N, Dhanasekeran K, Chalfant M, Surovstev I, Khokha MK, Lusk CP. Differential turnover of Nup188 controls its levels at centrosomes and role in centriole duplication. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133835. [PMID: 32211895 PMCID: PMC7055002 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NUP188 encodes a scaffold component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and has been implicated as a congenital heart disease gene through an ill-defined function at centrioles. Here, we explore the mechanisms that physically and functionally segregate Nup188 between the pericentriolar material (PCM) and NPCs. Pulse-chase fluorescent labeling indicates that Nup188 populates centrosomes with newly synthesized protein that does not exchange with NPCs even after mitotic NPC breakdown. In addition, the steady-state levels of Nup188 are controlled by the sensitivity of the PCM pool, but not the NPC pool, to proteasomal degradation. Proximity-labeling and super-resolution microscopy show that Nup188 is vicinal to the inner core of the interphase centrosome. Consistent with this, we demonstrate direct binding between Nup188 and Cep152. We further show that Nup188 functions in centriole duplication at or upstream of Sas6 loading. Together, our data establish Nup188 as a component of PCM needed to duplicate the centriole with implications for congenital heart disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vishnoi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Ivan Surovstev
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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6
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Patel S, Wilkinson CJ, Sviderskaya EV. Loss of Both CDKN2A and CDKN2B Allows for Centrosome Overduplication in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1837-1846.e1. [PMID: 32067956 PMCID: PMC7435684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes duplicate only once in coordination with the DNA replication cycle and have an important role in segregating genetic material. In contrast, most cancer cells have centrosome aberrations, including supernumerary centrosomes, and this correlates with aneuploidy and genetic instability. The tumor suppressors p16 (CDKN2A) and p15 (CDKN2B) (encoded by the familial melanoma CDKN2 locus) inhibit CDK4/6 activity and have important roles in cellular senescence. p16 is also associated with suppressing centrosomal aberrations in breast cancer; however, the role of p15 in centrosome amplification is unknown. Here, we investigated the relationship between p15 and p16 expression, centrosome number abnormalities, and melanoma progression in cell lines derived from various stages of melanoma progression. We found that normal human melanocyte lines did not exhibit centrosome number abnormalities, whereas those from later stages of melanoma did. Additionally, under conditions of S-phase block, p15 and p16 status determined whether centrosome overduplication would occur. Indeed, removal of p15 from p16-negative cell lines derived from various stages of melanoma progression changed cells that previously would not overduplicate their centrosomes into cells that did. Although this study used cell lines in vitro, it suggests that, during clinical melanoma progression, sequential loss of p15 and p16 provides conditions for centrosome duplication to become deregulated with consequences for genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Patel
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Wilkinson
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Zhang RK, Wang P, Lu YC, Lang L, Wang L, Lee SC. Cadmium induces cell centrosome amplification via reactive oxygen species as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18230-18248. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kai Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cheng Lu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Lang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Shao Chin Lee
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang H, Huang Y, Shi J, Zhi Y, Yuan F, Yu J, Chen Z, Yang J. XPC deficiency leads to centrosome amplification by inhibiting BRCA1 expression upon cisplatin-mediated DNA damage in human bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 444:136-146. [PMID: 30579971 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) is a well-known DNA damage recognition protein. Defects in XPC lead to carcinogenesis and progression of many human cancers. In the current study, we defined a novel, important role of XPC in preventing centrosome amplification during cisplatin-mediated DNA damage response. From experiments with human bladder cancer tissue, urothelial tissue from Xpc knockout mice and XPC-silenced cell lines, we found that attenuated XPC expression was associated with increased centrosome amplification in human bladder cancer. A significant increase in centrosome amplification was observed in XPC-silenced cells upon cisplatin treatment. XPC deficiency leads to reduced BRCA1 expression via upregulating its transcriptional repressor, Pit-1. The BRCA1 downregulation results in more DNA double strand breaks accumulation and persistent activation of the ATM-Chk1/Chk2 signaling, resulting in a prolonged G2/M arrest during which centrosome can over-duplicate and lead to centrosome amplification. XPC complementation in silenced cells could reduce Pit-1 expression, increase BRCA1 expression and recover the status of centrosome amplification. Our study reveals a new function for XPC in preventing chromosomal instability, providing new information on cancer chemotherapy and potential clinical significance for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yaqin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiazhong Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Zhi
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Urology Institute of People's Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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9
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Xie S, Reinecke JB, Farmer T, Bahl K, Yeow I, Nichols BJ, McLamarrah TA, Naslavsky N, Rogers GC, Caplan S. Vesicular trafficking plays a role in centriole disengagement and duplication. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2622-2631. [PMID: 30188792 PMCID: PMC6249839 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the major microtubule-nucleating and microtubule-organizing centers of cells and play crucial roles in microtubule anchoring, organelle positioning, and ciliogenesis. At the centrosome core lies a tightly associated or “engaged” mother–daughter centriole pair. During mitotic exit, removal of centrosomal proteins pericentrin and Cep215 promotes “disengagement” by the dissolution of intercentriolar linkers, ensuring a single centriole duplication event per cell cycle. Herein, we explore a new mechanism involving vesicular trafficking for the removal of centrosomal Cep215. Using small interfering RNA and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited cells, we show that the endocytic protein EHD1 regulates Cep215 transport from centrosomes to the spindle midbody, thus facilitating disengagement and duplication. We demonstrate that EHD1 and Cep215 interact and show that Cep215 displays increased localization to vesicles containing EHD1 during mitosis. Moreover, Cep215-containing vesicles are positive for internalized transferrin, demonstrating their endocytic origin. Thus, we describe a novel relationship between endocytic trafficking and the centrosome cycle, whereby vesicles of endocytic origin are used to remove key regulatory proteins from centrosomes to control centriole duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - James B Reinecke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Trey Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Kriti Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Ivana Yeow
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiffany A McLamarrah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
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10
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The Tumor Suppressor MIG6 Controls Mitotic Progression and the G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint by Stabilizing the WEE1 Kinase. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1278-1289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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11
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Krasinska L, Fisher D. Non-Cell Cycle Functions of the CDK Network in Ciliogenesis: Recycling the Cell Cycle Oscillator. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800016. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Krasinska
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM); University of Montpellier, CNRS 1919 Route de Mende; Montpellier 34293 France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018; Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; 75013 Paris France
| | - Daniel Fisher
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM); University of Montpellier, CNRS 1919 Route de Mende; Montpellier 34293 France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018; Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; 75013 Paris France
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12
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Yoo BH, Kang DS, Park CH, Kang K, Bae CD. CKAP2 phosphorylation by CDK1/cyclinB1 is crucial for maintaining centrosome integrity. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e354. [PMID: 28706298 PMCID: PMC5565958 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that CKAP2 is involved in the maintenance of centrosome integrity, thus allowing for proper mitosis in primary hepatocytes. To understand this biological process, we identified the mitosis-specific phosphorylation sites in mouse CKAP2 and investigated CKAP’s possible role in cell cycle progression. Because we observed mouse CKAP2 depletion in amplified centrosomes and aberrant chromosomal segregation, which was rescued by ectopic expression of wild-type CKAP2, we focused on the centrosome duplication process among the various aspects of the cell cycle. Among the identified phosphorylation sites, T603 and possibly S608 were phosphorylated by CDK1–cyclin B1 during mitosis, and the ectopic expression of both T603A and S608A mutants was unable to restore the centrosomal abnormalities in CKAP2-depleted cells. These results indicated that the phosphorylation status of CKAP2 during mitosis is critical for controlling both centrosome biogenesis and bipolar spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Ho Yoo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Seock Kang
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hu Park
- Research and Development Center, HuGeX Co. Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongjin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Dae Bae
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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13
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Karki M, Keyhaninejad N, Shuster CB. Precocious centriole disengagement and centrosome fragmentation induced by mitotic delay. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15803. [PMID: 28607478 PMCID: PMC5474744 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays mitotic progression until all sister chromatid pairs achieve bi-orientation, and while the SAC can maintain mitotic arrest for extended periods, moderate delays in mitotic progression have significant effects on the resulting daughter cells. Here we show that when retinal-pigmented epithelial (RPE1) cells experience mitotic delay, there is a time-dependent increase in centrosome fragmentation and centriole disengagement. While most cells with disengaged centrioles maintain spindle bipolarity, clustering of disengaged centrioles requires the kinesin-14, HSET. Centrosome fragmentation and precocious centriole disengagement depend on separase and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activity, which also triggers the acquisition of distal appendage markers on daughter centrioles and the loss of procentriolar markers. Together, these results suggest that moderate delays in mitotic progression trigger the initiation of centriole licensing through centriole disengagement, at which point the ability to maintain spindle bipolarity becomes a function of HSET-mediated spindle pole clustering. The spindle assembly checkpoint delays mitotic progression until sister chromatids are bi-oriented. Here the authors show that moderate delays in mitotic progression induce centrosome fragmentation and centriole disengagement and that spindle bipolarity is ensured by HSET-mediated spindle pole clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menuka Karki
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
| | - Neda Keyhaninejad
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.,Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Charles B Shuster
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
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14
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Baek IK, Jang YK, Lee TH, Lee J. Kinetic analysis of de novo centriole assembly in heat-shocked mammalian cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 74:18-28. [PMID: 27935233 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are capable of de novo centriole formation after the removal of existing centrioles. This suggests that de novo centriole assembly is repressed in normally duplicating cells to maintain a constant number of centrioles in the cells. However, neither the mechanism of de novo centriole assembly nor that of its hypothesized repression is understood due to the lack of an experimental system. We found that the heat shock (HS; 42°C, 2 h) of mouse embryonic fibroblasts caused the separation of centriole pairs, a transient increase in polo-like kinase (Plk) 4 expression, and the formation of a complex containing γ-tubulin, pericentrin, HS protein (Hsp) 90, and Plk4, in approximately half of the cells. Subsequently, spindle-assembly abnormal protein (Sas) 6, centrosomal protein (Cep) 135, and centrin localized to the complex, and tubulin consequently became polyglutamylated, indicating de novo centriole assembly in the heat-shocked cells. These results suggested that HS-induced de novo centriole assembly could provide an experimental system for further elucidating the regulation of centrosome number in mammalian cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Keol Baek
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yeun Kyu Jang
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Tae H Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - JooHun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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15
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Abstract
Here, we review how DNA damage affects the centrosome and how centrosomes communicate with the DNA damage response (DDR) apparatus. We discuss how several proteins of the DDR are found at centrosomes, including the ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2 kinases, the BRCA1 ubiquitin ligase complex and several members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family. Stereotypical centrosome organisation, in which two centriole barrels are orthogonally arranged in a roughly toroidal pericentriolar material (PCM), is strongly affected by exposure to DNA-damaging agents. We describe the genetic dependencies and mechanisms for how the centrioles lose their close association, and the PCM both expands and distorts after DNA damage. Another consequence of genotoxic stress is that centrosomes undergo duplication outside the normal cell cycle stage, meaning that centrosome amplification is commonly seen after DNA damage. We discuss several potential mechanisms for how centrosome numbers become dysregulated after DNA damage and explore the links between the DDR and the PLK1- and separase-dependent mechanisms that drive centriole separation and reduplication. We also describe how centrosome components, such as centrin2, are directly involved in responding to DNA damage. This review outlines current questions on the involvement of centrosomes in the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I Mullee
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Building, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciaran G Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Building, Dangan, Galway, Ireland.
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16
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Ricolo D, Deligiannaki M, Casanova J, Araújo S. Centrosome Amplification Increases Single-Cell Branching in Post-mitotic Cells. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2805-2813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Yoo BH, Park CH, Kim HJ, Kang DS, Bae CD. CKAP2 is necessary to ensure the faithful spindle bipolarity in a dividing diploid hepatocyte. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:886-893. [PMID: 27055594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spindle bipolarity is crucial for segregating chromosome during somatic cell division. Previous studies have suggested that cytoskeleton associated protein 2 (CKAP2) is involved in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. In this study, we show that CKAP2-depleted primary hepatocytes exhibit over-duplicated centrosomes with disjoined chromosomes from metaphase plate. These cells proceed to apoptosis or multipolar cell division and subsequent apoptotic cell death. In addition, a mouse liver regeneration experiment showed a marked decrease in efficiency of hepatic regeneration in CKAP2-depleted liver. These data suggest a physiological role of CKAP2 in the formation of spindle bipolarity, which is necessary for maintaining chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Ho Yoo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chi-Hu Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jun Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Du-Seock Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Dae Bae
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Chen CF, Dou XW, Liang YK, Lin HY, Bai JW, Zhang XX, Wei XL, Li YC, Zhang GJ. Notch3 overexpression causes arrest of cell cycle progression by inducing Cdh1 expression in human breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:432-40. [PMID: 26694515 PMCID: PMC4943684 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1127474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation, genomic instability and cancer are closely related to the abnormal activation of the cell cycle. Therefore, blocking the cell cycle of cancer cells has become one of the key goals for treating malignancies. Unfortunately, the factors affecting cell cycle progression remain largely unknown. In this study, we have explored the effects of Notch3 on the cell cycle in breast cancer cell lines by 3 methods: overexpressing the intra-cellular domain of Notch3 (N3ICD), knocking-down Notch3 by RNA interference, and using X-ray radiation exposure. The results revealed that overexpression of Notch3 arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibited the proliferation and colony-formation rate in the breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Furthermore, overexpressing N3ICD upregulated Cdh1 expression and resulted in p27(Kip) accumulation by accelerating Skp2 degradation. Conversely, silencing of Notch3 in the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, caused a decrease in expression levels of Cdh1 and p27(Kip) at both the protein and mRNA levels, while the expression of Skp2 only increased at the protein level. Correspondingly, there was an increase in the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase and an elevated proliferative ability and colony-formation rate, which may be caused by alterations of the Cdh1/Skp2/p27 axis. These results were also supported by exposing MDA-MB-231 cells or MCF-7 treated with siN3 to X-irradiation at various doses. Overall, our data showed that overexpression of N3ICD upregulated the expression of Cdh1 and caused p27(Kip) accumulation by accelerating Skp2 degradation, which in turn led to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, in the context of proliferating breast cancer cell lines. These findings help to illuminate the precision therapy targeted to cell cycle progression, required for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fa Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuan-Ke Liang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hao-Yu Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Bai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xi-Xun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wei
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yao-Chen Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Dept. of Pathology, and The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- CONTACT Guo-Jun Zhang Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China
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19
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Yamamori T, Ike S, Bo T, Sasagawa T, Sakai Y, Suzuki M, Yamamoto K, Nagane M, Yasui H, Inanami O. Inhibition of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) impairs mitochondrial fission and mitotic catastrophe after x-irradiation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4607-17. [PMID: 26466676 PMCID: PMC4678018 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondrial dynamics in cellular responses to ionizing radiation (IR) is still largely unknown. This study demonstrates that IR triggers Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and that Drp1 inhibition attenuates radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe, suggesting that Drp1 is involved in determining the fate of cells after irradiation. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics is crucial for the maintenance of cellular quality control and function in response to various stresses. However, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cellular responses to ionizing radiation (IR) is still largely unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that IR triggers mitochondrial fission mediated by the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). We also show IR-induced mitotic catastrophe (MC), which is a type of cell death associated with defective mitosis, and aberrant centrosome amplification in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). These are attenuated by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Drp1. Whereas radiation-induced aberrant centrosome amplification and MC are suppressed by the inhibition of Plk1 and CDK2 in wild-type MEFs, the inhibition of these kinases is ineffective in Drp1-deficient MEFs. Furthermore, the cyclin B1 level after irradiation is significantly higher throughout the time course in Drp1-deficient MEFs than in wild-type MEFs, implying that Drp1 is involved in the regulation of cyclin B1 level. These findings strongly suggest that Drp1 plays an important role in determining the fate of cells after irradiation via the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yamamori
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ike
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoki Bo
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sasagawa
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuri Sakai
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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20
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Seo MY, Jang W, Rhee K. Integrity of the Pericentriolar Material Is Essential for Maintaining Centriole Association during M Phase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138905. [PMID: 26407333 PMCID: PMC4583256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A procentriole is assembled next to the mother centriole during S phase and remains associated until M phase. After functioning as a spindle pole during mitosis, the mother centriole and procentriole are separated at the end of mitosis. A close association of the centriole pair is regarded as an intrinsic block to the centriole reduplication. Therefore, deregulation of this process may cause a problem in the centriole number control, resulting in increased genomic instability. Despite its importance for faithful centriole duplication, the mechanism of centriole separation is not fully understood yet. Here, we report that centriole pairs are prematurely separated in cells whose cell cycle is arrested at M phase by STLC. Dispersal of the pericentriolar material (PCM) was accompanied. This phenomenon was independent of the separase activity but needed the PLK1 activity. Nocodazole effectively inhibited centriole scattering in STLC-treated cells, possibly by reducing the microtubule pulling force around centrosomes. Inhibition of PLK1 also reduced the premature separation of centrioles and the PCM dispersal as well. These results revealed the importance of PCM integrity in centriole association. Therefore, we propose that PCM disassembly is one of the driving forces for centriole separation during mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonyul Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Haaß W, Kleiner H, Müller MC, Hofmann WK, Fabarius A, Seifarth W. Measurement of separase proteolytic activity in single living cells by a fluorogenic flow cytometry assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133769. [PMID: 26267133 PMCID: PMC4534294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ESPL1/Separase, an endopeptidase, is required for centrosome duplication and separation of sister-chromatides in anaphase of mitosis. Overexpression and deregulated proteolytic activity of Separase as frequently observed in human cancers is associated with the occurrence of supernumerary centrosomes, chromosomal missegregation and aneuploidy. Recently, we have hypothesized that increased Separase proteolytic activity in a small subpopulation of tumor cells may serve as driver of tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Currently, there is no quantitative assay to measure Separase activity levels in single cells. Therefore, we have designed a flow cytometry-based assay that utilizes a Cy5- and rhodamine 110 (Rh110)-biconjugated Rad21 cleavage site peptide ([Cy5-D-R-E-I-M-R]2-Rh110) as smart probe and intracellular substrate for detection of Separase enzyme activity in living cells. As measured by Cy5 fluorescence the cellular uptake of the fluorogenic peptide was fast and reached saturation after 210 min of incubation in human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells. Separase activity was recorded as the intensity of Rh110 fluorescence released after intracellular peptide cleavage providing a linear signal gain within a 90–180 min time slot. Compared to conventional cell extract-based methods the flow cytometric assay delivers equivalent results but is more reliable, bypasses the problem of vague loading controls and unspecific proteolysis associated with whole cell extracts. Especially suited for the investigaton of blood- and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells the flow cytometric Separase assay allows generation of Separase activity profiles that tell about the number of Separase positive cells within a sample i.e. cells that currently progress through mitosis and about the range of intercellular variation in Separase activity levels within a cell population. The assay was used to quantify Separase proteolytic activity in leukemic cell lines and peripheral blood samples from leukemia patients.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mitosis/genetics
- Proteolysis
- Separase/biosynthesis
- Separase/blood
- Separase/genetics
- Single-Cell Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiltrud Haaß
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helga Kleiner
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin C. Müller
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seifarth
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Fujita H, Yoshino Y, Chiba N. Regulation of the centrosome cycle. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1075643. [PMID: 27308597 PMCID: PMC4905396 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1075643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome, consisting of mother and daughter centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar matrix (PCM), functions primarily as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in most animal cells. In dividing cells the centrosome duplicates once per cell cycle and its number and structure are highly regulated during each cell cycle to organize an effective bipolar spindle in the mitotic phase. Defects in the regulation of centrosome duplication lead to a variety of human diseases, including cancer, through abnormal cell division and inappropriate chromosome segregation. At the end of mitosis the daughter centriole disengages from the mother centriole. This centriole disengagement is an important licensing step for centrosome duplication. In S phase, one new daughter centriole forms perpendicular to each centriole. The centrosome recruits further PCM proteins in the late G2 phase and the two centrosomes separate at mitotic entry to form a bipolar spindle. Here, we summarize research findings in the field of centrosome biology, focusing on the mechanisms of regulation of the centrosome cycle in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fujita
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan; Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
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23
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Opposing effects of pericentrin and microcephalin on the pericentriolar material regulate CHK1 activation in the DNA damage response. Oncogene 2015; 35:2003-10. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Filipová A, Diaz-Garcia D, Bezrouk A, Čížková D, Havelek R, Vávrová J, Dayanithi G, Řezacová M. Ionizing radiation increases primary cilia incidence and induces multiciliation in C2C12 myoblasts. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:943-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Filipová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Sokolská 581 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Diaz-Garcia
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Bezrouk
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Dana Čížková
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Radim Havelek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Sokolská 581 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Vávrová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Govindan Dayanithi
- Department of Molecular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1198; Université Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-Sorbonne; Paris France
| | - Martina Řezacová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Sokolská 581 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
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25
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Arquint C, Gabryjonczyk AM, Nigg EA. Centrosomes as signalling centres. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0464. [PMID: 25047618 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes-as well as the related spindle pole bodies (SPBs) of yeast-have been extensively studied from the perspective of their microtubule-organizing roles. Moreover, the biogenesis and duplication of these organelles have been the subject of much attention, and the importance of centrosomes and the centriole-ciliary apparatus for human disease is well recognized. Much less developed is our understanding of another facet of centrosomes and SPBs, namely their possible role as signalling centres. Yet, many signalling components, including kinases and phosphatases, have been associated with centrosomes and spindle poles, giving rise to the hypothesis that these organelles might serve as hubs for the integration and coordination of signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss a number of selected studies that bear on this notion. We cover different processes (cell cycle control, development, DNA damage response) and organisms (yeast, invertebrates and vertebrates), but have made no attempt to be comprehensive. This field is still young and although the concept of centrosomes and SPBs as signalling centres is attractive, it remains primarily a concept-in need of further scrutiny. We hope that this review will stimulate thought and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arquint
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
The centrosome was discovered in the late 19th century when mitosis was first described. Long recognized as a key organelle of the spindle pole, its core component, the centriole, was realized more than 50 or so years later also to comprise the basal body of the cilium. Here, we chart the more recent acquisition of a molecular understanding of centrosome structure and function. The strategies for gaining such knowledge were quickly developed in the yeasts to decipher the structure and function of their distinctive spindle pole bodies. Only within the past decade have studies with model eukaryotes and cultured cells brought a similar degree of sophistication to our understanding of the centrosome duplication cycle and the multiple roles of this organelle and its component parts in cell division and signaling. Now as we begin to understand these functions in the context of development, the way is being opened up for studies of the roles of centrosomes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Fu
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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27
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Agircan FG, Schiebel E. Sensors at centrosomes reveal determinants of local separase activity. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004672. [PMID: 25299182 PMCID: PMC4191886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Separase is best known for its function in sister chromatid separation at the metaphase-anaphase transition. It also has a role in centriole disengagement in late mitosis/G1. To gain insight into the activity of separase at centrosomes, we developed two separase activity sensors: mCherry-Scc1(142-467)-ΔNLS-eGFP-PACT and mCherry-kendrin(2059-2398)-eGFP-PACT. Both localize to the centrosomes and enabled us to monitor local separase activity at the centrosome in real time. Both centrosomal sensors were cleaved by separase before anaphase onset, earlier than the corresponding H2B-mCherry-Scc1(142-467)-eGFP sensor at chromosomes. This indicates that substrate cleavage by separase is not synchronous in the cells. Depletion of the proteins astrin or Aki1, which have been described as inhibitors of centrosomal separase, did not led to a significant activation of separase at centrosomes, emphasizing the importance of direct separase activity measurements at the centrosomes. Inhibition of polo-like kinase Plk1, on the other hand, decreased the separase activity towards the Scc1 but not the kendrin reporter. Together these findings indicate that Plk1 regulates separase activity at the level of substrate affinity at centrosomes and may explain in part the role of Plk1 in centriole disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Gurkan Agircan
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Douthwright S, Sluder G. Link between DNA damage and centriole disengagement/reduplication in untransformed human cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1427-36. [PMID: 24532022 PMCID: PMC4122266 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The radiation and radiomimetic drugs used to treat human tumors damage DNA in both cancer cells and normal proliferating cells. Centrosome amplification after DNA damage is well established for transformed cell types but is sparsely reported and not fully understood in untransformed cells. We characterize centriole behavior after DNA damage in synchronized untransformed human cells. One hour treatment of S phase cells with the radiomimetic drug, Doxorubicin, prolongs G2 by at least 72 h, though 14% of the cells eventually go through mitosis in that time. By 72 h after DNA damage we observe a 52% incidence of centriole disengagement plus a 10% incidence of extra centrioles. We find that either APC/C or Plk activities can disengage centrioles after DNA damage, though they normally work in concert. All disengaged centrioles are associated with γ-tubulin and maturation markers and thus, should in principle be capable of reduplicating and organizing spindle poles. The low incidence of reduplication of disengaged centrioles during G2 is due to the p53-dependent expression of p21 and the consequent loss of Cdk2 activity. We find that 26% of the cells going through mitosis after DNA damage contain disengaged or extra centrioles. This could produce genomic instability through transient or persistent spindle multipolarity. Thus, for cancer patients the use of DNA damaging therapies raises the chances of genomic instability and evolution of transformed characteristics in proliferating normal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Douthwright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
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29
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Zitouni S, Nabais C, Jana SC, Guerrero A, Bettencourt-Dias M. Polo-like kinases: structural variations lead to multiple functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:433-52. [PMID: 24954208 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the polo-like kinase (PLK) family are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression, centriole duplication, mitosis, cytokinesis and the DNA damage response. PLKs undergo major changes in abundance, activity, localization and structure at different stages of the cell cycle. They interact with other proteins in a tightly controlled spatiotemporal manner as part of a network that coordinates key cell cycle events. Their essential roles are highlighted by the fact that alterations in PLK function are associated with cancers and other diseases. Recent knowledge gained from PLK crystal structures, evolution and interacting molecules offers important insights into the mechanisms that underlie their regulation and activity, and suggests novel functions unrelated to cell cycle control for this family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Zitouni
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Nabais
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Swadhin Chandra Jana
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Adán Guerrero
- 1] Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal. [2] Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca Mor., Mexico
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30
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Hardy T, Lee M, Hames RS, Prosser SL, Cheary DM, Samant MD, Schultz F, Baxter JE, Rhee K, Fry AM. Multisite phosphorylation of C-Nap1 releases it from Cep135 to trigger centrosome disjunction. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2493-506. [PMID: 24695856 PMCID: PMC4038944 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.142331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitotic entry, centrosomes separate to establish the bipolar spindle. Delays in centrosome separation can perturb chromosome segregation and promote genetic instability. However, interphase centrosomes are physically tethered by a proteinaceous linker composed of C-Nap1 (also known as CEP250) and the filamentous protein rootletin. Linker disassembly occurs at the onset of mitosis in a process known as centrosome disjunction and is triggered by the Nek2-dependent phosphorylation of C-Nap1. However, the mechanistic consequences of C-Nap1 phosphorylation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Nek2 phosphorylates multiple residues within the C-terminal domain of C-Nap1 and, collectively, these phosphorylation events lead to loss of oligomerization and centrosome association. Mutations in non-phosphorylatable residues that make the domain more acidic are sufficient to release C-Nap1 from the centrosome, suggesting that it is an increase in overall negative charge that is required for this process. Importantly, phosphorylation of C-Nap1 also perturbs interaction with the core centriolar protein, Cep135, and interaction of endogenous C-Nap1 and Cep135 proteins is specifically lost in mitosis. We therefore propose that multisite phosphorylation of C-Nap1 by Nek2 perturbs both oligomerization and Cep135 interaction, and this precipitates centrosome disjunction at the onset of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Hardy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Miseon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca S Hames
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Suzanna L Prosser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Donna-Marie Cheary
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Mugdha D Samant
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Francisca Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Joanne E Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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31
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Hellmuth S, Böttger F, Pan C, Mann M, Stemmann O. PP2A delays APC/C-dependent degradation of separase-associated but not free securin. EMBO J 2014; 33:1134-47. [PMID: 24781523 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201488098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal triggering event of eukaryotic chromosome segregation is cleavage of centromeric cohesin by separase. Prior to anaphase, most separase is kept inactive by association with securin. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) constitutes another binding partner of human separase, but the functional relevance of this interaction has remained enigmatic. We demonstrate that PP2A stabilizes separase-associated securin by dephosphorylation, while phosphorylation of free securin enhances its polyubiquitylation by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C and proteasomal degradation. Changing PP2A substrate phosphorylation sites to alanines slows degradation of free securin, delays separase activation, lengthens early anaphase, and results in anaphase bridges and DNA damage. In contrast, separase-associated securin is destabilized by introduction of phosphorylation-mimetic aspartates or extinction of separase-associated PP2A activity. G2- or prometaphase-arrested cells suffer from unscheduled activation of separase when endogenous securin is replaced by aspartate-mutant securin. Thus, PP2A-dependent stabilization of separase-associated securin prevents precocious activation of separase during checkpoint-mediated arrests with basal APC/C activity and increases the abruptness and fidelity of sister chromatid separation in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cuiping Pan
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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32
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Pihan GA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability, chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:277. [PMID: 24282781 PMCID: PMC3824400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique ability of centrosomes to nucleate and organize microtubules makes them unrivaled conductors of important interphase processes, such as intracellular payload traffic, cell polarity, cell locomotion, and organization of the immunologic synapse. But it is in mitosis that centrosomes loom large, for they orchestrate, with clockmaker's precision, the assembly and functioning of the mitotic spindle, ensuring the equal partitioning of the replicated genome into daughter cells. Centrosome dysfunction is inextricably linked to aneuploidy and chromosome instability, both hallmarks of cancer cells. Several aspects of centrosome function in normal and cancer cells have been molecularly characterized during the last two decades, greatly enhancing our mechanistic understanding of this tiny organelle. Whether centrosome defects alone can cause cancer, remains unanswered. Until recently, the aggregate of the evidence had suggested that centrosome dysfunction, by deregulating the fidelity of chromosome segregation, promotes and accelerates the characteristic Darwinian evolution of the cancer genome enabled by increased mutational load and/or decreased DNA repair. Very recent experimental work has shown that missegregated chromosomes resulting from centrosome dysfunction may experience extensive DNA damage, suggesting additional dimensions to the role of centrosomes in cancer. Centrosome dysfunction is particularly prevalent in tumors in which the genome has undergone extensive structural rearrangements and chromosome domain reshuffling. Ongoing gene reshuffling reprograms the genome for continuous growth, survival, and evasion of the immune system. Manipulation of molecular networks controlling centrosome function may soon become a viable target for specific therapeutic intervention in cancer, particularly since normal cells, which lack centrosome alterations, may be spared the toxicity of such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- German A Pihan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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33
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Brown NJ, Marjanović M, Lüders J, Stracker TH, Costanzo V. Cep63 and cep152 cooperate to ensure centriole duplication. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69986. [PMID: 23936128 PMCID: PMC3728344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes consist of two centrioles embedded in pericentriolar material and function as the main microtubule organising centres in dividing animal cells. They ensure proper formation and orientation of the mitotic spindle and are therefore essential for the maintenance of genome stability. Centrosome function is crucial during embryonic development, highlighted by the discovery of mutations in genes encoding centrosome or spindle pole proteins that cause autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, including Cep63 and Cep152. In this study we show that Cep63 functions to ensure that centriole duplication occurs reliably in dividing mammalian cells. We show that the interaction between Cep63 and Cep152 can occur independently of centrosome localisation and that the two proteins are dependent on one another for centrosomal localisation. Further, both mouse and human Cep63 and Cep152 cooperate to ensure efficient centriole duplication by promoting the accumulation of essential centriole duplication factors upstream of SAS-6 recruitment and procentriole formation. These observations describe the requirement for Cep63 in maintaining centriole number in dividing mammalian cells and further establish the order of events in centriole formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Brown
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, United Kingdom
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34
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Conroy PC, Saladino C, Dantas TJ, Lalor P, Dockery P, Morrison CG. C-NAP1 and rootletin restrain DNA damage-induced centriole splitting and facilitate ciliogenesis. Cell Cycle 2013; 11:3769-78. [PMID: 23070519 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are found on most human cells and exist as motile cilia or non-motile primary cilia. Primary cilia play sensory roles in transducing various extracellular signals, and defective ciliary functions are involved in a wide range of human diseases. Centrosomes are the principal microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells and contain two centrioles. We observed that DNA damage causes centriole splitting in non-transformed human cells, with isolated centrioles carrying the mother centriole markers CEP170 and ninein but not kizuna or cenexin. Loss of centriole cohesion through siRNA depletion of C-NAP1 or rootletin increased radiation-induced centriole splitting, with C-NAP1-depleted isolated centrioles losing mother markers. As the mother centriole forms the basal body in primary cilia, we tested whether centriole splitting affected ciliogenesis. While irradiated cells formed apparently normal primary cilia, most cilia arose from centriolar clusters, not from isolated centrioles. Furthermore, C-NAP1 or rootletin knockdown reduced primary cilium formation. Therefore, the centriole cohesion apparatus at the proximal end of centrioles may provide a target that can affect primary cilium formation as part of the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C Conroy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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