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Roshanara, Tandon R, Baig MS, Das S, Srivastava R, Puri N, Nakhasi HL, Selvapandiyan A. Identifying Rab2 Protein as a Key Interactor of Centrin1 Essential for Leishmania donovani Growth. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:3273-3288. [PMID: 39110117 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that deletion of a growth-regulating gene (LdCen1) in the Leishmania donovani parasite (LdCen1-/-) attenuated the parasite's intracellular amastigote growth but not the growth of extracellular promastigotes. LdCen1-/- parasites were found to be safe and efficacious against homologous and heterologous Leishmania species as a vaccine candidate in animal models. The reason for the differential growth of LdCen1-/- between the two stages of the parasite needed investigation. Here, we report that LdCen1 interacts with a novel Ras-associated binding protein in L. donovani (LdRab2) to compensate for the growth of LdCen1-/- promastigotes. LdRab2 was isolated by protein pull-down from the parasite lysate, followed by nano-LC-MS/MS identification. The RAB domain sequence and the functional binding partners of the LdRab2 protein were predicted via Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Proteins (STRING) analysis. The closeness of the LdRab2 protein to other reported centrin-binding proteins with different functions in other organisms was analyzed via phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, in vitro and in silico analyses revealed that LdRab2 also interacts with other L. donovani centrins 3-5. Since centrin is a calcium-binding protein, we further investigated calcium-based interactions and found that the binding of LdRab2 to LdCen1 and LdCen4 is calcium-independent, whereas the interactions with LdCen3 and LdCen5 are calcium-dependent. The colocalization of LdCen1 and LdRab2 at the cellular basal-body region by immunofluorescence supports their possible functional association. The elevated expression of the LdRab2 protein in the mutant promastigotes suggested a probable role in compensating for the promastigote growth of this mutant strain, probably in association with other parasite centrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rati Tandon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | | | - Sanchita Das
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rahul Srivastava
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland 20993, United States
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Moretti E, Noto D, Corsaro R, Collodel G. Focus on centrin in normal and altered human spermatozoa. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2023; 69:175-187. [PMID: 36892570 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2023.2181115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This review provides details on the role of centrin in human spermatozoa and in various forms of male infertility. Centrin is a calcium (Ca2+)-binding phosphoprotein that is located in the centrioles - which are typical structures of the sperm connecting piece and play a key role in centrosome dynamics during sperm morphogenesis - as well as in zygotes and early embryos during spindle assembly. In humans, three different centrin genes encoding three isoforms have been discovered. Centrin 1, the only one expressed in spermatozoa, seems to be lost inside the oocyte after fertilization. The sperm connecting piece is characterized by the presence of numerous proteins including centrin, that deserves particular attention because, in humans, it is enriched during maturation of the centrioles. In normal sperm, centrin 1 is visible as two distinct spots in the head-tail junction; however, in some defective spermatozoa, centrin 1 distribution is altered. Centrin has been studied in humans and animal models. Its mutations may lead to several structural alterations, such as serious defects in the connective piece and, subsequently, fertilization failure or incomplete embryonic development. However, the effects of these abnormalities on male fertility have not been fully studied. Because the presence and the function of centrin in the sperm connecting piece appears important for reproductive success, additional studies are needed to bring medical benefits in resolving some cases of idiopathic infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moretti
- Department Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daria Noto
- Department Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberta Corsaro
- Department Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Collodel
- Department Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Structural Basis for the Functional Diversity of Centrins: A Focus on Calcium Sensing Properties and Target Recognition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212173. [PMID: 34830049 PMCID: PMC8622359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrins are a family of small, EF hand-containing proteins that are found in all eukaryotes and are often complexed with centrosome-related structures. Since their discovery, centrins have attracted increasing interest due to their multiple, diverse cellular functions. Centrins are similar to calmodulin (CaM) in size, structure and domain organization, although in contrast to CaM, the majority of centrins possess at least one calcium (Ca2+) binding site that is non-functional, thus displaying large variance in Ca2+ sensing abilities that could support their functional versatility. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on centrins from both biophysical and structural perspectives with an emphasis on centrin-target interactions. In-depth analysis of the Ca2+ sensing properties of centrins and structures of centrins complexed with target proteins can provide useful insight into the mechanisms of the different functions of centrins and how these proteins contribute to the complexity of the Ca2+ signaling cascade. Moreover, it can help to better understand the functional redundancy of centrin isoforms and centrin-binding proteins.
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Shan F, Yang X, Diwu Y, Ma H, Tu X. Trypanosoma brucei centrin5 is enriched in the flagellum and interacts with other centrins in a calcium-dependent manner. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1421-1431. [PMID: 31161731 PMCID: PMC6668372 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrin is an evolutionarily conserved EF‐hand‐containing protein, which is present in eukaryotic organisms as diverse as algae, yeast, and humans. Centrins are associated with the microtubule‐organizing center and with centrosome‐related structures, such as basal bodies in flagellar and ciliated cells, and the spindle pole body in yeast. Five centrin genes have been identified in Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle in sub‐Saharan Africa. In the present study, we identified that centrin5 of T. brucei (TbCentrin5) is localized throughout the cytosol and nucleus and enriched in the flagellum. We further identified that TbCentrin5 binds Ca2+ ions with a high affinity and constructed a model of TbCentrin5 bound by Ca2+ ions. Meanwhile, we observed that TbCentrin5 interacts with TbCentrin1, TbCentrin3, and TbCentrin4 and that the interactions are Ca2+‐dependent, suggesting that TbCentrin5 is able to form different complexes with other TbCentrins to participate in relevant cellular processes. Our study provides a foundation for better understanding of the biological roles of TbCentrin5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Diwu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Fisk HA, Thomas JL, Nguyen TB. Breaking Bad: Uncoupling of Modularity in Centriole Biogenesis and the Generation of Excess Centrioles in Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:391-411. [PMID: 31435805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are tiny yet complex cytoplasmic structures that perform a variety of roles related to their ability to act as microtubule-organizing centers. Like the genome, centrosomes are single copy structures that undergo a precise semi-conservative replication once each cell cycle. Precise replication of the centrosome is essential for genome integrity, because the duplicated centrosomes will serve as the poles of a bipolar mitotic spindle, and any number of centrosomes other than two will lead to an aberrant spindle that mis-segregates chromosomes. Indeed, excess centrosomes are observed in a variety of human tumors where they generate abnormal spindles in situ that are thought to participate in tumorigenesis by driving genomic instability. At the heart of the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, and at the heart of centrosome duplication is the replication of this centriole pair. Centriole replication proceeds through a complex macromolecular assembly process. However, while centrosomes may contain as many as 500 proteins, only a handful of proteins have been shown to be essential for centriole replication. Our observations suggest that centriole replication is a modular, bottom-up process that we envision akin to building a house; the proper site of assembly is identified, a foundation is assembled at that site, and subsequent modules are added on top of the foundation. Here, we discuss the data underlying our view of modularity in the centriole assembly process, and suggest that non-essential centriole assembly factors take on greater importance in cancer cells due to their function in coordination between centriole modules, using the Monopolar spindles 1 protein kinase and its substrate Centrin 2 to illustrate our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Fisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tan B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Baehr W, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Sharif A, Reed M, Dahl T, Frederick JM, Ying G. Insights into photoreceptor ciliogenesis revealed by animal models. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 71:26-56. [PMID: 30590118 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors are polarized neurons, with very specific subcellular compartmentalization and unique requirements for protein expression and trafficking. Each photoreceptor contains an outer segment, the site of photon capture that initiates vision, an inner segment that houses the biosynthetic machinery and a synaptic terminal for signal transmission to downstream neurons. Outer segments and inner segments are connected by a connecting cilium (CC), the equivalent of a transition zone (TZ) of primary cilia. The connecting cilium is part of the basal body/axoneme backbone that stabilizes the outer segment. This report will update the reader on late developments in photoreceptor ciliogenesis and transition zone formation, specifically in mouse photoreceptors, focusing on early events in photoreceptor ciliogenesis. The connecting cilium, an elongated and narrow structure through which all outer segment proteins and membrane components must traffic, functions as a gate that controls access to the outer segment. Here we will review genes and their protein products essential for basal body maturation and for CC/TZ genesis, sorted by phenotype. Emphasis is given to naturally occurring mouse mutants and gene knockouts that interfere with CC/TZ formation and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Christin Hanke-Gogokhia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michelle Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Tiffanie Dahl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Guoxin Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
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Solution structure of TbCentrin4 from Trypanosoma brucei and its interactions with Ca 2+ and other centrins. Biochem J 2018; 475:3763-3778. [PMID: 30389845 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Centrin is a conserved calcium-binding protein that plays an important role in diverse cellular biological processes such as ciliogenesis, gene expression, DNA repair and signal transduction. In Trypanosoma brucei, TbCentrin4 is mainly localized in basal bodies and bi-lobe structure, and is involved in the processes coordinating karyokinesis and cytokinesis. In the present study, we solved the solution structure of TbCentrin4 using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. TbCentrin4 contains four EF-hand motifs consisting of eight α-helices. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiment showed that TbCentrin4 has a strong Ca2+ binding ability. NMR chemical shift perturbation indicated that TbCentrin4 binds to Ca2+ through its C-terminal domain composed of EF-hand 3 and 4. Meanwhile, we revealed that TbCentrin4 undergoes a conformational change and self-assembly induced by high concentration of Ca2+ Intriguingly, localization of TbCentrin4 was dispersed or disappeared from basal bodies and the bi-lobe structure when the cells were treated with Ca2+ in vivo, implying the influence of Ca2+ on the cellular functions of TbCentrin4. Besides, we observed the interactions between TbCentrin4 and other Tbcentrins and revealed that the interactions are Ca2+ dependent. Our findings provide a structural basis for better understanding the biological functions of TbCentrin4 in the relevant cellular processes.
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8
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Chen L, Bian S, Li H, Madura K. A role for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Centrin (Cdc31) in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:831-846. [PMID: 30251372 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Centrins belong to a family of proteins containing calcium-binding EF-hand motifs that perform well-established roles in centrosome and spindle pole body (SPB) duplication. Yeast encodes a single Centrin protein (Cdc31) that binds components in the SPB. However, further studies revealed a role for Centrins in mRNA export, and interactions with contractile filaments and photoreceptors. In addition, human Centrin-2 can bind the DNA-lesion recognition factor XPC, and improve the efficiency of nucleotide excision repair. Similarly, we reported that yeast Cdc31 binds Rad4, a functional counterpart of the XPC DNA repair protein. We also found that Cdc31 is involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome system, and mutations interfere with intracellular protein turnover. In this report, we describe new findings that indicate a role for Cdc31 in the energy metabolism pathway. Cdc31 and cdc31 mutant proteins showed distinct interactions with proteins in energy metabolism, and mutants showed sensitivity to oxidative stress and poor growth on non-fermentable carbon. Significant alteration in mitochondrial morphology was also detected. Although it is unclear how Cdc31 contributes to so many unrelated mechanisms, we propose that by controlling SPB duplication Centrin proteins might link the cellular responses to DNA damage, oxidative load and proteotoxic stresses to growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane, SPH-383, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shengjie Bian
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Kiran Madura
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane, SPH-383, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Inhibitory effect of melittin on endonuclease-like activity of centrin. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 186:280-293. [PMID: 29990752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein (XPC) and centrin2 are the primary initiators of global genome nucleotide excision repair (NER). Centrin, acts as a member of the EF-hand super family of calcium-binding proteins, playing roles in reconstitution of the vitro NER reaction. To understand the possible molecular and structural properties of the multiprotein process, the interactions of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen), melittin, and DNA are described. EoCen shares a sequence identity of 66% with centrin2. Melittin possesses inverse direction hydrophobic triads-leucine-leucine-tryptophan (LLW) which are responsible for centrin binding. It is applied as a natural peptide to mimic centrin target peptide. As a result, it is proved that the integrated protein shows an endonuclease-like activity to DNA. Melittin is capable of interaction with both EoCen and DNA. More importantly, it is found that melittin displays an inhibitory effect on the endonuclease-like activity of centrin when it co-exists with EoCen and DNA in solution. Meanwhile, the DNA-melittin-EoCen ternary complex forms in the process. Quantitative analyses demonstrated by extensive biophysical assays reveal that binding of the peptide to DNA or centrin modulates the binding properties of it to another component. Furthermore, a possible positioning model of DNA and EoCen on melittin is proposed. This finding may constitute a model for that existing between centrin and its target peptide in NER process.
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Wang W, Zhao Y, Wang H, Yang B. Crystal structure of the trimeric N-terminal domain of ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus centrin binding with calcium ions. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1102-1108. [PMID: 29607555 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Centrin is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins, a highly conserved eukaryotic protein that binds to Ca2+ . Its self-assembly plays a causative role in the fiber contraction that is associated with the cell division cycle and ciliogenesis. In this study, the crystal structure of N-terminal domain of ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (N-EoCen) was determined by using the selenomethionine single-wavelength anomalous dispersion method. The protein molecules formed homotrimers. Every protomer had two putative Ca2+ ion-binding sites I and II, protomer A, and C bound one Ca2+ ion, while protomer B bound two Ca2+ ions. A novel binding site III was observed and the Ca2+ ion was located at the center of the homotrimer. Several hydrogen bonds, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions between the protomers contributed to the formation of the oligomer. Structural studies provided insight into the foundation for centrin aggregation and the roles of calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Bingsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Zhang W, Shi E, Zhao Y, Yang B. Modulation effect of double strand DNA on the self-assembly of N-terminal domain of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 180:15-25. [PMID: 29223826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Centrin is a member of the EF-hand super family of calcium-binding proteins, which can behave as a part of damage detector initiated the initiation of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Its self-assembly plays a causative role in fiber contraction associated with the cell division cycle and ciliogenesis. To explore the possible role of DNA in the process of centrin self-assembly, the aggregation properties of N-terminal domain of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (N-EoCen) in the presence of DNA with or without metal ions are investigated. It is verified that metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Tb3+, can bind to N-EoCen with 2:1 stoichiometry by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Importantly, this study reports that double strand DNA (dsDNA) is capable of binding N-EoCen, changing conformation of protein and modulating centrin aggregation, as demonstrated by extensive biophysical assays. Interestingly, the open conformation of protein induced by metal ions may be favour of the interaction of protein with dsDNA. Nevertheless, the randomly coiled single strand DNA (ssDNA) is completely inefficient to the aggregation regulation. Furthermore, results reveal that hydrophobic site could play important role in the process. This finding may link to the potent roles of centrin in the NER process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Enxian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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12
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Rohozinski J, Diaz-Arrastia C, Edwards CL. Do some epithelial ovarian cancers originate from a fallopian tube ciliate cell lineage? Med Hypotheses 2017; 107:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Abstract
Centrin belongs to the calcium-binding super-family, and is essential for the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
| | - Xiaofang Cui
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
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14
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Zhang W, Shi E, Feng Y, Zhao Y, Yang B. Endonuclease-like activity of the N-terminal domain of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen) is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins, which refer to nucleotide excision repair (NER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Insitute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Enxian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Insitute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
- Department of Pharmacy
| | - Yanan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Insitute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Insitute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Insitute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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15
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Phanindranath R, Sudhakar DV, Sharma AK, Thangaraj K, Sharma Y. Optimization of purification method and characterization of recombinant human Centrin-1. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 124:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Sawant DB, Majumder S, Perkins JL, Yang CH, Eyers PA, Fisk HA. Centrin 3 is an inhibitor of centrosomal Mps1 and antagonizes centrin 2 function. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3741-53. [PMID: 26354417 PMCID: PMC4626060 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrins are a family of small, calcium-binding proteins with diverse cellular functions that play an important role in centrosome biology. We previously identified centrin 2 and centrin 3 (Cetn2 and Cetn3) as substrates of the protein kinase Mps1. However, although Mps1 phosphorylation sites control the function of Cetn2 in centriole assembly and promote centriole overproduction, Cetn2 and Cetn3 are not functionally interchangeable, and we show here that Cetn3 is both a biochemical inhibitor of Mps1 catalytic activity and a biological inhibitor of centrosome duplication. In vitro, Cetn3 inhibits Mps1 autophosphorylation at Thr-676, a known site of T-loop autoactivation, and interferes with Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of Cetn2. The cellular overexpression of Cetn3 attenuates the incorporation of Cetn2 into centrioles and centrosome reduplication, whereas depletion of Cetn3 generates extra centrioles. Finally, overexpression of Cetn3 reduces Mps1 Thr-676 phosphorylation at centrosomes, and mimicking Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of Cetn2 bypasses the inhibitory effect of Cetn3, suggesting that the biological effects of Cetn3 are due to the inhibition of Mps1 function at centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwitiya B Sawant
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shubhra Majumder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jennifer L Perkins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ching-Hui Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Harold A Fisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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17
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Duan L, Wang TQ, Bian W, Liu W, Sun Y, Yang BS. Centrin: another target of monastrol, an inhibitor of mitotic spindle. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:1086-1091. [PMID: 25300040 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Monastrol, a cell-permeable inhibitor, considered to specifically inhibit kinesin Eg5, can cause mitotic arrest and monopolar spindle formation, thus exhibiting antitumor properties. Centrin, a ubiquitous protein associated with centrosome, plays a critical role in centrosome duplication. Moreover, a correlation between centrosome amplification and cancer has been reported. In this study, it is proposed for the first time that centrin may be another target of the anticancer drug monastrol since monastrol can effectively inhibit not only the growth of the transformed Escherichia coli cells in vivo, but also the Lu(3+)-dependent self-assembly of EoCen in vitro. The two closely related compounds (Compounds 1 and 2) could not take the same effect. Fluorescence titration experiments suggest that four monastrols per protein is the optimum binding pattern, and the binding constants at different temperatures were obtained. Detailed thermodynamic analysis indicates that hydrophobic force is the main acting force between monastrol and centrin, and the extent of monastrol inhibition of centrin self-assembly is highly dependent upon the hydrophobic region of the protein, which is largely exposed by the binding of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Tong-Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wei Bian
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Bin-Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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18
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Merten P, Lechtreck KF, Melkonian M. Nucleus Basal Body Connector ofDunaliella: Threshold Concentration of Calcium Necessary forin vitroContraction*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Grecu D, Blouquit Y, Assairi L. The E144 residue of Scherffelia dubia centrin discriminates between the DNA repair protein XPC and the centrosomal protein Sfi1. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 4:33-42. [PMID: 24371720 PMCID: PMC3871271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrins are members of the EF-hand family of calcium-binding proteins, which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. Centrins bind to several cellular targets, through a hydrophobic triad. However, the W(1)xxL(4)xxxL(8) triad in XPC (Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C protein) is found in the reverse orientation, as in the L(8)xxxL(4)xxW(1) triad in Sfi1 (Suppressor of Fermentation-Induced loss of stress resistance protein 1). As shown by previous NMR studies of human centrin 2 in complex with XPC or Sfi1, the E148 residue of human centrin 2 is in contact with XPC but is pushed away from the triad of Sfi1. We corroborated these findings using site-directed mutagenesis to generate mutations in Scherffelia dubia centrin (SdCen) and by using isothermal titration calorimetry to analyze the binding affinity of these mutants to XPC and Sfi1. We mutated the F109 residue, which is the main residue involved in target binding regardless of triad orientation, and the E144 residue, which was thought to be involved only in XPC binding. The F109L mutation reduced the binding of SdCen to XPC and Sfi1 and the negative effect was greater upon temperature increase. By contrast, the E144A mutation reduced the binding to XPC but had no effect on Sfi1 binding. The F109L-E144A mutation enhanced the negative effect of the two single mutations on XPC binding. Sfi1 proteins from Ostreococcus lucimarinus and Ostreococcus tauri, which belong to the same clade as S. dubia, were also investigated. A comparative analysis shows that the triad residues are more conserved than those in human Sfi1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Grecu
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay Cédex F-91405, France
| | - Yves Blouquit
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay Cédex F-91405, France
| | - Liliane Assairi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay Cédex F-91405, France
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20
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Structural and thermodynamic studies of two centrin isoforms from Blastocladiella emersonii upon calcium binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2823-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Dantas TJ, Daly OM, Conroy PC, Tomas M, Wang Y, Lalor P, Dockery P, Ferrando-May E, Morrison CG. Calcium-binding capacity of centrin2 is required for linear POC5 assembly but not for nucleotide excision repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68487. [PMID: 23844208 PMCID: PMC3699651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes, the principal microtubule-organising centres in animal cells, contain centrins, small, conserved calcium-binding proteins unique to eukaryotes. Centrin2 binds to xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein (XPC), stabilising it, and its presence slightly increases nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity in vitro. In previous work, we deleted all three centrin isoforms present in chicken DT40 cells and observed delayed repair of UV-induced DNA lesions, but no centrosome abnormalities. Here, we explore how centrin2 controls NER. In the centrin null cells, we expressed centrin2 mutants that cannot bind calcium or that lack sites for phosphorylation by regulatory kinases. Expression of any of these mutants restored the UV sensitivity of centrin null cells to normal as effectively as expression of wild-type centrin. However, calcium-binding-deficient and T118A mutants showed greatly compromised localisation to centrosomes. XPC recruitment to laser-induced UV-like lesions was only slightly slower in centrin-deficient cells than in controls, and levels of XPC and its partner HRAD23B were unaffected by centrin deficiency. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of the centrin interactor POC5 leads to the assembly of linear, centrin-dependent structures that recruit other centrosomal proteins such as PCM-1 and NEDD1. Together, these observations suggest that assembly of centrins into complex structures requires calcium binding capacity, but that such assembly is not required for centrin activity in NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J. Dantas
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Owen M. Daly
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pauline C. Conroy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Tomas
- Bioimaging Center, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Physics, Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yifan Wang
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pierce Lalor
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Ciaran G. Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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22
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Nishi R, Sakai W, Tone D, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K. Structure-function analysis of the EF-hand protein centrin-2 for its intracellular localization and nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6917-29. [PMID: 23716636 PMCID: PMC3737541 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrin-2 is an evolutionarily conserved, calmodulin-related protein, which is involved in multiple cellular functions including centrosome regulation and nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA. Particularly to exert the latter function, complex formation with the XPC protein, the pivotal NER damage recognition factor, is crucial. Here, we show that the C-terminal half of centrin-2, containing two calcium-binding EF-hand motifs, is necessary and sufficient for both its localization to the centrosome and interaction with XPC. In XPC-deficient cells, nuclear localization of overexpressed centrin-2 largely depends on co-overexpression of XPC, and mutational analyses of the C-terminal domain suggest that XPC and the major binding partner in the centrosome share a common binding surface on the centrin-2 molecule. On the other hand, the N-terminal domain of centrin-2 also contains two EF-hand motifs but shows only low-binding affinity for calcium ions. Although the N-terminal domain is dispensable for enhancement of the DNA damage recognition activity of XPC, it contributes to augmenting rather weak physical interaction between XPC and XPA, another key factor involved in NER. These results suggest that centrin-2 may have evolved to bridge two protein factors, one with high affinity and the other with low affinity, thereby allowing delicate regulation of various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Nishi
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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23
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Avasthi P, Scheel JF, Ying G, Frederick JM, Baehr W, Wolfrum U. Germline deletion of Cetn1 causes infertility in male mice. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3204-13. [PMID: 23641067 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrins are calmodulin-like Ca(2+)-binding proteins that can be found in all ciliated eukaryotic cells from yeast to mammals. Expressed in male germ cells and photoreceptors, centrin 1 (CETN1) resides in the photoreceptor transition zone and connecting cilium. To identify its function in mammals, we deleted Cetn1 by homologous recombination. Cetn1(-/-) mice were viable and showed no sign of retina degeneration suggesting that CETN1 is nonessential for photoreceptor ciliogenesis or structural maintenance. Phototransduction components localized normally to the Cetn1(-/-) photoreceptor outer segments, and loss of CETN1 had no effect on light-induced translocation of transducin to the inner segment. Although Cetn1(-/-) females and Cetn1(+/-) males had normal fertility, Cetn1(-/-) males were infertile. The Cetn1(-/-) testes size was normal, and spermatogonia as well as spermatocytes developed normally. However, spermatids lacked tails suggesting severe defects at the late maturation phase of spermiogenesis. Viable sperm cells were absent and the few surviving spermatozoa were malformed. Light and electron microscopy analyses of Cetn1(-/-) spermatids revealed failures in centriole rearrangement during basal body maturation and in the basal-body-nucleus connection. These results confirm an essential role for CETN1 in late steps of spermiogenesis and spermatid maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachee Avasthi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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24
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Dantas TJ, Daly OM, Morrison CG. Such small hands: the roles of centrins/caltractins in the centriole and in genome maintenance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2979-97. [PMID: 22460578 PMCID: PMC11114748 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Centrins are small, highly conserved members of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins that are found throughout eukaryotes. They play a major role in ensuring the duplication and appropriate functioning of the ciliary basal bodies in ciliated cells. They have also been localised to the centrosome, which is the major microtubule organising centre in animal somatic cells. We describe the identification, cloning and characterisation of centrins in multiple eukaryotic species. Although centrins have been implicated in centriole biogenesis, recent results have indicated that centrosome duplication can, in fact, occur in the absence of centrins. We discuss these data and the non-centrosomal functions that are emerging for the centrins. In particular, we discuss the involvement of centrins in nucleotide excision repair, a process that repairs the DNA lesions that are induced primarily by ultraviolet irradiation. We discuss how centrin may be involved in these diverse processes and contribute to nuclear and cytoplasmic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J. Dantas
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Owen M. Daly
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciaran G. Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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25
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Zhang Y, He CY. Centrins in unicellular organisms: functional diversity and specialization. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:459-467. [PMID: 21786168 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Centrins (also known as caltractins) are conserved, EF hand-containing proteins ubiquitously found in eukaryotes. Similar to calmodulins, the calcium-binding EF hands in centrins fold into two structurally similar domains separated by an alpha-helical linker region, shaping like a dumbbell. The small size (15-22 kDa) and domain organization of centrins and their functional diversity/specialization make them an ideal system to study protein structure-function relationship. Here, we review the work on centrins with a focus on their structures and functions characterized in unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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26
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Esson HJ, Morriswood B, Yavuz S, Vidilaseris K, Dong G, Warren G. Morphology of the trypanosome bilobe, a novel cytoskeletal structure. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:761-72. [PMID: 22327007 PMCID: PMC3370457 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05287-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosome bilobe is a cytoskeletal structure of unclear function. To date, four proteins have been shown to localize stably to it: TbMORN1, TbLRRP1, TbCentrin2, and TbCentrin4. In this study, a combination of immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy was used to explore the morphology of the bilobe and its relationship to other nearby cytoskeletal structures in the African trypanosome procyclic trypomastigote. The use of detergent/salt-extracted flagellum preparations was found to be an effective way of discerning features of the cytoskeletal ultrastructure that are normally obscured. TbMORN1 and TbCentrin4 together define a hairpin structure comprising an arm of TbCentrin4 and a fishhook of TbMORN1. The two arms flank a specialized microtubule quartet and the flagellum attachment zone filament, with TbMORN1 running alongside the former and TbCentrin4 alongside the latter. The hooked part of TbMORN1 sits atop the flagellar pocket collar marked by TbBILBO1. The TbMORN1 bilobe occasionally exhibits tendrillar extensions that seem to be connected to the basal and probasal bodies. The TbMORN1 molecules present on these tendrils undergo higher rates of turnover than those for molecules on the main bilobe structure. These observations have been integrated with previous detailed descriptions of the cytoskeletal elements in trypanosome cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Esson
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Wloga D, Frankel J. From Molecules to Morphology: Cellular Organization of Tetrahymena thermophila. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 109:83-140. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385967-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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Delaval B, Covassin L, Lawson ND, Doxsey S. Centrin depletion causes cyst formation and other ciliopathy-related phenotypes in zebrafish. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3964-72. [PMID: 22142866 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.22.18150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bona fide centrosome proteins including centrins, small calcium-binding proteins, participate in spindle function during mitosis and play a role in cilia assembly in non-cycling cells. Although the basic cellular functions of centrins have been studied in lower eukaryotes and vertebrate cells in culture, phenotypes associated with centrin depletion in vertebrates in vivo has not been directly addressed. To test this, we depleted centrin2 in zebrafish and found that it leads to ciliopathy phenotypes including enlarged pronephric tubules and pronephric cysts. Consistent with the ciliopathy phenotypes, cilia defects were observed in differentiated epithelial cells of ciliated organs such as the olfactory bulb and pronephric duct. The organ phenotypes were also accompanied by cell cycle deregulation namely mitotic delay resulting from mitotic defects. Overall, this work demonstrates that centrin2 depletion causes cilia-related disorders in zebrafish. Moreover, given the presence of both cilia and mitotic defects in the affected organs, it suggests that cilia disorders may arise from a combination of these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Delaval
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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29
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Zhao Y, Yan J, Feng Y, Liang A, Yang B. Analysis of the role of Mg²⁺ on conformational change and target recognition by ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus centrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2011; 105:60-68. [PMID: 21788140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The binding of Mg(2+) with the Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen) and the effect of Mg(2+) on the binding of EoCen with the peptide melittin were examined by spectroscopic methods. In this study, it was found that Mg(2+) may bind with Ca(2+)-binding sites, at least partly, on EoCen, which displays ∼10-fold weaker affinity than Ca(2+). In the presence of Mg(2+), Ca(2+)-saturated EoCen undergoes significant conformational changes resulting in decreased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces on the protein. Additionally, excess Mg(2+) did not change the stoichiometry, but rather reduced the affinity of EoCen to melittin. The Mg(2+)-dependent decrease in the affinities of EoCen to melittin is an intrinsic property of Mg(2+), rather than a nonspecific ionic effect. The inhibitory effect of Mg(2+) on the formation of complexes between EoCen and melittin may contribute to the specificity of EoCen in target activation in response to cellular Ca(2+) concentration fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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30
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Shen B, Fang Y, Wu N, Gould SJ. Biogenesis of the posterior pole is mediated by the exosome/microvesicle protein-sorting pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44162-44176. [PMID: 21865156 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of the posterior pole is critical to directed cell migration and other polarity-dependent processes. We show here that proteins are targeted to the posterior pole on the basis of higher order oligomerization and plasma membrane binding, the same elements that target proteins to exosomes/microvesicles (EMVs), HIV, and other retrovirus particles. We also demonstrate that the polarization of the EMV protein-sorting pathway can occur in morphologically non-polarized cells, defines the site of uropod formation, is induced by increased expression of EMV cargo proteins, and is evolutionarily conserved between humans and the protozoan Dictyostelium discoideum. Based on these results, we propose a mechanism of posterior pole biogenesis in which elevated levels of EMV cargoes (i) polarize the EMV protein-sorting pathway, (ii) generate a nascent posterior pole, and (iii) prime cells for signal-induced biogenesis of a uropod. This model also offers a mechanistic explanation for the polarized budding of EMVs and retroviruses, including HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyi Shen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
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31
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Dantas TJ, Wang Y, Lalor P, Dockery P, Morrison CG. Defective nucleotide excision repair with normal centrosome structures and functions in the absence of all vertebrate centrins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:307-18. [PMID: 21482720 PMCID: PMC3080269 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201012093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Centrin-null cells undergo normal division but are highly sensitive to UV irradiation as a result of impaired DNA repair. The principal microtubule-organizing center in animal cells, the centrosome, contains centrin, a small, conserved calcium-binding protein unique to eukaryotes. Several centrin isoforms exist and have been implicated in various cellular processes including nuclear export and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. Although centrins are required for centriole/basal body duplication in lower eukaryotes, centrin functions in vertebrate centrosome duplication are less clear. To define these roles, we used gene targeting in the hyperrecombinogenic chicken DT40 cell line to delete all three centrin genes in individual clones. Unexpectedly, centrin-deficient cells underwent normal cellular division with no detectable cell cycle defects. Light and electron microscopy analyses revealed no significant difference in centrosome composition or ultrastructure. However, centrin deficiency made DT40 cells highly sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, with Cetn3 deficiency exacerbating the sensitivity of Cetn4/Cetn2 double mutants. DNA damage checkpoints were intact, but repair of UV-induced DNA damage was delayed in centrin nulls. These data demonstrate a role for vertebrate centrin in nucleotide excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Dantas
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway 091 524 411, Ireland
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32
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Yang CH, Kasbek C, Majumder S, Yusof AM, Fisk HA. Mps1 phosphorylation sites regulate the function of centrin 2 in centriole assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4361-72. [PMID: 20980622 PMCID: PMC3002389 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that while Centrin2 is dispensable for centriole assembly, it is an Mps1 substrate that stimulates canonical and aberrant centriole assembly by two different Mps1-dependent mechanisms, HsSas-6–dependent and –independent. Centrin2 phosphorylation is also required for the ability of Mps1 to drive production of mature centrioles. The nondegradable Mps1Δ12/13 protein drives centriole overproduction, suggesting that Mps1 phosphorylates a subset of centrosomal proteins to drive the assembly of new centrioles. Here we identify three Mps1 phosphorylation sites within the centriolar protein Centrin 2 (Cetn2). Although centrioles can be assembled in the absence of Cetn2, centriole assembly is attenuated in the absence of Cetn2. While wild-type Cetn2 can compensate for this attenuation, a nonphosphorylatable version cannot. In addition, overexpressing Cetn2 causes Mps1-dependent centriole overproduction that requires each of the three Mps1 phosphorylation sites within Cetn2 and is greatly exacerbated by mimicking phosphorylation at any of these sites. Wild-type Cetn2 generates excess foci that are competent as mitotic spindle poles in HsSas-6–depleted cells, suggesting that Cetn2 can organize a subset of centriolar proteins independently of cartwheels. However, centriole overproduction caused by a phosphomimetic Cetn2 mutant requires HsSas-6, suggesting that Cetn2 phosphorylation stimulates the canonical centriole assembly pathway. Moreover, in the absence of Cetn2, Mps1Δ12/13 cannot drive the production of mature centrioles capable of recruiting γ-Tubulin, and a nonphosphorylatable Cetn2 mutant cannot compensate for this defect and exacerbates Cetn2 depletion. Together, our data suggest that Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of Cetn2 stimulates the canonical centriole assembly pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hui Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1292, USA
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33
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Loh JK, Lieu AS, Chou CH, Lin FY, Wu CH, Howng SL, Chio CC, Hong YR. Differential expression of centrosomal proteins at different stages of human glioma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:268. [PMID: 20529377 PMCID: PMC2889899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade gliomas have poor prognosis, requiring aggressive treatment. The aim of this study is to explore mitotic and centrosomal dysregulation in gliomas, which may provide novel targets for treatment. Methods A case-control study was performed using 34 resected gliomas, which were separated into low- and high-grade groups. Normal human brain tissue was used as a control. Using immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescent microscopy, and RT-PCR, detection of centrins 1 and 2, γ-tubulin, hNinein, Aurora A, and Aurora B, expression was performed. Analysis of the GBM8401 glioma cell line was also undertaken to complement the in vivo studies. Results In high-grade gliomas, the cells had greater than two very brightly staining centrioles within large, atypical nuclei, and moderate-to-strong Aurora A staining. Comparing with normal human brain tissue, most of the mRNAs expression in gliomas for centrosomal structural proteins, including centrin 3, γ-tubulin, and hNinein isoforms 1, 2, 5 and 6, Aurora A and Aurora B were elevated. The significant different expression was observed between high- and low-grade glioma in both γ-tubulin and Aurora A mRNA s. In the high-grade glioma group, 78.6% of the samples had higher than normal expression of γ-tubulin mRNA, which was significantly higher than in the low-grade glioma group (18.2%, p < 0.05). Conclusions Markers for mitotic dysregulation, such as supernumerary centrosomes and altered expression of centrosome-related mRNA and proteins were more frequently detected in higher grade gliomas. Therefore, these results are clinically useful for glioma staging as well as the development of novel treatments strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Radu L, Durussel I, Assairi L, Blouquit Y, Miron S, Cox JA, Craescu CT. Scherffelia dubia Centrin Exhibits a Specific Mechanism for Ca2+-Controlled Target Binding. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4383-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901764m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Radu
- Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- INSERM U759, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Durussel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Assairi
- Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- INSERM U759, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Yves Blouquit
- Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- INSERM U759, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Simona Miron
- Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- INSERM U759, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jos A. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Constantin T. Craescu
- Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- INSERM U759, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Acu ID, Liu T, Suino-Powell K, Mooney SM, D'Assoro AB, Rowland N, Muotri AR, Correa RG, Niu Y, Kumar R, Salisbury JL. Coordination of centrosome homeostasis and DNA repair is intact in MCF-7 and disrupted in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3320-8. [PMID: 20388771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
When cells encounter substantial DNA damage, critical cell cycle events are halted while DNA repair mechanisms are activated to restore genome integrity. Genomic integrity also depends on proper assembly and function of the bipolar mitotic spindle, which is required for equal chromosome segregation. Failure to execute either of these processes leads to genomic instability, aging, and cancer. Here, we show that following DNA damage in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, the centrosome protein centrin2 moves from the cytoplasm and accumulates in the nucleus in a xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C protein (XPC)-dependent manner, reducing the available cytoplasmic pool of this key centriole protein and preventing centrosome amplification. MDA-MB 231 cells do not express XPC and fail to move centrin into the nucleus following DNA damage. Reintroduction of XPC expression in MDA-MB 231 cells rescues nuclear centrin2 sequestration and reestablishes control against centrosome amplification, regardless of mutant p53 status. Importantly, the capacity to repair DNA damage was also dependent on the availability of centrin2 in the nucleus. These observations show that centrin and XPC cooperate in a reciprocal mechanism to coordinate centrosome homeostasis and DNA repair and suggest that this process may provide a tractable target to develop treatments to slow progression of cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilie D Acu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nephrology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Bug22p, a conserved centrosomal/ciliary protein also present in higher plants, is required for an effective ciliary stroke in Paramecium. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:645-55. [PMID: 20118210 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00368-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles, cilia, and flagella are ancestral conserved organelles of eukaryotic cells. Among the proteins identified in the proteomics of ciliary proteins in Paramecium, we focus here on a protein, Bug22p, previously detected by cilia and basal-body high-throughput studies but never analyzed per se. Remarkably, this protein is also present in plants, which lack centrioles and cilia. Bug22p sequence alignments revealed consensus positions that distinguish species with centrioles/cilia from plants. In Paramecium, antibody and green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion labeling localized Bug22p in basal bodies and cilia, and electron microscopy immunolabeling refined the localization to the terminal plate of the basal bodies, the transition zone, and spots along the axoneme, preferentially between the membrane and the microtubules. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of Bug22p provoked a strong decrease in swimming speed, followed by cell death after a few days. High-speed video microscopy and morphological analysis of Bug22p-depleted cells showed that the protein plays an important role in the efficiency of ciliary movement by participating in the stroke shape and rigidity of cilia. The defects in cell swimming and growth provoked by RNAi can be complemented by expression of human Bug22p. This is the first reported case of complementation by a human gene in a ciliate.
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Martinez-Sanz J, Kateb F, Assairi L, Blouquit Y, Bodenhausen G, Abergel D, Mouawad L, Craescu CT. Structure, Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Human Centrin 2/hSfi1 Complex. J Mol Biol 2010; 395:191-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dictyostelium discoideum CenB is a bona fide centrin essential for nuclear architecture and centrosome stability. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1106-17. [PMID: 19465563 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00025-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Centrins are a family of proteins within the calcium-binding EF-hand superfamily. In addition to their archetypical role at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), centrins have acquired multiple functionalities throughout the course of evolution. For example, centrins have been linked to different nuclear activities, including mRNA export and DNA repair. Dictyostelium discoideum centrin B is a divergent member of the centrin family. At the amino acid level, DdCenB shows 51% identity with its closest relative and only paralog, DdCenA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that DdCenB and DdCenA form a well-supported monophyletic and divergent group within the centrin family of proteins. Interestingly, fluorescently tagged versions of DdCenB were not found at the centrosome (in whole cells or in isolated centrosomes). Instead, DdCenB localized to the nuclei of interphase cells. This localization disappeared as the cells entered mitosis, although Dictyostelium cells undergo a closed mitosis in which the nuclear envelope (NE) does not break down. DdCenB knockout cells exhibited aberrant nuclear architecture, characterized by enlarged and deformed nuclei and loss of proper centrosome-nucleus anchoring (observed as NE protrusions). At the centrosome, loss of DdCenB resulted in defects in the organization and morphology of the MTOC and supernumerary centrosomes and centrosome-related bodies. The multiple defects that the loss of DdCenB generated at the centrosome can be explained by its atypical division cycle, transitioning into the NE as it divides at mitosis. On the basis of these findings, we propose that DdCenB is required at interphase to maintain proper nuclear architecture, and before delocalizing from the nucleus, DdCenB is part of the centrosome duplication machinery.
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Morriswood B, He CY, Sealey-Cardona M, Yelinek J, Pypaert M, Warren G. The bilobe structure of Trypanosoma brucei contains a MORN-repeat protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 167:95-103. [PMID: 19445968 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi of the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei is closely apposed to a bilobe structure containing TbCentrin2 and TbCentrin4 in procyclic cells. However, both are additionally localized to the basal bodies. Here we report the characterization of a membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN)-repeat protein, TbMORN1, present at the bilobe but not at the basal body. The anterior part of the TbMORN1 structure partially overlapped with the flagellar attachment zone while the posterior part overlapped with the flagellar pocket. Depletion studies using RNAi showed that there was a modest growth inhibition in procyclic cells but lethality in bloodstream cells, showing that it is an essential protein in the bloodstream form of the organism. TbMORN1 appears to be a useful marker for the bilobe in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Morriswood
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Yaqin Z, Jiuying F, Aihua L, Binsheng Y. The characterization for the binding of calcium and terbium to Euplotes octocarinatus centrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 71:1756-1761. [PMID: 18757233 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Centrin is a member of the EF-hand superfamily that plays critical role in the centrosome duplication and separation. In the present paper, we characterized properties of metal ions binding to Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen) by fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Changes of fluorescence spectra and alpha-helix contents of EoCen proved that Tb(3+) and Ca(2+) induced great conformational changes of EoCen resulting in exposing hydrophobic surfaces. At pH 7.4, Ca(2+) (and Tb(3+)) bond with EoCen at the ratio of 4:1. Equilibrium experiment indicated that Ca(2+) and Tb(3+) exhibited different binding capabilities for C- and N-terminal domains of protein. C-terminal domain bond with Ca(2+) or Tb(3+) approximately 100-fold more strongly than N-terminal. Aromatic residue-sensitized Tb(3+) energy transfer suggested that site IV bond to Tb(3+) or Ca(2+) more strongly than site III. Based on fluorescence titration curves, we reckoned the conditional binding constants of EoCen site IV quantitatively to be K(IV)=(1.23+/-0.51)x10(8)M(-1) and K(IV)=(6.82+/-0.33)x10(5)M(-1) with Tb(3+) and Ca(2+), respectively. Metal ions bond to EoCen in the order of IV>III>II, I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yaqin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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41
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Bornens M, Azimzadeh J. Origin and evolution of the centrosome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 607:119-29. [PMID: 17977464 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this brief account we specifically address the question of how the plasma membrane-associated basal body/axoneme of the unicellular ancestor of eukaryotes has evolved into the centrosome organelle through the several attempts to multicellularity. We propose that the connection between the flagellar apparatus and the nucleus has been a critical feature for leading to the centriole-based centrosome of metazoa, the Spindle Pole Body of fungi, or to the absence of any centrosome in seed plants. We further suggest that the evolution of this connection could be reflected in the evolution of the centrin proteins. We then review evidence showing that the evolution of the centrosome-based tubulin network has been correlated with the evolution of the cortical actin-based cleavage apparatus. Finally we argue that this coevolution had a major impact on the cell individuation process and on the evolution of multicellular organisms. We conclude that only the metazoan lineage evolved multicellularity without loosing the ancestral association of three basic cellular functions of the basal body/axoneme or the derived centrosome organelle, namely sensation, motion and division.
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Isolation and Characterization of the Cetn1 Gene from Tufted Deer (Elaphodus cephalophus). Biochem Genet 2008; 46:652-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-008-9179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Alieva IB, Uzbekov RE. The centrosome is a polyfunctional multiprotein cell complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:626-43. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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44
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Zhu F, Lawo S, Bird A, Pinchev D, Ralph A, Richter C, Müller-Reichert T, Kittler R, Hyman AA, Pelletier L. The mammalian SPD-2 ortholog Cep192 regulates centrosome biogenesis. Curr Biol 2008; 18:136-41. [PMID: 18207742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes are the major microtubule-organizing centers of mammalian cells. They are composed of a centriole pair and surrounding microtubule-nucleating material termed pericentriolar material (PCM). Bipolar mitotic spindle assembly relies on two intertwined processes: centriole duplication and centrosome maturation. In the first process, the single interphase centrosome duplicates in a tightly regulated manner so that two centrosomes are present in mitosis. In the second process, the two centrosomes increase in size and microtubule nucleation capacity through PCM recruitment, a process referred to as centrosome maturation. Failure to properly orchestrate centrosome duplication and maturation is inevitably linked to spindle defects, which can result in aneuploidy and promote cancer progression. It has been proposed that centriole assembly during duplication relies on both PCM and centriole proteins, raising the possibility that centriole duplication depends on PCM recruitment. In support of this model, C. elegans SPD-2 and mammalian NEDD-1 (GCP-WD) are key regulators of both these processes. SPD-2 protein sequence homologs have been identified in flies, mice, and humans, but their roles in centrosome biogenesis until now have remained unclear. Here, we show that Cep192, the human homolog of C. elegans and D. melanogaster SPD-2, is a major regulator of PCM recruitment, centrosome maturation, and centriole duplication in mammalian cells. We propose a model in which Cep192 and Pericentrin are mutually dependent for their localization to mitotic centrosomes during centrosome maturation. Both proteins are then required for NEDD-1 recruitment and the subsequent assembly of gamma-TuRCs and other factors into fully functional centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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45
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Trojan P, Krauss N, Choe HW, Giessl A, Pulvermüller A, Wolfrum U. Centrins in retinal photoreceptor cells: regulators in the connecting cilium. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008; 27:237-59. [PMID: 18329314 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration regulate the visual signal transduction cascade directly or more often indirectly through Ca2+-binding proteins. Here we focus on centrins, which are members of a highly conserved subgroup of the EF-hand superfamily of Ca2+-binding proteins in photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina. Centrins are commonly associated with centrosome-related structures. In mammalian retinal photoreceptor cells, four centrin isoforms are expressed as prominent components in the connecting cilium linking the light-sensitive outer segment compartment with the metabolically active inner segment compartment. Our data indicate that Ca2+-activated centrin isoforms assemble into protein complexes with the visual heterotrimeric G-protein transducin. This interaction of centrins with transducin is mediated by binding to the betagamma-dimer of the heterotrimeric G-protein. More recent findings show that these interactions of centrins with transducin are reciprocally regulated via site-specific phosphorylations mediated by the protein kinase CK2. The assembly of centrin/G-protein complexes is a novel aspect of translocation regulation of signalling proteins in sensory cells, and represents a potential link between molecular trafficking and signal transduction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Trojan
- Institut für Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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46
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Centrin 2 localizes to the vertebrate nuclear pore and plays a role in mRNA and protein export. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:1755-69. [PMID: 18172010 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01697-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrins in vertebrates have traditionally been associated with microtubule-nucleating centers such as the centrosome. Unexpectedly, we found centrin 2 to associate biochemically with nucleoporins, including the Xenopus laevis Nup107-160 complex, a critical subunit of the vertebrate nuclear pore in interphase and of the kinetochores and spindle poles in mitosis. Immunofluorescence of Xenopus cells and in vitro reconstituted nuclei indeed revealed centrin 2 localized at the nuclear pores. Use of the mild detergent digitonin in immunofluorescence also allowed centrin 2 to be clearly visualized at the nuclear pores of human cells. Disruption of nuclear pores using RNA interference of the pore assembly protein ELYS/MEL-28 resulted in a specific decrease of centrin 2 at the nuclear rim of HeLa cells. Functionally, excess expression of either the N- or C-terminal calcium-binding domains of human centrin 2 caused a dominant-negative effect on both mRNA and protein export, leaving protein import intact. The mRNA effect mirrors that found for the Saccharomyes cerevisiae centrin Cdc31p at the yeast nuclear pore, a role until now thought to be unique to yeast. We conclude that in vertebrates, centrin 2 interacts with major subunits of the nuclear pore, exhibits nuclear pore localization, and plays a functional role in multiple nuclear export pathways.
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Abstract
Rad23 is required for efficient protein degradation and performs an important role in nucleotide excision repair. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad23, and its human counterpart (hHR23), are present in a complex containing the DNA repair factor Rad4 (termed XPC, for xeroderma pigmentosum group C, in humans). XPC/hHR23 was also reported to bind centrin-2, a member of the superfamily of calcium-binding EF-hand proteins. We report here that yeast centrin, which is encoded by CDC31, is similarly present in a complex with Rad4/Rad23 (called NEF2). The interaction between Cdc31 and Rad23/Rad4 varied by growth phase and reflected oscillations in Cdc31 levels. Strikingly, a cdc31 mutant that formed a weaker interaction with Rad4 showed sensitivity to UV light. Based on the dual function of Rad23, in both DNA repair and protein degradation, we questioned if Cdc31 also participated in protein degradation. We report here that Cdc31 binds the proteasome and multiubiquitinated proteins through its carboxy-terminal EF-hand motifs. Moreover, cdc31 mutants were highly sensitive to drugs that cause protein damage, failed to efficiently degrade proteolytic substrates, and formed altered interactions with the proteasome. These findings reveal for the first time a new role for centrin/Cdc31 in protein degradation.
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Charbonnier JB, Renaud E, Miron S, Le Du MH, Blouquit Y, Duchambon P, Christova P, Shosheva A, Rose T, Angulo JF, Craescu CT. Structural, Thermodynamic, and Cellular Characterization of Human Centrin 2 Interaction with Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Protein. J Mol Biol 2007; 373:1032-46. [PMID: 17897675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human centrin 2 (HsCen2), an EF-hand calcium binding protein, plays a regulatory role in the DNA damage recognition during the first steps of the nucleotide excision repair. This biological action is mediated by the binding to a short fragment (N847-R863) from the C-terminal region of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein. This work presents a detailed structural and energetic characterization of the HsCen2/XPC interaction. Using a truncated form of HsCen2 we obtained a high resolution (1.8 A) X-ray structure of the complex with the peptide N847-R863 from XPC. Structural and thermodynamic analysis of the interface revealed the existence of both electrostatic and apolar inter-molecular interactions, but the binding energy is mainly determined by the burial of apolar bulky side-chains into the hydrophobic pocket of the HsCen2 C-terminal domain. Binding studies with various peptide variants showed that XPC residues W848 and L851 constitute the critical anchoring side-chains. This enabled us to define a minimal centrin binding peptide variant of five residues, which accounts for about 75% of the total free energy of interaction between the two proteins. Immunofluorescence imaging in HeLa cells demonstrated that HsCen2 binding to the integral XPC protein may be observed in living cells, and is determined by the same interface residues identified in the X-ray structure of the complex. Overexpression of XPC perturbs the cellular distribution of HsCen2, by inducing a translocation of centrin molecules from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The present data confirm that the in vitro structural features of the centrin/XPC peptide complex are highly relevant to the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Charbonnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale et Radiobiologie, iBiTec-S, CEA, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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50
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Selvapandiyan A, Kumar P, Morris JC, Salisbury JL, Wang CC, Nakhasi HL. Centrin1 is required for organelle segregation and cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:3290-301. [PMID: 17567955 PMCID: PMC1951761 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-01-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrin is a calcium-binding centrosome/basal body-associated protein involved in duplication and segregation of these organelles in eukaryotes. We had shown that disruption of one of the centrin genes (centrin1) in Leishmania amastigotes resulted in failure of both basal body duplication and cytokinesis. Here, we undertook to define the role of centrin1 (TbCen1) in the duplication and segregation of basal body and its associated organelles kinetoplast and Golgi, as well as its role in cytokinesis of the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei by depleting its protein using RNA inhibition methodology. TbCen1-depleted cells showed significant reduction in growth compared with control cells. Morphological analysis of these cells showed they were large and pleomorphic with multiple detached flagella. Both immunofluorescence assays using organelle-specific antibodies and electron microscopic analysis showed that TbCen1-deficient cells contained multiple basal bodies, kinetoplasts, Golgi, and nuclei. These multiple organelles were, however, closely clustered together, indicating duplication without segregation in the absence of centrin. This failure in organelle segregation may be the likely cause of inhibition of cytokinesis, suggesting for the first time a new and unique role for centrin in the segregation of organelles without affecting their multiplication in the procyclic form of T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angamuthu Selvapandiyan
- *Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James C. Morris
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; and
| | | | - Ching C. Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- *Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
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