1
|
Wolf FI, Maier JA, Rosanoff A, Barbagallo M, Baniasadi S, Castiglioni S, Cheng FC, Day SC, Costello RB, Dominguez LJ, Elin RJ, Gamboa-Gomez C, Guerrero-Romero F, Kahe K, Kisters K, Kolisek M, Kraus A, Iotti S, Mazur A, Mercado-Atri M, Merolle L, Micke O, Gletsu-Miller N, Nielsen F, O-Uchi J, Piazza O, Plesset M, Pourdowlat G, Rios FJ, Rodriguez-Moran M, Scarpati G, Shechter M, Song Y, Spence LA, Touyz RM, Trapani V, Veronese N, von Ehrlich B, Vormann J, Wallace TC, Cmer Center For Magnesium Education Research, Gesellschaft Für Magnesium-Forschung E V Germany, Sdrm Society International Society For The Development Of Research On Magnesium. [The magnesium global network (MaGNet) to promote research on magnesium in diseases focusing on covid-19]. Magnes Res 2021; 34:90-92. [PMID: 34524085 PMCID: PMC10617598 DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2021.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica I Wolf
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Jeanette A Maier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Italy, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Andrea Rosanoff
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA www.MagnesiumEducation.com,
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Shadi Baniasadi
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Italy, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sherrie Colaneri Day
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA www.MagnesiumEducation.com,
| | - Rebecca B Costello
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA www.MagnesiumEducation.com,
| | - Ligia J Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Ronald J Elin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Ka Kahe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Klaus Kisters
- Internal Medicine I, St. Anna Hospital, Herne, Germany, Gesellschaft für Magnesium-Forschung e.V., Germany www.magnesium-ges.de,
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Biomedical Center in Martin, Jessenius Medical faculty in Martin, Comenius University, Martin, 03601, Slovakia, Gesellschaft für Magnesium-Forschung e.V., Germany www.magnesium-ges.de,
| | - Anton Kraus
- Gesellschaft für Magnesium-Forschung e.V., Germany www.magnesium-ges.de,
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit) Università di Bologna, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Italy, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Andre Mazur
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Moises Mercado-Atri
- Research Unit in Endocrine Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center, Century XXI, Mexican Social Security Institute at Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucia Merolle
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Oliver Micke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, Bielefeld, Germany, Gesellschaft für Magnesium-Forschung e.V., Germany www.magnesium-ges.de,
| | - Nana Gletsu-Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Jin O-Uchi
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ornella Piazza
- Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
| | - Michael Plesset
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA www.MagnesiumEducation.com,
| | - Guitti Pourdowlat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD) Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Giuliana Scarpati
- Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
| | - Michael Shechter
- Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lisa A Spence
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Valentina Trapani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, Alleanza Contro il Cancro, Rome, Italy, SDRM International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium www.sdrmsociety.org,
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Bodo von Ehrlich
- Internal Medicine Private Practice, Kempten, Germany, Gesellschaft für Magnesium-Forschung e.V., Germany www.magnesium-ges.de,
| | - Juergen Vormann
- Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, Ismaning, Germany, Gesellschaft für Magnesium-Forschung e.V., Germany www.magnesium-ges.de,
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Think Healthy Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Washington, USA, CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA www.MagnesiumEducation.com,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Melo JRF, Gutsch A, Caluwé TD, Leloup JC, Gonze D, Hermans C, Webb AAR, Verbruggen N. Magnesium maintains the length of the circadian period in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:519-532. [PMID: 33721908 PMCID: PMC8133681 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates the physiological responses of a biological system to day and night rhythms through complex loops of transcriptional/translational regulation. It can respond to external stimuli and adjust generated circadian oscillations accordingly to maintain an endogenous period close to 24 h. However, the interaction between nutritional status and circadian rhythms in plants is poorly understood. Magnesium (Mg) is essential for numerous biological processes in plants, and its homeostasis is crucial to maintain optimal development and growth. Magnesium deficiency in young Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings increased the period of circadian oscillations of the CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) promoter (pCCA1:LUC) activity and dampened their amplitude under constant light in a dose-dependent manner. Although the circadian period increase caused by Mg deficiency was light dependent, it did not depend on active photosynthesis. Mathematical modeling of the Mg input into the circadian clock reproduced the experimental increase of the circadian period and suggested that Mg is likely to affect global transcription/translation levels rather than a single component of the circadian oscillator. Upon addition of a low dose of cycloheximide to perturb translation, the circadian period increased further under Mg deficiency, which was rescued when sufficient Mg was supplied, supporting the model's prediction. These findings suggest that sufficient Mg supply is required to support proper timekeeping in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Romário F de Melo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelie Gutsch
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas De Caluwé
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Leloup
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Gonze
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Hermans
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alex A R Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Author to communication:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Yokosho K, Liu S, Cao HR, Yamaji N, Zhu XG, Liao H, Ma JF, Chen ZC. Diel magnesium fluctuations in chloroplasts contribute to photosynthesis in rice. Nat Plants 2020; 6:848-859. [PMID: 32541951 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis provides food, fibre and fuel that support our society; understanding the mechanisms controlling dynamic changes in this process helps identify new options to improve photosynthesis. Photosynthesis shows diel changes, which have been largely attributed to external light/dark conditions, as well as internal gene expression and the post-translational modification of critical enzymes. Here we report diel fluctuations of magnesium (Mg) in rice (Oryza sativa) chloroplasts, which may function as a rhythm regulator contributing to the post-translational regulation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in rice. We found that a chloroplast-localized Mg2+ transporter gene, OsMGT3, which is rhythmically expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, partly modulates Mg fluctuations in rice chloroplasts. Knockout of OsMGT3 substantially reduced Mg2+ uptake, as well as the amplitude of free Mg2+ fluctuations in chloroplasts, which was closely associated with a decrease in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity in vivo and a consequent decline in the photosynthetic rate. In addition, the mesophyll-specific overexpression of OsMGT3 remarkably improved photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in rice. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that OsMGT3-dependent diel Mg fluctuations in chloroplasts may contribute to Mg-dependent enzyme activities for photosynthesis over the daily cycle. Enhancing Mg2+ input to chloroplasts could be a potential approach to improving photosynthetic efficiency in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kengo Yokosho
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Sheng Liu
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Rui Cao
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Xin Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences and Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Zhi Chang Chen
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Botturi A, Ciappolino V, Delvecchio G, Boscutti A, Viscardi B, Brambilla P. The Role and the Effect of Magnesium in Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061661. [PMID: 32503201 PMCID: PMC7352515 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Magnesium is an essential cation involved in many functions within the central nervous system, including transmission and intracellular signal transduction. Several studies have shown its usefulness in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, it seems that magnesium levels are lowered in the course of several mental disorders, especially depression. Objectives: In this study, we wish to evaluate the presence of a relationship between the levels of magnesium and the presence of psychiatric pathology as well as the effectiveness of magnesium as a therapeutic supplementation. Methods: A systematic search of scientific records concerning magnesium in psychiatric disorders published from 2010 up to March 2020 was performed. We collected a total of 32 articles: 18 on Depressive Disorders (DD), four on Anxiety Disorders (AD), four on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), three on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), one on Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one on Schizophrenia (SCZ) and one on Eating Disorders (ED). Results: Twelve studies highlighted mainly positive results in depressive symptoms. Seven showed a significant correlation between reduced plasma magnesium values and depression measured with psychometric scales. Two papers reported improved depressive symptoms after magnesium intake, two in association with antidepressants, compared to controls. No significant association between magnesium serum levels and panic or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) patients, in two distinct papers, was found. In two other papers, a reduced Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score in depressed patients correlated with higher levels of magnesium and beneficial levels of magnesium in stressed patients was found. Two papers reported low levels of magnesium in association with ADHD. Only one of three papers showed lower levels of magnesium in ASD. ED and SCZ reported a variation in magnesium levels in some aspects of the disease. Conclusion: The results are not univocal, both in terms of the plasma levels and of therapeutic effects. However, from the available evidence, it emerged that supplementation with magnesium could be beneficial. Therefore, it is necessary to design ad hoc clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of magnesium alone or together with other drugs (antidepressants) in order to establish the correct use of this cation with potential therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Botturi
- Neurologic Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea Boscutti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Bianca Viscardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma H, Holub D, Gillet N, Kaeser G, Thoulass K, Elstner M, Krauß N, Lamparter T. Two aspartate residues close to the lesion binding site of Agrobacterium (6-4) photolyase are required for Mg 2+ stimulation of DNA repair. FEBS J 2019; 286:1765-1779. [PMID: 30706696 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic (6-4) photolyases branch at the base of the evolution of cryptochromes and photolyases. Prototypical members contain an iron-sulphur cluster which was lost in the evolution of the other groups. In the Agrobacterium (6-4) photolyase PhrB, the repair of DNA lesions containing UV-induced (6-4) pyrimidine dimers is stimulated by Mg2+ . We propose that Mg2+ is required for efficient lesion binding and for charge stabilization after electron transfer from the FADH- chromophore to the DNA lesion. Furthermore, two highly conserved Asp residues close to the DNA-binding site are essential for the effect of Mg2+ . Simulations show that two Mg2+ bind to the region around these residues. On the other hand, DNA repair by eukaryotic (6-4) photolyases is not increased by Mg2+ . In these photolyases, structurally overlapping regions contain no Asp but positively charged Lys or Arg. During the evolution of photolyases, the role of Mg2+ in charge stabilization and enhancement of DNA binding was therefore taken over by a postiviely charged amino acid. Besides PhrB, another prokaryotic (6-4) photolyase from the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus, PromaPL, which contains no iron-sulphur cluster, was also investigated. This photolyase is stimulated by Mg2+ as well. The evolutionary loss of the iron-sulphur cluster due to limiting iron concentrations can occur in a marine environment as a result of iron deprivation. However, the evolutionary replacement of Mg2+ by a positively charged amino acid is unlikely to occur in a marine environment because the concentration of divalent cations in seawater is always sufficient. We therefore assume that this transition could have occurred in a freshwater environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Ma
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Daniel Holub
- Department for Theoretical Chemical Biology, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany
| | - Natacha Gillet
- Department for Theoretical Chemical Biology, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany
| | - Gero Kaeser
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Elstner
- Department for Theoretical Chemical Biology, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Can A, Du R. Calcium, magnesium, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:2212-2213. [PMID: 30171765 PMCID: PMC6188496 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Can
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fritz SE, Haque N, Hogg JR. Highly efficient in vitro translation of authentic affinity-purified messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes. RNA 2018; 24:982-989. [PMID: 29724884 PMCID: PMC6004058 DOI: 10.1261/rna.065730.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free systems are widely used to study mechanisms and regulation of translation, but the use of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNAs as translation substrates limits their efficiency and utility. Here, we present an approach for in vitro translation of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes affinity purified in association with tagged mRNAs expressed in mammalian cells. We show that in vitro translation of purified mRNPs is much more efficient than that achieved using standard IVT mRNA substrates and is compatible with physiological ionic conditions. The high efficiency of affinity-purified mRNP in vitro translation is attributable to both copurified protein components and proper mRNA processing and modification. Further, we use translation inhibitors to show that translation of purified mRNPs consists of separable phases of run-off elongation by copurified ribosomes and de novo initiation by ribosomes present in the translation extracts. We expect that this in vitro system will enhance mechanistic studies of eukaryotic translation and translation-associated processes by allowing the use of endogenous mRNPs as translation substrates under physiological buffer conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Fritz
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nazmul Haque
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - J Robert Hogg
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Nutrients usually act in a coordinated manner in the body. Intestinal absorption and subsequent metabolism of a particular nutrient, to a certain extent, is dependent on the availability of other nutrients. Magnesium and vitamin D are 2 essential nutrients that are necessary for the physiologic functions of various organs. Magnesium assists in the activation of vitamin D, which helps regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis to influence the growth and maintenance of bones. All of the enzymes that metabolize vitamin D seem to require magnesium, which acts as a cofactor in the enzymatic reactions in the liver and kidneys. Deficiency in either of these nutrients is reported to be associated with various disorders, such as skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. It is therefore essential to ensure that the recommended amount of magnesium is consumed to obtain the optimal benefits of vitamin D.
Collapse
|
9
|
Viering DHHM, de Baaij JHF, Walsh SB, Kleta R, Bockenhauer D. Genetic causes of hypomagnesemia, a clinical overview. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1123-1135. [PMID: 27234911 PMCID: PMC5440500 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium is essential to the proper functioning of numerous cellular processes. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) deficits, as reflected in hypomagnesemia, can cause neuromuscular irritability, seizures and cardiac arrhythmias. With normal Mg2+ intake, homeostasis is maintained primarily through the regulated reabsorption of Mg2+ by the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Inadequate reabsorption results in renal Mg2+ wasting, as evidenced by an inappropriately high fractional Mg2+ excretion. Familial renal Mg2+ wasting is suggestive of a genetic cause, and subsequent studies in these hypomagnesemic families have revealed over a dozen genes directly or indirectly involved in Mg2+ transport. Those can be classified into four groups: hypercalciuric hypomagnesemias (encompassing mutations in CLDN16, CLDN19, CASR, CLCNKB), Gitelman-like hypomagnesemias (CLCNKB, SLC12A3, BSND, KCNJ10, FYXD2, HNF1B, PCBD1), mitochondrial hypomagnesemias (SARS2, MT-TI, Kearns-Sayre syndrome) and other hypomagnesemias (TRPM6, CNMM2, EGF, EGFR, KCNA1, FAM111A). Although identification of these genes has not yet changed treatment, which remains Mg2+ supplementation, it has contributed enormously to our understanding of Mg2+ transport and renal function. In this review, we discuss general mechanisms and symptoms of genetic causes of hypomagnesemia as well as the specific molecular mechanisms and clinical phenotypes associated with each syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan H H M Viering
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen B Walsh
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK.
- Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
- Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morais JBS, Severo JS, Santos LRD, de Sousa Melo SR, de Oliveira Santos R, de Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, do Nascimento Marreiro D. Role of Magnesium in Oxidative Stress in Individuals with Obesity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:20-26. [PMID: 27444303 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ that promotes excessive production of reactive oxygen species when in excess, thus contributing to lipid peroxidation. Magnesium deficiency contributes to the development of oxidative stress in obese individuals, as this mineral plays a role as an antioxidant, participates as a cofactor of several enzymes, maintains cell membrane stability and mitigates the effects of oxidative stress. The objective of this review is to bring together updated information on the participation of magnesium in the oxidative stress present in obesity. We conducted a search of articles published in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases, using the keywords 'magnesium', 'oxidative stress', 'malondialdehyde', 'superoxide dismutase', 'glutathione peroxidase', 'reactive oxygen species', 'inflammation' and 'obesity'. The studies show that obese subjects have low serum concentrations of magnesium, as well as high concentrations of oxidative stress marker in these individuals. Furthermore, it is evident that the adequate intake of magnesium contributes to its appropriate homeostasis in the body. Thus, this review of current research can help define the need for intervention with supplementation of this mineral for the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Juliana Soares Severo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Loanne Rocha Dos Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Stéfany Rodrigues de Sousa Melo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Raisa de Oliveira Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Ana Raquel Soares de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Dilina do Nascimento Marreiro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fatuzzo P, Zanoli L, Scollo V, Portale G, Gaudio A, Pani A, Granata A. [Review: UPDATE on magnesium metabolism]. G Ital Nefrol 2016; 33:gin/00248.2. [PMID: 28134397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is the second intracellular cation and the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus, asthma, osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) represents the most common cause of hypomagnesemia. The risk of hypomagnesemia, and consequently worsening of the renal function, is increased when diuretics are added to therapy in subjects treated with PPIs. Interestingly, diuretics and PPIs are two of the most used drugs in subjects with CKD. In this review, we described the mechanisms at the basis of the hypomagnesemia and the effect of this electrolyte disturbance in subjects with CKD.
Collapse
|
12
|
Choucair N, Laporte V, Levy R, Tranchant C, Gies JP, Poindron P, Lombard Y. The Role of Calcium and Magnesium Ions in Uptake of β-Amyloid Peptides by Microglial Cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 19:683-96. [PMID: 17026853 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptides 1-40 and 1-42 (Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42) are major components of diffuse and neuritic senile plaques present in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Their interaction with microglial cells was studied using a system partly mimicking these plaques, which consisted in heat-killed yeast particles coated with either Aβ 1-40 or Aβ 1-42. Using these particles, it has been shown in our laboratory that LRP is involved mainly in the elimination of Aβ 1-42-coated heat-killed yeast particles and partly in that of Aβ 1-40-coated heat-killed yeast particles by microglial cells in culture. We show here that in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions extracellular chelators, namely EDTA (for both ions) and EGTA (for calcium ions), the internalization of coated heat-killed particles was impaired. In the presence of BAPTA-AM, an intracellular chelator of calcium ions and thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump, no effect was observed on the phagocytosis of Aβ 1-40-coated heat-killed yeast particles, whereas that of Aβ 1-42-coated heat-killed yeast particles was affected. These results suggest that different signaling mechanisms are involved after the internalization of Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Choucair
- UMR 7175-LC1 Departement de Pharmacologie et Physicochimie des Interactions Cellulaires et Moleculaires, University Louis Pasteur, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tran TA, Jaques D, Ponte B. [Magnesium: the missing link between kidneys and vessels?]. Rev Med Suisse 2016; 12:404-407. [PMID: 27039606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent worldwide and is associated with important cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The search for new prognostic factors and therapeutic targets is therefore essential. There has been recently an increased interest about magnesium, poorly studied yet in that context. In this article, we review the most recent studies looking at the associations between magnesium, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. According to the available data, hypomagnesemia seems to alter negatively cardiovascular and renal prognosis. Maintaining normal magnesium levels could then be protective. However, studied populations are heterogeneous, most of the data is only observational and residual confounding factors still need to be considered. All those issues limit currently any definitive therapeutic recommendations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hood G, Karunakaran R, Downie JA, Poole P. MgtE From Rhizobium leguminosarum Is a Mg²⁺ Channel Essential for Growth at Low pH and N2 Fixation on Specific Plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:1281-1287. [PMID: 26422403 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0166-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MgtE is predicted to be a Rhizobium leguminosarum channel and is essential for growth when both Mg²⁺ is limiting and the pH is low. N₂was only fixed at 8% of the rate of wild type when the crop legume Pisum sativum was inoculated with an mgtE mutant of R. leguminosarum and, although bacteroids were present, they were few in number and not fully developed. R. leguminosarum MgtE was also essential for N₂fixation on the native legume Vicia hirsuta but not when in symbiosis with Vicia faba. The importance of MgtE and the relevance of the contrasting phenotypes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hood
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
| | - Ramakrishnan Karunakaran
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
| | - J Allan Downie
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
| | - Philip Poole
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Magnesium is actively involved in a number of metabolic reactions as an important co-factor, with special emphasis on carbohydrate metabolism. After a brief overview of the regulation of intra- and extracellular magnesium, the present review first describes the regulatory role of magnesium in important metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism and glycaemic control. Next the clinical significance of hypomagnesaemic conditions with regard to the management of glucose in prediabetic stages, such as insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance and in type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized. Cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies suggest that a reduced dietary magnesium intake serves as a risk factor for the incidence of both impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes. Mechanisms that might be responsible for diabetes-associated hypomagnesaemia are discussed. Furthermore, the role of hypomagnesaemia in the development and progression of chronic diabetic complications are addressed. Finally, the available literature on the effects of magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control parameters during prediabetic conditions (preventive approach) as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (therapeutic approach) are reviewed systematically. There is considerable evidence that chronic magnesium supplementation may delay the progression from impaired glucose regulation to type 2 diabetes; however, the effects of oral magnesium supplementation as an adjunct therapy for type 2 diabetes are quite heterogeneous with respect to the various measures of glycaemic control. The results of this review suggest a requirement for critical consideration of the pros and cons of magnesium replacement therapy, based on variables such as magnesium status, stage of disease and glycaemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kerk D, Silver D, Uhrig RG, Moorhead GBG. "PP2C7s", Genes Most Highly Elaborated in Photosynthetic Organisms, Reveal the Bacterial Origin and Stepwise Evolution of PPM/PP2C Protein Phosphatases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132863. [PMID: 26241330 PMCID: PMC4524716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mg+2/Mn+2-dependent type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, mediating diverse cellular signaling processes through metal ion catalyzed dephosphorylation of target proteins. We have identified a distinct PP2C sequence class (“PP2C7s”) which is nearly universally distributed in Eukaryotes, and therefore apparently ancient. PP2C7s are by far most prominent and diverse in plants and green algae. Combining phylogenetic analysis, subcellular localization predictions, and a distillation of publically available gene expression data, we have traced the evolutionary trajectory of this gene family in photosynthetic eukaryotes, demonstrating two major sequence assemblages featuring a succession of increasingly derived sub-clades. These display predominant expression moving from an ancestral pattern in photosynthetic tissues toward non-photosynthetic, specialized and reproductive structures. Gene co-expression network composition strongly suggests a shifting pattern of PP2C7 gene functions, including possible regulation of starch metabolism for one homologue set in Arabidopsis and rice. Distinct plant PP2C7 sub-clades demonstrate novel amino terminal protein sequences upon motif analysis, consistent with a shifting pattern of regulation of protein function. More broadly, neither the major events in PP2C sequence evolution, nor the origin of the diversity of metal binding characteristics currently observed in different PP2C lineages, are clearly understood. Identification of the PP2C7 sequence clade has allowed us to provide a better understanding of both of these issues. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons using Hidden Markov Models strongly suggest that PP2Cs originated in Bacteria (Group II PP2C sequences), entered Eukaryotes through the ancestral mitochondrial endosymbiosis, elaborated in Eukaryotes, then re-entered Bacteria through an inter-domain gene transfer, ultimately producing bacterial Group I PP2C sequences. A key evolutionary event, occurring first in ancient Eukaryotes, was the acquisition of a conserved aspartate in classic Motif 5. This has been inherited subsequently by PP2C7s, eukaryotic PP2Cs and bacterial Group I PP2Cs, where it is crucial to the formation of a third metal binding pocket, and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kerk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dylan Silver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R. Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg B. G. Moorhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu S, Wu GX, Cai H, Liu ZL, Liu J, Yang R, Ai XZ. [Effects of low magnesium on photosynthesis characteristics and antioxidant system in cucumber seedlings under low temperature]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2015; 26:1351-1358. [PMID: 26571651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low magnesium (30% Mg) stress on photosynthesis characteristics and antioxidant system in 'Jinyou 3' cucumber ( Cucumis sativa) seedlings under low temperature (day/ night temperature was 12 °C/8 °C) were investigated, with Hoagland nutrient solution treatment as the control. The results showed that the 30% Mg treatment showed a significantly lower Mg content in leaves, compared with the control. However, no marked difference in roots between the 30% Mg treatment and the control was found. Low temperature significantly decreased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g(s)), and carboxylation efficiency (CE), while increased the intercelluar CO2 concentration (Ci). The 30% Mg treatment showed significantly lower chlorophyll content, Pn, g(s) and CE, compared with the control. No marked change was found in Ci between the 30% Mg treatment and the control. Low magnesium stress resulted in a more serious damage in chloroplast membrane under low temperature, and showed lower chloroplasts, grains and lamellas, while more and larger starch grains in cucumber seedlings. Low magnesium stress also led to an increase in MDA content, while a decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) , peroxidase (POD) , catalase ( CAT) , ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). These data suggested that magnesium deficiency caused by its hindered transportation under low temperature was the main reason for the chlorosis of cucumber leaves. The decrease in Pn was mainly caused by the non-stomatal limitation. Low magnesium stress increased the influence of low temperature on Pn, and the resulting decline in Pn was caused by the stomatal limitation.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
Abstract
The physiology of calcium and the other minerals involved in its metabolism is complex and intimately linked to the physiology of bone. Five principal humoral factors are involved in maintaining plasma concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphate and in coordinating the balance between their content in bone. The transmembrane transport of these elements is dependent on a series of complex mechanisms that are partly controlled by these hormones. The plasma concentration of calcium is initially sensed by a calcium-sensing receptor, which then sets up a cascade of events that initially determines parathyroid hormone secretion and eventually results in a specific action within the target organs, mainly bone and kidney. This chapter describes the physiology of these humoral factors and relates them to the pathological processes that give rise to disorders of calcium, phosphate and magnesium metabolism as well as of bone metabolism. This chapter also details the stages in the calcium cascade, describes the effects of calcium on the various target organs, gives details of the processes by which phosphate and magnesium are controlled and summarises the metabolism of vitamin D. The pathology of disorders of bone and calcium metabolism is described in detail in the relevant chapters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Allgrove
- Royal London Hospital, Honorary Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao MM, Lian WW, Sun R, Wang HM, Feng R, Hu HY, Sun XF, Hao LY. [High intracellular Mg²⁺ affects the activities of L-type calcium channel in guinea- pig ventricular myocytes]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2014; 66:718-722. [PMID: 25516521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the effects of high intracellular Mg²⁺ on L-type calcium channel in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. The cardiomyocytes were acutely isolated with enzyme digestion method. By adopting inside-out configuration of patch clamp technique, single channel currents of the L-type calcium channel were recorded under different intracellular Mg²⁺ concentrations ([Mg²⁺]i). In control group, which was treated with 0.9 mmol/L Mg²⁺, the relative activity of calcium channel was (176.5 ± 34.1)% (n = 7). When [Mg²⁺]i was increased from 0.9 to 8.1 mmol/L (high Mg²⁺ group), the relative activities of calcium channel decreased to (64.8 ± 18.1)% (n = 6, P < 0.05). Moreover, under 8.1 mmol/L Mg²⁺, the mean open time of calcium channel was shortened to about 25% of that under control condition (P < 0.05), but the mean close time of calcium channel was not altered. These results suggest that high intracellular Mg²⁺ may inhibit the activities of L-type calcium channel, which is mainly due to the shortening of the mean open time of single L-type calcium channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Esbaugh AJ, Kristensen T, Takle H, Grosell M. The effects of sustained aerobic swimming on osmoregulatory pathways in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:1355-1368. [PMID: 25315882 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts were exposed to one of the four different aerobic exercise regimens for 10 weeks followed by a 1 week final smoltification period in fresh water and a subsequent eight-day seawater transfer period. Samples of gill and intestinal tissue were taken at each time point and gene expression was used to assess the effects of exercise training on both branchial and intestinal osmoregulatory pathways. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that exercise training up-regulated the expression of seawater relevant genes in the gills of S. salar smolts, including Na(+) , K(+) ATPase (nka) subunit α1b, the Na(+) , K(+) , 2 Cl(-) co-transporter (nkcc1) and cftr channel. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise stimulates expression of seawater ion transport pathways that may act to shift the seawater transfer window for S. salar smolts. Aerobic exercise also appeared to stimulate freshwater ion uptake mechanisms probably associated with an osmorespiratory compromise related to increased exercise. No differences were observed in plasma Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations as a consequence of exercise treatment, but plasma Na(+) was lower during the final smoltification period in all treatments. No effects of exercise were observed for intestinal nkcc2, nor the Mg(2+) transporters slc41a2 and transient receptor protein M7 (trpm7); however, expression of both Mg(2+) transporters was affected by salinity transfer suggesting a dynamic role in Mg(2+) homeostasis in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Austin, TX 78373, U.S.A
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Palacios-Prado N, Chapuis S, Panjkovich A, Fregeac J, Nagy JI, Bukauskas FF. Molecular determinants of magnesium-dependent synaptic plasticity at electrical synapses formed by connexin36. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4667. [PMID: 25135336 PMCID: PMC4142521 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal gap junction (GJ) channels composed of connexin36 (Cx36) play an important role in neuronal synchronization and network dynamics. Here we show that Cx36-containing electrical synapses between inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus are bidirectionally modulated by changes in intracellular free magnesium concentration ([Mg(2+)]i). Chimeragenesis demonstrates that the first extracellular loop of Cx36 contains a Mg(2+)-sensitive domain, and site-directed mutagenesis shows that the pore-lining residue D47 is critical in determining high Mg(2+)-sensitivity. Single-channel analysis of Mg(2+)-sensitive chimeras and mutants reveals that [Mg(2+)]i controls the strength of electrical coupling mostly via gating mechanisms. In addition, asymmetric transjunctional [Mg(2+)]i induces strong instantaneous rectification, providing a novel mechanism for electrical rectification in homotypic Cx36 GJs. We suggest that Mg(2+)-dependent synaptic plasticity of Cx36-containing electrical synapses could underlie neuronal circuit reconfiguration via changes in brain energy metabolism that affects neuronal levels of intracellular ATP and [Mg(2+)]i.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Palacios-Prado
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
- Grass Laboratory, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sandrine Chapuis
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alejandro Panjkovich
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julien Fregeac
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
| | - James I. Nagy
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Feliksas F. Bukauskas
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Granados-Silvestre MDLÁ, Ortiz-López MG, Montúfar-Robles I, Menjívar-Iraheta M. [Micronutrients and diabetes, the case of minerals]. CIR CIR 2014; 82:119-125. [PMID: 25510799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Minerals are essential nutrients for the body, are of inorganic nature which gives them the characteristic of being resistant to heat, are involved in a lot of chemical reactions in metabolism, regulating electrolyte balance, in maintaining bone, in the process of blood clotting and the transmission of nerve impulses, particularly its role as enzyme cofactors confers a key role in various physiological processes. Glucose homeostasis involves a fine coordination of events where hormonal control by insulin plays a key role. However, the role of minerals like magnesium, zinc, chromium, iron and selenium in the diabetes is less obvious and in some cases may be controversial. This review shows the knowledge of these five elements and their correlation with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María Guadalupe Ortiz-López
- Unidad de Investigación, Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular, Hospital Juárez de México, Secretariade Salud, México DF, Mexico
| | - Isela Montúfar-Robles
- Unidad de Investigación, Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular, Hospital Juárez de México, Secretariade Salud, México DF, Mexico
| | - Marta Menjívar-Iraheta
- Laboratorio de diabetes, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barbagallo M, Domínguez LJ. [Magnesium, diabetes and metabolic syndrome]. CIR CIR 2013; 81:365-367. [PMID: 25125052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barbagallo
- Unidad de Geriatría, Departmento de Medicina Interna y Especialidades, Universidad de Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ligia J Domínguez
- Unidad de Geriatría, Departmento de Medicina Interna y Especialidades, Universidad de Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhong W, Morgan HP, McNae IW, Michels PAM, Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Walkinshaw MD. `In crystallo' substrate binding triggers major domain movements and reveals magnesium as a co-activator of Trypanosoma brucei pyruvate kinase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013; 69:1768-79. [PMID: 23999300 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913013875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The active site of pyruvate kinase (PYK) is located between the AC core of the enzyme and a mobile lid corresponding to domain B. Many PYK structures have already been determined, but the first `effector-only' structure and the first with PEP (the true natural substrate) are now reported for the enzyme from Trypanosoma brucei. PEP soaked into crystals of the enzyme with bound allosteric activator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP) and Mg(2+) triggers a substantial 23° rotation of the B domain `in crystallo', resulting in a partially closed active site. The interplay of side chains with Mg(2+) and PEP may explain the mechanism of the domain movement. Furthermore, it is apparent that when F26BP is present but PEP is absent Mg(2+) occupies a position that is distinct from the two canonical Mg(2+)-binding sites at the active site. This third site is adjacent to the active site and involves the same amino-acid side chains as in canonical site 1 but in altered orientations. Site 3 acts to sequester Mg(2+) in a `priming' position such that the enzyme is maintained in its R-state conformation. In this way, Mg(2+) cooperates with F26BP to ensure that the enzyme is in a conformation that has a high affinity for the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Zhong
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Akarachkova ES, Vershinina SV. [The role of magnesium in neuroprotection and neuroplasticity]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2013; 113:80-83. [PMID: 23667916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
|
28
|
González W, Altieri PI, Alvarado S, Banchs HL, Escobales N, Crespo M, Borges W. Magnesium: the forgotten electrolyte. Bol Asoc Med P R 2013; 105:17-20. [PMID: 24282915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Magnesium (Mg++), Potassium (K+) and Calcium (CA++) are important electrolytes in keeping a stable electrical status. The purpose of this study was to measure them in critically ill patients. METHODS We evaluated the electrolytes in 28 consecutive patients. Eighteen were females and 10 males with mean age of 62 +/- 5 years. RESULTS The admission diagnosis in 95% of the cases was congestive heart failure. Sixty-four percent of the patients had subnormal values of Mg++, 53% subnormal values of K+, and 28% subnormal values of CA++. Fourteen percent showed lower values of the three electrolytes and 35% only of Mg++ and K+ concomitantly. Twenty-eight percent showed prolonged QTC interval. All patients with prolonged QTC interval had low Mg++ and K+ levels. Twenty five percent of the patients showed atrial fibrillation, 25% ventricular tachycardia, and 3% junctional tachycardia. The ventricular tachycardia group had more electrolyte abnormalities than those with atrial fibrillation. None of the patients received Mg++ replacement during critical management while 50% received K+ replacement. CONCLUSION This data shows physician overlook the Importance of Mg++ and K+ deficiency in critically ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilma González
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, UPR School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Adewoye EO, Ige AO. Effect of magnesium on gastrointestinal transit time in normal and diabetic rats: possible mechanism of action. Afr J Med Med Sci 2012; 41:373-378. [PMID: 23672101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many gastrointestinal complications in diabetes are connected to neurohumoral dysfunction resulting in abnormalities of intestinal motility, secretion and absorption. Minerals have been reported as essential cofactors for basic cellular reactions but there is dearth of information on effect of Magnesium on gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) and the mechanism of action. METHODS Sixty male albino Wistar rats (180 - 200g) were grouped into twelve of five animals each. Group 1 (control) received 0.2ml saline. Groups 2-6 were normal rats treated with magnesium sulphate (as magnesium) (500mg/kg), adrenaline (0.5mg/kg), magnesium (500mg/kg) and adrenaline (0.5mg/kg), prazosin (1mg/kg) and both magnesium (500mg/kg) and prazosin (1mg/kg) respectively. Groups 7 - 12 were diabetic rats treated as in groups 1- 6. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally with alloxan (120mg/kg bwt). RESULTS There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in GITT index in normal rats treated with magnesium, prazosin and combination of magnesium and prazosin compared with control. Treatment with adrenaline alone produced significant increase in GITT. However treatment with both magnesium and adrenaline produced significant reduction compared with control. This reduction in GITT was similar to that obtained in magnesium only and prazosin only treated groups. Diabetic groups showed significant reduction in GITT in all treated groups except the adrenaline only treated group which produced significant increase in GITT. CONCLUSION The significant reduction in GITT produced by magnesium in both normal and diabetic animals was comparable to that produced by prazosin (an á-adrenoceptor antagonist) indicating that magnesium may be inhibiting gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction through á-adrenoceptor antagonist pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E O Adewoye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Konishi M, Tashiro M, Inoue H. [Magnesium and cardiac function]. Clin Calcium 2012; 22:1173-1179. [PMID: 22846352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Free magnesium ion (Mg(2 + )) is involved in numerous processes of cardiac function. However, mechanism of regulation by Mg(2 + ) has not been fully understood. Extracellular Mg(2 + ) can act on the external surface of the cell membrane, whereas intracellular Mg(2 + ) can exert its effects via many different sites : various enzymes, intracellular organella and internal surface of the cell membrane. In this article, we will briefly review the extracellular and intracellular effects of Mg(2 + ) on each step of E-C coupling of cardiac myocytes, in an attempt to integrate them into cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Konishi
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Munekage E, Takezaki Y, Hanazaki K. [Shortage and metabolic disturbance of magnesium in diabetic patients and significance of magnesium replacement therapy]. Clin Calcium 2012; 22:1235-1242. [PMID: 22846360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is reported that shortage of oral magnesium intake increase the incidence of diabetes. In addition, magnesium replacement therapy improves insulin resistance and glycemic control. Low levels of magnesium in the venous blood induce the disturbances of auto-phosphylation on the insulin receptor and deteriorate insulin resistance. Since magnesium is closely related to evolution and development of metabolic syndrome including diabetes mellitus and so on, magnesium is expected as potentially effective ingredient of drug therapy in the future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Munekage
- First Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yamasaki M. [Magnesium and pregnancy]. Clin Calcium 2012; 22:1205-1210. [PMID: 22846356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Blood levels of total Mg, ionized Mg and intracellular ionized Mg of platelet were lowered in the 2nd trimester of gestation and thereafter. Urinary excretion of Mg does not change during the whole period of pregnancy. According to our results of animal experiments, intestinal absorption of Mg does not increase during pregnancy compared with non-pregnant state. These data suggest pregnant women tend to become magnesium deficiency. This is reflected in the fact that Mg metabolic parameters of pregnant women with preeclampsia are relatively reduced compared with those of healthy gravidae. In the obstetrical practice Mg has other significance, because magnesium sulfate is frequently used as a drug of choice in the therapy of threatened premature delivery and eclampsia. Mg plays important roles in physiology and pharmacology during gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mineo Yamasaki
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kimura M. [Magnesium for nutrient]. Clin Calcium 2012; 22:1155-1165. [PMID: 22846350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is essential nutrient. Here is magnesium for nutrient. Magnesium has a large number of biological or biochemical functions. It's distribution, absorption, deficiency, excess disorder, requirement, supply sources, and especially status and issue of magnesium intake in Japanese are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Kimura
- Research Institute of Life Science & Preventive Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Takaishi Y. [Significance of the Magnesium in the hard tissues such as Bone and Teeth]. Clin Calcium 2012; 22:1189-1196. [PMID: 22846354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In latest year, the relationship between whole body osteoporosis and jawbone osteoporosis, and also the relationship between bone density from whole body and jawbone have been recognized. As Mg is related to the bone density of whole body and the weakness of alveolar bone, it deeply connects to the denture treatment and the convalescence after implant treatment. It related to avoid losing teeth during the suppression of acid solubility of enamel, too. For the importance to control the absorption of alveolar bone which can support the teeth, it is necessary to have more consideration on Mg in the relationship between whole body's bone and alveolar bone.
Collapse
|
36
|
Torimitsu K, Furukawa Y, Tsukada S. [Role of magnesium in nerve tissue]. Clin Calcium 2012; 22:1197-1203. [PMID: 22846355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of magnesium on nerve tissue was discussed. Two main topics of "magnesium and neural activity" and "magnesium-therapy and brain neurons" were described together with introducing our research on rat cultured neurons of cortex and hippocampus.
Collapse
|
37
|
Akhtar MI, Ullah H, Hamid M. Magnesium, a drug of diverse use. J PAK MED ASSOC 2011; 61:1220-1225. [PMID: 22355971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium has evolved as a drug with diverse clinical applications. Mg++ is an important caution and its homeostasis is very important for normal body functioning. The physiological role of Mg is due to its calcium channel blocking properties at smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and conduction system levels. The analgesic properties are due to NMDA receptor blocking action. Mg++ is beneficial in acute Myocardial Infarction, protection during open heart surgery and treatment and prevention of heart rhythm disturbances. Mg has an established role in the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Magnesium prevents or controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular transmission and decreasing the release of acetylcholine at the motor nerve terminals. The use of MgSO4 in treating tetanus and acute asthma is established. In conclusion, Mg is a cost effective, widely used drug with multidisciplinary applications. Its majority of physiological effects are attributed to calcium channel blocking properties.
Collapse
|
38
|
Harwood CL, Young IS, Tikunov BA, Hollingworth S, Baylor SM, Rome LC. Paying the piper: the cost of Ca2+ pumping during the mating call of toadfish. J Physiol 2011; 589:5467-84. [PMID: 21946852 PMCID: PMC3240885 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Superfast fibres of toadfish swimbladder muscle generate a series of superfast Ca(2+) transients, a necessity for high-frequency calling. How is this accomplished with a relatively low rate of Ca(2+) pumping by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)? We hypothesized that there may not be complete Ca(2+) saturation and desaturation of the troponin Ca(2+) regulatory sites with each twitch during calling. To test this, we determined the number of regulatory sites by measuring the concentration of troponin C (TNC) molecules, 33.8 μmol per kg wet weight. We then estimated how much SR Ca(2+) is released per twitch by measuring the recovery oxygen consumption in the presence of a crossbridge blocker, N-benzyl-p-toluene sulphonamide (BTS). The results agreed closely with SR release estimates obtained with a kinetic model used to analyse Ca(2+) transient measurements. We found that 235 μmol of Ca(2+) per kg muscle is released with the first twitch of an 80 Hz stimulus (15(o)C). Release per twitch declines dramatically thereafter such that by the 10th twitch release is only 48 μmol kg(-1) (well below the concentration of TNC Ca(2+) regulatory sites, 67.6 μmol kg(-1)). The ATP usage per twitch by the myosin crossbridges remains essentially constant at ∼25 μmol kg(-1) throughout the stimulus period. Hence, for the first twitch, ∼80% of the energy goes into pumping Ca(2+) (which uses 1 ATP per 2 Ca(2+) ions pumped), but by the 10th and subsequent twitches the proportion is ∼50%. Even though by the 10th stimulus the Ca(2+) release per twitch has dropped 5-fold, the Ca(2+) remaining in the SR has declined by only ∼18%; hence dwindling SR Ca(2+) content is not responsible for the drop. Rather, inactivation of the Ca(2+) release channel by myoplasmic Ca(2+) likely explains this reduction. If inactivation did not occur, the SR would run out of Ca(2+) well before the end of even a 40-twitch call. Hence, inactivation of the Ca(2+) release channel plays a critical role in swimbladder muscle during normal in vivo function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Harwood
- L. C. Rome: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and the Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Magnesium intake of 500 mg/d to 1000 mg/d may reduce blood pressure (BP) as much as 5.6/2.8 mm Hg. However, clinical studies have a wide range of BP reduction, with some showing no change in BP. The combination of increased intake of magnesium and potassium coupled with reduced sodium intake is more effective in reducing BP than single mineral intake and is often as effective as one antihypertensive drug in treating hypertension. Reducing intracellular sodium and calcium while increasing intracellular magnesium and potassium improves BP response. Magnesium also increases the effectiveness of all antihypertensive drug classes. It remains to be conclusively proven that cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and cardiac arrhythmias can be prevented or treated with magnesium intake. Preliminary evidence suggests that insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy, and dyslipidemia may be improved with increased magnesium intake. Various genetic defects in magnesium transport are associated with hypertension and possibly with cardiovascular disease. Oral magnesium acts as a natural calcium channel blocker, increases nitric oxide, improves endothelial dysfunction, and induces direct and indirect vasodilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Houston
- Division of Human Nutrition, Saint Thomas Medical Group and Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Hypertension Institute, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao Y, Yan J, Feng Y, Liang A, Yang B. Analysis of the role of Mg²⁺ on conformational change and target recognition by ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus centrin. J Photochem Photobiol B 2011; 105:60-68. [PMID: 21788140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The binding of Mg(2+) with the Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen) and the effect of Mg(2+) on the binding of EoCen with the peptide melittin were examined by spectroscopic methods. In this study, it was found that Mg(2+) may bind with Ca(2+)-binding sites, at least partly, on EoCen, which displays ∼10-fold weaker affinity than Ca(2+). In the presence of Mg(2+), Ca(2+)-saturated EoCen undergoes significant conformational changes resulting in decreased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces on the protein. Additionally, excess Mg(2+) did not change the stoichiometry, but rather reduced the affinity of EoCen to melittin. The Mg(2+)-dependent decrease in the affinities of EoCen to melittin is an intrinsic property of Mg(2+), rather than a nonspecific ionic effect. The inhibitory effect of Mg(2+) on the formation of complexes between EoCen and melittin may contribute to the specificity of EoCen in target activation in response to cellular Ca(2+) concentration fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Talebi M, Savadi-Oskouei D, Farhoudi M, Mohammadzade S, Ghaemmaghamihezaveh S, Hasani A, Hamdi A. Relation between serum magnesium level and migraine attacks. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2011; 16:320-323. [PMID: 21983373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The determination of serum magnesium levels in migraine. METHODS In a case control study performed between January 2007 and December 2007 at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, 140 migraine patients were enrolled and their level of serum magnesium was determined and the results were compared with 140 healthy people who did not have any headache, kidney, or gastrointestinal disorders, and no consumption of magnesium complements. RESULTS Migraine patients (22 male, 118 female) with a mean age of 33.82+/-10.31 and 140 healthy people (26 male, 114 female) with a mean age of (34.19+/-9.95) were enrolled. Forty patients had aura and 100 patients did not have aura. The average serum magnesium level in the patient group (26.14+/-4.3) was significantly lower than the control (31.09+/-4.32) group (p=0.000). There was no significant difference between the mean level of serum magnesium in patients with migraine with aura and without aura, however, there was a significant linear relationship between the amount of serum magnesium and the frequency of headache. CONCLUSION Serum magnesium in migraine patients was significantly lower than the normal population and related to the frequency of migraine attacks, supporting the use of magnesium in prevention and treatment of migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Talebi
- Department of Neurology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cozzolino M. [Prevention of vascular calcification: the role of magnesium]. G Ital Nefrol 2011; 28:472. [PMID: 22028259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cozzolino
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Universita degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium modulates insulin-mediated glucose uptake but data regarding its role in insulin secretion are scarce; therefore, in this study we determined whether decreased serum magnesium levels are associated with the impairment of insulin secretion in non-diabetic individuals. METHODS A total of 182 apparently healthy subjects, men and non-pregnant women, 18-65 years of age, were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study and allocated to groups with hypomagnesaemia and normomagnesaemia. The groups in the study were subsequently stratified according to glucose status: normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance. Insulin secretion was evaluated by the first and second phases of insulin secretion. RESULTS The Spearman coefficient between serum magnesium and the first and second phases of insulin secretion showed a significant positive correlation in the overall (r = 0.265, p < 0.0005; r = 0.541, p < 0.0005), normal glucose tolerance (r = 0.369, p = 0.001; r = 0.618, p < 0.0005), impaired fasting glucose (r = 0.320, p = 0.02; r = 0.449, p = 0.001), and impaired glucose tolerance (r = 0.129, p = 0.37; r = 0.522, p < 0.0005) groups. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant association between serum magnesium levels and the first and second phases of insulin secretion: for the entire groups [B = 75.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 27.6-122.7; B = 25.4; 95% CI 16.4-34.3], normal glucose tolerance (B = 129.6, 95% CI 38.1-221.1; B = 40.3, 95% CI 23.7-56.8), impaired fasting glucose (B = 75.2, 95% CI 27.6-122.7; B = 15.1, 95% CI 4.2-30.2), and impaired glucose tolerance (B = 57.4, 95% CI 23.5-138.3; B = 25.4, 95% CI 16.4-34.3) groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that hypomagnesaemia is associated with the decrease of the first and second phases of insulin secretion in non-diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou Q, Garin I, Castaño L, Argente J, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Perez de Nanclares G, Shyng SL. Neonatal diabetes caused by mutations in sulfonylurea receptor 1: interplay between expression and Mg-nucleotide gating defects of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:E473-8. [PMID: 20810569 PMCID: PMC2999977 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels regulate insulin secretion by coupling glucose metabolism to β-cell membrane potential. Gain-of-function mutations in the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) or Kir6.2 channel subunit underlie neonatal diabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the mechanisms by which two SUR1 mutations, E208K and V324M, associated with transient neonatal diabetes affect KATP channel function. DESIGN E208K or V324M mutant SUR1 was coexpressed with Kir6.2 in COS cells, and expression and gating properties of the resulting channels were assessed biochemically and electrophysiologically. RESULTS Both E208K and V324M augment channel response to MgADP stimulation without altering sensitivity to ATP4- or sulfonylureas. Surprisingly, whereas E208K causes only a small increase in MgADP response consistent with the mild transient diabetes phenotype, V324M causes a severe activating gating defect. Unlike E208K, V324M also impairs channel expression at the cell surface, which is expected to dampen its functional impact on β-cells. When either mutation was combined with a mutation in the second nucleotide binding domain of SUR1 previously shown to abolish Mg-nucleotide response, the activating effect of E208K and V324M was also abolished. Moreover, combination of E208K and V324M results in channels with Mg-nucleotide sensitivity greater than that seen in individual mutations alone. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that E208K and V324M, located in distinct domains of SUR1, enhance transduction of Mg-nucleotide stimulation from the SUR1 nucleotide binding folds to Kir6.2. Furthermore, they suggest that diabetes severity is determined by interplay between effects of a mutation on channel expression and channel gating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ishimi Y. [Nutrition and bone health. Magnesium and bone]. Clin Calcium 2010; 20:762-767. [PMID: 20445288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is related to a number of biological enzymatic reactions such as catalytic role for the reaction of kinases in ATP production. On the other hand, magnesium is one of the essential minerals for bone formation. In the magnesium-deficient rats, apparent bone loss caused by increase in bone resorption and decrease in bone formation was observed. Although, epidemiological studies suggest that magnesium deficiency is one of the risk factor for osteoporosis, a relationship between magnesium intake and bone mineral density is not clear. This may be due to the differences in the population, decrease in sex hormone secretion, and the possibility that magnesium-deficiency is also accompanied with another nutrient insufficiency, e.g., calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ishimi
- Program for Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Elevation of cerebral Mg2+ with a novel orally delivered ionophore, magnesium threonate, enhances cognition in young and old rats over a 12-24 day treatment interval, as outlined in a paper by Slutsky et al. in this issue of Neuron. Despite both Mg2+ and Zn2+ blocking the NMDA receptor channel, sustained extracellular Mg2+ elevation mimics sustained synaptic Zn2+ concentrations by increasing hippocampal NR2B expression and bouton density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley I Bush
- Mental Health Research Institute, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bo T, Yi L, Wang TM, Li J, Li XF, Mao DA. [Effect of magnesium-free on glucocorticoid receptor expression in primary cultured cortical neurons of fetal rats in vitro]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2010; 12:211-214. [PMID: 20350433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in embryonic rat cortical neurons exposed to transient Mg(2+)-free treatment. METHODS Six days after rat cortical neuronal cultures, two groups were created based on the medium to which were transiently exposed. The control group was exposed to a physiological solution (PS), and the Mg(2+)-free group was exposed to the same medium as the control group except for the removal of magnesium. The expression of GR mRNA and protein was determined by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry staining 1, 7 and 12 days after transient Mg(2+)-free treatment. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the Mg(2+)-free group displayed the significantly less accumulated optical density (AOD) of GR immunoreactivity 12 days after transient Mg(2+)-free treatment (p<0.05). On the contrary, GR mRNA expression increased significantly 1 and 7 days after transient Mg(2+)-free treatment in the Mg(2+)-free group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS GR expression is modified following Mg-free-induced injury in cultured developing neurons in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bo
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Deficiency of minerals causes functional abnormality of enzymes, frequently resulting in metabolic disturbance. We investigated possible relationship between minerals and metabolic syndrome by analysis of hair tissue minerals. We selected 848 subjects older than 20 years of age at Ajou University Hospital from May 2004 to February 2007. We excluded the subjects who had cancers, steroid and thyroid medication, and incomplete record from the study. Finally, 343 subjects were eligible. We performed cross-sectional analysis for the relationship between minerals and metabolic syndrome. The contents of calcium, magnesium, and copper in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly lower than those of the normal group, whereas the amounts of sodium, potassium, and mercury in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. By dividing the subjects into quartile with the level of calcium, magnesium, and mercury concentrations, we carried out logistic regression analysis to study the subjects and found that the subjects in the third quartile of calcium and magnesium concentrations had significantly lower odds ratio (OR) of the metabolic syndrome compared with that of the lowest quartile group [OR = 0.30, confidence interval (CI) = 0.10-0.89; OR = 0.189, CI = 0.063-0.566] and that the subjects in the highest mercury quartile had significantly higher OR of the metabolic syndrome compared with that of the lowest mercury quartile group (OR = 7.35, CI = 1.73-31.1). As part of the metabolic syndrome, the optimal calcium and magnesium concentrations in hair tissue may reflect decreased risk of metabolic syndrome, whereas high mercury concentration in hair tissue may indicate increased risk of metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sat Byul Park
- School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Agah S, Bajaj SP. Role of magnesium in factor XIa catalyzed activation of factor IX: calcium binding to factor IX under physiologic magnesium. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1426-8. [PMID: 19500239 PMCID: PMC3071651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
50
|
Guerrera MP, Volpe SL, Mao JJ. Therapeutic uses of magnesium. Am Fam Physician 2009; 80:157-162. [PMID: 19621856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is an essential mineral for optimal metabolic function. Research has shown that the mineral content of magnesium in food sources is declining, and that magnesium depletion has been detected in persons with some chronic diseases. This has led to an increased awareness of proper magnesium intake and its potential therapeutic role in a number of medical conditions. Studies have shown the effectiveness of magnesium in eclampsia and preeclampsia, arrhythmia, severe asthma, and migraine. Other areas that have shown promising results include lowering the risk of metabolic syndrome, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, relieving symptoms of dysmenorrhea, and alleviating leg cramps in women who are pregnant. The use of magnesium for constipation and dyspepsia are accepted as standard care despite limited evidence. Although it is safe in selected patients at appropriate dosages, magnesium may cause adverse effects or death at high dosages. Because magnesium is excreted renally, it should be used with caution in patients with kidney disease. Food sources of magnesium include green leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes, and whole grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Guerrera
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|