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Esposito CM, D'Agostino A, Dell Osso B, Fiorentini A, Prunas C, Callari A, Oldani L, Fontana E, Gargano G, Viscardi B, Giordano B, D'Angelo S, Wiedenmann F, Macellaro M, Giorgetti F, Turtulici N, Gambini O, Brambilla P. Impact of the first Covid-19 pandemic wave on first episode psychosis in Milan, italy. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113802. [PMID: 33592401 PMCID: PMC7874958 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic appears to increase risk for mental illness, either directly due to inflammation caused by the virus or indirectly due to related psychosocial stress, resulting in the development of both anxious-depressive and psychotic symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to assess the frequency and characteristics of all patients with First Episodes Psychosis (FEP) without COVID-19 infection hospitalized in the first four months since lockdown in Milan. We recruited sixty-two patients hospitalized between March 8 to July 8, 2020 versus those first hospitalized in the same period in 2019. The two subgroups were compared for sociodemographic variables and clinical characteristics of the episodes. Patients with FEP in 2020 were significantly older than patients with FEP in 2021, and presented with significantly less substances abuse. Interestingly, patients presenting with FEP in 2020 were significantly older than patients with FEP in 2019. These data are compatible with the greater vulnerability to stressful factors during the pandemic, as well as with the greater concern regarding a possible COVID-19 infection producing brain damage causing the FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Esposito
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A D'Agostino
- Department of Mental Health, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - B Dell Osso
- Department of Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - A Fiorentini
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C Prunas
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Callari
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - L Oldani
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - E Fontana
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Gargano
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - B Viscardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - B Giordano
- Department of Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S D'Angelo
- Department of Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Wiedenmann
- Department of Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Macellaro
- Department of Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Giorgetti
- Department of Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ne Turtulici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - O Gambini
- Department of Mental Health, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
- CRC "Aldo Ravelli" for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan Medical School, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Botturi A, Ciappolino V, Delvecchio G, Boscutti A, Viscardi B, Brambilla P. The Role and the Effect of Magnesium in Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061661. [PMID: 32503201 PMCID: PMC7352515 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Magnesium is an essential cation involved in many functions within the central nervous system, including transmission and intracellular signal transduction. Several studies have shown its usefulness in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, it seems that magnesium levels are lowered in the course of several mental disorders, especially depression. Objectives: In this study, we wish to evaluate the presence of a relationship between the levels of magnesium and the presence of psychiatric pathology as well as the effectiveness of magnesium as a therapeutic supplementation. Methods: A systematic search of scientific records concerning magnesium in psychiatric disorders published from 2010 up to March 2020 was performed. We collected a total of 32 articles: 18 on Depressive Disorders (DD), four on Anxiety Disorders (AD), four on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), three on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), one on Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one on Schizophrenia (SCZ) and one on Eating Disorders (ED). Results: Twelve studies highlighted mainly positive results in depressive symptoms. Seven showed a significant correlation between reduced plasma magnesium values and depression measured with psychometric scales. Two papers reported improved depressive symptoms after magnesium intake, two in association with antidepressants, compared to controls. No significant association between magnesium serum levels and panic or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) patients, in two distinct papers, was found. In two other papers, a reduced Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score in depressed patients correlated with higher levels of magnesium and beneficial levels of magnesium in stressed patients was found. Two papers reported low levels of magnesium in association with ADHD. Only one of three papers showed lower levels of magnesium in ASD. ED and SCZ reported a variation in magnesium levels in some aspects of the disease. Conclusion: The results are not univocal, both in terms of the plasma levels and of therapeutic effects. However, from the available evidence, it emerged that supplementation with magnesium could be beneficial. Therefore, it is necessary to design ad hoc clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of magnesium alone or together with other drugs (antidepressants) in order to establish the correct use of this cation with potential therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Botturi
- Neurologic Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea Boscutti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Bianca Viscardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (B.V.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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