1
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Chen M, Menon MC, Wang W, Fu J, Yi Z, Sun Z, Liu J, Li Z, Mou L, Banu K, Lee SW, Dai Y, Anandakrishnan N, Azeloglu EU, Lee K, Zhang W, Das B, He JC, Wei C. HCK induces macrophage activation to promote renal inflammation and fibrosis via suppression of autophagy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4297. [PMID: 37463911 PMCID: PMC10354075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal inflammation and fibrosis are the common pathways leading to progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously identified hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) as upregulated in human chronic allograft injury promoting kidney fibrosis; however, the cellular source and molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, using immunostaining and single cell sequencing data, we show that HCK expression is highly enriched in pro-inflammatory macrophages in diseased kidneys. HCK-knockout (KO) or HCK-inhibitor decreases macrophage M1-like pro-inflammatory polarization, proliferation, and migration in RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). We identify an interaction between HCK and ATG2A and CBL, two autophagy-related proteins, inhibiting autophagy flux in macrophages. In vivo, both global or myeloid cell specific HCK-KO attenuates renal inflammation and fibrosis with reduces macrophage numbers, pro-inflammatory polarization and migration into unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidneys and unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) models. Finally, we developed a selective boron containing HCK inhibitor which can reduce macrophage pro-inflammatory activity, proliferation, and migration in vitro, and attenuate kidney fibrosis in the UUO mice. The current study elucidates mechanisms downstream of HCK regulating macrophage activation and polarization via autophagy in CKD and identifies that selective HCK inhibitors could be potentially developed as a new therapy for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Madhav C Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenlin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeguo Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lingyun Mou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khadija Banu
- Division of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sui-Wan Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Dai
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nanditha Anandakrishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Renal Section, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Chengguo Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Perrelli A, Ferraris C, Berni E, Glading AJ, Retta SF. KRIT1: A Traffic Warden at the Busy Crossroads Between Redox Signaling and the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:496-528. [PMID: 36047808 PMCID: PMC10039281 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped 1) is a scaffolding protein that plays a critical role in vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis. Its loss-of-function has been unequivocally associated with the pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease of genetic origin characterized by defective endothelial cell-cell adhesion and ensuing structural alterations and hyperpermeability in brain capillaries. KRIT1 contributes to the maintenance of endothelial barrier function by stabilizing the integrity of adherens junctions and inhibiting the formation of actin stress fibers. Recent Advances: Among the multiple regulatory mechanisms proposed so far, significant evidence accumulated over the past decade has clearly shown that the role of KRIT1 in the stability of endothelial barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, is largely based on its involvement in the complex machinery governing cellular redox homeostasis and responses to oxidative stress and inflammation. KRIT1 loss-of-function has, indeed, been demonstrated to cause an impairment of major redox-sensitive mechanisms involved in spatiotemporal regulation of cell adhesion and signaling, which ultimately leads to decreased cell-cell junction stability and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation. Critical Issues: This review explores the redox mechanisms that influence endothelial cell adhesion and barrier function, focusing on the role of KRIT1 in such mechanisms. We propose that this supports a novel model wherein redox signaling forms the common link between the various pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches hitherto associated with CCM disease. Future Directions: A comprehensive characterization of the role of KRIT1 in redox control of endothelial barrier physiology and defense against oxy-inflammatory insults will provide valuable insights into the development of precision medicine strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 496-528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Berni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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3
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Persaud AT, Bennett SA, Thaya L, Burnie J, Guzzo C. Human monocytes store and secrete preformed CCL5, independent of de novo protein synthesis. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:573-583. [PMID: 34114669 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0820-522rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a subset of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with diverse roles in immunity, including sentinel roles in cytokine secretion. Conventionally, cytokines require an inductive stimulus for their expression and secretion, resulting in a time lag from the time of stimulation to when the proteins are packaged and secreted. Because cytokines are the main communicators in the immune system, their temporal expression is a key factor in coordinating responses to efficiently resolve infection. Herein, we identify that circulating human monocytes contain preformed cytokines that are stored intracellularly, in both resting and activated states. Having preformed cytokines bypasses the time lag associated with de novo synthesis, allowing monocytes to secrete immune mediators immediately upon activation or sensing of microbe-associated molecular patterns. We demonstrate here that, out of several cytokines evaluated, human monocytes contain a previously undescribed reservoir of the preformed chemokine CCL5. Furthermore, we showed that CCL5 could be secreted from monocytes treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) and Golgi blocker (brefeldin A). We examined the possibility for uptake of extracellular CCL5 from platelet aggregates and observed no significant levels of platelet binding to our enriched monocyte preparations, indicating that the source of preformed CCL5 was not from platelets. Preformed CCL5 was observed to be distributed throughout the cytoplasm and partially colocalized with CD63+ and Rab11A+ membranes, implicating endosomal compartments in the intracellular storage and trafficking of CCL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Andrew Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Receptors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Nature and Consequences for Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:179-215. [PMID: 34661896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a critical early response to prevent the establishment of the infection. Despite recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen dialogue in the early stages of tuberculosis (TB), much has yet to be learnt. The nature and consequences of this dialogue ultimately determine the path of infection: namely, either early clearance of M. tuberculosis, or establishment of M. tuberculosis infection leading to active TB disease and/or latent TB infection. On the frontline in innate immunity are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), with soluble factors (e.g. collectins and complement) and cell surface factors (e.g. Toll-like receptors and other C-type lectin receptors (Dectin 1/2, Nod-like receptors, DC-SIGN, Mincle, mannose receptor, and MCL) that play a central role in recognising M. tuberculosis and facilitating its clearance. However, in a 'double-edged sword' scenario, these factors can also be involved in enhancement of pathogenesis as well. Furthermore, innate immunity is also a critical bridge in establishing the subsequent adaptive immune response, which is also responsible for granuloma formation that cordons off M. tuberculosis infection, establishing latency and acting as a reservoir for bacterial persistence and dissemination of future disease. This chapter discusses the current understanding of pattern recognition of M. tuberculosis by innate immunity and the role this plays in the pathogenesis and protection against TB.
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5
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Velmurugan R, Ramakrishnan S, Kim M, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized tumor cells leads to the formation of a discrete vacuolar compartment in macrophages. Traffic 2019; 19:273-284. [PMID: 29437282 PMCID: PMC5869154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapidly expanding use of antibody‐based therapeutics to treat cancer, knowledge of the cellular processes following phagocytosis of antibody‐opsonized tumor cells is limited. Here we report the formation of a phagosome‐associated vacuole that is observed in macrophages as these degradative compartments mature following phagocytosis of HER2‐positive cancer cells in the presence of the HER2‐specific antibody, trastuzumab. We demonstrate that this vacuole is a distinct organelle that is closely apposed to the phagosome. Furthermore, the size of the phagosome‐associated vacuole is increased by inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Collectively, the identification of this vacuolar compartment has implications for understanding the subcellular trafficking processes leading to the destruction of phagocytosed, antibody‐opsonized cancer cells by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramraj Velmurugan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sreevidhya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mingin Kim
- Medical Science Graduate Program, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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6
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C-type lectin receptors in tuberculosis: what we know. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:513-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Maridonneau-Parini I. Control of macrophage 3D migration: a therapeutic challenge to limit tissue infiltration. Immunol Rev 2014; 262:216-31. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- CNRS UMR 5089; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale; Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
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8
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Passemar C, Arbués A, Malaga W, Mercier I, Moreau F, Lepourry L, Neyrolles O, Guilhot C, Astarie-Dequeker C. Multiple deletions in the polyketide synthase gene repertoire of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveal functional overlap of cell envelope lipids in host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:195-213. [PMID: 24028583 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several specific lipids of the cell envelope are implicated in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis (Mtb), including phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) that have clearly been identified as virulence factors. Others, such as trehalose-derived lipids, sulfolipids (SL), diacyltrehaloses (DAT) and polyacyltrehaloses (PAT), are believed to be essential for Mtb virulence, but the details of their role remain unclear. We therefore investigated the respective contribution of DIM, DAT/PAT and SL to tuberculosis by studying a collection of mutants, each with impaired production of one or several lipids. We confirmed that among those with a single lipid deficiency, only strains lacking DIM were affected in their replication in lungs and spleen of mice in comparison to the WT Mtb strain. We found also that the additional loss of DAT/PAT, and to a lesser extent of SL, increased the attenuated phenotype of the DIM-less mutant. Importantly, the loss of DAT/PAT and SL in a DIM-less background also affected Mtb growth in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). Fluorescence microscopy revealed that mutants lacking DIM or DAT/PAT were localized in an acid compartment and that bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of phagosome acidification, rescued the growth defect of these mutants. These findings provide evidence for DIM being dominant virulence factors that mask the functions of lipids of other families, notably DAT/PAT and to a lesser extent of SL, which we showed for the first time to contribute to Mtb virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Passemar
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP 64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France; UPS, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, F-31077, Toulouse, France
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9
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Luo J, Lv W, Deng Y, Sun Y. Cellulose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid conjugates protect mammalian cells from bacterial cells. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1054-62. [PMID: 23458445 DOI: 10.1021/bm301922z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) conjugates were synthesized by the esterification of cellulose with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD). The new materials provided potent antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa, Gram-negative bacteria), and inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilms. The biocompatibility of the new cellulose-EDTA conjugates was evaluated with mouse skin fibroblasts for up to 14 days. SEM observation and DNA content analysis suggested that the new materials sustained the viability of fibroblast cells. Moreover, in mouse skin fibroblast-bacteria co-culture systems, the new cellulose-EDTA conjugates prevented bacterial biofilm formation and protected the mammalian cells from the bacterial cells for at least one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01842, USA
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10
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Fischer H, Lutay N, Ragnarsdóttir B, Yadav M, Jönsson K, Urbano A, Al Hadad A, Rämisch S, Storm P, Dobrindt U, Salvador E, Karpman D, Jodal U, Svanborg C. Pathogen specific, IRF3-dependent signaling and innate resistance to human kidney infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001109. [PMID: 20886096 PMCID: PMC2944801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system identifies and fights invading pathogens, while allowing non-pathogenic organisms to persist. Mechanisms of pathogen/non-pathogen discrimination are poorly understood, as is the contribution of human genetic variation in disease susceptibility. We describe here a new, IRF3-dependent signaling pathway that is critical for distinguishing pathogens from normal flora at the mucosal barrier. Following uropathogenic E. coli infection, Irf3(-/-) mice showed a pathogen-specific increase in acute mortality, bacterial burden, abscess formation and renal damage compared to wild type mice. TLR4 signaling was initiated after ceramide release from glycosphingolipid receptors, through TRAM, CREB, Fos and Jun phosphorylation and p38 MAPK-dependent mechanisms, resulting in nuclear translocation of IRF3 and activation of IRF3/IFNβ-dependent antibacterial effector mechanisms. This TLR4/IRF3 pathway of pathogen discrimination was activated by ceramide and by P-fimbriated E. coli, which use ceramide-anchored glycosphingolipid receptors. Relevance of this pathway for human disease was supported by polymorphic IRF3 promoter sequences, differing between children with severe, symptomatic kidney infection and children who were asymptomatic bacterial carriers. IRF3 promoter activity was reduced by the disease-associated genotype, consistent with the pathology in Irf3(-/-) mice. Host susceptibility to common infections like UTI may thus be strongly influenced by single gene modifications affecting the innate immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Ceramides/metabolism
- Child
- Escherichia coli/pathogenicity
- Escherichia coli Infections/etiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/mortality
- Escherichia coli Infections/prevention & control
- Fimbriae, Bacterial
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/physiology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/metabolism
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/physiology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/virology
- Kidney Neoplasms/etiology
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/etiology
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphorylation
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Transport
- Pyelonephritis/etiology
- Pyelonephritis/mortality
- Pyelonephritis/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Urinary Tract Infections/etiology
- Urinary Tract Infections/mortality
- Urinary Tract Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nataliya Lutay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bryndís Ragnarsdóttir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Klas Jönsson
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Urbano
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ahmed Al Hadad
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Rämisch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellaine Salvador
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, and Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Jodal
- Pediatric-Uronephrology Center, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection can lead to the development of gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, which makes this bacterium an important concern for human health. Despite evoking a strong immune response in the host, H. pylori persists, requiring complex antibiotic therapy for eradication. Here we have studied the impact of a patient's immune serum on H. pylori in relation to macrophage uptake, phagosome maturation, and bacterial killing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary human macrophages were infected in vitro with both immune serum-treated and control H. pylori. The ability of primary human macrophages to kill H. pylori was characterized at various time points after infection. H. pylori phagosome maturation was analyzed by confocal immune fluorescence microscopy using markers specific for H. pylori, early endosomes (EEA1), late endosomes (CD63) and lysosomes (LAMP-1). RESULTS Immune serum enhanced H. pylori uptake into macrophages when compared to control bacteria. However, a sufficient inoculum remained for recovery of viable H. pylori from macrophages, at 8 hours after infection, for both the serum-treated and control groups. Both serum-treated and control H. pylori phagosomes acquired EEA1 (15 minutes), CD63 and LAMP-1 (30 minutes). These markers were then retained for the rest of an 8 hour time course. CONCLUSIONS While immune sera appeared to have a slight positive effect on bacterial uptake, both serum-treated and control H. pylori were not eliminated by macrophages. Furthermore, the same disruptions to phagosome maturation were observed for both serum-treated and control H. pylori. We conclude that to eliminate H. pylori, a strategy is required to restore the normal process of phagosome maturation and enable effective macrophage killing of H. pylori, following a host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Keep
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Vérollet C, Zhang YM, Le Cabec V, Mazzolini J, Charrière G, Labrousse A, Bouchet J, Medina I, Biessen E, Niedergang F, Bénichou S, Maridonneau-Parini I. HIV-1 Nef Triggers Macrophage Fusion in a p61Hck- and Protease-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:7030-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Seto S, Matsumoto S, Tsujimura K, Koide Y. Differential recruitment of CD63 and Rab7-interacting-lysosomal-protein to phagosomes containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:170-4. [PMID: 20236428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
M.tb is an intracellular pathogen which survives within the phagosomes of host macrophages by inhibiting their fusion with lysosomes. Here, it has been demonstrated that a lysosomal glycoprotein, CD63, is recruited to the majority of M.tb phagosomes, while RILP shows limited localization. This is consistent with the author's findings that CD63, but not RILP, is recruited to the phagosomes in macrophages expressing the dominant negative form of Rab7. These results suggest that M.tb phagosomes selectively fuse with endosomes and lysosomes to escape killing activity while acquiring nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Seto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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14
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Xue ZH, Zhao CQ, Chua GL, Tan SW, Tang XY, Wong SC, Tan SM. Integrin alphaMbeta2 clustering triggers phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase C delta that regulates transcription factor Foxp1 expression in monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3697-709. [PMID: 20190138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are type I membrane and heterodimeric (alphabeta) cell adhesion receptors. Intracellular signals triggered by ligand-bound integrins are important for cell growth, differentiation, and migration. Integrin alpha(M)beta(2) plays key roles in myeloid cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and degranulation. In this study, we show that protein kinase C (PKC) delta is involved in alpha(M)beta(2) signaling. In human monocytic U937 cells and peripheral blood monocytes, alpha(M)beta(2) clustering induced PKCdelta translocation to the plasma membrane, followed by Tyr(311) phosphorylation and activation of PKCdelta by the src family kinases Hck and Lyn. Interestingly, alpha(M)beta(2)-induced PKCdelta Tyr(311) phosphorylation was not mediated by the tyrosine kinase Syk, which is a well reported kinase in beta(2) integrin signaling. Analysis of the beta(2) cytoplasmic tail showed that the sequence Asn(727)-Ser(734) is important in alpha(M)beta(2)-induced PKCdelta Tyr(311) phosphorylation. It has been shown that alpha(M)beta(2) clustering regulates the expression the transcription factor Foxp1 that has a role in monocyte differentiation. We show that Foxp1 expression was reduced in monocytes that were allowed to adhere to human microvascular endothelial cells. However, the expression of Foxp1 was not affected in monocytes that were treated with PKCdelta-targeting small interfering RNA, suggesting that PKCdelta regulates Foxp1 expression. These results demonstrate a role of PKCdelta in alpha(M)beta(2)-mediated Foxp1 regulation in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Xue
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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15
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Seto S, Matsumoto S, Tsujimura K, Koide Y. Differential recruitment of CD63 and Rab7-interacting-lysosomal-protein to phagosomes containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Cross-talk between endocytic clearance and secretion in macrophages. Immunobiology 2009; 214:576-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Astarie-Dequeker C, Le Guyader L, Malaga W, Seaphanh FK, Chalut C, Lopez A, Guilhot C. Phthiocerol dimycocerosates of M. tuberculosis participate in macrophage invasion by inducing changes in the organization of plasma membrane lipids. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000289. [PMID: 19197369 PMCID: PMC2632888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) are major virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), in particular during the early step of infection when bacilli encounter their host macrophages. However, their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action remain unknown. Using Mtb mutants deleted for genes involved in DIM biosynthesis, we demonstrated that DIM participate both in the receptor-dependent phagocytosis of Mtb and the prevention of phagosomal acidification. The effects of DIM required a state of the membrane fluidity as demonstrated by experiments conducted with cholesterol-depleting drugs that abolished the differences in phagocytosis efficiency and phagosome acidification observed between wild-type and mutant strains. The insertion of a new cholesterol-pyrene probe in living cells demonstrated that the polarity of the membrane hydrophobic core changed upon contact with Mtb whereas the lateral diffusion of cholesterol was unaffected. This effect was dependent on DIM and was consistent with the effect observed following DIM insertion in model membrane. Therefore, we propose that DIM control the invasion of macrophages by Mtb by targeting lipid organisation in the host membrane, thereby modifying its biophysical properties. The DIM-induced changes in lipid ordering favour the efficiency of receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Mtb and contribute to the control of phagosomal pH driving bacilli in a protective niche. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, is an extremely successful human pathogen. The pathogenesis of bacterium is associated with its ability to invade macrophages and to circumvent bactericidal functions of the host cell in order to survive within a protective niche. The cellular mechanisms are largely investigated but the bacterial factors are poorly known. The outermost layer of the mycobacterial cell envelope is particularly of interest because of its localization at the interface with macrophages. An interesting feature of this envelope is its high lipid content. One group of lipids, the phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM), has been studied intensively since being shown to promote Mtb virulence. We investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DIM and demonstrated that DIM participate in the receptor-dependent phagocytosis of Mtb in human macrophages through a mechanism involving a reorganization of the plasma membrane following recognition of bacilli. This modification of the plasma membrane biophysical properties might help Mtb to create a protective niche by preventing acidification of its phagosome. Our results provide a first hint on the molecular mechanism of action of DIM, a key Mtb lipidic virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (CAD); (CG)
| | - Laurent Le Guyader
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fam-Ky Seaphanh
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - André Lopez
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (CAD); (CG)
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18
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Guiet R, Poincloux R, Castandet J, Marois L, Labrousse A, Le Cabec V, Maridonneau-Parini I. Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) isoforms and phagocyte duties – From signaling and actin reorganization to migration and phagocytosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:527-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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19
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Katti MK, Dai G, Armitige LY, Marrero CR, Daniel S, Singh CR, Lindsey DR, Dhandayuthapani S, Hunter RL, Jagannath C. The Delta fbpA mutant derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv has an enhanced susceptibility to intracellular antimicrobial oxidative mechanisms, undergoes limited phagosome maturation and activates macrophages and dendritic cells. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1286-303. [PMID: 18248626 PMCID: PMC3668688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) excludes phagocyte oxidase (phox) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) while preventing lysosomal fusion in macrophages (MPhis). The antigen 85A deficient (Delta fbpA) mutant of Mtb was vaccinogenic in mice and the mechanisms of attenuation were compared with MPhis infected with H37Rv and BCG. Delta fbpA contained reduced amounts of trehalose 6, 6, dimycolate and induced minimal levels of SOCS-1 in MPhis. Blockade of oxidants enhanced the growth of Delta fbpA in MPhis that correlated with increased colocalization with phox and iNOS. Green fluorescent protein-expressing strains within MPhis or purified phagosomes were analysed for endosomal traffick with immunofluorescence and Western blot. Delta fbpA phagosomes were enriched for rab5, rab11, LAMP-1 and Hck suggesting enhanced fusion with early, recycling and late endosomes in MPhis compared with BCG or H37Rv. Delta fbpA phagosomes were thus more mature than H37Rv or BCG although, they failed to acquire rab7 and CD63 preventing lysosomal fusion. Finally, Delta fbpA infected MPhis and dendritic cells (DCs) showed an enhanced MHC-II and CD1d expression and primed immune T cells to release more IFN-gamma compared with those infected with BCG and H37Rv. Delta fbpA was thus more immunogenic in MPhis and DCs because of an enhanced susceptibility to oxidants and increased maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar K. Katti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guixiang Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Y. Armitige
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Rivera Marrero
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sundarsingh Daniel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher R. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Devin R. Lindsey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Donepudi M, Resh MD. c-Src trafficking and co-localization with the EGF receptor promotes EGF ligand-independent EGF receptor activation and signaling. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1359-67. [PMID: 18448311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
c-Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that associates with both the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. In many human cancers, especially breast cancer, c-Src and the EGF receptor (EGFR) are overexpressed. Dual overexpression of c-Src and EGFR correlates with a Src-dependent increase in activation of EGFR, and synergism between these two tyrosine kinases increases the mitogenic activity of EGFR. Despite extensive studies of the functional interaction between c-Src and EGFR, little is known about the interactions in the trafficking pathways for the two proteins and how that influences signaling. Given the synergism between c-Src and EGFR, and the finding that EGFR is internalized and can signal from endosomes, we hypothesized that c-Src and EGFR traffic together through the endocytic pathway. Here we use a regulatable c-SrcGFP fusion protein that is a bona fide marker for c-Src to show that c-Src undergoes constitutive macropinocytosis from the plasma membrane into endocytic compartments. The movement of c-Src was dependent on its tyrosine kinase activity. Stimulation of cells with EGF revealed that c-Src traffics into the cell with activated EGFR and that c-Src expression and kinase activity prolongs EGFR activation. Surprisingly, even in the absence of EGF addition, c-Src expression induced activation of EGFR and of EGFR-mediated downstream signaling targets ERK and Shc. These data suggest that the synergy between c-Src and EGFR also occurs as these two kinases traffic together, and that their co-localization promotes EGFR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Donepudi
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
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21
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Fang J, Brzostowski JA, Ou S, Isik N, Nair V, Jin T. A vesicle surface tyrosine kinase regulates phagosome maturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:411-23. [PMID: 17664333 PMCID: PMC2064856 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200701023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is crucial for host defense against microbial pathogens and for obtaining nutrients in Dictyostelium discoideum. Phagocytosed particles are delivered via a complex route from phagosomes to lysosomes for degradation, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the phagosome maturation process are not well understood. Here, we identify a novel vesicle-associated receptor tyrosine kinase-like protein, VSK3, in D. discoideum. We demonstrate how VSK3 is involved in phagosome maturation. VSK3 resides on the membrane of late endosomes/lysosomes with its C-terminal kinase domain facing the cytoplasm. Inactivation of VSK3 by gene disruption reduces the rate of phagocytosis in cells, which is rescued by re-expression of VSK3. We found that the in vivo function of VSK3 depends on the presence of the kinase domain and vesicle localization. Furthermore, VSK3 is not essential for engulfment, but instead, is required for the fusion of phagosomes with late endosomes/lysosomes. Our findings suggest that localized tyrosine kinase signaling on the surface of endosome/lysosomes represents a control mechanism for phagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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22
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Poincloux R, Cougoule C, Daubon T, Maridonneau-Parini I, Le Cabec V. Tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT5 accumulates on podosomes in Hck-transformed fibroblasts and chronic myeloid leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:212-20. [PMID: 17503465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the transforming activity of Bcr/Abl involves constitutive activation of the phagocyte specific Src-family tyrosine kinase Hck, which in turn directly activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). The effect of Hck on STAT5 was first explored independently of Bcr/Abl by expressing the constitutively active Hck mutant (Hck(ca)) in MEF3T3-TetOff fibroblasts. As previously reported, Hck(ca)-expressing cells form podosomes which are actin-rich structures involved in trans-tissular cell migration and found in the few cell types able to cross anatomic boundaries. We demonstrated that in these cells, the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of STAT5 (PY-STAT5) increased and preferentially localized on podosomes together with Hck, instead of translocating to the nucleus as observed with conventional stimuli such as IFNgamma. To examine whether similar results were obtained in the presence of Bcr/Abl, the CML cell line K562 was used. We observed that (i) podosomal structures are present in these cells in contrast to Bcr/Abl-negative leukemic cells, (ii) podosome formation was inhibited by Bcr/Abl- and Src-kinase inhibitors, and (iii) PY-STAT5 mainly colocalized with Hck on these structures. The presence of podosomes was not sufficient to trap STAT5 since in normal macrophages which spontaneously form podosomes and express regulated Hck, PY-STAT5 is in the nucleus. In conclusion, this is the first report showing that PY-STAT5 associates to podosomes in a process dependent on constitutive activation of Hck. We propose that STAT5, previously classified as a transcription factor, could play another role outside the nucleus, elicited by the Bcr/Abl-Hck transforming pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France
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23
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Regulation of p73 by Hck through kinase-dependent and independent mechanisms. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:45. [PMID: 17535448 PMCID: PMC1899183 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background p73, a p53 family member is a transcription factor that plays a role in cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. p73 is regulated through post translational modifications and protein interactions. c-Abl is the only known tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and activates p73. Here we have analyzed the role of Src family kinases, which are involved in diverse signaling pathways, in regulating p73. Results Exogenously expressed as well as cellular Hck and p73 interact in vivo. In vitro binding assays show that SH3 domain of Hck interacts with p73. Co-expression of p73 with Hck or c-Src in mammalian cells resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of p73. Using site directed mutational analysis, we determined that Tyr-28 was the major site of phosphorylation by Hck and c-Src, unlike c-Abl which phosphorylates Tyr-99. In a kinase dependent manner, Hck co-expression resulted in stabilization of p73 protein in the cytoplasm. Activation of Hck in HL-60 cells resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous p73. Both exogenous and endogenous Hck localize to the nuclear as well as cytoplasmic compartment, just as does p73. Ectopically expressed Hck repressed the transcriptional activity of p73 as determined by promoter assays and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the p73 target, Ipaf and MDM2. SH3 domain- dependent function of Hck was required for its effect on p73 activity, which was also reflected in its ability to inhibit p73-mediated apoptosis. We also show that Hck interacts with Yes associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional co-activator of p73, and shRNA mediated knockdown of YAP protein reduces p73 induced Ipaf promoter activation. Conclusion We have identified p73 as a novel substrate and interacting partner of Hck and show that it regulates p73 through mechanisms that are dependent on either catalytic activity or protein interaction domains. Hck-SH3 domain-mediated interactions play an important role in the inhibition of p73-dependent transcriptional activation of a target gene, Ipaf, as well as apoptosis.
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Vincent C, Maridonneau-Parini I, Le Clainche C, Gounon P, Labrousse A. Activation of p61Hck triggers WASp- and Arp2/3-dependent actin-comet tail biogenesis and accelerates lysosomes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19565-74. [PMID: 17500055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701501200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory lysosomes exist in few cell types, but various mechanisms are involved to ensure their mobilization within the cytoplasm. In phagocytes, lysosome exocytosis is a regulated phenomenon at least in part under the control of the phagocyte-specific and lysosome-associated Src-kinase p61Hck (hematopoietic cell kinase). We show here that p61Hck activation triggered polymerization of actin at the membrane of lysosomes, which resulted in F-actin structures similar to comet tails observed on endocytic vesicles. We correlated this actin-comet biogenesis to a 35% acceleration of p61Hck-lysosomes in cells, which was dependent on actin polymerization and required an intact microtubular network. It was possible to initiate the formation of actin tails on p61Hck-positive lysosomes and on p61Hck-associated latex beads incubated in human phagocyte cytosolic extracts. The in vitro reconstitution on beads indicated that other lysosomal proteins were dispensable in this mechanism. The de novo actin polymerization process was functionally dependent on the kinase activity of Hck, WASp, the Arp2/3 complex, and Cdc42 but not Rac or Rho. Thus, we identified p61Hck as the first lysosomal protein able to recruit the molecular machinery responsible for actin tail formation. Altogether, our results suggest a new mechanism for lysosome motility involving p61Hck, actin-comet tail biogenesis, and the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vincent
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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25
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Deneka M, Pelchen-Matthews A, Byland R, Ruiz-Mateos E, Marsh M. In macrophages, HIV-1 assembles into an intracellular plasma membrane domain containing the tetraspanins CD81, CD9, and CD53. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:329-41. [PMID: 17438075 PMCID: PMC2064140 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200609050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In macrophages, HIV-1 has been shown to bud into intracellular structures that contain the late endosome marker CD63. We show that these organelles are not endosomes, but an internally sequestered plasma membrane domain. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy, we find that HIV-1 buds into a compartment that contains the tetraspanins CD81, CD9, and CD53. On uninfected macrophages, these proteins are seen at the cell surface and in intracellular vacuole-like structures with a complex content of vesicles and interconnected membranes that lack endosome markers, including CD63. Significantly, these structures are accessible to small tracers (horseradish peroxidase or ruthenium red) applied to cells at 4°C, indicating that they are connected to the cell surface. HIV assembles on, and accumulates within, these intracellular compartments. Furthermore, CD63 is recruited to the virus-containing structures and incorporated into virions. These results indicate that, in macrophages, HIV-1 exploits a previously undescribed intracellular plasma membrane domain to assemble infectious particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Deneka
- Cell Biology Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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26
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Anes E, Peyron P, Staali L, Jordao L, Gutierrez MG, Kress H, Hagedorn M, Maridonneau-Parini I, Skinner MA, Wildeman AG, Kalamidas SA, Kuehnel M, Griffiths G. Dynamic life and death interactions between Mycobacterium smegmatis and J774 macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:939-60. [PMID: 16681836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
After internalization into macrophages non-pathogenic mycobacteria are killed within phagosomes. Pathogenic mycobacteria can block phagosome maturation and grow inside phagosomes but under some conditions can also be killed by macrophages. Killing mechanisms are poorly understood, although phago-lysosome fusion and nitric oxide (NO) production are implicated. We initiated a systematic analysis addressing how macrophages kill 'non-pathogenic'Mycobacterium smegmatis. This system was dynamic, involving periods of initial killing, then bacterial multiplication, followed by two additional killing stages. NO synthesis represented the earliest killing factor but its synthesis stopped during the first killing period. Phagosome actin assembly and fusion with late endocytic organelles coincided with the first and last killing phase, while recycling of phagosome content and membrane coincided with bacterial growth. Phagosome acidification and acquisition of the vacuolar (V) ATPase followed a different pattern coincident with later killing phases. Moreover, V-ATPase localized to vesicles distinct from classical late endosomes and lysosomes. Map kinase p38 is a crucial regulator of all processes investigated, except NO synthesis, that facilitated the host for some functions while being usurped by live bacteria for others. A mathematical model argues that periodic high and low cellular killing activity is more effective than is a continuous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Molecular Pathogenesis Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Forcas Armadas, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
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27
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Tang RH, Law SKA, Tan SM. Selective recruitment of src family kinase Hck by leukocyte integrin αMβ2but not αLβ2or αXβ2. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4435-42. [PMID: 16854414 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are type I heterodimeric (alpha/beta) cell adhesion molecules. They trigger cell-signaling by recruiting cytosolic molecules to their cytoplasmic tails. Integrin alpha cytoplasmic tail contributes towards integrin function specificity, an important feature of integrins having different alpha subunits but sharing the same beta subunit. Herein, we show that the src family kinase Hck co-capped selectively with leukocyte integrin alpha(M)beta(2) but not alpha(L)beta(2) or alpha(X)beta(2). This was disrupted when the alpha(M) cytoplasmic tail was substituted with that of alpha(L) or alpha(X). Co-capping was recovered by alpha(L) or alpha(X) cytoplasmic tail truncation or forced separation of the alpha and beta cytoplasmic tails via salt-bridge disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hong Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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28
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Johnsen IB, Nguyen TT, Ringdal M, Tryggestad AM, Bakke O, Lien E, Espevik T, Anthonsen MW. Toll-like receptor 3 associates with c-Src tyrosine kinase on endosomes to initiate antiviral signaling. EMBO J 2006; 25:3335-46. [PMID: 16858407 PMCID: PMC1523188 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is produced during the replication cycle of most viruses and triggers antiviral immune responses through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). However, the molecular mechanisms and subcellular compartments associated with dsRNA-TLR3-mediated signaling are largely unknown. Here we show that c-Src tyrosine kinase is activated by dsRNA in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and is recruited to TLR3 in a dsRNA-dependent manner. DsRNA-induced activation of interferon-regulatory factor 3 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 was abolished in Src kinase-deficient cells, and restored by adding back c-Src, suggesting a central role of c-Src in antiviral immunity. We also provide evidence that TLR3 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of unstimulated cells, moves to dsRNA-containing endosomes in response to dsRNA, and colocalizes with c-Src on endosomes containing dsRNA in the lumen. These results provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of TLR3-mediated signaling, which may contribute to the understanding of innate immune responses during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Bjellmo Johnsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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29
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Kzhyshkowska J, Mamidi S, Gratchev A, Kremmer E, Schmuttermaier C, Krusell L, Haus G, Utikal J, Schledzewski K, Scholtze J, Goerdt S. Novel stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) is up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages and secreted via lysosomal pathway. Blood 2005; 107:3221-8. [PMID: 16357325 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Glyco_18-domain-containing proteins include catalytically active chitinases and chitinase-like proteins with cytokine activity involved in host defense and Th2-type inflammatory reactions. Here, we describe a novel human Glyco_18-domain-containing protein, SI-CLP, as an interacting partner of the endocytic/sorting receptor stabilin-1. Similarly to the chitinase-like cytokines YKL-39, YKL-40, and YM1/2, SI-CLP lacks a chitin-binding domain and catalytic amino acids. Using a novel mAb 1C11, we demonstrated that SI-CLP is sorted into late endosomes and secretory lysosomes in human alternatively activated macrophages. The direct interaction of SI-CLP with stabilin-1, their colocalization in the trans-Golgi network, and the reduced sorting of SI-CLP into lysosomes in macrophages treated with stabilin-1 siRNA suggest that stabilin-1 is involved in intracellular sorting of SI-CLP. Expression of SI-CLP in macrophages was strongly up-regulated by the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and by dexamethasone. This effect was suppressed by IFNgamma but not affected by IL-10. In contrast, expression of YKL-40 was induced by IFNgamma and suppressed by dexamethasone. Macrophages treated with IL-4 secreted SI-CLP, while costimulation with dexamethasone blocked secretion and resulted in intracellular accumulation of SI-CLP. The 1C11 mAb detected SI-CLP in human bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral-blood leukocytes (PBLs), and can be used to analyze the role of SI-CLP in human disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/immunology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chitinases/biosynthesis
- Chitinases/genetics
- Chitinases/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dexamethasone/immunology
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Golgi Apparatus/enzymology
- Golgi Apparatus/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Lysosomes/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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30
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Cougoule C, Carréno S, Castandet J, Labrousse A, Astarie-Dequeker C, Poincloux R, Le Cabec V, Maridonneau-Parini I. Activation of the Lysosome-Associated p61Hck Isoform Triggers the Biogenesis of Podosomes. Traffic 2005; 6:682-94. [PMID: 15998323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) is a protein tyrosine kinase of the Src family specifically expressed in phagocytes as two isoforms, p59Hck and p61Hck, present at the plasma membrane and lysosomes, respectively. We report that ectopic expression of a constitutively active mutant of p61Hck (p61Hck(ca)) triggered the de novo formation of actin-rich rings at the ventral face of the cells that we characterized as bona fide podosome rosettes, structures involved in cell migration. Their formation required the adaptor domains and the kinase activity of p61Hck, the integrity of microfilament and microtubule networks and concerted action of Cdc42, Rac and Rho. Podosome rosette formation was either abolished when p61Hck(ca) was readdressed from lysosomes to the cytosol or triggered when p59Hck(ca) was relocalized to lysosomes. Lysosomal markers were present at podosome rosettes. By stimulating exocytosis of p61Hck(ca) lysosomes with a calcium ionophore, the formation of podosome rosettes was enhanced. Interestingly, we confirm that, in human macrophages, Hck and lysosomal markers were present at podosomes which were spatially reorganized as clusters, a foregoing step to form rosettes, upon expression of p61Hck(ca). We propose that lysosomes, under the control of p61Hck, are involved in the biogenesis of podosomes, a key phenomenon in the migration of phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex, France
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31
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Castandet J, Prost JF, Peyron P, Astarie-Dequeker C, Anes E, Cozzone AJ, Griffiths G, Maridonneau-Parini I. Tyrosine phosphatase MptpA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits phagocytosis and increases actin polymerization in macrophages. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:1005-13. [PMID: 16085396 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases from several microorganisms have been shown to play a role as virulence factors by modifying the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation equilibrium in cells of their host. Two tyrosine phosphatases, MptpA and MptpB, secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have been identified. Expression of MptpA is upregulated upon infection of monocytes, but its role in host cells has not been elucidated. A eukaryotic expression vector containing the mptpA cDNA has been transfected into macrophages. We report that MptpA reduced phagocytosis of mycobacteria, opsonized zymosan or zymosan, but had no effect on phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles. We also noted that the presence of F-actin at the surface of phagosomes containing opsonized zymosan was significantly increased in cells expressing MptpA. In the presence of recombinant MptpA, the process of actin polymerization at the surface of isolated phagosomes was increased; this was not the case in the presence of the phosphatase-dead mutant MptpA(C11S). MptpA had no effect when IgG-coated particles were present inside isolated phagosomes. These results indicate that, like other tyrosine phosphatases of pathogens, MptpA plays a role in phagocytosis and actin polymerization. However, MptpA had no effect on IgG particles, suggesting that its putative substrate(s) is not linked to the signaling pathways of Fcgamma receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Castandet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR CNRS 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
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32
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Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Martens JH, Pervushina O, Mamidi S, Johansson S, Schledzewski K, Hansen B, He X, Tang J, Nakayama K, Goerdt S. Stabilin-1 localizes to endosomes and the trans-Golgi network in human macrophages and interacts with GGA adaptors. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1151-61. [PMID: 15345724 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0504300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 constitute a novel family of fasciclin domain-containing hyaluronan receptor homologues recently described by us. Whereas stabilin-1 is expressed in sinusoidal endothelial cells and in macrophages in vivo, stabilin-2 is absent from the latter. In the present study, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of stabilin-1 in primary human macrophages. Using flow cytometry, expression of stabilin-1 was demonstrated on the surface of interleukin-4/dexamethasone-stimulated macrophages (MPhi2). By immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we established that stabilin-1 is preferentially localized in early endosome antigen-1-positive early/sorting endosomes and in recycling endosomes identified by transferrin endocytosis. Association of stabilin-1 was infrequently seen with p62 lck ligand-positive late endosomes and with CD63-positive lysosomes but not in lysosome-associated membrane protein-1-positive lysosomes. Stabilin-1 was also found in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) but not in Golgi stack structures. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay revealed that the cytoplasmic tail of stabilin-1 but not stabilin-2 binds to recently discovered Golgi-localized, gamma-ear-containing, adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosylation factor-binding (GGA) adaptors GGA1, GGA2, and GGA3 long, mediating traffic between Golgi and endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Stabilin-1 did not bind to GGA3 short, which lacks a part of the Vps27p/Hrs/STAM domain. Deletion of DDSLL and LL amino acid motifs resulted in decreased binding of stabilin-1 with GGAs. A small portion of stabilin-1 colocalized with GGA2 and GGA3 in the TGN in MPhi2. Treatment with brefeldin A resulted in accumulation of stabilin-1 in the TGN. Our results suggest that stabilin-1 is involved in the GGA-mediated sorting processes at the interface of the biosynthetic and endosomal pathways; similarly to other GGA-interacting proteins, stabilin-1 may thus function in endocytic and secretory processes of human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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33
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Rupani R, Handerson T, Pawelek J. Co-localization of beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides and coarse melanin in macrophage-melanoma fusion hybrids and human melanoma cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:281-8. [PMID: 15140074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fusion hybrids between normal macrophages and Cloudman S91 melanoma cells were shown earlier to have increased metastatic potential, along with high expression of beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V and beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides. Curiously, hybrids, but not parental melanoma cells, also produced 'coarse melanin'- autophagic vesicles with multiple melanosomes. As beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides were known to be associated with metastasis, and coarse melanin had been described in invasive human melanomas, we looked for potential relationships between the two. Using lectin- and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed cell lines producing coarse melanin for beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides: gp100/pmel-17 (a melanosomal structural component) and CD63 (a late endosome/lysosome component associated with melanoma and certain other human cancers). Cell lines used in this study were (i) hybrid 94-H48, a highly metastatic, macrophage-melanoma experimental fusion hybrid; (ii) 6(neo) mouse melanoma cells, the weakly metastatic, parental fusion partner; and (iii) SKmel-23, a human melanoma cell line derived from a metastasis. Coarse melanin granules were prominent both in hybrids and in SKmel-23 cells, and co-localized with stains for beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides, gp100/pmel 17, and CD63. This is the first report of this phenotype being expressed in vitro, although co-expression of beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides and coarse melanin was recently shown to be a common and pervasive characteristic in archival specimens of human melanomas, and was most prominent in metastases. The results suggest that pathways of melanogenesis in melanoma may differ significantly from those in normal melanocytes. In vitro expression of this phenotype provides new biological systems for more detailed analyses of its genesis and regulation at the molecular genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Rupani
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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34
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Monferran S, Paupert J, Dauvillier S, Salles B, Muller C. The membrane form of the DNA repair protein Ku interacts at the cell surface with metalloproteinase 9. EMBO J 2004; 23:3758-68. [PMID: 15385961 PMCID: PMC522801 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ku heterodimer (Ku70/Ku80) plays a central role in DNA double-strand breaks repair. Ku is also expressed on the cell surface of different types of cells where its function remains poorly understood. From a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified a specific interaction between the core region of Ku80 and the hemopexin domain of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a key enzyme involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Ku associates with MMP-9 on the surface of leukemic cells as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments in membrane extracts and double-label immunofluorescence studies. In normal and tumoral migratory cells, Ku80 and MMP-9 colocalize at the periphery of leading edge of cells and cellular invasion of collagen IV matrices was blocked by antibodies directed against Ku70 or Ku80 subunits as well as by Ku80-specific antisense oligonucleotides. Our results indicate that Ku and MMP-9 interact at the cell membrane of highly invasive hematopoietic cells of normal and tumoral origin and document the unexpected importance of the membrane-associated form of Ku in the regulation of ECM remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Monferran
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Jenny Paupert
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Dauvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Salles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France. Tel.: +33 5 61175936; Fax: +33 5 61175933; E-mail:
| | - Catherine Muller
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
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35
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Ono A, Freed EO. Cell-type-dependent targeting of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly to the plasma membrane and the multivesicular body. J Virol 2004; 78:1552-63. [PMID: 14722309 PMCID: PMC321403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.3.1552-1563.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly-and-release pathway begins with the targeting of the Gag precursor to the site of virus assembly. The molecular mechanism by which Gag is targeted to the appropriate subcellular location remains poorly understood. Based on the analysis of mutant Gag proteins, we and others have previously demonstrated that a highly basic patch in the matrix (MA) domain of Gag is a major determinant of Gag transport to the plasma membrane. In this study, we determined that in HeLa and T cells, the MA mutant Gag proteins that are defective in plasma membrane targeting form virus particles in a CD63-positive compartment, defined as the late endosome or multivesicular body (MVB). Interestingly, we find that in primary human macrophages, both wild-type (WT) and MA mutant Gag proteins are targeted specifically to the MVB. Despite the fact that particle assembly in macrophages occurs at an intracellular site rather than at the plasma membrane, we observe that WT Gag expressed in this cell type is released as extracellular virions with high efficiency. These results demonstrate that Gag targeting to and assembly in the MVB are physiologically important steps in HIV-1 virus particle production in macrophages and that particle release in this cell type may follow an exosomal pathway. To determine whether Gag targeting to the MVB is the result of an interaction between the late domain in p6(Gag) and the MVB sorting machinery (e.g., TSG101), we examined the targeting and assembly of Gag mutants lacking p6. Significantly, the MVB localization of Gag was still observed in the absence of p6, suggesting that an interaction between Gag and TSG101 is not required for Gag targeting to the MVB. These data are consistent with a model for Gag targeting that postulates two different cellular binding partners for Gag, one on the plasma membrane and the other in the MVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ono
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA.
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36
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Kim M, Tezuka T, Tanaka K, Yamamoto T. Cbl-c suppresses v-Src-induced transformation through ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. Oncogene 2003; 23:1645-55. [PMID: 14661060 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Cbl family proteins Cbl, Cbl-b, and Cbl-c/Cbl-3 are thought to regulate signaling through protein-tyrosine kinases, positively as scaffold proteins and negatively as ubiquitin ligases. However, the precise signaling pathways and target proteins for each Cbl family member are not well understood. Here we show that Src is a preferential target of Cbl-c for degradation. Although exogenous expression of all Cbl family proteins suppressed the anchorage-independent growth of v-Src-transformed NIH3T3 cells, only Cbl-c caused reversion of the refractile morphology. The level of v-Src protein was reduced by Cbl-c, possibly through a lysosome-dependent pathway. The TKB domain and RING finger of Cbl-c were important for its antioncogenic activity. Wild-type Cbl-c promoted ubiquitination of Src in 293T cells, whereas a RING finger mutant did not. Cbl-c bound specifically to Src phosphorylated at Tyr419. Furthermore, Cbl-c together with UbcH5 induced ubiquitination of Src in vitro. Importantly, the Tyr419 nonphosphorylated form of Src was not ubiquitinated by Cbl-c. Therefore, activated Src may be a direct target of Cbl-c in vivo. Our results suggest that Cbl and Cbl-b suppress v-Src-induced transformation through mechanisms distinct from that of Cbl-c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Villeneuve C, Etienne G, Abadie V, Montrozier H, Bordier C, Laval F, Daffe M, Maridonneau-Parini I, Astarie-Dequeker C. Surface-exposed glycopeptidolipids of Mycobacterium smegmatis specifically inhibit the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human macrophages. Identification of a novel family of glycopeptidolipids. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51291-300. [PMID: 14534313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306554200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by macrophages represents the early step of the mycobacterial infection. It is governed both by the nature of the host receptors used and the ligands exposed on the bacteria. The outermost molecules of the nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis were extracted by a mechanical treatment and found to specifically and dose dependently inhibit the phagocytosis of both M. smegmatis and the opportunistic pathogen M. kansasii by human macrophages derived from monocytes. The inhibitory activity was attributed to surface lipids because it is extracted by chloroform and reduced by alkaline hydrolysis but not by protease treatment. Fractionation of surface lipids by adsorption chromatography indicated that the major inhibitory compounds consisted of phospholipids and glycopeptidolipids (GPLs). Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses, combined with chemical degradation methods, demonstrated the existence of a novel family of GPLs that consists of a core composed of the long-chain tripeptidyl amino-alcohol with a di-O-acetyl-6-deoxytalosyl unit substituting the allo-threoninyl residue and a 2-succinyl-3,4-di-O-CH3-rhamnosyl unit linked to the alaninol end of the molecules. These compounds, as well as diglycosylated GPLs at the alaninol end and de-O-acylated GPLs, but not the non-serovar-specific di-O-acetylated GPLs, inhibited the phagocytosis of M. smegmatis and M. avium by human macrophages at a few nanomolar concentration without affecting the rate of zymosan internalization. At micromolar concentrations, the native GPLs also inhibit the uptake of both M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii. De-O-acylation experiments established the critical roles of both the succinyl and acetyl substituents. Collectively, these data provide evidence that surface-exposed mycobacterial glycoconjugates are efficient competitors of the interaction between macrophages and mycobacteria and, as such, could represent pharmacological tools for the control of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Villeneuve
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
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38
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Martinez-Arca S, Rudge R, Vacca M, Raposo G, Camonis J, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Daviet L, Formstecher E, Hamburger A, Filippini F, D'Esposito M, Galli T. A dual mechanism controlling the localization and function of exocytic v-SNAREs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9011-6. [PMID: 12853575 PMCID: PMC166429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1431910100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE [soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor] proteins are essential for membrane fusion but their regulation is not yet fully understood. We have previously shown that the amino-terminal Longin domain of the v-SNARE TI-VAMP (tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein)/VAMP7 plays an inhibitory role in neurite outgrowth. The goal of this study was to investigate the regulation of TI-VAMP as a model of v-SNARE regulation. We show here that the Longin domain (LD) plays a dual role. First, it negatively regulates the ability of TI-VAMP and of a Longin/Synaptobrevin chimera to participate in SNARE complexes. Second, it interacts with the adaptor complex AP-3 and this interaction targets TI-VAMP to late endosomes. Accordingly, in mocha cells lacking AP-3 delta, TI-VAMP is retained in an early endosomal compartment. Furthermore, TI-VAMPc, an isoform of TI-VAMP lacking part of the LD, does not interact with AP-3, and therefore is not targeted to late endosomes; however, this shorter LD still inhibits SNARE-complex formation. These findings support a mechanism controlling both localization and function of TI-VAMP through the LD and clathrin adaptors. Moreover, they point to the amino-terminal domains of SNARE proteins as multifunctional modules responsible for the fine tuning of SNARE function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martinez-Arca
- Membrane Traffic and Neuronal Plasticity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U536, Institut du Fer-à-Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
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