1
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Koch LB, Spanos C, Kelly V, Ly T, Marston AL. Rewiring of the phosphoproteome executes two meiotic divisions in budding yeast. EMBO J 2024; 43:1351-1383. [PMID: 38413836 PMCID: PMC10987667 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is ordered by a controlled network of kinases and phosphatases. To generate gametes via meiosis, two distinct and sequential chromosome segregation events occur without an intervening S phase. How canonical cell cycle controls are modified for meiosis is not well understood. Here, using highly synchronous budding yeast populations, we reveal how the global proteome and phosphoproteome change during the meiotic divisions. While protein abundance changes are limited to key cell cycle regulators, dynamic phosphorylation changes are pervasive. Our data indicate that two waves of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdc28Cdk1) and Polo (Cdc5Polo) kinase activity drive successive meiotic divisions. These two distinct phases of phosphorylation are ensured by the meiosis-specific Spo13 protein, which rewires the phosphoproteome. Spo13 binds to Cdc5Polo to promote phosphorylation in meiosis I, particularly of substrates containing a variant of the canonical Cdc5Polo motif. Overall, our findings reveal that a master regulator of meiosis directs the activity of a kinase to change the phosphorylation landscape and elicit a developmental cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori B Koch
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Christos Spanos
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Van Kelly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Tony Ly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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2
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Li S, Kasciukovic T, Tanaka TU. Kinetochore-microtubule error correction for biorientation: lessons from yeast. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:29-39. [PMID: 38305688 PMCID: PMC10903472 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on sister kinetochores forming stable attachments to microtubules (MTs) extending from opposite spindle poles and establishing biorientation. To achieve this, erroneous kinetochore-MT interactions must be resolved through a process called error correction, which dissolves improper kinetochore-MT attachment and allows new interactions until biorientation is achieved. The Aurora B kinase plays key roles in driving error correction by phosphorylating Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes, while Mps1 kinase, Stu2 MT polymerase and phosphatases also regulate this process. Once biorientation is formed, tension is applied to kinetochore-MT interaction, stabilizing it. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms of kinetochore-MT interaction, error correction and biorientation. We focus mainly on recent insights from budding yeast, where the attachment of a single MT to a single kinetochore during biorientation simplifies the analysis of error correction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Li
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Taciana Kasciukovic
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Tomoyuki U. Tanaka
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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3
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Gordon MR, Zhu J, Sun G, Li R. Suppression of chromosome instability by targeting a DNA helicase in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar3. [PMID: 36350688 PMCID: PMC9816644 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-09-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an important driver of cancer initiation, progression, drug resistance, and aging. As such, genes whose inhibition suppresses CIN are potential therapeutic targets. We report here that deletion of an accessory DNA helicase, Rrm3, suppresses high CIN caused by a wide range of genetic or pharmacological perturbations in yeast. Although this helicase mutant has altered cell cycle dynamics, suppression of CIN by rrm3∆ is independent of the DNA damage and spindle assembly checkpoints. Instead, the rrm3∆ mutant may have increased kinetochore-microtubule error correction due to an altered localization of Aurora B kinase and associated phosphatase, PP2A-Rts1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Gordon
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jin Zhu
- Mechanobiology Institute and
| | - Gordon Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Mechanobiology Institute and
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117411
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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4
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Sane A, Sridhar S, Sanyal K, Ghosh SK. Shugoshin ensures maintenance of the spindle assembly checkpoint response and efficient spindle disassembly. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1079-1098. [PMID: 34407255 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shugoshin proteins are evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes, with some species-specific cellular functions, ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation. They act as adaptors at various subcellular locales to mediate several protein-protein interactions in a spatio-temporal manner. Here, we characterize shugoshin (Sgo1) in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We observe that Sgo1 retains its centromeric localization and performs its conserved functions of regulating the sister chromatid biorientation, centromeric condensin localization, and maintenance of chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). We identify novel roles of Sgo1 as a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) component with functions in maintaining a prolonged SAC response by retaining Mad2 and Bub1 at the kinetochores in response to improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Strikingly, we discover the in vivo localization of Sgo1 along the length of the mitotic spindle. Our results indicate that Sgo1 performs a hitherto unknown function of facilitating timely disassembly of the mitotic spindle in C. albicans. To summarize, this study unravels a unique functional adaptation of shugoshin in maintaining genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Sane
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, India
| | - Shreyas Sridhar
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kaustuv Sanyal
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, India
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5
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Aurora B Tension Sensing Mechanisms in the Kinetochore Ensure Accurate Chromosome Segregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168818. [PMID: 34445523 PMCID: PMC8396173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate segregation of chromosomes is essential for the survival of organisms and cells. Mistakes can lead to aneuploidy, tumorigenesis and congenital birth defects. The spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that chromosomes properly align on the spindle, with sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite poles. Here, we review how tension is used to identify and selectively destabilize incorrect attachments, and thus serves as a trigger of the spindle assembly checkpoint to ensure fidelity in chromosome segregation. Tension is generated on properly attached chromosomes as sister chromatids are pulled in opposing directions but resisted by centromeric cohesin. We discuss the role of the Aurora B kinase in tension-sensing and explore the current models for translating mechanical force into Aurora B-mediated biochemical signals that regulate correction of chromosome attachments to the spindle.
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6
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Su XB, Wang M, Schaffner C, Nerusheva OO, Clift D, Spanos C, Kelly DA, Tatham M, Wallek A, Wu Y, Rappsilber J, Jeyaprakash AA, Storchova Z, Hay RT, Marston AL. SUMOylation stabilizes sister kinetochore biorientation to allow timely anaphase. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202005130. [PMID: 33929514 PMCID: PMC8094117 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite poles, called biorientation. Sister chromatid cohesion resists microtubule forces, generating tension, which provides the signal that biorientation has occurred. How tension silences the surveillance pathways that prevent cell cycle progression and correct erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments remains unclear. Here we show that SUMOylation dampens error correction to allow stable sister kinetochore biorientation and timely anaphase onset. The Siz1/Siz2 SUMO ligases modify the pericentromere-localized shugoshin (Sgo1) protein before its tension-dependent release from chromatin. Sgo1 SUMOylation reduces its binding to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and weakening of this interaction is important for stable biorientation. Unstable biorientation in SUMO-deficient cells is associated with persistence of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) at centromeres, and SUMOylation of CPC subunit Bir1 also contributes to timely anaphase onset. We propose that SUMOylation acts in a combinatorial manner to facilitate dismantling of the error correction machinery within pericentromeres and thereby sharpen the metaphase-anaphase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bessie Su
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Menglu Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claudia Schaffner
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olga O. Nerusheva
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dean Clift
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A. Kelly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Tatham
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andreas Wallek
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yehui Wu
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zuzana Storchova
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ronald T. Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adèle L. Marston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Aurora B kinase: a potential drug target for cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2187-2198. [PMID: 34047821 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring genetic integrity is essential during the cell cycle to avoid aneuploidy, one of the underlying causes of malignancies. Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinase that play a vital role in maintaining the genomic integrity of the cells. There are three forms of aurora kinases in the mammalian cells, which are highly conserved and act together with several other proteins to control chromosome alignment and its equal distribution to daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis. METHODS We provide here a detailed analysis of Aurora B kinase (ABK) in terms of its expression, structure, function, disease association and potential therapeutic implications. RESULTS ABK plays an instrumental in mitotic entry, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, cytokinesis, and abscission. Small-molecule inhibitors of ABK are designed and synthesized to control cancer progression. A detailed understanding of ABK pathophysiology in different cancers is of great significance in designing and developing effective therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION In this review, we have discussed the physiological significance of ABK followed by its role in cancer progression. We further highlighted available small-molecule inhibitors to control the tumor proliferation and their mechanistic insights.
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8
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Mengoli V, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Lamb M, Lister LM, Lodge C, Rojas J, Zagoriy I, Herbert M, Zachariae W. Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106812. [PMID: 33644894 PMCID: PMC8013787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization involves sequential loss of cohesin from chromosome arms and centromeres during two meiotic divisions. At centromeres, cohesin's Rec8 subunit is protected from separase cleavage at meiosis I and then deprotected to allow its cleavage at meiosis II. Protection of centromeric cohesin by shugoshin-PP2A seems evolutionarily conserved. However, deprotection has been proposed to rely on spindle forces separating the Rec8 protector from cohesin at metaphase II in mammalian oocytes and on APC/C-dependent destruction of the protector at anaphase II in yeast. Here, we have activated APC/C in the absence of sister kinetochore biorientation at meiosis II in yeast and mouse oocytes, and find that bipolar spindle forces are dispensable for sister centromere separation in both systems. Furthermore, we show that at least in yeast, protection of Rec8 by shugoshin and inhibition of separase by securin are both required for the stability of centromeric cohesin at metaphase II. Our data imply that related mechanisms preserve the integrity of dyad chromosomes during the short metaphase II of yeast and the prolonged metaphase II arrest of mammalian oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mahdi Lamb
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lisa M Lister
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chris Lodge
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
EMBL HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mary Herbert
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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9
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Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is required for cell survival and organismal development. During mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint acts as a safeguard to maintain the high fidelity of mitotic chromosome segregation by monitoring the attachment of kinetochores to the mitotic spindle. Bub1 is a conserved kinase critical for the spindle assembly checkpoint. Bub1 also facilitates chromosome alignment and contributes to the regulation of mitotic duration. Here, focusing on the spindle assembly checkpoint and on chromosome alignment, we summarize the primary literature on Bub1, discussing its structure and functional domains, as well its regulation and roles in mitosis. In addition, we discuss recent evidence for roles of Bub1 beyond mitosis regulation in TGFβ signaling and telomere replication. Finally, we discuss the involvement of Bub1 in human diseases, especially in cancer, and the potential of using Bub1 as a drug target for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Anton Gartner
- IBS Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
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10
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Functioning mechanisms of Shugoshin-1 in centromeric cohesion during mitosis. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:289-297. [PMID: 32451529 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of centromeric cohesion is required for faithful chromosome segregation that prevents chromosomal instability. Extensive studies have identified and established the conserved protein Shugoshin (Sgo1/2) as an essential protector for centromeric cohesion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) protects centromeric cohesion at the molecular level. Targeting of Sgo1 to inner centromeres is required for its proper function of cohesion protection. We therefore discuss about the molecular mechanisms that install Sgo1 onto inner centromeres. At metaphase-to-anaphase transition, Sgo1 at inner centromeres needs to be disabled for the subsequent sister-chromatid segregation. A few recent studies suggest interesting models to explain how it is achieved. These models are discussed as well.
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11
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Yahya G, Wu Y, Peplowska K, Röhrl J, Soh YM, Bürmann F, Gruber S, Storchova Z. Phospho-regulation of the Shugoshin - Condensin interaction at the centromere in budding yeast. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008569. [PMID: 32810145 PMCID: PMC7454948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct bioriented attachment of sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle is essential for chromosome segregation. In budding yeast, the conserved protein shugoshin (Sgo1) contributes to biorientation by recruiting the protein phosphatase PP2A-Rts1 and the condensin complex to centromeres. Using peptide prints, we identified a Serine-Rich Motif (SRM) of Sgo1 that mediates the interaction with condensin and is essential for centromeric condensin recruitment and the establishment of biorientation. We show that the interaction is regulated via phosphorylation within the SRM and we determined the phospho-sites using mass spectrometry. Analysis of the phosphomimic and phosphoresistant mutants revealed that SRM phosphorylation disrupts the shugoshin–condensin interaction. We present evidence that Mps1, a central kinase in the spindle assembly checkpoint, directly phosphorylates Sgo1 within the SRM to regulate the interaction with condensin and thereby condensin localization to centromeres. Our findings identify novel mechanisms that control shugoshin activity at the centromere in budding yeast. Proper chromosome segregation in eukaryotes is ensured through correct attachment of the spindle microtubules to the centromeric chromosomal regions. The attachment is mediated via the multimolecular proteinaceous complex called the kinetochore. This enables the establishment of bioirentation, when each sister chromatid is attached to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. Shugoshin (Sgo1) is a conserved centromeric protein that facilitates biorientation through its interactions with the protein phosphatase PP2A-Rts1, chromosome passenger complex and centromeric condensin. Here, we identified a serine-rich motif that is required for the interaction of shugoshin with the condensin complex. We show that loss of this region impairs condensin enrichment at the centromere, chromosome biorientation, segregation as well as the function of the chromosome passenger complex in the error correction. Moreover, the interaction is phosphoregulated, as phosphorylation of the serine-rich motif on Sgo1 disrupts its interaction with condensin. Finally, we show that the conserved spindle assembly checkpoint kinase Mps1 is responsible for this phosphorylation. Our findings uncover novel regulatory mechanisms that facilitate proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserlautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yehui Wu
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karolina Peplowska
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Röhrl
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Young-Min Soh
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, UNIL-Sorge District, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bürmann
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gruber
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, UNIL-Sorge District, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zuzana Storchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserlautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Bonner MK, Haase J, Saunders H, Gupta H, Li BI, Kelly AE. The Borealin dimerization domain interacts with Sgo1 to drive Aurora B-mediated spindle assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2207-2218. [PMID: 32697622 PMCID: PMC7550704 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), which includes the kinase Aurora B, is a master regulator of meiotic and mitotic processes that ensure the equal segregation of chromosomes. Sgo1 is thought to play a major role in the recruitment of the CPC to chromosomes, but the molecular mechanism and contribution of Sgo1-dependent CPC recruitment is currently unclear. Using Xenopus egg extracts and biochemical reconstitution, we found that Sgo1 interacts directly with the dimerization domain of the CPC subunit Borealin. Borealin and the PP2A phosphatase complex can bind simultaneously to the coiled-coil domain of Sgo1, suggesting that Sgo1 can integrate Aurora B and PP2A activities to modulate Aurora B substrate phosphorylation. A Borealin mutant that specifically disrupts the Sgo1–Borealin interaction results in defects in CPC chromosomal recruitment and Aurora B–dependent spindle assembly, but not in spindle assembly checkpoint signaling at unattached kinetochores. These findings establish a direct molecular connection between Sgo1 and the CPC and have major implications for the different functions of Aurora B, which promote the proper interaction between spindle microtubules and chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Bonner
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julian Haase
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hayden Saunders
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hindol Gupta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Biyun Iris Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander E Kelly
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Sherwin D, Wang Y. The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246182. [PMID: 31817904 PMCID: PMC6940769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome integrity in all eukaryotic cells, and chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and therefore represents a hallmark of many cancers. Accurate segregation requires sister kinetochores to attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as bipolar attachment or biorientation. Recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms critical to chromosome bipolar attachment. First, a mechanism exists to ensure that the conformation of sister centromeres is biased toward bipolar attachment. Second, the phosphorylation of some kinetochore proteins destabilizes kinetochore attachment to facilitate error correction, but a protein phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation. Moreover, the activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint is regulated by kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, and this checkpoint prevents anaphase entry in response to faulty kinetochore attachment. The fine-tuned kinase/phosphatase balance at kinetochores is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Here, we discuss the function and regulation of protein phosphatases in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment with a focus on the model organism budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-850-644-0402; Fax: +1-850-644-5781
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14
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Chen Q, Wan X, Chen Y, Liu C, Gu M, Wang Z. SGO1 induces proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer through AKT-mediated signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2693-2705. [PMID: 31911855 PMCID: PMC6943359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although studies have revealed some of the pathological causes associated with prostate cancer progression, further studies are still needed. Shugoshin 1 (SGO1) is a protein essential for precise chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. However, the role and mechanism of SGO1 in tumors and even prostate cancer is not completely clear. In this study, expression of SGO1 in human prostate tumors were higher than that of adjacent normal tissues and were positively correlated with the poor prognosis of prostate cancer patients. SGO1 expression levels are also higher in several prostate cancer cell lines. In cell experiments, knockdown of SGO1 reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo, and also inhibited cell cycle progression of prostate cancer cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of SGO1 has the opposite effects. In addition, knockdown of SGO1 induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by promoting cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP. Importantly SGO1 function is dependent on AKT. Inhibition of AKT activity by AKT inhibitor abolished the role of SGO1 overexpression in promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, SGO1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer through the AKT pathway, and can be considered as an effective candidate for developing an effective prostate cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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15
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Aouida M, Eshrif A, Ramotar D. Yeast Lacking the PP2A Phosphatase Regulatory Subunit Rts1 Sensitizes rad51 Mutants to Specific DNA Damaging Agents. Front Genet 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31781172 PMCID: PMC6857479 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rts1 is a regulatory subunit of the trimeric protein phosphatase 2A phosphatase and it participates in many biological processes by modulating the phosphorylation status of proteins. Consistent with its role, mutants lacking Rts1 display multiple phenotypes. We have previously performed a high throughput screen to search for yeast haploid mutants with altered sensitivity to the anticancer drug bleomycin, which acts by damaging the DNA to produce single and double strand breaks. RTS1 was among the genes that when singly deleted cause sensitivity to bleomycin. We investigate whether Rts1 plays a role in the repair of bleomycin-induced DNA lesions. We show that deletion of the RTS1 gene in the rad51 null background, lacking Rad51 known to be involved in the repair of bleomycin-induced DNA lesions, resulted in double mutants that were sensitized to bleomycin and not to other DNA damaging agents that creates DNA adducts. We further show that Rts1 has the ability to bind to DNA and in its absence cells displayed an increase in the frequency of both spontaneous and bleomycin-induced mutations compared to the parent. This is the first report implicating Rts1 with a role in DNA damage and repair, perhaps regulating the phosphorylation status of one or more proteins involved in the repair of DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Aouida
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelmoez Eshrif
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Lawrimore J, Bloom K. The regulation of chromosome segregation via centromere loops. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:352-370. [PMID: 31573359 PMCID: PMC6856439 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1670130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical studies of the yeast centromere have shown that the organization of the centromeric chromatin plays a crucial role in maintaining proper tension between sister kinetochores during mitosis. While centromeric chromatin has traditionally been considered a simple spring, recent work reveals the centromere as a multifaceted, tunable shock absorber. Centromeres can differ from other regions of the genome in their heterochromatin state, supercoiling state, and enrichment of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes. Each of these differences can be utilized to alter the effective stiffness of centromeric chromatin. In budding yeast, the SMC protein complexes condensin and cohesin stiffen chromatin by forming and cross-linking chromatin loops, respectively, into a fibrous structure resembling a bottlebrush. The high density of the loops compacts chromatin while spatially isolating the tension from spindle pulling forces to a subset of the chromatin. Paradoxically, the molecular crowding of chromatin via cohesin and condensin also causes an outward/poleward force. The structure allows the centromere to act as a shock absorber that buffers the variable forces generated by dynamic spindle microtubules. Based on the distribution of SMCs from bacteria to human and the conserved distance between sister kinetochores in a wide variety of organisms (0.4 to 1 micron), we propose that the bottlebrush mechanism is the foundational principle for centromere function in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lawrimore
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerry Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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17
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A natural histone H2A variant lacking the Bub1 phosphorylation site and regulated depletion of centromeric histone CENP-A foster evolvability in Candida albicans. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000331. [PMID: 31226107 PMCID: PMC6613695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved elaborate mechanisms to ensure that chromosomes segregate with high fidelity during mitosis and meiosis, and yet specific aneuploidies can be adaptive during environmental stress. Here, we identify a chromatin-based system required for inducible aneuploidy in a human pathogen. Candida albicans utilizes chromosome missegregation to acquire tolerance to antifungal drugs and for nonmeiotic ploidy reduction after mating. We discovered that the ancestor of C. albicans and 2 related pathogens evolved a variant of histone 2A (H2A) that lacks the conserved phosphorylation site for kinetochore-associated Bub1 kinase, a key regulator of chromosome segregation. Using engineered strains, we show that the relative gene dosage of this variant versus canonical H2A controls the fidelity of chromosome segregation and the rate of acquisition of tolerance to antifungal drugs via aneuploidy. Furthermore, whole-genome chromatin precipitation analysis reveals that Centromere Protein A/ Centromeric Histone H3-like Protein (CENP-A/Cse4), a centromeric histone H3 variant that forms the platform of the eukaryotic kinetochore, is depleted from tetraploid-mating products relative to diploid parents and is virtually eliminated from cells exposed to aneuploidy-promoting cues. We conclude that genetically programmed and environmentally induced changes in chromatin can confer the capacity for enhanced evolvability via chromosome missegregation.
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18
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Han Q, Pan C, Wang Y, Wang N, Wang Y, Sang J. The PP2A regulatory subunits, Cdc55 and Rts1, play distinct roles in Candida albicans' growth, morphogenesis, and virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 131:103240. [PMID: 31185286 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a structural subunit. In Candida albicans, Cdc55 and Rts1 have been identified as possible regulatory subunits of PP2A containing the catalytic subunit Pph21 and structural subunit Tpd3. The Tpd3-Pph21 phosphatase regulates cell morphogenesis and division. However, the functions of Cdc55 and Rts1 remain unclear. Here, we constructed cdc55Δ/Δ and rts1Δ/Δ mutants and found that they exhibit different defects in multiple phenotypes although both show similar hyperphosphorylation of the septin Sep7 and aberrant septin organization. Under yeast growth conditions, the cdc55Δ/Δ mutant grows slowly as pseudohyphae with some cells lacking the nucleus, while rts1Δ/Δ cells are round and enlarged and seem to undergo incomplete cell separation producing multinucleated cells. Strong chitin deposition occurs at the septum of cdc55Δ/Δ cells and on the surface of rts1Δ/Δ cells, which likely contributes to increased susceptibility to caspofungin. Also, cdc55Δ/Δ exhibits severe defects in hyphal and biofilm formation, while rts1Δ/Δ is partially defective. Both mutants show reduced virulence in mice, suggesting that PP2A-B subunits could serve as potential antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Depatment of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianli Sang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Galander S, Barton RE, Borek WE, Spanos C, Kelly DA, Robertson D, Rappsilber J, Marston AL. Reductional Meiosis I Chromosome Segregation Is Established by Coordination of Key Meiotic Kinases. Dev Cell 2019; 49:526-541.e5. [PMID: 31031198 PMCID: PMC6547162 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis produces gametes through a specialized, two-step cell division, which is highly error prone in humans. Reductional meiosis I, where maternal and paternal chromosomes (homologs) segregate, is followed by equational meiosis II, where sister chromatids separate. Uniquely during meiosis I, sister kinetochores are monooriented and pericentromeric cohesin is protected. Here, we demonstrate that these key adaptations for reductional chromosome segregation are achieved through separable control of multiple kinases by the meiosis-I-specific budding yeast Spo13 protein. Recruitment of Polo kinase to kinetochores directs monoorientation, while independently, cohesin protection is achieved by containing the effects of cohesin kinases. Therefore, reductional chromosome segregation, the defining feature of meiosis, is established by multifaceted kinase control by a master regulator. The recent identification of Spo13 orthologs, fission yeast Moa1 and mouse MEIKIN, suggests that kinase coordination by a meiosis I regulator may be a general feature in the establishment of reductional chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Galander
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rachael E Barton
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Weronika E Borek
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Christos Spanos
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David A Kelly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Daniel Robertson
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adèle L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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20
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Ariño J, Velázquez D, Casamayor A. Ser/Thr protein phosphatases in fungi: structure, regulation and function. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:217-256. [PMID: 31114794 PMCID: PMC6506691 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.05.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phospho-dephosphorylation of proteins is a major mechanism for the control of cellular functions. By large, Ser and Thr are the most frequently residues phosphorylated in eukar-yotes. Removal of phosphate from these amino acids is catalyzed by a large family of well-conserved enzymes, collectively called Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. The activity of these enzymes has an enormous impact on cellular functioning. In this work we pre-sent the members of this family in S. cerevisiae and other fungal species, and review the most recent findings concerning their regu-lation and the roles they play in the most diverse aspects of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ariño
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Velázquez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Casamayor
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Bohr T, Nelson CR, Giacopazzi S, Lamelza P, Bhalla N. Shugoshin Is Essential for Meiotic Prophase Checkpoints in C. elegans. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3199-3211.e3. [PMID: 30293721 PMCID: PMC6200582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The conserved factor Shugoshin is dispensable in C. elegans for the two-step loss of sister chromatid cohesion that directs the proper segregation of meiotic chromosomes. We show that the C. elegans ortholog of Shugoshin, SGO-1, is required for checkpoint activity in meiotic prophase. This role in checkpoint function is similar to that of conserved proteins that structure meiotic chromosome axes. Indeed, null sgo-1 mutants exhibit additional phenotypes similar to that of a partial loss-of-function allele of the axis component, HTP-3: premature synaptonemal complex disassembly, the activation of alternate DNA repair pathways, and an inability to recruit a conserved effector of the DNA damage pathway, HUS-1. SGO-1 localizes to pre-meiotic nuclei when HTP-3 is present but not yet loaded onto chromosome axes and genetically interacts with a central component of the cohesin complex, SMC-3, suggesting that it contributes to meiotic chromosome metabolism early in meiosis by regulating cohesin. We propose that SGO-1 acts during pre-meiotic replication to ensure fully functional meiotic chromosome architecture, rendering these chromosomes competent for checkpoint activity and normal progression of meiotic recombination. Given that most research on Shugoshin has focused on its regulation of sister chromatid cohesion during chromosome segregation, this novel role may be conserved but previously uncharacterized in other organisms. Further, our findings expand the repertoire of Shugoshin's functions beyond coordinating regulatory activities at the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha Bohr
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Christian R Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Stefani Giacopazzi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Piero Lamelza
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Needhi Bhalla
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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22
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Kruitwagen T, Chymkowitch P, Denoth-Lippuner A, Enserink J, Barral Y. Centromeres License the Mitotic Condensation of Yeast Chromosome Arms. Cell 2018; 175:780-795.e15. [PMID: 30318142 PMCID: PMC6197839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, chromatin condensation shapes chromosomes as separate, rigid, and compact sister chromatids to facilitate their segregation. Here, we show that, unlike wild-type yeast chromosomes, non-chromosomal DNA circles and chromosomes lacking a centromere fail to condense during mitosis. The centromere promotes chromosome condensation strictly in cis through recruiting the kinases Aurora B and Bub1, which trigger the autonomous condensation of the entire chromosome. Shugoshin and the deacetylase Hst2 facilitated spreading the condensation signal to the chromosome arms. Targeting Aurora B to DNA circles or centromere-ablated chromosomes or releasing Shugoshin from PP2A-dependent inhibition bypassed the centromere requirement for condensation and enhanced the mitotic stability of DNA circles. Our data indicate that yeast cells license the chromosome-autonomous condensation of their chromatin in a centromere-dependent manner, excluding from this process non-centromeric DNA and thereby inhibiting their propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kruitwagen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Chymkowitch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jorrit Enserink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Tripartite Chromatin Localization of Budding Yeast Shugoshin Involves Higher-Ordered Architecture of Mitotic Chromosomes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2901-2911. [PMID: 30002083 PMCID: PMC6118306 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is key to faithful segregation of chromosomes. One requirement that satisfies SAC is appropriate tension between sister chromatids at the metaphase-anaphase juncture. Proper tension generated by poleward pulling of mitotic spindles signals biorientation of the underlying chromosome. In the budding yeast, the tension status is monitored by the conserved Shugoshin protein, Sgo1p, and the tension sensing motif (TSM) of histone H3. ChIP-seq reveals a unique TSM-dependent, tripartite domain of Sgo1p in each mitotic chromosome. This domain consists of one centromeric and two flanking peaks 3 - 4 kb away, present exclusively in mitosis. Strikingly, this trident motif coincides with cohesin localization, but only at the centromere and the two immediate adjacent loci, despite that cohesin is enriched at numerous regions throughout mitotic chromosomes. Chromosome conformation capture assays reveal apparent looping at the centromeric and pericentric regions. The TSM-Sgo1p-cohesin triad is therefore at the center stage of higher-ordered chromatin architecture for error-free segregation.
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24
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Mishra PK, Thapa KS, Chen P, Wang S, Hazbun TR, Basrai MA. Budding yeast CENP-A Cse4 interacts with the N-terminus of Sgo1 and regulates its association with centromeric chromatin. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:11-23. [PMID: 28980861 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1380129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shugoshin is an evolutionarily conserved protein, which is involved in tension sensing on mitotic chromosomes, kinetochore biorientation, and protection of centromeric (CEN) cohesin for faithful chromosome segregation. Interaction of the C-terminus of Sgo1 with phosphorylated histone H2A regulates its association with CEN and pericentromeric (peri-CEN) chromatin, whereas mutations in histone H3 selectively compromise the association of Sgo1 with peri-CEN but not CEN chromatin. Given that histone H3 is absent from CEN and is replaced by a histone H3 variant CENP-ACse4, we investigated if CENP-ACse4 interacts with Sgo1 and promotes its association with the CEN chromatin. In this study, we found that Sgo1 interacts with CENP-ACse4 in vivo and in vitro. The N-terminus coiled-coil domain of Sgo1 without the C-terminus (sgo1-NT) is sufficient for its interaction with CENP-ACse4, association with CEN but not the peri-CEN, and this CEN association is cell cycle dependent with maximum enrichment in mitosis. In agreement with the role of CENP-ACse4 in CEN maintenance of Sgo1, depletion of CENP-ACse4 results in the loss of Sgo1 and sgo1-NT from the CEN chromatin. The N-terminus of Sgo1 is required for genome stability as a mutant lacking the N-terminus (sgo1-CT) exhibits increased chromosome missegregation when compared to a sgo1-NT mutant. In summary, our results define a novel role for the N-terminus of Sgo1 in CENP-ACse4 mediated recruitment of Sgo1 to CEN chromatin for faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Mishra
- a Genetics Branch , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Kriti S Thapa
- b Purdue University , Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research (PUCCR) , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Panyue Chen
- b Purdue University , Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research (PUCCR) , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Suyu Wang
- b Purdue University , Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research (PUCCR) , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- b Purdue University , Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research (PUCCR) , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Munira A Basrai
- a Genetics Branch , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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25
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Premature Silencing of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Is Prevented by the Bub1-H2A-Sgo1-PP2A Axis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2016; 205:1169-1178. [PMID: 28040741 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.195727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors mistakes in kinetochore-microtubule interaction and its activation prevents anaphase entry. The SAC remains active until all chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment which applies tension on kinetochores. Our previous data in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that Ipl1/Aurora B kinase and a centromere-associated protein, Sgo1, are required to prevent SAC silencing prior to tension generation, but we believe that this regulatory network is incomplete. Bub1 kinase is one of the SAC components, and Bub1-dependent H2A phosphorylation triggers centromere recruitment of Sgo1 by H2A in yeast and human cells. Although yeast cells lacking the kinase domain of Bub1 show competent SAC activation, we found that the mutant cells fail to maintain a prolonged checkpoint arrest in the presence of tensionless attachment. Mutation of the Bub1 phosphorylation site in H2A also results in premature SAC silencing in yeast cells. Previous data indicate that Sgo1 protein binds to PP2ARts1, and we found that rts1Δ mutants exhibited premature SAC silencing as well. We further revealed that sgo1 mutants with abolished binding to H2A or PP2ARts1 displayed premature SAC silencing. Together, our results suggest that, in budding yeast S. cerevisiae, the Bub1-H2A-Sgo1-PP2ARts1 axis prevents SAC silencing and helps prolonged checkpoint arrest prior to tension establishment at kinetochores.
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26
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Identification of Tension Sensing Motif of Histone H3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Its Regulation by Histone Modifying Enzymes. Genetics 2016; 204:1029-1043. [PMID: 27672091 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure genome stability during cell division, all chromosomes must attach to spindles emanating from the opposite spindle pole bodies before segregation. The tension between sister chromatids generated by the poleward pulling force is an integral part of chromosome biorientation. In budding yeast, the residue Gly44 of histone H3 is critical for retaining the conserved Shugoshin protein Sgo1p at the pericentromeres for monitoring the tension status during mitosis. Studies carried out in this work showed that Lys42, Gly44, and Thr45 of H3 form the core of a tension sensing motif (TSM). Similar to the previously reported G44S mutant, K42A, G44A, and T45A alleles all rendered cells unable to respond to erroneous spindle attachment, a phenotype suppressed by Sgo1p overexpression. TSM functions by physically recruiting or retaining Sgo1p at pericentromeres as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation and by in vitro pulldown experiments. Intriguingly, the function of TSM is likely regulated by multiple histone modifying enzymes, including the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5p, and deacetylases Rpd3p and Hos2p Defects caused by TSM mutations can be suppressed by the expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of Gcn5p Conversely, G44S mutant cells exhibit prominent chromatin instability phenotype in the absence of RPD3 Importantly, the gcn5- suppressor restores the tension sensing function in tsm- background in a fashion that bypasses the need of stably associating Sgo1p with chromatin. These results demonstrate that the TSM of histone H3 is a key component of a mechanism that ensures faithful segregation, and that interaction with chromatin modifying enzymes may be an important part of the mitotic quality control process.
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27
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Qin L, Guimarães DSPSF, Melesse M, Hall MC. Substrate Recognition by the Cdh1 Destruction Box Receptor Is a General Requirement for APC/CCdh1-mediated Proteolysis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15564-74. [PMID: 27226622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex, or cyclosome (APC/C), is a ubiquitin ligase that selectively targets proteins for degradation in mitosis and the G1 phase and is an important component of the eukaryotic cell cycle control system. How the APC/C specifically recognizes its substrates is not fully understood. Although well characterized degron motifs such as the destruction box (D-box) and KEN-box are commonly found in APC/C substrates, many substrates apparently lack these motifs. A variety of alternative APC/C degrons have been reported, suggesting either that multiple modes of substrate recognition are possible or that our definitions of degron structure are incomplete. We used an in vivo yeast assay to compare the G1 degradation rate of 15 known substrates of the APC/C co-activator Cdh1 under normal conditions and conditions that impair binding of D-box, KEN-box, and the recently identified ABBA motif degrons to Cdh1. The D-box receptor was required for efficient proteolysis of all Cdh1 substrates, despite the absence of canonical D-boxes in many. In contrast, the KEN-box receptor was only required for normal proteolysis of a subset of substrates and the ABBA motif receptor for a single substrate in our system. Our results suggest that binding to the D-box receptor may be a shared requirement for recognition and processing of all Cdh1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | - Michael Melesse
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Mark C Hall
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Krenn V, Musacchio A. The Aurora B Kinase in Chromosome Bi-Orientation and Spindle Checkpoint Signaling. Front Oncol 2015; 5:225. [PMID: 26528436 PMCID: PMC4607871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B, a member of the Aurora family of serine/threonine protein kinases, is a key player in chromosome segregation. As part of a macromolecular complex known as the chromosome passenger complex, Aurora B concentrates early during mitosis in the proximity of centromeres and kinetochores, the sites of attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. There, it contributes to a number of processes that impart fidelity to cell division, including kinetochore stabilization, kinetochore–microtubule attachment, and the regulation of a surveillance mechanism named the spindle assembly checkpoint. In the regulation of these processes, Aurora B is the fulcrum of a remarkably complex network of interactions that feed back on its localization and activation state. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles of Aurora B during mitosis, focusing in particular on its role at centromeres and kinetochores. Many details of the network of interactions at these locations remain poorly understood, and we focus here on several crucial outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Krenn
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany ; Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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Meppelink A, Kabeche L, Vromans MJM, Compton DA, Lens SMA. Shugoshin-1 balances Aurora B kinase activity via PP2A to promote chromosome bi-orientation. Cell Rep 2015; 11:508-15. [PMID: 25892238 PMCID: PMC4718550 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction of faulty kinetochore-microtubule attachments is essential for faithful chromosome segregation and dictated by the opposing activities of Aurora B kinase and PP1 and PP2A phosphatases. How kinase and phosphatase activities are appropriately balanced is less clear. Here, we show that a centromeric pool of PP2A-B56 counteracts Aurora B T-loop phosphorylation and is recruited to centromeres through Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1). In non-transformed RPE-1 cells, Aurora B, Sgo1, and PP2A-B56 are enriched on centromeres and levels diminish as chromosomes establish bi-oriented attachments. Elevating Sgo1 levels at centromeres recruits excess PP2A-B56, and this counteracts Aurora B kinase activity, undermining efficient correction of kinetochore-microtubule attachment errors. Conversely, Sgo1-depleted cells display reduced centromeric localization of Aurora B, whereas the remaining kinase is hyperactive due to concomitant reduction of centromeric PP2A-B56. Our data suggest that Sgo1 can tune the stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments through recruitment of PP2A-B56 that balances Aurora B activity at the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Meppelink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lilian Kabeche
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Martijn J M Vromans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Duane A Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
The shugoshin/Mei-S332 family are proteins that associate with the chromosomal region surrounding the centromere (the pericentromere) and that play multiple and distinct roles in ensuring the accuracy of chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. The underlying role of shugoshins appears to be to serve as pericentromeric adaptor proteins that recruit several different effectors to this region of the chromosome to regulate processes critical for chromosome segregation. Crucially, shugoshins undergo changes in their localization in response to the tension that is exerted on sister chromosomes by the forces of the spindle that will pull them apart. This has led to the idea that shugoshins provide a platform for activities required at the pericentromere only when sister chromosomes lack tension. Conversely, disassembly of the shugoshin pericentromeric platform may provide a signal that sister chromosomes are under tension. Here the functions and regulation of these important tension-sensitive pericentromeric proteins are discussed.
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