1
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Kobrock A, Matos B, Patrício D, Grenho L, Howl J, Fardilha M, Gomes PS. Enhancing Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation and Odontogenic Differentiation with Protein Phosphatase 1-Disrupting Peptide: An In Vitro Study. Cells 2024; 13:1143. [PMID: 38994993 PMCID: PMC11240487 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The reparative and regenerative capabilities of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are crucial for responding to pulp injuries, with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) playing a significant role in regulating cellular functions pertinent to tissue healing. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the effects of a novel cell-penetrating peptide Modified Sperm Stop 1-MSS1, that disrupts PP1, on the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Employing MSS1 as a bioportide, DPSCs were cultured and characterized for metabolic activity, cell proliferation, and cell morphology alongside the odontogenic differentiation through gene expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity analysis. MSS1 exposure induced early DPSC proliferation, upregulated genes related to odontogenic differentiation, and increased ALP activity. Markers associated with early differentiation events were induced at early culture time points and those associated with matrix mineralization were upregulated at mid-culture stages. This investigation is the first to document the potential of a PP1-disrupting bioportide in modulating DPSC functionality, suggesting a promising avenue for enhancing dental tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kobrock
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.K.); (B.M.); (D.P.); (M.F.)
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal;
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Matos
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.K.); (B.M.); (D.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Daniela Patrício
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.K.); (B.M.); (D.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Liliana Grenho
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal;
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - John Howl
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.K.); (B.M.); (D.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Pedro S. Gomes
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal;
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Cao X, Lake M, Van der Hoeven G, Claes Z, Del Pino García J, Lemaire S, Greiner EC, Karamanou S, Van Eynde A, Kettenbach AN, Natera de Benito D, Carrera García L, Hernando Davalillo C, Ortez C, Nascimento A, Urreizti R, Bollen M. SDS22 coordinates the assembly of holoenzymes from nascent protein phosphatase-1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5359. [PMID: 38918402 PMCID: PMC11199634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
SDS22 forms an inactive complex with nascent protein phosphatase PP1 and Inhibitor-3. SDS22:PP1:Inhibitor-3 is a substrate for the ATPase p97/VCP, which liberates PP1 for binding to canonical regulatory subunits. The exact role of SDS22 in PP1-holoenzyme assembly remains elusive. Here, we show that SDS22 stabilizes nascent PP1. In the absence of SDS22, PP1 is gradually lost, resulting in substrate hyperphosphorylation and a proliferation arrest. Similarly, we identify a female individual with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder bearing an unstable SDS22 mutant, associated with decreased PP1 levels. We furthermore find that SDS22 directly binds to Inhibitor-3 and that this is essential for the stable assembly of SDS22:PP1: Inhibitor-3, the recruitment of p97/VCP, and the extraction of SDS22 during holoenzyme assembly. SDS22 with a disabled Inhibitor-3 binding site co-transfers with PP1 to canonical regulatory subunits, thereby forming non-functional holoenzymes. Our data show that SDS22, through simultaneous interaction with PP1 and Inhibitor-3, integrates the major steps of PP1 holoenzyme assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cao
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madryn Lake
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerd Van der Hoeven
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zander Claes
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javier Del Pino García
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lemaire
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elora C Greiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Laura Carrera García
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Urreizti
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Camlin NJ, Venkatachalam I, Evans JP. Oscillations in PP1 activity are essential for accurate progression through mammalian oocyte meiosis. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1614-1636. [PMID: 37340734 PMCID: PMC10361142 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2225924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly controlled fluctuations in kinase and phosphatase activity play important roles in regulating M-phase transitions. Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is one of these phosphatases, with oscillations in PP1 activity driving mitotic M-phase. Evidence from a variety of experimental systems also points to roles in meiosis. Here, we report that PP1 is important for M-phase transitions through mouse oocyte meiosis. We employed a unique small-molecule approach to inhibit or activate PP1 at distinct phases of mouse oocyte meiosis. These studies show that temporal control of PP1 activity is essential for the G2/M transition, metaphase I/anaphase I transition, and the formation of a normal metaphase II oocyte. Our data also reveal that inappropriate activation of PP1 is more deleterious at the G2/M transition than at prometaphase I-to-metaphase I, and that an active pool of PP1 during prometaphase is vital for metaphase I/anaphase I transition and metaphase II chromosome alignment. Taken together, these results establish that loss of oscillations in PP1 activity causes a range of severe meiotic defects, pointing to essential roles for PP1 in female fertility, and more broadly, M-phase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Camlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INUnited States
| | - Ilakkiya Venkatachalam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Janice P. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INUnited States
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4
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Swartz SZ, Nguyen HT, McEwan BC, Adamo ME, Cheeseman IM, Kettenbach AN. Selective dephosphorylation by PP2A-B55 directs the meiosis I-meiosis II transition in oocytes. eLife 2021; 10:70588. [PMID: 34342579 PMCID: PMC8370769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle that requires sequential changes to the cell division machinery to facilitate changing functions. To define the mechanisms that enable the oocyte-to-embryo transition, we performed time-course proteomics in synchronized sea star oocytes from prophase I through the first embryonic cleavage. Although we found that protein levels were broadly stable, our analysis reveals that dynamic waves of phosphorylation underlie each meiotic stage. We found that the phosphatase PP2A-B55 is reactivated at the meiosis I/meiosis II (MI/MII) transition, resulting in the preferential dephosphorylation of threonine residues. Selective dephosphorylation is critical for directing the MI/MII transition as altering PP2A-B55 substrate preferences disrupts key cell cycle events after MI. In addition, threonine to serine substitution of a conserved phosphorylation site in the substrate INCENP prevents its relocalization at anaphase I. Thus, through its inherent phospho-threonine preference, PP2A-B55 imposes specific phosphoregulated behaviors that distinguish the two meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zachary Swartz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hieu T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States
| | - Brennan C McEwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States
| | - Mark E Adamo
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, United States
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, United States
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5
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Cao X, Lemaire S, Bollen M. Protein phosphatase 1: life-course regulation by SDS22 and Inhibitor-3. FEBS J 2021; 289:3072-3085. [PMID: 34028981 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and catalyzes a sizable fraction of protein Ser/Thr dephosphorylation events. It is tightly regulated in space and time through association with a wide array of regulatory interactors of protein phosphatase one (RIPPOs). Suppressor-of-Dis2-number 2 (SDS22) and Inhibitor-3 (I3), which form a ternary complex with PP1, are the first two evolved and most widely expressed RIPPOs. Their deletion causes mitotic-arrest phenotypes and is lethal in some organisms. The role of SDS22 and I3 in PP1 regulation has been a mystery for decades as they were independently identified as both activators and inhibitors of PP1. This conundrum has largely been solved by recent reports showing that SDS22 and I3 control multiple steps of the life course of PP1. Indeed, they contribute to (a) the stabilization and activation of newly translated PP1, (b) the translocation of PP1 to the nucleus, and (c) the storage of PP1 as a reserve for holoenzyme assembly. Preliminary evidence suggests that SDS22 and I3 may also function as scavengers of released or aged PP1 for re-use in holoenzyme assembly or proteolytical degradation, respectively. Hence, SDS22 and I3 are emerging as master regulators of the life course of PP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cao
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lemaire
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Hein JB, Garvanska DH, Nasa I, Kettenbach AN, Nilsson J. Coupling of Cdc20 inhibition and activation by BubR1. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211939. [PMID: 33819340 PMCID: PMC8025235 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of the APC/C-Cdc20 ubiquitin ligase that targets cyclin B1 for degradation is important for mitotic fidelity. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) inhibits Cdc20 through the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). In addition, phosphorylation of Cdc20 by cyclin B1–Cdk1 independently inhibits APC/C–Cdc20 activation. This creates a conundrum for how Cdc20 is activated before cyclin B1 degradation. Here, we show that the MCC component BubR1 harbors both Cdc20 inhibition and activation activities, allowing for cross-talk between the two Cdc20 inhibition pathways. Specifically, BubR1 acts as a substrate specifier for PP2A-B56 to enable efficient Cdc20 dephosphorylation in the MCC. A mutant Cdc20 mimicking the dephosphorylated state escapes a mitotic checkpoint arrest, arguing that restricting Cdc20 dephosphorylation to the MCC is important. Collectively, our work reveals how Cdc20 can be dephosphorylated in the presence of cyclin B1-Cdk1 activity without causing premature anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin B Hein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimitriya H Garvanska
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isha Nasa
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Chen Y, Kotian N, Aranjuez G, Chen L, Messer CL, Burtscher A, Sawant K, Ramel D, Wang X, McDonald JA. Protein phosphatase 1 activity controls a balance between collective and single cell modes of migration. eLife 2020; 9:52979. [PMID: 32369438 PMCID: PMC7200163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is central to many developmental and pathological processes. However, the mechanisms that keep cell collectives together and coordinate movement of multiple cells are poorly understood. Using the Drosophila border cell migration model, we find that Protein phosphatase 1 (Pp1) activity controls collective cell cohesion and migration. Inhibition of Pp1 causes border cells to round up, dissociate, and move as single cells with altered motility. We present evidence that Pp1 promotes proper levels of cadherin-catenin complex proteins at cell-cell junctions within the cluster to keep border cells together. Pp1 further restricts actomyosin contractility to the cluster periphery rather than at individual internal border cell contacts. We show that the myosin phosphatase Pp1 complex, which inhibits non-muscle myosin-II (Myo-II) activity, coordinates border cell shape and cluster cohesion. Given the high conservation of Pp1 complexes, this study identifies Pp1 as a major regulator of collective versus single cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - George Aranjuez
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - C Luke Messer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Ashley Burtscher
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ketki Sawant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Damien Ramel
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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8
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Dwivedi SKD, Shameer K, Dey A, Mustafi SB, Xiong X, Bhattacharya U, Neizer-Ashun F, Rao G, Wang Y, Ivan C, Yang D, Dudley JT, Xu C, Wren JD, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. KRCC1: A potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. FASEB J 2019; 34:2287-2300. [PMID: 31908025 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using a systems biology approach to prioritize potential points of intervention in ovarian cancer, we identified the lysine rich coiled-coil 1 (KRCC1), as a potential target. High-grade serous ovarian cancer patient tumors and cells express significantly higher levels of KRCC1 which correlates with poor overall survival and chemoresistance. We demonstrate that KRCC1 is predominantly present in the chromatin-bound nuclear fraction, interacts with HDAC1, HDAC2, and with the serine-threonine phosphatase PP1CC. Silencing KRCC1 inhibits cellular plasticity, invasive properties, and potentiates apoptosis resulting in reduced tumor growth. These phenotypes are associated with increased acetylation of histones and with increased phosphorylation of H2AX and CHK1, suggesting the modulation of transcription and DNA damage that may be mediated by the action of HDAC and PP1CC, respectively. Hence, we address an urgent need to develop new targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khader Shameer
- Institute of Next Generation Healthcare (INGH), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Xunhao Xiong
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Udayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Fiifi Neizer-Ashun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Geeta Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics & Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Institute of Next Generation Healthcare (INGH), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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9
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D'Arcy BM, Prakash A, Honkanen RE. Targeting phosphatases in cancer: suppression of many versus the ablation of one. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6543-6545. [PMID: 31762936 PMCID: PMC6859926 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M D'Arcy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Richard E Honkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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10
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Crncec A, Hochegger H. Triggering mitosis. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2868-2888. [PMID: 31602636 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is triggered by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). This simple reaction rapidly and irreversibly sets the cell up for division. Even though the core step in triggering mitosis is so simple, the regulation of this cellular switch is highly complex, involving a large number of interconnected signalling cascades. We do have a detailed knowledge of most of the components of this network, but only a poor understanding of how they work together to create a precise and robust system that ensures that mitosis is triggered at the right time and in an orderly fashion. In this review, we will give an overview of the literature that describes the Cdk1 activation network and then address questions relating to the systems biology of this switch. How is the timing of the trigger controlled? How is mitosis insulated from interphase? What determines the sequence of events, following the initial trigger of Cdk1 activation? Which elements ensure robustness in the timing and execution of the switch? How has this system been adapted to the high levels of replication stress in cancer cells?
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Crncec
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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11
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Holder J, Poser E, Barr FA. Getting out of mitosis: spatial and temporal control of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP1 and PP2A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2908-2924. [PMID: 31494926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we will review the evidence showing that mitotic exit is initiated by regulated proteolysis and then driven by the PPP family of phosphoserine/threonine phosphatases. Rapid APC/CCDC20 and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B and securin initiates sister chromatid separation, the first step of mitotic exit. Because proteolysis of Aurora and Polo family kinases dependent on APC/CCDH1 is relatively slow, this creates a new regulatory state, anaphase, different to G2 and M-phase. We will discuss how the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, together with Aurora and Polo kinases, contribute to the temporal regulation and order of events in the different stages of mitotic exit from anaphase to cytokinesis. For PP2A-B55, these timing properties are created by the ENSA-dependent inhibitory pathway and differential recognition of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Finally, we will discuss how Aurora B and PP2A-B56 are needed for the spatial regulation of anaphase spindle formation and how APC/C-dependent destruction of PLK1 acts as a timer for abscission, the final event of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Poser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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12
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Interplay between Phosphatases and the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome in Mitosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080814. [PMID: 31382469 PMCID: PMC6721574 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate division of cells into two daughters is a process that is vital to propagation of life. Protein phosphorylation and selective degradation have emerged as two important mechanisms safeguarding the delicate choreography of mitosis. Protein phosphatases catalyze dephosphorylation of thousands of sites on proteins, steering the cells through establishment of the mitotic phase and exit from it. A large E3 ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) becomes active during latter stages of mitosis through G1 and marks hundreds of proteins for destruction. Recent studies have revealed the complex interregulation between these two classes of enzymes. In this review, we highlight the direct and indirect mechanisms by which phosphatases and the APC/C mutually influence each other to ensure accurate spatiotemporal and orderly progression through mitosis, with a particular focus on recent insights and conceptual advances.
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13
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Loh JT, Xu S, Huo JX, Kim SSY, Wang Y, Lam KP. Dok3-protein phosphatase 1 interaction attenuates Card9 signaling and neutrophil-dependent antifungal immunity. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2717-2729. [PMID: 31180338 DOI: 10.1172/jci126341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infection is a serious health threat with high morbidity and mortality. Current antifungal drugs only demonstrate partial success in improving prognosis. Furthermore, mechanisms regulating host defense against fungal pathogens remain elusive. Here, we report that the downstream of kinase 3 (Dok3) adaptor negatively regulates antifungal immunity in neutrophils. Our data revealed that Dok3 deficiency increased phagocytosis, proinflammatory cytokine production, and netosis in neutrophils, thereby enhancing mutant mouse survival against systemic infection with a lethal dose of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Biochemically, Dok3 recruited protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to dephosphorylate Card9, an essential player in innate antifungal defense, to dampen downstream NF-κB and JNK activation and immune responses. Thus, Dok3 suppresses Card9 signaling, and disrupting Dok3-Card9 interaction or inhibiting PP1 activity represents therapeutic opportunities to develop drugs to combat candidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Xin Huo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Susana Soo-Yeon Kim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry and
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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14
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Ferreira M, Beullens M, Bollen M, Van Eynde A. Functions and therapeutic potential of protein phosphatase 1: Insights from mouse genetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:16-30. [PMID: 30056088 PMCID: PMC7114192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalyzes more than half of all phosphoserine/threonine dephosphorylation reactions in mammalian cells. In vivo PP1 does not exist as a free catalytic subunit but is always associated with at least one regulatory PP1-interacting protein (PIP) to generate a large set of distinct holoenzymes. Each PP1 complex controls the dephosphorylation of only a small subset of PP1 substrates. We screened the literature for genetically engineered mouse models and identified models for all PP1 isoforms and 104 PIPs. PP1 itself and at least 49 PIPs were connected to human disease-associated phenotypes. Additionally, phenotypes related to 17 PIPs were clearly linked to altered PP1 function, while such information was lacking for 32 other PIPs. We propose structural reverse genetics, which combines structural characterization of proteins with mouse genetics, to identify new PP1-related therapeutic targets. The available mouse models confirm the pleiotropic action of PP1 in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Beullens
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Ferreira M, Verbinnen I, Fardilha M, Van Eynde A, Bollen M. The deletion of the protein phosphatase 1 regulator NIPP1 in testis causes hyperphosphorylation and degradation of the histone methyltransferase EZH2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18031-18039. [PMID: 30305391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac118.005577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell proliferation is epigenetically controlled, mainly through DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, the pivotal epigenetic regulators of germ cell self-renewal and differentiation in postnatal testis are still poorly defined. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2, represses target genes through trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys-27 (H3K27me3), and interacts (in)directly with both protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP1). Here, we report that postnatal, testis-specific ablation of NIPP1 in mice results in loss of EZH2 and reduces H3K27me3 levels. Mechanistically, the NIPP1 deletion abrogated PP1-mediated EZH2 dephosphorylation at two cyclin-dependent kinase sites (Thr-345/487), thereby generating hyperphosphorylated EZH2, which is a substrate for proteolytic degradation. Accordingly, alanine mutation of these residues prolonged the half-life of EZH2 in male germ cells. Our study discloses a key role for the PP1:NIPP1 holoenzyme in stabilizing EZH2 and maintaining the H3K27me3 mark on genes that are important for germ cell development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ferreira
- From the Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium and; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED), Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iris Verbinnen
- From the Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED), Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- From the Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium and.
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- From the Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium and.
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16
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Winkler C, Rouget R, Wu D, Beullens M, Van Eynde A, Bollen M. Overexpression of PP1-NIPP1 limits the capacity of cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.214932. [PMID: 29898919 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein NIPP1 (also known as PPP1R8) recruits phosphoproteins for regulated dephosphorylation by the associated protein phosphatase PP1. To bypass the PP1 titration artifacts seen upon NIPP1 overexpression, we have engineered covalently linked fusions of PP1 and NIPP1, and demonstrate their potential to selectively explore the function of the PP1:NIPP1 holoenzyme. By using inducible stable cell lines, we show that PP1-NIPP1 fusions cause replication stress in a manner that requires both PP1 activity and substrate recruitment via the ForkHead Associated domain of NIPP1. More specifically, PP1-NIPP1 expression resulted in the build up of RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops), enhanced chromatin compaction and a diminished repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), culminating in the accumulation of DSBs. These effects were associated with a reduced expression of DNA damage signaling and repair proteins. Our data disclose a key role for dephosphorylation of PP1:NIPP1 substrates in setting the threshold for DNA repair, and indicate that activators of this phosphatase hold therapeutic potential as sensitizers for DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Winkler
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raphael Rouget
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Beullens
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Nasa I, Kettenbach AN. Coordination of Protein Kinase and Phosphoprotein Phosphatase Activities in Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:30. [PMID: 29623276 PMCID: PMC5874294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in protein phosphorylation govern the transitions between different phases of the cell division cycle. A "tug of war" between highly conserved protein kinases and the family of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP) establishes the phosphorylation state of proteins, which controls their function. More than three-quarters of all proteins are phosphorylated at one or more sites in human cells, with the highest occupancy of phosphorylation sites seen in mitosis. Spatial and temporal regulation of opposing kinase and PPP activities is crucial for accurate execution of the mitotic program. The role of mitotic kinases has been the focus of many studies, while the contribution of PPPs was for a long time underappreciated and is just emerging. Misconceptions regarding the specificity and activity of protein phosphatases led to the belief that protein kinases are the primary determinants of mitotic regulation, leaving PPPs out of the limelight. Recent studies have shown that protein phosphatases are specific and selective enzymes, and that their activity is tightly regulated. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of PPPs in mitosis and their regulation of and by mitotic kinases, as well as mechanisms that determine PPP substrate recognition and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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18
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Biogenesis and activity regulation of protein phosphatase 1. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:89-99. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and catalyzes a substantial fraction of phosphoserine/threonine dephosphorylation reactions. It forms stable complexes with PP1-interacting proteins (PIPs) that guide the phosphatase throughout its life cycle and control its fate and function. The diversity of PIPs is huge (≈200 in vertebrates), and most of them combine short linear motifs to form large and unique interaction interfaces with PP1. Many PIPs have separate domains for PP1 anchoring, PP1 regulation, substrate recruitment and subcellular targeting, which enable them to direct associated PP1 to a specific subset of substrates and mediate acute activity control. Hence, PP1 functions as the catalytic subunit of a large number of multimeric holoenzymes, each with its own subset of substrates and mechanism(s) of regulation.
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19
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De Munter S, Görnemann J, Derua R, Lesage B, Qian J, Heroes E, Waelkens E, Van Eynde A, Beullens M, Bollen M. Split-BioID: a proximity biotinylation assay for dimerization-dependent protein interactions. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:415-424. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Munter
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Janina Görnemann
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics Lab; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
- SyBioMa; KU Leuven; Belgium
| | - Bart Lesage
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Junbin Qian
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Ewald Heroes
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics Lab; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
- SyBioMa; KU Leuven; Belgium
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Monique Beullens
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics; KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Belgium
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20
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Manic G, Corradi F, Sistigu A, Siteni S, Vitale I. Molecular Regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint by Kinases and Phosphatases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:105-161. [PMID: 28069132 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism contributing to the preservation of genomic stability by monitoring the microtubule attachment to, and/or the tension status of, each kinetochore during mitosis. The SAC halts metaphase to anaphase transition in the presence of unattached and/or untensed kinetochore(s) by releasing the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) from these improperly-oriented kinetochores to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The reversible phosphorylation of a variety of substrates at the kinetochore by antagonistic kinases and phosphatases is one major signaling mechanism for promptly turning on or turning off the SAC. In such a complex network, some kinases act at the apex of the SAC cascade by either generating (monopolar spindle 1, MPS1/TTK and likely polo-like kinase 1, PLK1), or contributing to generate (Aurora kinase B) kinetochore phospho-docking sites for the hierarchical recruitment of the SAC proteins. Aurora kinase B, MPS1 and budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 (BUB1) also promote sister chromatid biorientation by modulating kinetochore microtubule stability. Moreover, MPS1, BUB1, and PLK1 seem to play key roles in APC/C inhibition by mechanisms dependent and/or independent on MCC assembly. The protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) are recruited to kinetochores to oppose kinase activity. These phosphatases reverse the phosphorylation of kinetochore targets promoting the microtubule attachment stabilization, sister kinetochore biorientation and SAC silencing. The kinase-phosphatase network is crucial as it renders the SAC a dynamic, graded-signaling, high responsive, and robust process thereby ensuring timely anaphase onset and preventing the generation of proneoplastic aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manic
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Sistigu
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S Siteni
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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21
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Kim HS, Fernandes G, Lee CW. Protein Phosphatases Involved in Regulating Mitosis: Facts and Hypotheses. Mol Cells 2016; 39:654-62. [PMID: 27669825 PMCID: PMC5050529 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all eukaryotic proteins are subject to post-translational modifications during mitosis and cell cycle, and in particular, reversible phosphorylation being a key event. The recent use of high-throughput experimental analyses has revealed that more than 70% of all eukaryotic proteins are regulated by phosphorylation; however, the mechanism of dephosphorylation, counteracting phosphorylation, is relatively unknown. Recent discoveries have shown that many of the protein phosphatases are involved in the temporal and spatial control of mitotic events, such as mitotic entry, mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome architecture changes and cohesion, and mitotic exit. This implies that certain phosphatases are tightly regulated for timely dephosphorylation of key mitotic phosphoproteins and are essential for control of various mitotic processes. This review describes the physiological and pathological roles of mitotic phosphatases, as well as the versatile role of various protein phosphatases in several mitotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Gary Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351,
Korea
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22
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Hégarat N, Rata S, Hochegger H. Bistability of mitotic entry and exit switches during open mitosis in mammalian cells. Bioessays 2016; 38:627-43. [PMID: 27231150 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic entry and exit are switch-like transitions that are driven by the activation and inactivation of Cdk1 and mitotic cyclins. This simple on/off reaction turns out to be a complex interplay of various reversible reactions, feedback loops, and thresholds that involve both the direct regulators of Cdk1 and its counteracting phosphatases. In this review, we summarize the interplay of the major components of the system and discuss how they work together to generate robustness, bistability, and irreversibility. We propose that it may be beneficial to regard the entry and exit reactions as two separate reversible switches that are distinguished by differences in the state of phosphatase activity, mitotic proteolysis, and a dramatic rearrangement of cellular components after nuclear envelope breakdown, and discuss how the major Cdk1 activity thresholds could be determined for these transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hégarat
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Scott Rata
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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23
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Ma S, Vigneron S, Robert P, Strub JM, Cianferani S, Castro A, Lorca T. Greatwall dephosphorylation and inactivation upon mitotic exit is triggered by PP1. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1329-39. [PMID: 26906418 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is induced by the activation of cyclin-B-Cdk1 and Greatwall (Gwl; also known as MASTL in mammals) kinases. Cyclin-B-Cdk1 phosphorylates mitotic substrates, whereas Gwl activation promotes the phosphorylation of the small proteins Arpp19 and ENSA. Phosphorylated Arpp19 and/or ENSA bind to and inhibit PP2A comprising the B55 subunit (PP2A-B55; B55 is also known as PPP2R2A), the phosphatase responsible for cyclin-B-Cdk1 substrate dephosphorylation, allowing the stable phosphorylation of mitotic proteins. Upon mitotic exit, cyclin-B-Cdk1 and Gwl kinases are inactivated, and mitotic substrates are dephosphorylated. Here, we have identified protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) as the phosphatase involved in the dephosphorylation of the activating site (Ser875) of Gwl. Depletion of PP1 from meioticXenopusegg extracts maintains phosphorylation of Ser875, as well as the full activity of this kinase, resulting in a block of meiotic and mitotic exit. By contrast, preventing the reactivation of PP2A-B55 through the addition of a hyperactive Gwl mutant (GwlK72M) mainly affected Gwl dephosphorylation on Thr194, resulting in partial inactivation of Gwl and in the incomplete exit from mitosis or meiosis. We also show that when PP2A-B55 is fully reactivated by depleting Arpp19, this protein phosphatase is able to dephosphorylate both activating sites, even in the absence of PP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ma
- Université de Montpellier, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France. Equipe Labellisée 'Ligue Contre le Cancer'
| | - Suzanne Vigneron
- Université de Montpellier, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France. Equipe Labellisée 'Ligue Contre le Cancer'
| | - Perle Robert
- Université de Montpellier, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France. Equipe Labellisée 'Ligue Contre le Cancer'
| | - Jean Marc Strub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg F67087, Cedex 2, France
| | - Sara Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg F67087, Cedex 2, France
| | - Anna Castro
- Université de Montpellier, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France. Equipe Labellisée 'Ligue Contre le Cancer'
| | - Thierry Lorca
- Université de Montpellier, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France. Equipe Labellisée 'Ligue Contre le Cancer'
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